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Ortega A, Zhao H, Van Amburgh ME. Development and Validation of a Method for Hydrolysis and Analysis of Amino Acids in Ruminant Feeds, Tissue, and Milk Using Isotope Dilution Z-HILIC Coupled with Electrospray Ionization Triple Quadrupole LC-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:833-844. [PMID: 38117943 PMCID: PMC10786030 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Current analytical methods for amino acid (AA) analysis in ruminant nutrition are time-consuming and expensive. This study aimed to develop a method for AA analysis that is faster, more efficient, rugged, and accessible. Four representative matrixes were selected for method development and validation: milk, tissue, feed, and soy flour standard reference material from National Institute of Standards and Technology. Acid and alkaline hydrolysis were used to analyze 18 AA. Separation of AA was performed using a Z-HILIC column in an 18-min run coupled to a triple quadrupole LC/MS system in positive and negative electrospray ionization for identification and quantitation. The method was evaluated for recovery, precision, calibration curve linearity, and limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantitation (LOQs) and applied to other feed samples. Good quantitation results were achieved for all AA, with coefficients of determination (R2) over 0.995; LODs at 0.2-28.2 and LOQs at 0.7-94.1 ng/mL; intraday and interday precision <14.9% relative standard deviation; blank recovery between 75.6 and 116.2%; and sample recovery between 75.6 and 118.0%. Overall, AA concentrations were similar to literature values, and there was a tendency for higher N recovery as AA. In conclusion, an efficient and robust method was validated to routinely analyze AA for appropriate characterization in diet formulation for dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres
F. Ortega
- Department
of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Hui Zhao
- Agilent
Technologies Inc, Wilmington, Delaware 19808, United States
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Weber P. Determination of amino acids in food and feed by microwave hydrolysis and UHPLC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1209:123429. [PMID: 36027706 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The determination of amino acids in food and feed by chromatography has a long history and is described in several official methods, including standards from ISO, AOAC, and the European Commission (EC) regulation 152/2009. The procedure usually consists of labor- and time-consuming preparation techniques and ion-exchange chromatography with challenging chromatographic conditions. Consequently, several approaches have been published to overcome these drawbacks but the knowledge about their suitability for complex matrices such as food and feed is limited. In this paper, we describe the development of two new methods to determine amino acids in food and feed. These methods involve microwave hydrolysis and reversed-phase UHPLC-MS/MS with pre-column derivatization using 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate (AQC). Both methods provide streamlined sample preparations and a dramatic reduction in analysis time while offering a high degree of specificity and selectivity. Selectivity also enabled the simultaneous determination of the more uncommon substances hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine, taurine, ornithine, and γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) along with amino acids typically present in food and feed. The results were all satisfactory with regards to sensitivity, accuracy, precision, and comparability with laboratories that use other methods, for example from ISO, AOAC, or regulation (EC) 152/2009. We therefore concluded that both methods provide a reliable and modern approach to overcome many of the drawbacks that occur with the conventional standard methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Weber
- SGS Germany GmbH, Weidenbaumsweg 137, 21035 Hamburg, Germany.
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Pedersen B, Hansen M, Munck L, Eggum BO. Weaning Foods with Improved Energy and Nutrient Density Prepared from Germinated Cereals. 2. Nutritional Evaluation of Gruels Based on Barley. Food Nutr Bull 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/156482658901100214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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4
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Protein value and degradation characteristics of pulp fibre fractions from screw pressed grass, clover, and lucerne. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Chowdhury MR, Lashkari S, Jensen SK, Ambye-Jensen M, Weisbjerg MR. Effects of Heat Treatment of Green Protein on in Situ Protein Disappearance and in Vitro Fatty Acid Biohydrogenation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:8169-8178. [PMID: 29969263 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Soluble protein extracted from leaves and stems of grasses and forage legumes is defined as green protein. The present study was conducted to evaluate in situ green protein degradability, intestinal protein disappearance, and in vitro fatty acids biohydrogenation (BH) in dairy cows. Three green protein concentrates (red clover, ryegrass, and grass clover) were heat treated as follows: oven-drying at 70 °C, subsequent autoclaving at 121 °C for 45 min, and for grass clover also spin flash-drying. Freeze-dried green protein was considered as a control (untreated). Autoclaving and oven-drying of green protein reduced the crude protein and dry matter degradability. The linolenic acid BH rate was lowest in heat-treated grass clover concentrate ( P < 0.01). In conclusion, green proteins are heat sensitive, and oven-drying can be an appropriate method to increase the amount of protein and unsaturated fatty acids escaping from the rumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Rashed Chowdhury
- Department of Animal Science , Aarhus University , AU Foulum, Blichers Alle 20 , Post Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele , Denmark
| | - Saman Lashkari
- Department of Animal Science , Aarhus University , AU Foulum, Blichers Alle 20 , Post Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele , Denmark
| | - Søren Krogh Jensen
- Department of Animal Science , Aarhus University , AU Foulum, Blichers Alle 20 , Post Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele , Denmark
| | - Morten Ambye-Jensen
- Department of Engineering , Aarhus University , Hangøvej 2 , 8200 Aarhus N , Denmark
| | - Martin Riis Weisbjerg
- Department of Animal Science , Aarhus University , AU Foulum, Blichers Alle 20 , Post Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele , Denmark
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Gaillard C, Bhatti HS, Novoa-Garrido M, Lind V, Roleda MY, Weisbjerg MR. Amino acid profiles of nine seaweed species and their in situ degradability in dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Johansen M, Lund P, Weisbjerg M. Amino acid profile of metabolisable protein in lactating dairy cows is affected by dry matter concentration in grass-clover silage. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Johansen M, Hellwing A, Lund P, Weisbjerg M. Metabolisable protein supply to lactating dairy cows increased with increasing dry matter concentration in grass-clover silage. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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9
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Estimation of endogenous amino acid losses in growing chickens given soya-bean meal supplemented or not with DL-methionine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1017/s1357729800053182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAn experiment was carried out in growing chickens to study the effect of supplementation of a semi-synthetic diet containing soya-bean meal as the sole protein source with DL-methionine, to improve its biological value, on the excretion of endogenous protein and amino acids measured in lower ileum and total tract using traditional methods. Thirty-two White Rock male broilers (10 days old) were randomly divided into eight groups each of four birds, of similar body weight (mean live weight: 142·8 (s.e. 0·68) g), and individually housed in metabolism cages. Following a paired-feeding design based on metabolic body weight (kgM0·75), each group of birds was given, for an experimental period of 20 days, each of four levels of protein (60, 120, 180 or 240 g/kg; 5 days each) in two groups of isoenergetic (14·5 kJ metabolizable energy per g dry matter) and semi-synthetic diets based on soya-bean meal, either not supplemented or supplemented with 2 g/kg DL-methionine (diets S and SM, respectively). After 3 days of each treatment excreta were collected for 48 h, frozen and stored at –20ºC. At the end of the fourth treatment three chickens of each group were killed and their lower ileal contents collected. The remaining chick of each treatment was fasted for 24 h and given a protein-free diet for 8 days and excreta were collected for the last 4 days. Then (day 39 of age), chickens were killed and lower ileum contents removed and stored at –20ºC. Samples of excreta and lower ileum contents were subjected to nitrogen (N) analysis by Kjeldahl procedure and amino acid (AA) analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography. Supplementation with DL-methionine of the soya-bean meal-based diets halved total tract endogenous AA losses. Regression analysis produced a higher estimation of ileal and faecal endogenous AA excretion than feeding a protein-free diet. Endogenous AA excretion determined in the lower ileum was higher than in excreta no matter which estimation procedure was utilized. In conclusion, supplementation of dietary protein with the first limiting AA to improve its protein quality, causes an important drop in endogenous AA losses, that may have an important effect on the N economy and energy requirements in poultry. The use of regression analysis on excreta data where graded amounts of protein are given to growing chickens, seems a suitable method for determining endogenous AA losses provided that good quality proteins are used.
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Zhou C, Chen L, Tang S, Kang J, Han X, Wang M, He Z, Yan Q, Tan Z. True digestibility of protein and amino acids in goats using plants naturally enriched in 13C as a label to determine endogenous amino acid excretion. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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11
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Zhou C, Chen L, Tan Z, Tang S, Han X, Wang M, Kang J, Yan Q. Effects of the dietary ratio of ruminal degraded to undegraded protein and feed intake on intestinal flows of endogenous nitrogen and amino acids in goats. Arch Anim Nutr 2015; 69:442-54. [PMID: 26490200 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2015.1093872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the dietary ratio of ruminal degraded protein (RDP) to ruminal undegraded protein (RUP) and the dry matter intake (DMI) on the intestinal flows of endogenous nitrogen (N) and amino acids (AA) in goats. The experiment was designed as a 4×4 Latin square using four ruminally, duodenally and ileally cannulated goats. The treatments were arranged in a 2×2 factorial design; two ratios of RDP to RUP (65:35 and 45:55, RDP1 and RDP2, respectively) and two levels at 95% and 75% of voluntary feed intake (DMI1 and DMI2, respectively) were fed to the goats. There were no significant differences in the N intake, duodenal flow of total N, undegraded feed N, microbial N, endogenous N or ileal flow of endogenous N, but the duodenal and ileal flow of endogenous N numerically decreased by approximately 22% and 9%, respectively, when the feed intake changed from DMI1 (0.63 kg/d) to DMI2 (0.50 kg/d). The dietary ratio of RDP to RUP had significant effects (p<0.05) on the ileal flows of endogenous leucine, phenylalanine and cysteine. The present results implied that the duodenal flows of endogenous N and AA decreased when the dietary RDP to RUP ratio and DMI decreased, and the flow of endogenous AA at the ileum also decreased when the DMI decreased but increased with decreasing RDP to RUP ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanshe Zhou
- a Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture , The Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changsha , China
| | - Liang Chen
- a Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture , The Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changsha , China
| | - Zhiliang Tan
- a Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture , The Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changsha , China
| | - Shaoxun Tang
- a Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture , The Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changsha , China
| | - Xuefeng Han
- a Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture , The Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changsha , China
| | - Min Wang
- a Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture , The Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changsha , China
| | - Jinhe Kang
- a Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture , The Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changsha , China
| | - Qiongxian Yan
- a Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture , The Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changsha , China
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Effects of dietary supplementation of tea saponins (Ilex kudingcha C.J. Tseng) on ruminal fermentation, digestibility and plasma antioxidant parameters in goats. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Poulsen H, Jensen B, Finster K, Spence C, Whitehead T, Cotta M, Canibe N. Microbial production of volatile sulphur compounds in the large intestine of pigs fed two different diets. J Appl Microbiol 2012; 113:143-54. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05309.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Zhou CS, Jiang HL, Tan ZL, Zhao XG, Sun ZH, Tang SX, Wang M. Estimation of Endogenous Nitrogen and Amino Acids Flow at the Duodenum and Ileum in Growing Goats Fed on Different NDF Level Diets. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2008.9706915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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15
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Dong XY, Guo LL, Wei F, Li JF, Jiang ML, Li GM, Zhao YD, Chen H. Some characteristics and functional properties of rapeseed protein prepared by ultrasonication, ultrafiltration and isoelectric precipitation. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2011; 91:1488-98. [PMID: 21384382 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of complex protein constituents and difficulties in extracting protein from rapeseed meal limit the application of rapeseed protein in food processing. However, double-low rapeseed (low erucic acid, low glucosinolate) protein is a type of complete protein that is of potential use in the food industry. In this study the characteristics and functional properties of rapeseed protein prepared by ultrasonic-assisted extraction, ultrafiltration and isoelectric precipitation were analysed and compared with those of soybean protein. RESULTS The extraction efficiency with the ultrasonic-assisted method was significantly higher than that obtained with the traditional method. Ultrafiltration and isoelectric precipitation yielded three different proteins: ultrafiltered protein RPs and precipitated proteins RP5.8 and RP3.6. Chromatographic separation of RPs resulted in four fractions: RPsI, RPsII, RPsIII and RPsIV. The distribution of the isoelectric point of rapeseed protein was investigated by two-dimensional electrophoresis. The amino acid composition of RPs renders it suitable for human consumption. The hydrophobic/hydrophilic amino acid ratio of rapeseed protein was higher than that of soybean protein. The functional properties (oil adsorption ability, emulsifying capacity, foaming capacity and foam stability) of RPs, RP5.8 and RP3.6 were found to be better than those of soybean protein. CONCLUSION Ultrasonication and ultrafiltration were significantly better than the traditional method of rapeseed protein extraction. The ultrafiltered rapeseed protein RPs had superior functional properties. The results of this study provide useful indicators for rapeseed protein as a potential replacement for other proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Yan Dong
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Pedersen C, Boisen S, Fernández JA. Studies on the Effect of Dietary Crude Protein Supply on the Composition of Ileal Endogenous Crude Protein Loss in Growing Pigs. ACTA AGR SCAND A-AN 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/090647002320229383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Zhou CS, Tan ZL, Tang SX, Sun ZH, Han XF, Wang M, Tayo GO. ORIGINAL ARTICLE: The effect of dietary methionine levels on endogenous nitrogen and endogenous amino acids flows in growing goats. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2010; 94:594-604. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2009.00944.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Dietary starch source influences in growing goats: the intestinal losses of endogenous nitrogen and amino acids. Br J Nutr 2010; 103:1755-61. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114510000115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Four goats (20 (SD2·5) kg) fitted with ruminal, duodenal and ileal cannulae were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design to estimate the effects of a dietary starch source on the duodenal and ileal flows of endogenous N (EN) and endogenous amino acids (EAA) in growing goats. Goats were fed total mixed rations containing four starch sources (mainly from maize (MR), wheat (WR), paddy (PR) and sorghum (SR) treatments). There were no significant (P>0·05) effects of the dietary starch source on the intestinal flows of EN and EAA. The duodenal flows of EN were 2·40, 2·39, 2·18 and 1·56 g/d for the MR, WR, PR and SR treatments, respectively, as determined by the difference method, and the duodenal flows of EAA were 10·76, 11·29, 10·95 and 10·96 g/d by estimation with the amino acid profile method. The flows of EN and EAA at the ileum were 1·17, 1·12, 1·01, 0·70 and 4·87, 4·95, 4·94, 4·99 g/d, respectively, as estimated by the water-soluble method. The average intestinal reabsorption of EN and EAA was 57·5 %, and the endogenous Leu by the MR treatment was significantly (P < 0·05) lower than that of the other three treatments. The present results indicate that losses of endogenous protein in the intestine were not affected by the dietary starch source.
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Zhou C, Tan Z, Pan Y, Tang S, Sun Z, Han X, Wang M. Comparison of different methods for determination of the duodenal and ileal flows of endogenous nitrogen and amino acids in growing goats. Arch Anim Nutr 2009; 63:479-90. [DOI: 10.1080/17450390903169211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Bille N, Eggum BO, Jacobsen I, Olsen O, Sørensen H. The effects of processing on antinutritional constituents and nutritive value of double low rapeseed meal. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.1983.tb00796.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Knudsen KEB, Wolstrup J, Eggum BO. The nutritive value of botanically defined mill fractions of barley. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.1982.tb01402.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Eggum BO, Chwalibog A, Nielsen HE, Danielsen V. The influence of dietary concentration of amino acids on protein and energy utilization in growing rats and piglets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.1985.tb00015.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bjerg B, Eggum BO, Jacobsen I, Olsen O, Sørensen H. Protein quality in relation to antinutritional constituents in faba beans (Vicia faba L.). The effects of vicine, convicine and dopa added to a standard diet and fed to rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.1984.tb01432.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Rotenberg S, Eggum BO, Hegedüs M, Jacobsen I. The Effect of Pectin and Microbial Activity in the Digestive Tract on Faecal Excretion of Amino Acids, Fatty Acids, Thiamin, Riboflavin, and Niacin in Young Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00015128209435328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Glem-Hansen N. Utilization of L-Cystine and L- and D-Methionine by Mink during the Period of Intensive Hair Growth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00015128209435746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Eggum BO, Pedersen B. Feed Conversion and Protein Utilization in Rats Fed a Soya Bean Meal Based Diet Fortified with Either DL-, L- or D-Methionine or a Combination of the L-Forms of Methionine and Cystine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00015128309435349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Ambrosen T, Rotenberg S. External and Internal Quality and Chemical Composition of Hen Eggs as Related to Hen Age and Selection for Production Traits. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00015128109435313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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30
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Year rather than farming system influences protein utilization and energy value of vegetables when measured in a rat model. Nutr Res 2008; 28:866-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2008.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2008] [Revised: 09/15/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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31
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Volden H, Harstad OM. Chemical composition of bacteria harvested from the rumen of dairy cows fed three diets differing in protein content and rumen protein degradability at two levels of intake. ACTA AGR SCAND A-AN 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/09064709809362421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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32
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Volden H, Harstad OM. Amino acid composition of bacteria harvested from the rumen of dairy cows fed three diets differing in protein content and rumen protein degradability at two levels of intake. ACTA AGR SCAND A-AN 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/09064709809362422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Ijarotimi O. Nutritional composition, microbial status, functional and sensory properties of infant diets formulated from cooking banana fruits (Musa spp, ABB genome) and fermented bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranean L. Verdc) seeds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1108/00346650810891388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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34
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Lund P, Weisbjerg M, Hvelplund T. Profile of digested feed amino acids from untreated and expander treated feeds estimated using in situ methods in dairy cows. Livest Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2007.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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35
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Chemical and physicochemical characterisation of co-products from the vegetable food and agro industries. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Effects of dietary sulphur sources on concentrations of hydrogen sulphide in the rumen head-space gas of dairy cows. Animal 2007; 1:531-5. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731107705311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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37
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Carratù B, Ambruzzi AM, Fedele E, Sanzini E. Human Milk Banking: Influence of Different Pasteurization Temperatures on Levels of Protein Sulfur Amino Acids and Some Free Amino Acids. J Food Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2005.tb11431.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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38
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Effects of energy balance and metabolizable protein level on tissue mobilization and milk performance of dairy cows in early lactation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livprodsci.2004.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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39
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Lauridsen C, Jensen SK. Influence of supplementation of all-rac-α-tocopheryl acetate preweaning and vitamin C postweaning on α-tocopherol and immune responses of piglets1. J Anim Sci 2005; 83:1274-86. [PMID: 15890805 DOI: 10.2527/2005.8361274x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to test whether dietary maternal supplementation of all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate during lactation and dietary vitamin C supplementation after weaning could increase the alpha-tocopherol status pre- and postweaning and the immune responses of piglets postweaning. The experiment involved 12 crossbred sows that were fed increasing levels of all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl (70, 150, and 250 IU/kg, as-fed basis) during lactation. After weaning (d 28 of age), litters were divided into two groups that were supplemented with or without vitamin C (500 mg/kg of feed, as-fed basis). Milk and blood samples were obtained from the sows during lactation. Pigs were bled at 4, 16, 28, 35, 42, and 49 d of age. Liver, heart, muscle, and s.c. adipose tissues were collected (on 28, 35, 42, and 49 d of age) and analyzed for alpha-tocopherol. On the same days, alveolar macrophages of the lungs were collected, and analyzed for the concentration of alpha-tocopherol and its stereoisomer composition, fatty acid composition, and release of prostaglandin E2, leukotriene B4, and thromboxane B2. Increasing dietary all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate concentration increased the concentration of alpha-tocopherol in plasma (P = 0.02) and milk (P = 0.007) of sows, and the sow milk concentrations of alpha-tocopherol and vitamin A were greater on d 2 of lactation than later on during lactation. The plasma concentration of alpha-tocopherol in piglets decreased from d 4 to later on during suckling (P < 0.001) and again as the postweaning period progressed (P < 0.001). When lipid-standardized, plasma alpha-tocopherol was increased in piglets of sows fed 250 IU of all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate compared with other sow-groups (P = 0.005). At 28 d of age, alpha-tocopherol concentrations in tissues were increased with supplementation of the high dietary all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate levels to the sows; however, after weaning, a decrease in alpha-tocopherol concentration in most tissues (except liver) was observed, but the decrease tended to be less in the muscle (P = 0.099) and adipose tissue (P = 0.11) of piglets suckling sows fed 150 and 250 IU of all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate. Vitamin C supplementation after weaning increased liver alpha-tocopherol (P = 0.01) and serum immunoglobulin M concentration (P = 0.04), and vitamin C supplementation increased the proportion of the RRR-alpha-tocopherol (P = 0.03) at the expense of the RRS-stereoisomer form (P = 0.05) of alpha-tocopherol in alveolar macrophages of the piglets. In conclusion, this study on maternal all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate and postweaning vitamin C supplementation suggests a nutritional strategy for increasing alpha-tocopherol status and immune responses of weaned piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lauridsen
- Department of Animal Health, Welfare and Nutrition, Research Centre Foulum, Denmark.
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40
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Madsen TG, Nielsen L, Nielsen MO. Mammary nutrient uptake in response to dietary supplementation of rumen protected lysine and methionine in late and early lactating dairy goats. Small Rumin Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2004.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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41
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Bol R, Ostle N, Chenu C, Petzke KJ, Werner R, Balesdent J. Long term changes in the distribution and delta(15)N values of individual soil amino acids in the absence of plant and fertiliser inputs. ISOTOPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH STUDIES 2004; 40:243-256. [PMID: 15621743 DOI: 10.1080/10256010412331305607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The long-term 'biodegradation' on soil amino acids was examined in the control plots of '42 parcelles' experiment, established in 1928 at INRA, Versailles (France). None of the plots is cultivated, but is kept free of weeds, and mixed to a depth of 25 cm twice yearly. Topsoil (0-10 cm depth) samples collected in 1929, 1963 and 1997 were subjected to acid hydrolysis (6 N HCl) for comparison. The distribution and delta(15)N natural abundance of 20 individual amino acids in the soils were determined, using ion chromatography (IC) and gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS). The total N and amino acid-N (AA-N), respectively, decreased by 54 % and 73 % in the period from 1929 to 1997. The average N loss was comparable for 1929-1963 (period 1) and 1963-1997 (period 2), but AA-N loss was three times faster in the former period. This significant reduction in total AA-N content was mirrored in the individual amino acids, which decreased by 74 % +/- 1 % (ranging 58-89 %) between 1929 and 1997. The bulk delta(15)N values generally increased from 1929 to 1997, mainly associated with comparable or even higher increase of delta(15)N of the non-AA-N in the soil. The residence time (t(1/2), time in which half of N was lost from a specific soil pool) was ca. 65 +/- 5 years for the bulk soil, and comparable for periods 1 and 2. However, between periods 1 and 2 it decreased from 128 to 41 years in the non-AA pool, but increased from 59 to 92 years in the AA-N pool. Proline and amino acids that appear early in soil microbial metabolic pathways (e.g. glutamic acid, alanine, aspartic acid and valine) had relatively high delta(15)N values. Phenylalanine, threonine, glycine and leucine had relatively depleted delta(15)N values. The average delta(15)N value of the individual amino acids (IAAs) increased by 1delta unit from 1929 to 1997, associated with a similar rise from 1929 to 1963, and no change thereafter till 1997. However, the delta(15)N values of phenylalanine decreased by more than 7delta(15)N units between 1929 and 1997. The delta(15)N shift of IAAs from 1929 to 1963 and from 1929 to 1997 was not influenced by the relative amount of N remaining compared with the 1929 soil concentrations. The only exception was phenylalanine which showed decreasing delta(15)N associated with its decreasing concentration in the soil. We conclude therefore that in the absence of plant and fertiliser inputs, no change in the delta(15)N value of individual soil amino acids occurs, hence the original delta(15)N values are preserved and diagnostic information on past soil N (cycling) is retained. The exception was phenylalanine, its delta(15)N decreased with decreasing concentration from 1929 to 1997, hence it acted as a 'potential' marker for the land use changes (i.e. arable cropping to a fallow). The long term biological processing and reworking of residual amino acids resulted in a (partial) stabilisation in the soil, evidenced by reduced N loss and increased residence time of amino acid N during the period 1963-1997.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Bol
- Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, Okehampton, Devon, Great Britain.
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43
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Theil PK, Fernández JA, Danielsen V. Valine requirement for maximal growth rate in weaned pigs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livprodsci.2003.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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45
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Younge B, Murphy J, Rath M. Nutrient metabolism in the rumen and milk production in cows fed on grass-silage and fresh grass based diets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livprodsci.2003.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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46
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Misciatteilli L, Kristensen VF, Vestergaard M, Welsbjerg MR, Sejrsen K, Hvelplund T. Milk production, nutrient utilization, and endocrine responses to increased postruminal lysine and methionine supply in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2003; 86:275-86. [PMID: 12613871 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(03)73606-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effect of increased postruminal supply of lysine and methionine was investigated in a production trial involving 64 dairy cows in early lactation. Within each of two basal rations, based on either corn silage or grass silage, rations were either naturally deficient in lysine or fortified with 24 g of lysine in a rumen-protected form and naturally deficient in methionine or fortified with 12 g of methionine in a rumen-protected form. The data were analyzed separately for the four lysine and the four methionine treatment groups. Milk production, body weight gain, and plasma concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I, bovine somatotropin, insulin, glucose, nonesterified fatty acids, and urea were monitored over a 12-wk period. Supplementation with protected methionine led to increases in milk fat and protein contents of 2.4 and 1.8 g/kg of milk, respectively. Supplementation with protected lysine or methionine numerically increased protein yield comparable to values reported in the literature, but the treatment effects were not statistically significant. Efficiency of utilization of absorbed amino acids for milk protein synthesis and efficiency of utilization of metabolizable energy for milk production were not significantly altered in response to increased postruminal lysine and methionine flow, but a numerically increased efficiency of utilization of total amino acids was observed. No significant effect of lysine or methionine supplementation was observed on endocrine parameters nor on plasma metabolite concentrations. However, across treatment groups, high milk yield was correlated with low plasma insulin-like growth factor-I concentrations (r = -0.44) and partially with low plasma nonesterified fatty acids concentration and insulin levels (r = -0.26), while body weight gain was negatively correlated (r = -0.33) with elevated plasma bovine somatotropin concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Misciatteilli
- Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, P.O. Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
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47
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Pedersen C, Boisen S. Studies on the Response Time for Plasma Urea Nitrogen as a Rapid Measure for Dietary Protein Quality in Pigs. ACTA AGR SCAND A-AN 2001. [DOI: 10.1080/09064700152717182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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48
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Effect of heat treatment of soybean meal and fish meal on amino acid digestibility in mink and dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(00)00104-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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49
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Prestløkken E. Ruminal degradability and intestinal digestibility of protein and amino acids in barley and oats expander-treated at various intensities. Anim Feed Sci Technol 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(99)00110-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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50
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Abstract
The present investigation studied the effects of cysteine, whey powder, whey protein concentrate, acid casein hydrolysates, or tryptone on the viability of Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and bifidobacteria. Changes in pH, titratable acidity, redox potential, and viability of bacteria were monitored during 24 h of fermentation and refrigerated storage (4 degrees C) of yogurt for 35 d. The incubation time that was needed to reach pH 4.5 was considerably affected by the added ingredients. Also, the drop in pH or the increase in acidity and redox potential was dependent on the added ingredients. The addition of cysteine, whey protein concentrate, acid casein hydrolysates, or tryptone improved the viability of bifidobacteria to a variable extent, but whey powder failed to improve their viability. The morphology of S. thermophilus, as shown by electron microscopy, was affected by cysteine at 500 mg/L, possibly as a result of reduced redox potential. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE and amino acid analyses suggested that the nitrogen source in the form of peptides and amino acids improved the viability of bifidobacteria in yogurt made with a commercial ABT (Lactobacillus acidophilus, bifidobacteria, and Streptococcus thermophilus) starter culture, which showed a dramatic decline in the counts of this organism in previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R I Dave
- Center for Bioprocessing and Food Technology, Victoria University of Technology, Australia
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