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Ibrahim IA, Mokhtar DM, Fadl S. The morphological development of the proventriculus of Dandarawi chick: Light and electron microscopical studies. Morphologie 2020; 104:1-19. [PMID: 31587839 DOI: 10.1016/j.morpho.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study was carried out on 40 chick embryos collected from incubated eggs of Dandarawi chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) on the 5th to 19th incubation day (27 to 45 Hamburger and Hamilton, H&H stages). In addition, 15 chicks were collected on the day of hatching (stage 46 H&H), one week and two weeks post-hatching to demonstrate the histological, histochemical, and electron microscopic developmental changes of the proventriculus (of the digestive tract). Histologically, the proventriculus was observed as a narrow tube at 27 H&H stage. It was lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium through 27-39 H&H stages and from the stage 43 till post-hatching, it was lined by simple columnar epithelium. The Lamina muscularis mucosa could be identified at stage 43. The proventricular glands were detected firstly at stage 31 and branching at stage 35. Histochemically, the surface epithelium and proventricular glands reacted positively to PAS, alcian blue and bromophenol blue from stage 31 till maturity. The glands displayed an apocrine mode of secretion at stage 39 and their cytoplasm contained abundant mitochondria, RER, secretory granules, and lipid droplets. Enteroendocrine cells could be observed among the glandular and surface epithelium at stage 45 H&H. The interstitial tissue contained fibroblasts and telocytes. The telocytes were firstly detected at stage 35 H&H and composed of a cell body and two long cell processes called telopodes. The tunica muscularis differentiated into three layers of smooth muscle fibers at stage 37 H&H. The cellular and stromal organizations of the proventriculus and their relations to the development and function were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Ibrahim
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Doaa M Mokhtar
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
| | - S Fadl
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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Yang Z, Deng J, Li D, Sun T, Xia L, Xu W, Zeng L, Jiang H, Yang X. Analysis of Population Structure and Differentially Selected Regions in Guangxi Native Breeds by Restriction Site Associated with DNA Sequencing. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2020; 10:379-386. [PMID: 31744899 PMCID: PMC6945025 DOI: 10.1534/g3.119.400827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Guangxi indigenous chicken breeds play a very important role in promoting the high-quality development of the broiler industry in China. However, studies on genomic information of Guangxi indigenous chicken to date remain poorly explored. To decipher the population genetic structure and differentially selected regions (DSRs) in Guangxi indigenous chickens, we dug into numerous SNPs from seven Guangxi native chickens (GX) by employing the restriction site associated with DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) technology. Another three breeds, Cobb, White Leghorn, and Chahua (CH) chicken, were used as a control. After quality control, a total of 185,117 autosomal SNPs were kept for further analysis. The results showed a significant difference in population structure, and the control breeds were distinctly separate from the Guangxi native breeds, which was also strongly supported by the phylogenetic tree. Distribution of FST indicated that there were three SNPs with big genetic differentiation (FST value all reach to 0. 9427) in GX vs. CH group, which were located on chr1-96,859,720,chr4-86,139,601, and chr12-8,128,322, respectively. Besides, we identified 717 DSRs associated with 882 genes in GX vs. Cobb group, 769 DSRs with 476 genes in GX vs. Leghorn group, and 556 DSRs with 779 genes in GX vs. CH group. GO enrichment showed that there were two significant terms, namely GPI-linked ephrin receptor activity and BMP receptor binding, which were enriched in GX vs. Leghorn group. In conclusion, this study suggests that Guangxi native chickens have a great differentiation with Cobb and Leghorn. Our findings would be beneficial to fully evaluate the genomic information on Guangxi native chicken and facilitate the application of these resources in chicken breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuliang Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China,
| | - Jixian Deng
- Guangxi Institute of Animal Science, Nanning, 530001, China, and
| | - Dongfeng Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Tiantian Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Li Xia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Wenwen Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Linghu Zeng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Hesheng Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Xiurong Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China,
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McCracken KW, Wells JM. Mechanisms of embryonic stomach development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 66:36-42. [PMID: 28238948 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The stomach is a digestive organ that has important roles in human physiology and pathophysiology. The developmental origin of the stomach is the embryonic foregut, which also gives rise a number of other structures. There are several signaling pathways and transcription factors that are known to regulate stomach development at different stages, including foregut patterning, stomach specification, and gastric regionalization. These developmental events have important implications in later homeostasis and disease in the adult stomach. Here we will review the literature that has shaped our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms that coordinate gastric organogenesis. Further we will discuss how developmental paradigms have guided recent efforts to differentiate stomach tissue from pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle W McCracken
- Division of Developmental Biology, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA; Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - James M Wells
- Division of Developmental Biology, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA; Division of Endocrinology Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA.
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Ishizuya-Oka A, Kajita M, Hasebe T. Thyroid hormone-regulated Wnt5a/Ror2 signaling is essential for dedifferentiation of larval epithelial cells into adult stem cells in the Xenopus laevis intestine. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107611. [PMID: 25211363 PMCID: PMC4161470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Amphibian intestinal remodeling, where thyroid hormone (T3) induces some larval epithelial cells to become adult stem cells analogous to the mammalian intestinal ones, serves as a unique model for studying how the adult stem cells are formed. To clarify its molecular mechanisms, we here investigated roles of non-canonical Wnt signaling in the larval-to-adult intestinal remodeling during Xenopus laevis metamorphosis. Methods/Findings Our quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemical analyses indicated that the expressions of Wnt5a and its receptors, frizzled 2 (Fzd2) and receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 (Ror2) are up-regulated by T3 and are spatiotemporally correlated with adult epithelial development in the X. laevis intestine. Notably, changes in morphology of larval absorptive epithelial cells expressing Ror2 coincide well with formation of the adult stem cells during metamorphosis. In addition, by using organ cultures of the tadpole intestine, we have experimentally shown that addition of exogenous Wnt5a protein to the culture medium causes morphological changes in the larval epithelium expressing Ror2 even in the absence of T3. In contrast, in the presence of T3 where the adult stem cells are formed in vitro, inhibition of endogenous Wnt5a by an anti-Wnt5a antibody suppressed the epithelial morphological changes, leading to the failure of stem cell formation. Significance Our findings strongly suggest that the adult stem cells originate from the larval absorptive cells expressing Ror2, which require Wnt5a/Ror2 signaling for their dedifferentiation accompanied by changes in cell morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Ishizuya-Oka
- Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Mitsuko Kajita
- Institute of Development and Aging Sciences, Nippon Medical School, Kosugi-cho, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Hasebe
- Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo, Japan
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Novel pancreatic endocrine maturation pathways identified by genomic profiling and causal reasoning. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56024. [PMID: 23418498 PMCID: PMC3572136 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have used a previously unavailable model of pancreatic development, derived in vitro from human embryonic stem cells, to capture a time-course of gene, miRNA and histone modification levels in pancreatic endocrine cells. We investigated whether it is possible to better understand, and hence control, the biological pathways leading to pancreatic endocrine formation by analysing this information and combining it with the available scientific literature to generate models using a casual reasoning approach. We show that the embryonic stem cell differentiation protocol is highly reproducible in producing endocrine precursor cells and generates cells that recapitulate many aspects of human embryonic pancreas development, including maturation into functional endocrine cells when transplanted into recipient animals. The availability of whole genome gene and miRNA expression data from the early stages of human pancreatic development will be of great benefit to those in the fields of developmental biology and diabetes research. Our causal reasoning algorithm suggested the involvement of novel gene networks, such as NEUROG3/E2F1/KDM5B and SOCS3/STAT3/IL-6, in endocrine cell development We experimentally investigated the role of the top-ranked prediction by showing that addition of exogenous IL-6 could affect the expression of the endocrine progenitor genes NEUROG3 and NKX2.2.
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Verzi MP, Shivdasani RA. Wnt signaling in gut organogenesis. Organogenesis 2012; 4:87-91. [PMID: 19279719 DOI: 10.4161/org.4.2.5854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling regulates some aspect of development of nearly all endoderm-derived organs and Wnts mediate both differentiation and proliferation at different steps during visceral organogenesis. Wnt2b induces liver formation in zebrafish 1 and may combine with other inducers, Fibroblast Growth Factors 1 & 4 and Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4, to specify the mammalian liver.2-5 Later in development, Wnts are critical for liver expansion and, finally, for terminal hepatocyte differentiation,6-12 as reviewed elsewhere in this issue (Monga). Likewise, in the pancreas, Wnts drive proliferation of exocrine and endocrine cells13,14 and promote acinar cell differentiation,13,15 as reviewed in the chapter by Murtaugh. Here we examine the intricate involvement of Wnt signaling in growth and differentiation of the digestive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Verzi
- Department of Medical Oncology; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; and Department of Medicine; Harvard Medical School; Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Khurana S, Mills JC. The gastric mucosa development and differentiation. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2010; 96:93-115. [PMID: 21075341 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-381280-3.00004-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The development and differentiation of the gastric mucosa are controlled by a complex interplay of signaling proteins and transcriptional regulators. This process is complicated by the fact that the stomach is derived from two germ layers, the endoderm and the mesoderm, with the first giving rise to the mature epithelium and the latter contributing the smooth muscle required for peristalsis. Reciprocal epithelial-mesenchymal interactions dictate the formation of the stomach during fetal development, and also contribute to its continuous regeneration and differentiation throughout adult life. In this chapter, we discuss the discoveries that have been made in different model systems, from zebrafish to human, which show that the Hedgehog, Wnt, Notch, bone morphogenetic protein, and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling systems play essential roles during various stages of stomach development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shradha Khurana
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Verzi MP, Stanfel MN, Moses KA, Kim BM, Zhang Y, Schwartz RJ, Shivdasani RA, Zimmer WE. Role of the homeodomain transcription factor Bapx1 in mouse distal stomach development. Gastroenterology 2009; 136:1701-10. [PMID: 19208343 PMCID: PMC2955323 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2008] [Revised: 12/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Expansion and patterning of the endoderm generate a highly ordered, multiorgan digestive system in vertebrate animals. Among distal foregut derivatives, the gastric corpus, antrum, pylorus, and duodenum are distinct structures with sharp boundaries. Some homeodomain transcription factors expressed in gut mesenchyme convey positional information required for anterior-posterior patterning of the digestive tract. Barx1, in particular, controls stomach differentiation and morphogenesis. The Nirenberg and Kim homeobox gene Bapx1 (Nkx3-2) has an established role in skeletal development, but its function in the mammalian gut is less clear. METHODS We generated a Bapx1(Cre) knock-in allele to fate map Bapx1-expressing cells and evaluate its function in gastrointestinal development. RESULTS Bapx1-expressing cells populate the gut mesenchyme with a rostral boundary in the hindstomach near the junction of the gastric corpus and antrum. Smooth muscle differentiation and distribution of early regional markers are ostensibly normal in Bapx1(Cre/Cre) gut, but there are distinctive morphologic abnormalities near this rostral Bapx1 domain: the antral segment of the stomach is markedly shortened, and the pyloric constriction is lost. Comparison of expression domains and examination of stomach phenotypes in single and compound Barx1 and Bapx1 mutant mice suggests a hierarchy between these 2 factors; Bapx1 expression is lost in the absence of Barx1. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals the nonredundant requirement for Bapx1 in distal stomach development, places it within a Barx1-dependent pathway, and illustrates the pervasive influence of gut mesenchyme homeobox genes on endoderm differentiation and digestive organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Verzi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Monique N. Stanfel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Kelvin A. Moses
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Byeong-Moo Kim
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A&M University, College of Medicine, College Station, TX
| | - Robert J. Schwartz
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, Center for Environmental and Rural Health, Texas A&M University, College of Medicine, College Station, TX, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Ramesh A. Shivdasani
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Address correspondence to: Warren E. Zimmer, Ph.D., Texas A&M Health Science Center, 310B Joe H. Reynold’s Bldg, College Station, TX 77843, Tel. 617-632-5746 Fax 617-582-8490, OR Ramesh A. Shivdasani, M.D., Ph.D., Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115 Tel. 979-845-2896 Fax 979-862-4638,
| | - Warren E. Zimmer
- Department of Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A&M University, College of Medicine, College Station, TX, Center for Environmental and Rural Health, Texas A&M University, College of Medicine, College Station, TX,Address correspondence to: Warren E. Zimmer, Ph.D., Texas A&M Health Science Center, 310B Joe H. Reynold’s Bldg, College Station, TX 77843, Tel. 617-632-5746 Fax 617-582-8490, OR Ramesh A. Shivdasani, M.D., Ph.D., Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115 Tel. 979-845-2896 Fax 979-862-4638,
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Abstract
We have engaged in a number of studies in our laboratory that have focused on the molecular mechanisms underlying gut formation, with particular attention being paid to the establishment of regional differences found in the entire gut and within each digestive organ. We have found from our analyses that the presumptive fate of the endoderm in the embryos of vertebrates is determined quite early during development, but the realization of this fate often requires molecular cues from the neighboring tissues such as the lateral plate mesoderm and the mesenchyme derived from it. The mesenchyme seems often to exert instructive or supportive induction effects and, in some cases, a completely inhibitory role during the differentiation of the endodermal epithelium. In addition, many reports on the formation of the stomach, intestine, liver and salivary gland in vertebrates, and of Drosophila gut, all indicate that the morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation of these organs are regulated by the regulated expression of genes encoding growth factors and transcription factors. We have further shown that the epithelium can regulate the differentiation of the mesenchyme into the connective tissue and the smooth muscle layers, thus demonstrating the occurrence of literally interactive processes in the development of the digestive organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadao Yasugi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minamiohsawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan.
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Que J, Okubo T, Goldenring JR, Nam KT, Kurotani R, Morrisey EE, Taranova O, Pevny LH, Hogan BLM. Multiple dose-dependent roles for Sox2 in the patterning and differentiation of anterior foregut endoderm. Development 2007; 134:2521-31. [PMID: 17522155 PMCID: PMC3625644 DOI: 10.1242/dev.003855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sox2 is expressed in developing foregut endoderm, with highest levels in the future esophagus and anterior stomach. By contrast, Nkx2.1 (Titf1) is expressed ventrally, in the future trachea. In humans, heterozygosity for SOX2 is associated with anopthalmia-esophageal-genital syndrome (OMIM 600992), a condition including esophageal atresia (EA) and tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF), in which the trachea and esophagus fail to separate. Mouse embryos heterozygous for the null allele, Sox2(EGFP), appear normal. However, further reductions in Sox2, using Sox2(LP) and Sox2(COND) hypomorphic alleles, result in multiple abnormalities. Approximately 60% of Sox2(EGFP/COND) embryos have EA with distal TEF in which Sox2 is undetectable by immunohistochemistry or western blot. The mutant esophagus morphologically resembles the trachea, with ectopic expression of Nkx2.1, a columnar, ciliated epithelium, and very few p63(+) basal cells. By contrast, the abnormal foregut of Nkx2.1-null embryos expresses elevated Sox2 and p63, suggesting reciprocal regulation of Sox2 and Nkx2.1 during early dorsal/ventral foregut patterning. Organ culture experiments further suggest that FGF signaling from the ventral mesenchyme regulates Sox2 expression in the endoderm. In the 40% Sox2(EGFP/COND) embryos in which Sox2 levels are approximately 18% of wild type there is no TEF. However, the esophagus is still abnormal, with luminal mucus-producing cells, fewer p63(+) cells, and ectopic expression of genes normally expressed in glandular stomach and intestine. In all hypomorphic embryos the forestomach has an abnormal phenotype, with reduced keratinization, ectopic mucus cells and columnar epithelium. These findings suggest that Sox2 plays a second role in establishing the boundary between the keratinized, squamous esophagus/forestomach and glandular hindstomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwen Que
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Tadashi Okubo
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - James R. Goldenring
- Nashville VA Medical Center and the Departments of Surgery and Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Ki-Taek Nam
- Nashville VA Medical Center and the Departments of Surgery and Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Reiko Kurotani
- Laboratory of Metabolism, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Edward E. Morrisey
- Departments of Medicine and Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA
| | - Olena Taranova
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina Neuroscience Center, University North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Larysa H. Pevny
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina Neuroscience Center, University North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Brigid L. M. Hogan
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Author for correspondence ()
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