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Gajardo HA, Morales M, Larama G, Luengo-Escobar A, López D, Machado M, Nunes-Nesi A, Reyes-Díaz M, Planchais S, Savouré A, Gago J, Bravo LA. Physiological, transcriptomic and metabolomic insights of three extremophyte woody species living in the multi-stress environment of the Atacama Desert. PLANTA 2024; 260:55. [PMID: 39020000 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04484-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSIONS In contrast to Neltuma species, S. tamarugo exhibited higher stress tolerance, maintaining photosynthetic performance through enhanced gene expression and metabolites. Differentially accumulated metabolites include chlorophyll and carotenoids and accumulation of non-nitrogen osmoprotectants. Plant species have developed different adaptive strategies to live under extreme environmental conditions. Hypothetically, extremophyte species present a unique configuration of physiological functions that prioritize stress-tolerance mechanisms while carefully managing resource allocation for photosynthesis. This could be particularly challenging under a multi-stress environment, where the synthesis of multiple and sequential molecular mechanisms is induced. We explored this hypothesis in three phylogenetically related woody species co-occurring in the Atacama Desert, Strombocarpa tamarugo, Neltuma alba, and Neltuma chilensis, by analyzing their leaf dehydration and freezing tolerance and by characterizing their photosynthetic performance under natural growth conditions. Besides, the transcriptomic profiling, biochemical analyses of leaf pigments, and metabolite analysis by untargeted metabolomics were conducted to study gene expression and metabolomic landscape within this challenging multi-stress environment. S. tamarugo showed a higher photosynthetic capacity and leaf stress tolerance than the other species. In this species, a multifactorial response was observed, which involves high photochemical activity associated with a higher content of chlorophylls and β-carotene. The oxidative damage of the photosynthetic apparatus is probably attenuated by the synthesis of complex antioxidant molecules in the three species, but S. tamarugo showed the highest antioxidant capacity. Comparative transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses among the species showed the differential expression of genes involved in the biosynthetic pathways of key stress-related metabolites. Moreover, the synthesis of non-nitrogen osmoprotectant molecules, such as ciceritol and mannitol in S. tamarugo, would allow the nitrogen allocation to support its high photosynthetic capacity without compromising leaf dehydration tolerance and freezing stress avoidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto A Gajardo
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agronómicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Medioambiente & Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Melanie Morales
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agronómicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Medioambiente & Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giovanni Larama
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agronómicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Medioambiente & Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Ana Luengo-Escobar
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agronómicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Medioambiente & Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Dariel López
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agronómicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Medioambiente & Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Mariana Machado
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Adriano Nunes-Nesi
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Marjorie Reyes-Díaz
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Séverine Planchais
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris (iEES), Sorbonne Université, UPEC, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Arnould Savouré
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris (iEES), Sorbonne Université, UPEC, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Jorge Gago
- Research Group On Plant Biology Under Mediterranean Conditions, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de Les Illes Balears/Institute of Agro-Environmental Research and Water Economy-INAGEA, Carretera de Valldemossa, 07122, Palma, Spain
| | - León A Bravo
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agronómicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Medioambiente & Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
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Reginato M, Luna V, Papenbrock J. Current knowledge about Na 2SO 4 effects on plants: what is different in comparison to NaCl? JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2021; 134:1159-1179. [PMID: 34365525 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-021-01335-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In some areas of the world, high levels of sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) are found in the soil together with sodium chloride (NaCl). However, most studies on salinity are performed utilizing only NaCl as a salinizing agent. Generally, plant species have different tolerance/susceptibility responses when grown in the presence of these salts. Some studies showed that Na2SO4 seems to be more inhibitory than NaCl for the growth of species such as barley, wheat, sugar cane, beet, tomato, wild potato, and others. However, studies focusing on how Na2SO4 can affect the biochemical and physiological processes of plants are very scarce. This review provides an overview on the effects of Na2SO4 on different crops and plants species with a special emphasis on the tolerance/non-tolerance mechanisms of the halophyte Prosopis strombulifera under elevated NaCl and Na2SO4. A better understanding of the tolerance mechanisms in this particular species will help to identify cultivars of crop species that are more tolerant to Na2SO4. This knowledge could be used to extent cultivation of certain crop plants on Na2SO4 containing soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Reginato
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, X5804BYA, Río Cuarto, Argentina.
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agrobiotecnológicas (INIAB-UNRC)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ruta Nacional 36. Km. 601, X5804BYA, Rio Cuarto, Argentina.
| | - Virginia Luna
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, X5804BYA, Río Cuarto, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agrobiotecnológicas (INIAB-UNRC)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ruta Nacional 36. Km. 601, X5804BYA, Rio Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Jutta Papenbrock
- Institute of Botany, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuserstr. 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
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Reginato M, Cenzano AM, Arslan I, Furlán A, Varela C, Cavallin V, Papenbrock J, Luna V. Na 2SO 4 and NaCl salts differentially modulate the antioxidant systems in the highly stress tolerant halophyte Prosopis strombulifera. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 167:748-762. [PMID: 34509937 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Prosopis strombulifera (Lam.) Benth. is a halophytic shrub abundant in high-salinity areas in central Argentina, with high tolerance against NaCl but strong growth inhibition by Na2SO4. In the present study, the modulation of the antioxidant systems (enzymatic and non-enzymatic components) was analyzed under different salt treatments (NaCl, Na2SO4 and the iso-osmotic mixture) in hydroponic cultivation. Na2SO4-treated plants showed strong indications of oxidative stress (H2O2 and O2-• increase). Modifications in antioxidant enzymes activities were observed mainly under Na2SO4 treatment, where CAT seems to play an important role in early detoxification of H2O2 in roots, whereas SOD and APX have a predominant role in leaves. As part of the non-enzymatic system, 21 compounds were identified in leaves, being polyphenols the most abundant. Control plants contained the major variety of detected phytochemicals (14). Na2SO4-treated plants contained 10 compounds and NaCl-treated plants nine compounds, but with a different profile. NaCl-treated plants showed the highest antioxidant capacity. Our findings confirm that different types of salt treatments provoke a differential modulation of the antioxidant systems. Polyphenols and other ROS-detoxifying compounds, in a joint action with the enzymatic antioxidant system, are proposed to have a fundamental role in the cellular protection of P. strombulifera plants under severe oxidative stress. Our findings also highlight the potential of this halophyte as a valuable source of bioactive compounds with high antioxidant activity and health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Reginato
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal Interacción Planta-Ambiente, Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones Agrobiotecnológicas (INIAB-UNRC)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Ana M Cenzano
- Laboratorio de Ecofisiología y Bioquímica Vegetal. Instituto Patagónico para el Estudio de los Ecosistemas Continentales- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IPEEC- CONICET). Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Idris Arslan
- Biomedical Eng. Incivez, Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Ana Furlán
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agrobiotecnológicas (INIAB-UNRC)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; Biología, Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Celeste Varela
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal Interacción Planta-Ambiente, Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Vanina Cavallin
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Vegetal. Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IBAM-CONICET). Chacras de Coria, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Jutta Papenbrock
- Institute of Botany, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuserstr. 2, D-30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Virginia Luna
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal Interacción Planta-Ambiente, Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones Agrobiotecnológicas (INIAB-UNRC)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
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Cheong BE, Onyemaobi O, Wing Ho Ho W, Biddulph TB, Rupasinghe TWT, Roessner U, Dolferus R. Phenotyping the Chilling and Freezing Responses of Young Microspore Stage Wheat Spikes Using Targeted Metabolome and Lipidome Profiling. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051309. [PMID: 32466096 PMCID: PMC7291281 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chilling and frost conditions impose major yield restraints to wheat crops in Australia and other temperate climate regions. Unpredictability and variability of field frost events are major impediments for cold tolerance breeding. Metabolome and lipidome profiling were used to compare the cold response in spikes of cold-tolerant Young and sensitive variety Wyalkatchem at the young microspore (YM) stage of pollen development. We aimed to identify metabolite markers that can reliably distinguish cold-tolerant and sensitive wheat varieties for future cold-tolerance phenotyping applications. We scored changes in spike metabolites and lipids for both varieties during cold acclimation after initial and prolonged exposure to combined chilling and freezing cycles (1 and 4 days, respectively) using controlled environment conditions. The two contrasting wheat varieties showed qualitative and quantitative differences in primary metabolites involved in osmoprotection, but differences in lipid accumulation most distinctively separated the cold response of the two wheat lines. These results resemble what we previously observed in flag leaves of the same two wheat varieties. The fact that this response occurs in tissue types with very different functions indicates that chilling and freezing tolerance in these wheat lines is associated with re-modelling of membrane lipid composition to maintain membrane fluidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Eng Cheong
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; (B.E.C.); (W.W.H.H.); (T.W.T.R.); (U.R.)
| | - Olive Onyemaobi
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia;
| | - William Wing Ho Ho
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; (B.E.C.); (W.W.H.H.); (T.W.T.R.); (U.R.)
| | - Thomas Ben Biddulph
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, 3 Baron Hay Court, South Perth, WA 6151, Australia;
| | - Thusitha W. T. Rupasinghe
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; (B.E.C.); (W.W.H.H.); (T.W.T.R.); (U.R.)
| | - Ute Roessner
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; (B.E.C.); (W.W.H.H.); (T.W.T.R.); (U.R.)
| | - Rudy Dolferus
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-2-6246 5010
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Eskandari H, Ehsanpour AA, Al-Mansour N, Bardania H, Sutherland D, Mohammad-Beigi H. Rosmarinic acid inhibits programmed cell death in Solanum tuberosum L. calli under high salinity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 147:54-65. [PMID: 31841962 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress induced by salinity is a prime cause of cell death when Na+ toxicity becomes unbearable. We explored the effect of rosmarinic acid (RA) on the Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Desiree calli against salt-induced programmed cell death (PCD). We showed that PCD events were triggered in calli under 250 mM NaCl by the loss of plasma membrane integrity as measured by the amount of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the cytoplasm, the degree of DNA degradation resulting from the cleavage of nuclear DNA into oligonucleosomal fragments in apoptotic cells, the presence of TUNEL-positive nuclei (90 ± 0.005%) damage in genomic DNA, and activation of caspase 3-like protease. Callus Formation Medium (CFM) supplemented with RA led to the suppression of salt-induced cell death and a dramatic decrease in the MDA level and frequency of TUNEL-positive nuclei under salinity to 4 ± and 7.3 ± % in the presence of 50 and 350 μM RA, respectively. The application of RA also resulted in an increase in GSH content and maintenance of a high GSH/GSSG ratio. Interestingly, these reductions in PCD were accompanied by inhibiting caspase 3-like protease activities due to RA under salinity. Molecular docking predicted high binding energies of RA for binding to subtilisin-like protease (StSCTc-3), which has caspase-3 like activity in Solanum tuberosum, near the active site. This finding supports the notion of a role for RA in PCD protection in plants, which is consistent with earlier reports in animal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda Eskandari
- Department of Biology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran; Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| | | | - Naemah Al-Mansour
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Kuwait, Kuwait.
| | - Hassan Bardania
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Duncan Sutherland
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| | - Hossein Mohammad-Beigi
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
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Reginato MA, Turcios AE, Luna V, Papenbrock J. Differential effects of NaCl and Na 2SO 4 on the halophyte Prosopis strombulifera are explained by different responses of photosynthesis and metabolism. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 141:306-314. [PMID: 31207491 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Prosopis strombulifera (Lam.) Benth. is a halophytic shrub found in highly saline soils in Argentina, with high tolerance against NaCl but strong growth inhibition by Na2SO4. In the present study, the differences in the physiological responses caused by these salts and an iso-osmotic combination thereof on photosynthesis, mineral composition and metabolism were analyzed. Na2SO4 treated plants were the most affected by salinity, showing a significant decrease in several photosynthetic parameters. Proline and cysteine accumulated significantly in the plants in response to salt stress. These results show by the first time that the SO42- anion is triggering damage in the photosynthetic apparatus and consequently affecting the photosynthetic process, which may explain the strong growth inhibition in these plants at high salinity. Moreover, the SO42- anion provoke challenges in the incorporation of nutrients, decreasing the levels of K, Ca, P and Mg, and inducing a strong antioxidant activity in P. strombulifera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana A Reginato
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, 5800, Río Cuarto, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Ariel E Turcios
- Institute of Botany, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Virginia Luna
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, 5800, Río Cuarto, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jutta Papenbrock
- Institute of Botany, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Sharma A, Shahzad B, Kumar V, Kohli SK, Sidhu GPS, Bali AS, Handa N, Kapoor D, Bhardwaj R, Zheng B. Phytohormones Regulate Accumulation of Osmolytes Under Abiotic Stress. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E285. [PMID: 31319576 PMCID: PMC6680914 DOI: 10.3390/biom9070285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants face a variety of abiotic stresses, which generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), and ultimately obstruct normal growth and development of plants. To prevent cellular damage caused by oxidative stress, plants accumulate certain compatible solutes known as osmolytes to safeguard the cellular machinery. The most common osmolytes that play crucial role in osmoregulation are proline, glycine-betaine, polyamines, and sugars. These compounds stabilize the osmotic differences between surroundings of cell and the cytosol. Besides, they also protect the plant cells from oxidative stress by inhibiting the production of harmful ROS like hydroxyl ions, superoxide ions, hydrogen peroxide, and other free radicals. The accumulation of osmolytes is further modulated by phytohormones like abscisic acid, brassinosteroids, cytokinins, ethylene, jasmonates, and salicylic acid. It is thus important to understand the mechanisms regulating the phytohormone-mediated accumulation of osmolytes in plants during abiotic stresses. In this review, we have discussed the underlying mechanisms of phytohormone-regulated osmolyte accumulation along with their various functions in plants under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anket Sharma
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China.
| | - Babar Shahzad
- School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7005, Australia
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Botany, DAV University, Sarmastpur, Jalandhar 144012, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhmeen Kaur Kohli
- Plant Stress Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botanical & Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Gagan Preet Singh Sidhu
- Department of Environment Education, Government College of Commerce and Business Administration, Chandigarh 160047, India
| | | | - Neha Handa
- School of Bioengineering & Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India
| | - Dhriti Kapoor
- School of Bioengineering & Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India
| | - Renu Bhardwaj
- Plant Stress Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botanical & Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Bingsong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China.
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Vezza ME, Llanes A, Travaglia C, Agostini E, Talano MA. Arsenic stress effects on root water absorption in soybean plants: Physiological and morphological aspects. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 123:8-17. [PMID: 29220736 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max L.) is often cultivated in areas contaminated with arsenic (As), which negatively affects plant growth and reduces crop yield. The deleterious effects may be due, at least in part, to disturbances in the water status, as was reported for some plants exposed to heavy metals. However, to our knowledge, these mechanisms have not been studied in depth in soybean plants exposed to As. The aim of the present work was to analyze possible changes in water relations and the responses developed in soybean plants under arsenate (AsV) and arsenite (AsIII) stress. We discuss physiological and morphological aspects of the As stress response, such as root absorption rate, water content, stomatal conductance, water and osmotic potential, accumulation of compatible solutes, leaf conducting tissues and stomata characteristics. AsV and AsIII caused a significant decrease in root absorption rate, which could reduce metalloid uptake. On the other hand, water content decreased at the beginning of the treatment but was re-established after 4 and 8 d. This was correlated with a decrease in stomatal conductance and a reduction in leaf water and osmotic potential due to the accumulation of proline and soluble sugars. Besides, smaller leaf xylem vessels and abnormal stomata were observed in plants under As treatment. These mechanisms increased the plant's ability to retain water and therefore to avoid dehydration. Thus, the results of the present work contribute to the understanding of how soybean responds to As, by describing key tolerance strategies to the metalloid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana E Vezza
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, FCEFQyN, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, CP 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
| | - Analía Llanes
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, FCEFQyN, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, CP 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
| | - Claudia Travaglia
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, FCEFQyN, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, CP 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
| | - Elizabeth Agostini
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, FCEFQyN, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, CP 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
| | - Melina A Talano
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, FCEFQyN, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, CP 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
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10
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Mansour MMF, Ali EF. Evaluation of proline functions in saline conditions. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2017; 140:52-68. [PMID: 28458142 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
More than one third of the world's irrigated lands are affected by salinity, which has great impact on plant growth and yield worldwide. Proline accumulation under salt stress has been indicated to correlate with salt tolerance. Exogenous application as well as genetic engineering of metabolic pathways involved in the metabolism of proline has been successful in improving tolerance to salinity. Correlation between proline accumulation as well as its proposed roles and salt adaptation, however, has not been clearly confirmed in several plant species. In addition, the studies relating proline functions and plant salt tolerance are always carried out in growth chambers, and are not successfully verified in field conditions. Further, plant salt tolerance is a complex trait, and studies based solely on proline accumulation do not adequately explain its functions in salinity tolerance, and thus it is difficult to interpret the discrepancies among different data. Moreover, several reports indicate that Pro role in salt tolerance is a matter of debates, as whether Pro accumulation has adaptive significance or is a consequence of alterations in cellular metabolism induced by salinity. As no consensus is obtained on the exact roles of proline production, proline exact roles in the adaptation to saline environments is therefore still lacking and is even a matter of debates. It is obvious that comprehensive future research is needed to establish the proline exact mechanism by which it enhances plant salt tolerance. We propose, however, that proline might be essential for improving salinity tolerance in some species/cultivars, but may not be relevant in others. Evidence supporting both arguments has been presented in order to reassess the feasibility of the proposed roles of Pro in plant salt tolerance mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Magdy F Mansour
- Dept. of Botany, Fac. of Science, Ain Shams Univ., Cairo 11566, Egypt; Dept. of Biology, Fac. of Science, Taif Univ., Taif, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Esmat Farouk Ali
- Dept. of Horticulture (Floriculture), Fac. of Agriculture, Assuit Univ., Assuit, Egypt; Dept. of Biology, Fac. of Science, Taif Univ., Taif, Saudi Arabia
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Llanes A, Arbona V, Gómez-Cadenas A, Luna V. Metabolomic profiling of the halophyte Prosopis strombulifera shows sodium salt- specific response. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 108:145-157. [PMID: 27428369 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Primary and secondary metabolite profiles were analyzed in roots and leaves of the halophytic shrub Prosopis strombulifera in response to control plants (no salt added in the growing media) and to lowering the osmotic potential to -1.0, -1.9, and -2.6 MPa generated by NaCl, Na2SO4, and the iso-osmotic combination of them at 24 h after reaching such potential. A rapid production of metabolites in response to sodium salt was found, which was correlated with modifications in growth parameters. Analysis of polar metabolite profiles by GC-MS rendered a total of 108 significantly altered compounds including 18 amino acids, 19 secondary metabolites, 23 carbohydrates, 13 organic acids, 4 indole acids, among others. Primary metabolites showed a differential response under the salt treatments, which was dependent on salt type and concentration, organ and age of plants. Most of identified compounds showed the strongest accumulation at the highest salt concentration assayed for Na2SO4-treated plants, which was correlated with damaging effects of sulfate anion on plant growth. Roots of NaCl-treated plants showed a higher number of altered metabolites (analyzed by UPLC-ESI-QqTOF-MS) compared to other treatments, while leaves of Na2SO4-treated plants showed the highest number of altered signals. A low degree of overlapping between secondary metabolites altered in roots and leaves of NaCl and Na2SO4-treated plants was found. However, when both NaCl and Na2SO4 salts were present plants always showed a lower number of altered metabolites. Three compounds were tentatively identified: tryptophan, lysophosphatidylcoline and 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid. Increasing knowledge on P. strombulifera metabolism will contribute to unravel the underlying biochemical mechanism of salt tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Analía Llanes
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Route 36 Km. 601, CP X5804BYA, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Vicent Arbona
- Ecofisiologia i Biotecnologia, Departament de Ciencies Agraries i del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume I, E-12071, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Aurelio Gómez-Cadenas
- Ecofisiologia i Biotecnologia, Departament de Ciencies Agraries i del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume I, E-12071, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Virginia Luna
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Route 36 Km. 601, CP X5804BYA, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina.
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Slama I, Abdelly C, Bouchereau A, Flowers T, Savouré A. Diversity, distribution and roles of osmoprotective compounds accumulated in halophytes under abiotic stress. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2015; 115:433-47. [PMID: 25564467 PMCID: PMC4332610 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Osmolytes are low-molecular-weight organic solutes, a broad group that encompasses a variety of compounds such as amino acids, tertiary sulphonium and quaternary ammonium compounds, sugars and polyhydric alcohols. Osmolytes are accumulated in the cytoplasm of halophytic species in order to balance the osmotic potential of the Na(+) and Cl(-) accumulated in the vacuole. The advantages of the accumulation of osmolytes are that they keep the main physiological functions of the cell active, the induction of their biosynthesis is controlled by environmental cues, and they can be synthesized at all developmental stages. In addition to their role in osmoregulation, osmolytes have crucial functions in protecting subcellular structures and in scavenging reactive oxygen species. SCOPE This review discusses the diversity of osmolytes among halophytes and their distribution within taxonomic groups, the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that influence their accumulation, and their role in osmoregulation and osmoprotection. Increasing the osmolyte content in plants is an interesting strategy to improve the growth and yield of crops upon exposure to salinity. Examples of transgenic plants as well as exogenous applications of some osmolytes are also discussed. Finally, the potential use of osmolytes in protein stabilization and solvation in biotechnology, including the pharmaceutical industry and medicine, are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inès Slama
- Laboratoire des Plantes Extremophiles, Centre de Biotechnologie de Borj-Cedria (CBBC), BP 901, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia, UMR 1349 IGEPP, INRA/Agrocampus Ouest/Université de Rennes 1, Domaine de la Motte, BP 35327, 35653 Le Rheu Cedex, France, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex BN1 9QG, UK and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Adaptation de Plantes aux Contraintes Environnementales, URF5, Case 156, 4 place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Chedly Abdelly
- Laboratoire des Plantes Extremophiles, Centre de Biotechnologie de Borj-Cedria (CBBC), BP 901, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia, UMR 1349 IGEPP, INRA/Agrocampus Ouest/Université de Rennes 1, Domaine de la Motte, BP 35327, 35653 Le Rheu Cedex, France, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex BN1 9QG, UK and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Adaptation de Plantes aux Contraintes Environnementales, URF5, Case 156, 4 place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Alain Bouchereau
- Laboratoire des Plantes Extremophiles, Centre de Biotechnologie de Borj-Cedria (CBBC), BP 901, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia, UMR 1349 IGEPP, INRA/Agrocampus Ouest/Université de Rennes 1, Domaine de la Motte, BP 35327, 35653 Le Rheu Cedex, France, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex BN1 9QG, UK and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Adaptation de Plantes aux Contraintes Environnementales, URF5, Case 156, 4 place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Tim Flowers
- Laboratoire des Plantes Extremophiles, Centre de Biotechnologie de Borj-Cedria (CBBC), BP 901, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia, UMR 1349 IGEPP, INRA/Agrocampus Ouest/Université de Rennes 1, Domaine de la Motte, BP 35327, 35653 Le Rheu Cedex, France, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex BN1 9QG, UK and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Adaptation de Plantes aux Contraintes Environnementales, URF5, Case 156, 4 place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Arnould Savouré
- Laboratoire des Plantes Extremophiles, Centre de Biotechnologie de Borj-Cedria (CBBC), BP 901, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia, UMR 1349 IGEPP, INRA/Agrocampus Ouest/Université de Rennes 1, Domaine de la Motte, BP 35327, 35653 Le Rheu Cedex, France, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex BN1 9QG, UK and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Adaptation de Plantes aux Contraintes Environnementales, URF5, Case 156, 4 place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris cedex 05, France
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Panuccio MR, Jacobsen SE, Akhtar SS, Muscolo A. Effect of saline water on seed germination and early seedling growth of the halophyte quinoa. AOB PLANTS 2014; 6:plu047. [PMID: 25139769 PMCID: PMC4165890 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plu047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Salinization is increasing on a global scale, decreasing average yields for most major crop plants. Investigations into salt resistance have, unfortunately, mainly been focused on conventional crops, with few studies screening the potential of available halophytes as new crops. This study has been carried out to investigate the mechanisms used by quinoa, a facultative halophytic species, in order to cope with high salt levels at various stages of its development. Quinoa is regarded as one of the crops that might sustain food security in this century, grown primarily for its edible seeds with their high protein content and unique amino acid composition. Although the species has been described as a facultative halophyte, and its tolerance to salt stress has been investigated, its physiological and molecular responses to seawater (SW) and other salts have not been studied. We evaluated the effects of SW and different salts on seed germination, seedling emergence and the antioxidative pathway of quinoa. Seeds were germinated in Petri dishes and seedlings grown in pots with SW solutions (25, 50, 75 and 100 %) and NaCl, CaCl2, KCl and MgCl2 individually, at the concentrations in which they are present in SW. Our results demonstrated that all salts, at lower concentrations, increased the germination rate but not the germination percentages, compared with control (pure water). Conversely, seedlings were differently affected by treatments in respect to salt type and concentration. Growth parameters affected were root and shoot length, root morphology, fresh and dry weight, and water content. An efficient antioxidant mechanism was present in quinoa, activated by salts during germination and early seedling growth, as shown by the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Total antioxidant capacity was always higher under salt stress than in water. Moreover, osmotic and ionic stress factors had different degrees of influence on germination and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Panuccio
- Department of Agriculture, Mediterranea University, località Feo di Vito, 89126 Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - S E Jacobsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegård Allé 13, DK-2630 Tåstrup, Denmark
| | - S S Akhtar
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegård Allé 13, DK-2630 Tåstrup, Denmark Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research (SDC), Beijing, China
| | - A Muscolo
- Department of Agriculture, Mediterranea University, località Feo di Vito, 89126 Reggio Calabria, Italy
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Reginato MA, Castagna A, Furlán A, Castro S, Ranieri A, Luna V. Physiological responses of a halophytic shrub to salt stress by Na2SO4 and NaCl: oxidative damage and the role of polyphenols in antioxidant protection. AOB PLANTS 2014; 6:plu042. [PMID: 25063834 PMCID: PMC4153985 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plu042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Salt stress conditions lead to increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plant cells. Halophytes have the ability to reduce these toxic ROS by means of a powerful antioxidant system that includes enzymatic and non-enzymatic components. In this research, we used the halophytic shrub Prosopis strombulifera to investigate whether the ability of this species to grow under increasing salt concentrations and mixtures was related to the synthesis of polyphenolic compounds and to the maintenance of leaf pigment contents for an adequate photosynthetic activity. Seedlings of P. strombulifera were grown hydroponically in Hoagland's solution, gradually adding Na2SO4 and NaCl separately or in mixtures until reaching final osmotic potentials of -1, -1.9 and -2.6 MPa. Control plants were allowed to develop in Hoagland's solution without salt. Oxidative damage in tissues was determined by H2O2 and malondialdehyde content. Leaf pigment analysis was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet, and total phenols, total flavonoids, total flavan-3-ols, condensed tannins, tartaric acid esters and flavonols were spectrophotometrically assayed. Treatment with Na2SO4 increased H2O2 production and lipid peroxidation in tissues and induced a sharp increase in flavonoid compounds (mainly flavan-3-ols) and consequently in the antioxidant activity. Also, Na2SO4 treatment induced an increased carotenoid/chlorophyll ratio, which may represent a strategy to protect photosystems against photooxidation. NaCl treatment, however, did not affect H2O2 content, lipid peroxidation, pigments or polyphenols synthesis. The significant accumulation of flavonoids in tissues under Na2SO4 treatment and their powerful antioxidant activity indicates a role for these compounds in counteracting the oxidative damage induced by severe salt stress, particularly, ionic stress. We demonstrate that ionic interactions between different salts in salinized soils modify the biochemical and morpho-physiological responses of P. strombulifera plants to salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana A Reginato
- Fisiología Vegetal, Físico Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Antonella Castagna
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ana Furlán
- Biología, Fac. de Cs. Exactas, Físico Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Stella Castro
- Biología, Fac. de Cs. Exactas, Físico Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Annamaria Ranieri
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Virginia Luna
- Fisiología Vegetal, Físico Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
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Dal Grande F, Alors D, Divakar PK, Bálint M, Crespo A, Schmitt I. Insights into intrathalline genetic diversity of the cosmopolitan lichen symbiotic green alga Trebouxia decolorans Ahmadjian using microsatellite markers. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2014; 72:54-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2013.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Reginato M, Sosa L, Llanes A, Hampp E, Vettorazzi N, Reinoso H, Luna V. Growth responses and ion accumulation in the halophytic legume Prosopis strombulifera are determined by Na2SO4 and NaCl. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2014; 16:97-106. [PMID: 23869994 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Halophytes are potential gene sources for genetic manipulation of economically important crop species. This study addresses the physiological responses of a widespread halophyte, Prosopis strombulifera (Lam.) Benth to salinity. We hypothesised that increasing concentrations of the two major salts present in soils of central Argentina (Na2SO4, NaCl, or their iso-osmotic mixture) would produce distinct physiological responses. We used hydroponically grown P. strombulifera to test this hypothesis, analysing growth parameters, water relations, photosynthetic pigments, cations and anions. These plants showed a halophytic response to NaCl, but strong general inhibition of growth in response to iso-osmotic solutions containing Na2SO4. The explanation for the adaptive success of P. strombulifera in high NaCl conditions seems to be related to a delicate balance between Na(+) accumulation (and its use for osmotic adjustment) and efficient compartmentalisation in vacuoles, the ability of the whole plant to ensure sufficient K(+) supply by maintaining high K(+)/Na(+) discrimination, and maintenance of normal Ca(2+) levels in leaves. The three salt treatments had different effects on the accumulation of ions. Findings in bi-saline-treated plants were of particular interest, where most of the physiological parameters studied showed partial alleviation of SO4(2-)-induced toxicity by Cl(-). Thus, discussions on physiological responses to salinity could be further expanded in a way that more closely mimics natural salt environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Reginato
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - L Sosa
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Química Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina
| | - A Llanes
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - E Hampp
- Laboratorio de Suelos, Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - N Vettorazzi
- Laboratorio de Química Analítica, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - H Reinoso
- Laboratorio de Morfología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - V Luna
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
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Günthardt-Goerg MS, Arend M. Woody plant performance in a changing climate. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2013; 15 Suppl 1:1-4. [PMID: 23279293 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2012.00698.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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