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Plunkett G, Yiallourou S, Voigt A, Segumohamed A, Shepherd K, Horne R, Wong F. Short apneas and periodic breathing in preterm infants in the neonatal intensive care unit-Effects of sleep position, sleep state, and age. J Sleep Res 2024:e14253. [PMID: 38837291 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.14253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
This observational study investigated the effects of sleep position and sleep state on short apneas and periodic breathing in hospitalized preterm infants longitudinally, in relation to postmenstrual age. Preterm infants (25-31 weeks gestation, n = 29) were studied fortnightly after birth until discharge, in prone and supine positions, and in quiet sleep and active sleep. The percentage of time spent in each sleep state (percentage of time in quiet sleep and percentage of time in active sleep), percentage of total sleep time spent in short apneas and periodic breathing, respectively, the percentage of falls from baseline in heart rate, arterial oxygen saturation and cerebral tissue oxygenation index during short apneas and periodic breathing, and the associated percentage of total sleep time with systemic (arterial oxygen saturation < 90%) and cerebral hypoxia (cerebral tissue oxygenation index < 55%) were analysed using a linear mixed model. Results showed that the prone position decreased (improved) the percentage of falls from baseline in arterial oxygen saturation during both short apneas and periodic breathing, decreased the proportion of infants with periodic breathing and the periodic breathing-associated percentage of total sleep time with cerebral hypoxia. The percentage of time in quiet sleep was higher in the prone position. Quiet sleep decreased the percentage of total sleep time spent in short apneas, the short apneas-associated percentage of falls from baseline in heart rate, arterial oxygen saturation, and proportion of infants with systemic hypoxia. Quiet sleep also decreased the proportion of infants with periodic breathing and percentage of total sleep time with cerebral hypoxia. The effects of sleep position and sleep state were not related to postmenstrual age. In summary, when sleep state is controlled for, the prone sleeping position has some benefits during both short apneas and periodic breathing. Quiet sleep improves cardiorespiratory stability and is increased in the prone position at the expense of active sleep, which is critical for brain maturation. This evidence should be considered in positioning preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Plunkett
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephanie Yiallourou
- The Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aimee Voigt
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aishah Segumohamed
- The Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kelsee Shepherd
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rosemary Horne
- The Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Flora Wong
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Monash Newborn, Monash Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Napolitano SK, Boswell NL, Froese P, Henkel RD, Barnes-Davis ME, Parham DK. Early and consistent safe sleep practices in the neonatal intensive care unit: a sustained regional quality improvement initiative. J Perinatol 2024; 44:908-915. [PMID: 38253677 DOI: 10.1038/s41372-023-01855-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To increase compliance with standardized safe sleep recommendations for patients in a cohort of regional level III/IV neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) in accordance with recently revised guidelines issued by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). STUDY DESIGN A regional quality improvement (QI) initiative led by a multidisciplinary task force standardized safe sleep criteria across participating NICU sites. Universal and unit-specific interventions were implemented via Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycles with evaluation of compliance through routine crib audits, run chart completion, and Pareto chart analysis. RESULTS Following QI implementation, compliance with safe sleep guidelines for eligible NICU infants improved from 34% to 90% from October 2019 through September 2022. CONCLUSION Compliance with early, consistent modeling of safe sleep practices nearly tripled in this cohort of regional NICUs. A standardized, timely approach to safe sleep transition demonstrated dramatic and sustained improvement in the practice and modeling of safe sleep behaviors in the NICU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie K Napolitano
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Neonatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Neonatology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Nicole L Boswell
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Neonatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Patricia Froese
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Neonatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Rebecca D Henkel
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Neonatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Maria E Barnes-Davis
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Neonatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Danielle K Parham
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Neonatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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The value of cardiorespiratory parameters for sleep state classification in preterm infants: A systematic review. Sleep Med Rev 2021; 58:101462. [PMID: 33826975 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cardiorespiratory activity is highly associated with infants' sleep duration and quality. We performed a systematic literature search of PubMed and EMBASE databases to investigate if and how cardiorespiratory parameters can be used for sleep state classification in preterm infants and in what way maturation influences this relation. All retrieved citations were screened against predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Only studies of preterm infants (<37 wk postmenstrual age during sleep state classification) admitted to a neonatal ward and of whom at least one sleep state and one cardiorespiratory parameter was measured, were included. Two researchers independently reviewed the included studies on methodological quality. Of the 1097 initially retrieved studies, 23 were included for analysis. Heart rate and respiration frequency are strongly correlated with active sleep and quiet sleep. In quiet sleep, as compared to active sleep, respiratory frequency is more stable, and the heart rate is lower and less variable. This association, however, differed across preterm birth subtypes (i.e., extremely, very or late preterm), indicating that maturation - in the form of both gestational and postnatal age - influences the cardiorespiratory characteristics of preterm sleep states. The knowledge gained from this review can help improve behavioral sleep classification and automated sleep classification algorithms for preterm infants.
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Li R, Ye X, Li G, Cao X, Zou Y, Yao S, Luo F, Zhang L, Dong W. Effects of Different Body Positions and Head Elevation Angles on Regional Cerebral Oxygen Saturation in Premature Infants of China. J Pediatr Nurs 2020; 55:1-5. [PMID: 32570090 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2020.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the effects of different body positions and head elevation angles on regional cerebral oxygen saturation in premature infants using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). METHODS This was a prospective study of premature infants hospitalized. The position was changed each feeding cycle (2-3 h), in order: 15° prone, 15° supine, 0° prone, and 0° supine position. Regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2) was measured after each position period using NIRS, over 7 days. FINDINGS Thirty-three premature infants were included in the analysis. Among them, 22 (66.7%) were male, and 11 (33.3%) were female. When placing the premature infants in the prone position, the regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2) values were higher at head elevation 15° compared with 0° (main effect P < 0.001). When placing the premature infants in the supine position, rSO2 was higher at a head elevation of 15° compared with that at 0° (main effect P < 0.001). When placing the premature infants with a head elevation of 15°, rSO2 in the prone position was higher than that of the supine position (main effect P < 0.001). There was no difference between the prone and supine positions when placing the premature infants with the head elevation at 0° (P > 0.05). DISCUSSION Higher cerebral rSO2 can be achieved when placing premature infants in the prone or supine position, with a 15° head elevation angle. APPLICATION TO PRACTICE Using a specific body position and head angle could improve the regional cerebral oxygen saturation of premature infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run Li
- Department of Newborn Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoxiu Ye
- Department of Newborn Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, China
| | - Guiping Li
- Department of Newborn Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaokuan Cao
- Department of Newborn Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuanxia Zou
- Department of Newborn Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, China
| | - Shihan Yao
- Department of Newborn Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, China
| | - Feng Luo
- Department of Newborn Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Newborn Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenbin Dong
- Department of Newborn Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, China.
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Clinically Asymptomatic Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Infants with Single-Ventricle Physiology. J Pediatr 2020; 218:92-97. [PMID: 31952850 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess clinically asymptomatic infants with single-ventricle physiology (SVP) for sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) in the supine and car seat positions using polysomnography. Polysomnography results also were compared with results of a standard Car Seat Challenge to measure the dependability of the standard Car Seat Challenge. STUDY DESIGN This was an observational study of 15 infants with SVP. Polysomnography data included Obstructive Index, Central Index, Arousal Index, Apnea Hypopnea Index, and sleep efficiency. Polysomnography heart rate and oxygen saturation data were used to compare polysomnography with the standard Car Seat Challenge. RESULTS Polysomnography demonstrated that all 15 infants had SDB and 14 had obstructive sleep apnea (Obstructive Index ≥1/hour) in both the supine and car seat positions. Infants with SVP had a statistically significant greater median Obstructive Index in the car seat compared with supine position (6.3 vs 4.2; P = .03), and median spontaneous Arousal Index was greater in the supine position compared with the car seat (20.4 vs 15.2; P = .01). Comparison of polysomnography to standard Car Seat Challenge results demonstrated 5 of 15 (33%) of infants with SVP with abnormal Obstructive Index by polysomnography would have passed a standard Car Seat Challenge. CONCLUSIONS Infants with SVP without clinical symptoms of SDB may be at high risk for SDB that appears worse in the car seat position. The standard Car Seat Challenge is not dependable in the identification of infants with SVP and SDB. Further studies are warranted to further delineate its potential impact of SDB on the clinical outcomes of infants with SVP.
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Shepherd KL, Yiallourou SR, Odoi A, Yeomans E, Willis S, Horne RSC, Wong FY. When does prone sleeping improve cardiorespiratory status in preterm infants in the NICU? Sleep 2019; 43:5587709. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Study Objectives
Preterm infants undergoing intensive care are often placed prone to improve respiratory function. Current clinical guidelines recommend preterm infants are slept supine from 32 weeks’ postmenstrual age, regardless of gestational age at birth. However, respiratory function is also related to gestational and chronological ages and is affected by sleep state. We aimed to identify the optimal timing for adopting the supine sleeping position in preterm infants, using a longitudinal design assessing the effects of sleep position and state on cardiorespiratory stability.
Methods
Twenty-three extremely (24–28 weeks’ gestation) and 33 very preterm (29–34 weeks’ gestation) infants were studied weekly from birth until discharge, in both prone and supine positions, in quiet and active sleep determined by behavioral scoring. Bradycardia (heart rate ≤100 bpm), desaturation (oxygen saturation ≤80%), and apnea (pause in respiratory rate ≥10 s) episodes were analyzed.
Results
Prone positioning in extremely preterm infants reduced the frequency of bradycardias and desaturations and duration of desaturations. In very preterm infants, prone positioning only reduced the frequency of desaturations. The position-related effects were not related to postmenstrual age. Quiet sleep in both preterm groups was associated with fewer bradycardias and desaturations, and also reduced durations of bradycardia and desaturations in the very preterm group.
Conclusions
Cardiorespiratory stability is improved by the prone sleep position, predominantly in extremely preterm infants, and the improvements are not dependent on postmenstrual age. In very preterm infants, quiet sleep has a more marked effect than the prone position. This evidence should be considered in individualizing management of preterm infant positioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsee L Shepherd
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stephanie R Yiallourou
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Pre-Clinical Disease and Prevention, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne Australia
| | - Alexsandria Odoi
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Emma Yeomans
- Monash Newborn, Monash Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stacey Willis
- Monash Newborn, Monash Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rosemary S C Horne
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Flora Y Wong
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Monash Newborn, Monash Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
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Effects of Prone Sleeping on Cerebral Oxygenation in Preterm Infants. J Pediatr 2019; 204:103-110.e1. [PMID: 30297295 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.08.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of prone sleeping on cerebral oxygenation in preterm infants in the neonatal intensive care unit. STUDY DESIGN Preterm infants, divided into extremely preterm (gestational age 24-28 weeks; n = 23) and very preterm (gestational age 29-34 weeks; n = 33) groups, were studied weekly until discharge in prone and supine positions during active and quiet sleep. Cerebral tissue oxygenation index (TOI) and arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) were recorded. Cerebral fractional tissue extraction (CFOE) was calculated as CFOE = (SaO2 - TOI)/SaO2. RESULTS In extremely preterm infants, CFOE increased modestly in the prone position in both sleep states at age 1 week, in no change in TOI despite higher SaO2. In contrast, the very preterm infants did not have position-related differences in CFOE until the fifth week of life. In the very preterm infants, TOI decreased and CFOE increased with active sleep compared with quiet sleep and with increasing postnatal age. CONCLUSION At 1 week of age, prone sleeping increased CFOE in extremely preterm infants, suggesting reduced cerebral blood flow. Our findings reveal important physiological insights in clinically stable preterm infants. Further studies are needed to verify our findings in unstable preterm infants regarding the potential risk of cerebral injury in the prone sleeping position in early postnatal life.
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Liao J, Hu R, Su L, Wang S, Xu Q, Qian X, He H. Nonpharmacological Interventions for Sleep Promotion on Preterm Infants in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: A Systematic Review. Worldviews Evid Based Nurs 2018; 15:386-393. [DOI: 10.1111/wvn.12315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin‐Hua Liao
- School of NursingFujian Medical University Fujian China
| | - Rong‐Fang Hu
- School of NursingFujian Medical University Fujian China
| | - Li‐Jing Su
- School of NursingFujian Medical University Fujian China
| | - Shuo Wang
- School of NursingFujian Medical University Fujian China
| | - Qin Xu
- School of NursingFujian Medical University Fujian China
| | - Xiao‐Fang Qian
- Division of NursingFujian Women's and Children's Hospital Fujian China
| | - Hong‐Gu He
- Alice Lee Centre for Nursing StudiesYong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of Singapore Singapore
- National University Health System Singapore
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Prone sleeping position in infancy: Implications for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular function. Sleep Med Rev 2018; 39:174-186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Llaguno NS, Pedreira MDLG, Avelar AFM, Avena MJ, Tsunemi MH, Pinheiro EM. Polysomnography assessment of sleep and wakefulness in premature newborns. Rev Bras Enferm 2017; 68:1109-15. [PMID: 26676434 DOI: 10.1590/0034-7167.2015680616i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE to describe the total sleep time and its stages, total wake time, heart rate values and oxygen saturation shown by premature infants, and the influence of the periods of the day on sleep and physiological parameters. METHOD a descriptive study was conducted of 13 hospitalized premature infants. Data collection was performed using polysomnography and unstructured observation for 24 uninterrupted hours. RESULTS the newborns remained asleep for 59.6% of the day, predominantly in quiet sleep, with a higher mean heart rate during wakefulness (p<0.001). No difference was found between the variables related to sleep, physiological parameters and periods of the day, but in the morning a predominance of quiet sleep was observed (p=0.002). CONCLUSION the preterm newborn presented more total sleep time than wakefulness; quiet sleep was the predominant stage, and heart rate was higher during wakefulness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Sales Llaguno
- Curso de Enfermagem, Escola Paulista de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Ariane Ferreira Machado Avelar
- Departamento de Enfermagem Pediátrica, Escola Paulista de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Marta Jose Avena
- Departamento de Enfermagem Pediátrica, Escola Paulista de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Miriam Harumi Tsunemi
- Departamento de Bioestatística, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Eliana Moreira Pinheiro
- Departamento de Enfermagem Pediátrica, Escola Paulista de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Brunherotti MAA, Martinez EZ, Martinez FE. Effect of body position on preterm newborns receiving continuous positive airway pressure. Acta Paediatr 2014; 103:e101-5. [PMID: 24354904 DOI: 10.1111/apa.12504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the effect of body position on the cardiorespiratory indicators of preterm newborns receiving nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). METHODS Analytical, observational, prospective, cross-sectional, randomised crossover study was carried out on sixteen newborns that received nasal CPAP. The infants had a mean gestational age of 29.7 ± 2 weeks and birthweight of 1353 ± 280 g. Cardiorespiratory indicators (respiratory rate, heart rate and oxygen saturation) were evaluated in each infant in the supine, prone and right and left lateral decubitus positions at intervals of 10 min over a period of 60 min. RESULTS The cardiorespiratory indicators were similar and within the normal range in the four decubitus positions. There was no difference in respiratory or heart rate between body positions. Although they showed desirable values, oxygen saturation was significantly lower in left lateral decubitus (96.6 ± 1.7%) when compared to the supine (97.1 ± 1.3%) and prone positions (97.4 ± 1.1%) (p = 0.00) and was also significantly lower in right lateral decubitus (96.9 ± 1.4%) when compared to the prone position (p = 0.00). CONCLUSION We found no preferential decubitus position for preterm newborns receiving nasal CPAP, the supine position may be a choice, but the left and right lateral positions were less advantageous in terms of oxygen saturation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edson Z Martinez
- Department of Social Medicine; University of São Paulo; Ribeirão Preto Brazil
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Elder DE, Campbell AJ, Galletly D. Effect of position on oxygen saturation and requirement in convalescent preterm infants. Acta Paediatr 2011; 100:661-5. [PMID: 21251057 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2011.02157.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To document the effect of position on oxygen saturation and changes in oxygen requirement in convalescent preterm infants. METHODS Twelve infants born ≥24 and ≤32 weeks gestation, extubated and without congenital anomaly were studied using nap polysomnography in prone and supine, twice weekly until discharge. Mean oxygen saturation (SpO(2)), minimum SpO(2) , mean minimum SpO(2) and time with SpO(2) < 90% were measured in active sleep. RESULTS Eight male and four female infants [median gestation 28 (24-31) weeks and median birthweight 1059 (715-1840) g] had 39 studies. For 21 of 39 studies, the infant was on respiratory support. Four infants had chronic lung disease (CLD). SpO(2) varied with postmenstrual age (PMA) (p = 0.003) but not with position (p = 0.36), and PMA did not influence the effect of position on SpO(2) (p = 0.19). SpO(2) was lower for those with CLD (p < 0.0001) and those on respiratory support (p < 0.001), but there was no effect of position (p = 0.97 and p = 0.67, respectively). From 36 weeks PMA, a change to supine did not increase oxygen requirement. CONCLUSION In preterm infants, PMA and residual respiratory disease have greater effects on oxygenation than position. A supine sleep position is not disadvantageous for preterm infants at discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn E Elder
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Otago Wellington, New Zealand.
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Elder DE, Campbell AJ, Larsen PD, Galletly D. Respiratory variability in preterm and term infants: Effect of sleep state, position and age. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2011; 175:234-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2010.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Cardioventilatory coupling in preterm and term infants: Effect of position and sleep state. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2010; 174:128-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2010.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Revised: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Shiraishi M, Hirasawa K, Shimizu S, Nishida H, Osawa M. Effect of sitting position on respiratory status in preterm infants. J Perinat Med 2009; 37:407-12. [PMID: 19309252 DOI: 10.1515/jpm.2009.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether using a sitting-type car safety seats for preterm infants is advisable. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 65 preterm infants underwent polysomnography in the supine and sitting positions. The infants with <95% of SpO(2) were assigned to the desaturation (DS) group. Their backgrounds, breathing patterns, and breathing types were analyzed. RESULTS Of the 65 cases, 18 were assigned to the DS group. No significant differences were observed between the DS and non-DS groups in their background characteristics. Of the 18 DS cases, 15 were included in the non-obstructive group (8, periodic breathing; 6, tachypnea; 1, irregular breathing). CONCLUSIONS Immaturity of the respiratory center and decompensation for the respiratory changes caused by the sitting position were suspected to cause DS in infants. Sitting-type car safety seats should be used with caution for preterm infants, and all preterm infants need to be screened by polysomnographic examination in the sitting position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Shiraishi
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
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Picheansathian W, Woragidpoonpol P, Baosoung C. Positioning of Preterm Infants for Optimal Physiological Development: a systematic review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.11124/jbisrir-2009-188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Picheansathian W, Woragidpoonpol P, Baosoung C. Positioning of Preterm Infants for Optimal Physiological Development: a systematic review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 7:224-259. [PMID: 27820087 DOI: 10.11124/01938924-200907070-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Positioning of preterm infants is a basic task of neonatal nursing care. A variety of outcomes are affected by different body positioning of preterm infants. This review evaluates the clinical evidence of the effects of positioning of preterm infants with regard to physiological outcomes and sleep states. OBJECTIVES To conduct a systematic review to determine the best available evidence related to the positioning of preterm infants. The specific review questions addressed were: the physiological outcomes affected by different positioning, and the best position for promoting sleep. CRITERIA FOR CONSIDERING STUDIES FOR THIS REVIEW This review considered all studies that included infants born before 37 weeks of gestational age in any hospital setting. Outcomes included measures for physiologic effects and sleep state. The review primarily considered any randomized clinical trails (RCTs) that explored different positions in preterm infant but also included quasi-experimental designs. SEARCH STRATEGY FOR IDENTIFICATION OF STUDIES The search sought to find published and unpublished studies. The database search included: Pubmed, CINAHL, ProQuest, EMBASE, Science Direct, and Dissertation Abstracts International. Studies were additionally identified from reference lists of all studies retrieved. ASSESSMENT AND DATA EXTRACTION All studies were checked for methodological quality by two reviewers and data was extracted using tools developed by the Joanna Briggs Institute. DATA ANALYSIS The study results were pooled in statistical meta-analysis using Review Manager Software and summarized in narrative form where statistical pooling was not appropriate or possible. RESULTS Thirty two studies were included in the review. The results of this review support the prone position in preterm infants for improvement of arterial oxygen saturation, improved lung and chest wall synchrony of respiratory improvements, decreased incidence of apnea in infants with a clinical history of apnea, promoted sleep, and decreased gastroesophageal reflux. However, the prone position increased postural abnormalities, orthopaedic abnormalities of the feet, and delayed developmental musculature. The combined use of a postural support roll and a postural nappy while very preterm infants are nursed, improved hip and shoulder posture up to term postmenstrual age. The change in body position from horizontal to head-up tilt in very immature and unstable infants may affect the cerebral homodynamic. The management of position per se may not be sufficient for assisting preterm neonates to cope with the painful procedure. Furthermore, preterm infants are susceptible to oxygen desaturation in car seats and carrying slings. CONCLUSION Prone positioning was shown to have many advantages for prematurely born infants. But the longer, deep sleep period and fewer awakenings associated with a prone position would support higher vulnerability for preterm infants to sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Therefore, all preterm infants placed in the prone position should have continuous cardio-respiratory and oxygen saturation monitoring. Preterm infants should be placed in a properly supported position to ensure functional support of all parts of the body as well as ensuring physical safety. In addition, preterm infants should not be left unattended in car safety seats and carrying slings.
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Goberman AM, Johnson S, Cannizzaro MS, Robb MP. The effect of positioning on infant cries: implications for sudden infant death syndrome. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2008; 72:153-65. [PMID: 17996952 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2007.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2007] [Revised: 09/25/2007] [Accepted: 09/28/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A definitive cause for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) has not yet been identified, but some theories point to laryngeal or respiratory causes, in addition to theories of reduced arousal or reduced autonomic response. The occurrence of SIDS has dropped since the movement to place newborns to sleep in the supine position; however, some research has found a respiratory disadvantage for infants in this position. The current paper studied acoustic characteristics of infant pain cries to determine the potential differences related to prone versus supine positioning. METHODS Fifty-one newborn infant cries were recorded during and following a blood draw screening procedure, with infants placed either in the supine or prone position. All infants were healthy, full-term infants. Complete crying episodes were audio-recorded, and results were based on compositional analysis and long-time average spectrum analysis across each crying episode. RESULTS Spectral analysis revealed acoustic differences related to infant positioning, and acoustic analysis also revealed that there were no respiratory differences between supine-positioned and prone-positioned infants. Overall, the acoustic differences suggest decreased arousal and/or a decreased response to pain for healthy infants recorded in the prone position. CONCLUSIONS As decreased arousal and prone positioning have been seen as possible causative factors for SIDS, the current results are seen as a successful step in evaluating the possibility of using acoustic analysis of infant cries as a means of evaluating SIDS risk for healthy infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Goberman
- Department of Communication Disorders, Bowling Green State University, 200 Health Center Building, Bowling Green, OH 43403-0149, United States.
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Rao H, May C, Hannam S, Rafferty GF, Greenough A. Survey of sleeping position recommendations for prematurely born infants on neonatal intensive care unit discharge. Eur J Pediatr 2007; 166:809-11. [PMID: 17103188 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-006-0325-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2006] [Accepted: 09/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prematurely born infants are at an increased risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), particularly when sleeping prone. Parents are strongly influenced in their choice of sleeping position for their infant by practitioners. The aim of this study was to determine the neonatal units' recommendations regarding the sleeping position for premature infants prior to and after discharge and ascertain whether there had been changes from those recorded in a survey performed in 2001-2002. MATERIALS AND METHODS A questionnaire survey was sent to all 229 neonatal units in the United Kingdom; 80% responded. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The majority (83%) of units utilized the supine sleep position for infants at least 1-2 weeks prior to discharge, but after discharge, only 38% of the units actively discouraged prone sleeping and 17% additionally recommended side sleeping. Compared to the previous survey, significantly more units started infants with supine sleeping 1-2 weeks prior to discharge (p < 0.0001) and fewer recommended side sleeping after discharge (p = 0.0015). However, disappointingly, less actively discouraged prone sleeping after discharge (p = 0.0001). CONCLUSION Recommendations regarding sleeping position for prematurely born infants after neonatal discharge by some practitioners remain inappropriate. Evidence-based guidelines are required as these would hopefully inform all neonatal units' recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish Rao
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, King's College London, MRC-Asthma Centre, Denmark Hill, UK
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Bhat RY, Hannam S, Pressler R, Rafferty GF, Peacock JL, Greenough A. Effect of prone and supine position on sleep, apneas, and arousal in preterm infants. Pediatrics 2006; 118:101-7. [PMID: 16818554 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2005-1873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prematurely born compared with term born infants are at increased risk of sudden infant death syndrome, particularly if slept prone. The purpose of this work was to test the hypothesis that preterm infants with or without bronchopulmonary dysplasia being prepared for neonatal unit discharge would sleep longer and have less arousals and more central apneas in the prone position. METHODS This was a prospective observational study in a tertiary NICU. Twenty-four infants (14 with bronchopulmonary dysplasia) with a median gestational age of 27 weeks were studied at a median postconceptional age of 37 weeks. Video polysomnographic recordings of 2-channel electroencephalogram, 2-channel electro-oculogram, nasal airflow, chest and abdominal wall movements, limb movements, electrocardiogram, and oxygen saturation were made in the supine and prone positions, each position maintained for 3 hours. The duration of sleep, sleep efficiency (total sleep time/total recording time), and number and type of apneas, arousals, and awakenings were recorded. RESULTS Overall, in the prone position, infants slept longer, had greater sleep efficiency (89.5% vs 72.5%), and had more central apneas (median: 5.6 vs 2.2), but fewer obstructive apneas (0.5 vs 0.9). The infants had more awakenings (9.7 vs 3.5) and arousals per hour (13.6 vs 9.0) when supine. There were similar findings in the bronchopulmonary dysplasia infants. CONCLUSIONS Very prematurely born infants studied before neonatal unit discharge sleep more efficiently with fewer arousals and more central apneas in the prone position, emphasizing the importance of recommending supine sleeping after neonatal unit discharge for prematurely born infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra Y Bhat
- Division of Asthma, Allergy, and Lung Biology, King's College London School of Medicine at Guy's King's College and St Thomas' Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
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