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Liu Y, Yang G, Cui W, Zhang Y, Liang X. Regulatory mechanisms of tetramethylpyrazine on central nervous system diseases: A review. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:948600. [PMID: 36133805 PMCID: PMC9483103 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.948600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) diseases can lead to motor, sensory, speech, cognitive dysfunction, and sometimes even death. These diseases are recognized to cause a substantial socio-economic impact on a global scale. Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) is one of the main active ingredients extracted from the Chinese herbal medicine Ligusticum striatum DC. (Chuan Xiong). Many in vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that TMP has a certain role in the treatment of CNS diseases through inhibiting calcium ion overload and glutamate excitotoxicity, anti-oxidative/nitrification stress, mitigating inflammatory response, anti-apoptosis, protecting the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and facilitating synaptic plasticity. In this review, we summarize the roles and mechanisms of action of TMP on ischemic cerebrovascular disease, spinal cord injury, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, cognitive impairments, migraine, and depression. Our review will provide new insights into the clinical applications of TMP and the development of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenqiang Cui
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yunling Zhang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yunling Zhang, ; Xiao Liang,
| | - Xiao Liang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yunling Zhang, ; Xiao Liang,
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Neuroprotective and Regenerative Effects of Growth Hormone (GH) in the Embryonic Chicken Cerebral Pallium Exposed to Hypoxic-Ischemic (HI) Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169054. [PMID: 36012320 PMCID: PMC9409292 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prenatal hypoxic−ischemic (HI) injury inflicts severe damage on the developing brain provoked by a pathophysiological response that leads to neural structural lesions, synaptic loss, and neuronal death, which may result in a high risk of permanent neurological deficits or even newborn decease. It is known that growth hormone (GH) can act as a neurotrophic factor inducing neuroprotection, neurite growth, and synaptogenesis after HI injury. In this study we used the chicken embryo to develop both in vitro and in vivo models of prenatal HI injury in the cerebral pallium, which is the equivalent of brain cortex in mammals, to examine whether GH exerts neuroprotective and regenerative effects in this tissue and the putative mechanisms involved in these actions. For the in vitro experiments, pallial cell cultures obtained from chick embryos were incubated under HI conditions (<5% O2, 1 g/L glucose) for 24 h and treated with 10 nM GH, and then collected for analysis. For the in vivo experiments, chicken embryos (ED14) were injected in ovo with GH (2.25 µg), exposed to hypoxia (12% O2) for 6 h, and later the pallial tissue was obtained to perform the studies. Results show that GH exerted a clear anti-apoptotic effect and promoted cell survival and proliferation in HI-injured pallial neurons, in both in vitro and in vivo models. Neuroprotective actions of GH were associated with the activation of ERK1/2 and Bcl-2 signaling pathways. Remarkably, GH protected mature neurons that were particularly harmed by HI injury, but was also capable of stimulating neural precursors. In addition, GH stimulated restorative processes such as the number and length of neurite outgrowth and branching in HI-injured pallial neurons, and these effects were blocked by a specific GH antibody, thus indicating a direct action of GH. Furthermore, it was found that the local expression of several synaptogenic markers (NRXN1, NRXN3, GAP-43, and NLG1) and neurotrophic factors (GH, BDNF, NT-3, IGF-1, and BMP4) were increased after GH treatment during HI damage. Together, these results provide novel evidence supporting that GH exerts protective and restorative effects in brain pallium during prenatal HI injury, and these actions could be the result of a joint effect between GH and endogenous neurotrophic factors. Also, they encourage further research on the potential role of GH as a therapeutic complement in HI encephalopathy treatments.
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OUP accepted manuscript. J Pharm Pharmacol 2022; 74:843-860. [DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgac015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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Zhào H, Wang R, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Huang Y. Neuroprotective effects of troxerutin and cerebroprotein hydrolysate injection on the neurovascular unit in a rat model of Middle cerebral artery occlusion. Int J Neurosci 2020; 131:264-278. [PMID: 32125198 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2020.1738431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Cerebral ischemic stroke, caused by obstruction of the blood flow to the brain, initiates a complex cascade of pathophysiological changes. The aim of the present study was to assess the protective role and the underlying mechanism of troxerutin and cerebroprotein hydrolysate (TCH) injections for five days in rats subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO).Materials and Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats treated with either TCH or a vehicle (0.9% saline) via intraperitoneal injection were examined one or three days after MCAO.Results: TCH alleviated neurological deficits and reduced infarct volume, innate immune response, blood-brain barrier destruction, and suppressed cell apoptosis. The therapeutic effects of TCH were achieved by diminished neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and increased endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). Furthermore, L-NAME showed an inhibitory effect against TCH after MCAO on eNOS expression, NO and peroxynitrite production, neurobehavioral score, and infarct volume.Conclusions: The results indicate that injection of TCH has multifaceted neuroprotective effects against MCAO via regulation of the various NOS isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hóngyi Zhào
- Department of Neurology, The Seventh Medical Centre of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurology, NO 984 Hospital of the PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Ru Wang
- Department of Neurology, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Affiliated Bayi Brain Hospital, the Seventh Medical Centre of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Neurology, NO 984 Hospital of the PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Yonghua Huang
- Department of Neurology, The Seventh Medical Centre of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Qi C, Zhang J, Chen X, Wan J, Wang J, Zhang P, Liu Y. Hypoxia stimulates neural stem cell proliferation by increasing HIF‑1α expression and activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 63:12-19. [PMID: 28838333 DOI: 10.14715/cmb/2017.63.7.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Evidence indicates that after brain injury, neurogenesis is enhanced in regions such as hippocampus, striatum, and cortex. To study the role of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF‑1α) and Wnt signaling in cerebral ischemia/hypoxia-induced proliferation of neural stem cells (NSCs), we investigated the proliferation of NSCs, expression of HIF‑1α, and activation of Wnt signaling under conditions of pathologic hypoxia in vitro. NSCs were isolated from 30-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats and subjected to 0.3% oxygen in a microaerophilic incubation system. Cell proliferation was evaluated by measuring the diameter of neurospheres and by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation assays. Real-time quantitative PCR and Western blotting were used to detect mRNA and protein levels of HIF-1α, β-catenin, and cyclin D1 in the NSCs. The results showed that hypoxia increased NSC proliferation and the levels of HIF-1α, β‑catenin, and cyclin D1 (p < 0.05). Blockade of the Wnt signaling pathway decreased hypoxia-induced NSC proliferation, whereas activation of this pathway increased hypoxia-induced NSC proliferation (p < 0.05). Knockdown of HIF-1α with HIF-1α siRNA decreased β‑catenin nuclear translocation and cyclin D1 expression, and inhibited proliferation of NSCs (p < 0.05). These findings indicate that pathologic hypoxia stimulates NSC proliferation by increasing expression of HIF-1α and activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. The data suggest that Wnt/β-catenin signaling may play a key role in NSC proliferation under conditions of pathologic hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Qi
- Institute of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061 China
| | - J Zhang
- Institute of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061 China
| | - X Chen
- Institute of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061 China
| | - J Wan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - J Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - P Zhang
- Institute of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061 China
| | - Y Liu
- Institute of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061 China
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Liu H, Li J, Zhao F, Wang H, Qu Y, Mu D. Nitric oxide synthase in hypoxic or ischemic brain injury. Rev Neurosci 2015; 26:105-17. [PMID: 25720056 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2014-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Hypoxic or ischemic stress causes many serious brain injuries, including stroke and neonatal hypoxia ischemia encephalopathy. During brain hypoxia ischemia processes, nitric oxide (NO) may play either a neurotoxic or a neuroprotective role, depending upon factors such as the NO synthase (NOS) isoform, the cell type by which NO is produced, and the temporal stage after the onset of the hypoxic ischemic brain injury. Excessive NO production can be neurotoxic, leading to cascade reactions of excitotoxicity, inflammation, apoptosis, and deteriorating primary brain injury. In contrast, NO produced by endothelial NOS plays a neuroprotective role by maintaining cerebral blood flow and preventing neuronal injury, as well as inhibiting platelet and leukocyte adhesion. Sometimes, NO-derived inducible NOS and neuronal NOS in special areas may also play neuroprotective roles. Therefore, this review summarizes the different roles and the regulation of the three NOS isoforms in hypoxic or ischemic brain injury as revealed in research in recent years, focusing on the neurotoxic role of the three NOS isoforms involved in mechanisms of hypoxic or ischemic brain injury.
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Xiao X, Liu Y, Qi C, Qiu F, Chen X, Zhang J, Yang P. Neuroprotection and enhanced neurogenesis by tetramethylpyrazine in adult rat brain after focal ischemia. Neurol Res 2013; 32:547-55. [DOI: 10.1179/174313209x414533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Chen C, Wang Y, Goh SSL, Yang J, Lam DH, Choudhury Y, Tay FC, Du S, Tan WK, Purwanti YI, Fan W, Wang S. Inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase activity promotes migration of human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural stem cells toward cancer cells. J Neurochem 2013; 126:318-30. [PMID: 23406356 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The breakthrough in derivation of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) provides an approach that may help overcome ethical and allergenic challenges posed in numerous medical applications involving human cells, including neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs). Considering the great potential of NSCs in targeted cancer gene therapy, we investigated in this study the tumor tropism of hiPSC-derived NSCs and attempted to enhance the tropism by manipulation of biological activities of proteins that are involved in regulating the migration of NSCs toward cancer cells. We first demonstrated that hiPSC-NSCs displayed tropism for both glioblastoma cells and breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. We then compared gene expression profiles between migratory and non-migratory hiPSC-NSCs toward these cancer cells and observed that the gene encoding neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) was down-regulated in migratory hiPSC-NSCs. Using nNOS inhibitors and nNOS siRNAs, we demonstrated that this protein is a relevant regulator in controlling migration of hiPSC-NSCs toward cancer cells, and that inhibition of its activity or down-regulation of its expression can sensitize poorly migratory NSCs and be used to improve their tumor tropism. These findings suggest a novel application of nNOS inhibitors in neural stem cell-mediated cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Zheng J, Zhang P, Li X, Lei S, Li W, He X, Zhang J, Wang N, Qi C, Chen X, Lu H, Liu Y. Post-stroke estradiol treatment enhances neurogenesis in the subventricular zone of rats after permanent focal cerebral ischemia. Neuroscience 2013; 231:82-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Zhang P, Li J, Liu Y, Chen X, Kang Q, Zhao J, Li W. Human neural stem cell transplantation attenuates apoptosis and improves neurological functions after cerebral ischemia in rats. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2009; 53:1184-91. [PMID: 19650809 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2009.02024.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroprotection is a major therapeutic approach for ischemic brain injury. We investigated the neuroprotective effects induced by transplantation of human embryonic neural stem cells (NSCs) into the cortical penumbra 24 h after focal cerebral ischemia. METHODS NSCs were prepared from human embryonic brains obtained at 8 weeks of gestation. Focal cerebral ischemia was induced in adult rats by permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. Animals were randomly divided into two groups: NSCs-grafted group and medium-grafted group (control). Infarct size was assessed 28 days after transplantation by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Neurological severity scores were evaluated before ischemia and at 1, 7, 14, and 28 days after transplantation. The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay and immunohistochemical analysis of Bcl-2 and Bax were performed at 7, 14, and 28 days after transplantation. RESULTS Physiological parameters of the two groups were comparable, but not significantly different. NSC transplantation significantly improved neurological function (P<0.05) but did not reduce the infarct size significantly (P>0.05). Compared with the control, NSC transplantation significantly reduced the number of TUNEL- and Bax-positive cells in the penumbra at 7 days. Interestingly, the number of Bcl-2-positive cells in the penumbra after NSC transplantation was significantly higher than that after medium transplantation (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that NSC transplantation has anti-apoptotic activity and can improve the neurological function; these effects are mediated by the up-regulation of Bcl-2 expression in the penumbra.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Zhang
- Institute of Neurobiology, National Key Academic Subject of Physiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, China
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Tegenge MA, Bicker G. Nitric oxide and cGMP signal transduction positively regulates the motility of human neuronal precursor (NT2) cells. J Neurochem 2009; 110:1828-41. [PMID: 19627439 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06279.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Developmental studies in both vertebrates and invertebrates implicate an involvement of nitric oxide (NO) signaling in cell proliferation, neuronal motility, and synaptic maturation. However, it is unknown whether NO plays a role in the development of the human nervous system. We used a model of human neuronal precursor cells from a well-characterized teratocarcinoma cell line (NT2). The precursor cells proliferate during retinoic acid treatment as spherical aggregate culture that stains for nestin and betaIII-tubulin. Cells migrate out of the aggregates to acquire fully differentiated neuronal phenotypes. The cells express neuronal nitric oxide synthase and soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC), an enzyme that synthesizes cGMP upon activation by NO. The migration of the neuronal precursor cell is blocked by the use of nNOS, sGC, and protein kinase G (PKG) inhibitors. Inhibition of sGC can be rescued by a membrane permeable analog of cGMP. In gain of function experiments the application of a NO donor and cGMP analog facilitate cell migration. Our results from the differentiating NT2 model neurons point towards a vital role of the NO/cGMP/PKG signaling cascade as positive regulator of cell migration in the developing human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Million Adane Tegenge
- Division of Cell Biology, Institute of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Zhang P, Li J, Liu Y, Chen X, Kang Q. Transplanted human embryonic neural stem cells survive, migrate, differentiate and increase endogenous nestin expression in adult rat cortical peri-infarction zone. Neuropathology 2009; 29:410-21. [PMID: 19170896 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1789.2008.00993.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Transplantation of stem cells is a potential therapeutic strategy for stroke damage. The survival, migration, and differentiation of transplanted human embryonic neural stem cells in the acute post-ischemic environment were characterized and endogenous nestin expression after transplantation was investigated. Human embryonic neural stem cells obtained from the temporal lobe cortex were cultured and labeled with fluorescent 1,1'-dioctadecy-6,6'-di (4-sulfopheyl)-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanin (DiI) in vitro. Labeled cells were transplanted into cortical peri-infarction zones of adult rats 24 h after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. Survival, migration, and differentiation of grafted cells were quantified in immunofluorescence-stained sections from rats sacrificed at 7, 14, and 28 days after transplantation. Endogenous nestin-positive cells in the cortical peri-infarction zone were counted at serial time points. The cells transplanted into the cortical peri-infarction zone displayed the morphology of living cells and became widely located around the ischemic area. Moreover, some of the transplanted cells expressed nestin, GFAP, or NeuN in the peri-infarction zone. Furthermore, compared with the control group, endogenous nestin-positive cells in the peri-infarction zone had increased significantly 7 days after cell transplantation. These results confirm the survival, migration, and differentiation of transplanted cells in the acute post-ischemic environment and enhanced endogenous nestin expression within a brief time window. These findings indicate that transplantation of neural stem cells into the peri-infarction zone may be performed as early as 24 h after ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengbo Zhang
- Institute of Neurobiology, National Key Academic Subject of Physiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, China
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Abstract
It is common knowledge that ischemic stroke has major social and economic consequences. However, until now, translation of experimental studies into clinical reality has been sorely lacking. So far, most studies have focused on acute stroke outcome and early treatment paradigms affording neuroprotection. It is increasingly recognized that it will be necessary to harness the capacity of the brain for neuroregeneration to improve longer-term outcome. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is emerging as a key target in molecular stroke research. eNOS ameliorates acute ischemic injury and promotes recovery following cerebral ischemia. This review summarizes the effects of eNOS on the regulation of cerebral blood flow, hemostasis, inflammation, angiogenesis as well as neurogenesis. The possible impact on stroke prevention as well as on strategies aimed at improving long-term stroke outcome are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Gertz
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, Abteilung für Experimentelle Neurologie, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Endres
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Neurologie und Klinische Neurophysiologie, Campus Benjamin Franklin and Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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