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Vasistha A, Kothari R, Mishra A, De Andrés F, LLerena A, Nair S. Current Insights into Interethnic Variability in Testicular Cancers: Population Pharmacogenetics, Clinical Trials, Genetic Basis of Chemotherapy- Induced Toxicities and Molecular Signal Transduction. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 20:1824-1838. [PMID: 32552648 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200618112205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Testicular cancer is an aggressive malignancy with a rising incidence rate across the globe. Testicular germ cell tumors are the most commonly diagnosed cancers, and surgical removal of the testes is often a radical necessity along with chemotherapy and radiotherapy. While seminomas are receptive to radiotherapy as well as chemotherapy, non-seminomatous germ cell tumors respond to chemotherapy only. Due to the singular nature of testicular cancers with associated orchiectomy and mortality, it is important to study the molecular basis and genetic underpinnings of this group of cancers across male populations globally. In this review, we shed light on the population pharmacogenetics of testicular cancer, pediatric and adult tumors, current clinical trials, genetic determinants of chemotherapy-induced toxicity in testicular cancer, as well as the molecular signal transduction pathways operating in this malignancy. Taken together, our discussions will help in enhancing our understanding of genetic factors in testicular carcinogenesis and chemotherapy-induced toxicity, augment our knowledge of this aggressive cancer at the cellular and molecular level, as well as improve precision medicine approaches to combat this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Vasistha
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS University, V. L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai - 400 056, India
| | - Rishi Kothari
- SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, University of Mumbai, V. L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai - 400 056, India
| | - Adarsh Mishra
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS University, V. L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai - 400 056, India
| | - Fernando De Andrés
- CICAB Clinical Research Centre at Extremadura University Hospital and Medical School, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Adrián LLerena
- CICAB Clinical Research Centre at Extremadura University Hospital and Medical School, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Sujit Nair
- SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, University of Mumbai, V. L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai - 400 056, India
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Moreno-Mendoza D, Casamonti E, Paoli D, Chianese C, Riera-Escamilla A, Giachini C, Fino MG, Cioppi F, Lotti F, Vinci S, Magini A, Ars E, Sanchez-Curbelo J, Ruiz-Castane E, Lenzi A, Lombardo F, Krausz C. gr/gr deletion predisposes to testicular germ cell tumour independently from altered spermatogenesis: results from the largest European study. Eur J Hum Genet 2019; 27:1578-1588. [PMID: 31053779 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-019-0420-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between impaired spermatogenesis and TGCT has stimulated research on shared genetic factors. Y chromosome-linked partial AZFc deletions predispose to oligozoospermia and were also studied in TGCT patients with controversial results. In the largest study reporting the association between gr/gr deletion and TGCT, sperm parameters were unknown. Hence, it remains to be established whether this genetic defect truly represents a common genetic link between TGCT and impaired sperm production. Our aim was to explore the role of the following Y chromosome-linked factors in the predisposition to TGCT: (i) gr/gr deletion in subjects with known sperm parameters; (ii) other partial AZFc deletions and, for the first time, the role of partial AZFc duplications; (iii) DAZ gene dosage variation. 497 TGCT patients and 2030 controls from two Mediterranean populations with full semen/andrological characterization were analyzed through a series of molecular genetic techniques. Our most interesting finding concerns the gr/gr deletion and DAZ gene dosage variation (i.e., DAZ copy number is different from the reference sequence), both conferring TGCT susceptibility. In particular, the highest risk was observed when normozoospermic TGCT and normozoospermic controls were compared (OR = 3.7; 95% CI = 1.5-9.1; p = 0.006 for gr/gr deletion and OR = 1.8; 95% CI = 1.1-3.0; p = 0.013 for DAZ gene dosage alteration). We report in the largest European study population the predisposing effect of gr/gr deletion to TGCT as an independent risk factor from impaired spermatogenesis. Our finding implies regular tumour screening/follow-up in male family members of TGCT patients with gr/gr deletion and in infertile gr/gr deletion carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Moreno-Mendoza
- Andrology Department, Fundació Puigvert, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Casamonti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", Centre of Excellence DeNothe, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Donatella Paoli
- Laboratory of Seminology-Sperm Bank "Loredana Gandini", Department of Experimental Medicine "Sapienza", University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Chianese
- Andrology Department, Fundació Puigvert, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Riera-Escamilla
- Andrology Department, Fundació Puigvert, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claudia Giachini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", Centre of Excellence DeNothe, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Fino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", Centre of Excellence DeNothe, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Cioppi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", Centre of Excellence DeNothe, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Lotti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", Centre of Excellence DeNothe, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Serena Vinci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", Centre of Excellence DeNothe, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Angela Magini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", Centre of Excellence DeNothe, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Elisabet Ars
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Fundació Puigvert, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josvany Sanchez-Curbelo
- Andrology Department, Fundació Puigvert, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Ruiz-Castane
- Andrology Department, Fundació Puigvert, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Lenzi
- Laboratory of Seminology-Sperm Bank "Loredana Gandini", Department of Experimental Medicine "Sapienza", University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Lombardo
- Laboratory of Seminology-Sperm Bank "Loredana Gandini", Department of Experimental Medicine "Sapienza", University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Csilla Krausz
- Andrology Department, Fundació Puigvert, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain. .,Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", Centre of Excellence DeNothe, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
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Luchini C, Nottegar A, Vaona A, Stubbs B, Demurtas J, Maggi S, Veronese N. Female-specific association among I, J and K mitochondrial genetic haplogroups and cancer: A longitudinal cohort study. Cancer Genet 2018; 224-225:29-36. [PMID: 29778233 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies highlighted the role of mitochondrial dysregulation in cancer, suggesting that the different mitochondrial haplogroups might play a role in tumorigenesis and risk of cancer development. Our aim is to investigate whether any mitochondrial haplogroups carried a significant higher risk of cancer development in a large prospective cohort of North American people. The haplogroup assignment was performed by a combination of sequencing and PCR-RFLP techniques. Our specific outcome of interest was the incidence of any cancer during follow-up period. Overall, 3222 participants were included in the analysis. Women having I, J, K haplogroup reported a significant higher incidence of cancer compared to people with other haplogroups (p < 0.0001), whilst in men non association was found. In the multivariate analysis, women having I, J, K mitochondrial haplogroup reported a 50% increased risk of cancer (HR = 1.50; 95%CI: 1.04-2.16; p = 0.03). This gender-linked association may be partly explained by the role of mitochondrial function in female-specific (e.g. BRCA-driven) oncogenesis, but further studies are needed to better understand this potential correlation. Our findings may have important implications for cancer epidemiology and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Luchini
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Piazzale Scuro, 10, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Alessia Nottegar
- Department of Surgery, Section of Anatomical Pathology, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Alberto Vaona
- Primary Care Department, Azienda ULSS20 Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Brendon Stubbs
- South London and Maudsley NHS FoundationTrust, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AZ, United Kingdom; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8 AF, United Kingdom; Faculty of Health, Social Care and Education, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, United Kingdom
| | - Jacopo Demurtas
- Primary Care Department, Azienda USL Toscana Sud Est, Grosseto, Italy
| | - Stefania Maggi
- National Research Council, Neuroscience Institute, Aging Branch, Padova, Italy
| | - Nicola Veronese
- National Research Council, Neuroscience Institute, Aging Branch, Padova, Italy; Institute for clinical Research and Education in Medicine (IREM), Padova, Italy
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Preclinical and clinical developments in germ cell tumors over the past year are summarized. RECENT FINDINGS Attenuations in the rising incidence of testicular germ cell tumors are beginning to be observed in certain European populations. Additional data on predisposing factors related to race, estrogenic exposure, cryptorchidism, and infertility are becoming available. Significant work on the genetic and molecular alterations in tissue specimens and cell culture models of germ cell tumors continues. Additional treatment strategies for advanced stages of the disease are being evaluated. Cardiovascular and metabolic consequences of therapies in long-term testicular germ cell tumor survivors are being further clarified. Late relapses of successfully treated patients are also being increasingly recognized. SUMMARY More effective treatments for intermediate risk, poor risk, and recurrent germ cell tumors need to be developed, while long-term toxicities of therapies need to be further modified. Given these challenges, active research on these fronts continues and remains a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Bridges
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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