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Neff MJ, Reddy DS. Long-Term Neuropsychiatric Developmental Defects after Neonatal Organophosphate Exposure: Mitigation by Synthetic Neurosteroids. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 388:451-468. [PMID: 37863488 PMCID: PMC10806574 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Children are much more susceptible to the neurotoxic effects of organophosphate (OP) pesticides and nerve agents than adults. OP poisoning in children leads to acute seizures and neuropsychiatric sequela, including the development of long-term disabilities and cognitive impairments. Despite these risks, there are few chronic rodent models that use pediatric OP exposure for studying neurodevelopmental consequences and interventions. Here, we investigated the protective effect of the neurosteroid ganaxolone (GX) on the long-term developmental impact of neonatal exposure to the OP compound, diisopropyl-fluorophosphate (DFP). Pediatric postnatal day-28 rats were acutely exposed to DFP, and at 3 and 10 months after exposure, they were evaluated using a series of cognitive and behavioral tests with or without the postexposure treatment of GX. Analysis of the neuropathology was performed after 10 months. DFP-exposed animals displayed significant long-term deficits in mood, anxiety, depression, and aggressive traits. In spatial and nonspatial cognitive tests, they displayed striking impairments in learning and memory. Analysis of brain sections showed significant loss of neuronal nuclei antigen(+) principal neurons, parvalbumin(+) inhibitory interneurons, and neurogenesis, along with increased astrogliosis, microglial neuroinflammation, and mossy fiber sprouting. These detrimental neuropathological changes are consistent with behavioral dysfunctions. In the neurosteroid GX-treated cohort, behavioral and cognitive deficits were significantly reduced and were associated with strong protection against long-term neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. In conclusion, this pediatric model replicates the salient features of children exposed to OPs, and the protective outcomes from neurosteroid intervention support the viability of developing this strategy for mitigating the long-term effects of acute OP exposure in children. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: An estimated 3 million organophosphate exposures occur annually worldwide, with children comprising over 30% of all victims. Our understanding of the neurodevelopmental consequences in children exposed to organophosphates is limited. Here, we investigated the long-term impact of neonatal exposure to diisopropyl-fluorophosphate in pediatric rats. Neurosteroid treatment protected against major deficits in behavior and memory and was well correlated with neuropathological changes. Overall, this pediatric model is helpful to screen novel therapies to mitigate long-term developmental deficits of organophosphate exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael James Neff
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics (M.J.N., D.S.R.) and Institute of Pharmacology and Neurotherapeutics (M.J.N., D.S.R.), School of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas
| | - Doodipala Samba Reddy
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics (M.J.N., D.S.R.) and Institute of Pharmacology and Neurotherapeutics (M.J.N., D.S.R.), School of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas
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2
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Brigo F, Zelano J, Abraira L, Bentes C, Ekdahl CT, Lattanzi S, Ingvar Lossius M, Redfors P, Rouhl RPW, Russo E, Sander JW, Vogrig A, Wickström R. Proceedings of the "International Congress on Structural Epilepsy & Symptomatic Seizures" (STESS, Gothenburg, Sweden, 29-31 March 2023). Epilepsy Behav 2024; 150:109538. [PMID: 38039602 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2023.109538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Brigo
- Innovation, Research and Teaching Service (SABES-ASDAA), Teaching Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical Private University (PMU), Bolzano, Italy.
| | - Johan Zelano
- Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Sweden; Wallenberg Center of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Gothenburg University, Sweden
| | - Laura Abraira
- Neurology Department, Epilepsy Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Epilepsy Unit, Neurology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Epilepsy Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla Bentes
- Neurophysiological Monitoring Unit - EEG/Sleep Laboratory, Refractory Epilepsy Reference Centre (member of EpiCARE), Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal; Centro de Estudos Egas Moniz, Faculty of Medicine, Lisbon University, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Christine T Ekdahl
- Division of Clinical Neurophysiology and Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sweden; Lund Epilepsy Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Simona Lattanzi
- Neurological Clinic, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Morten Ingvar Lossius
- National Centre for Epilepsy, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Petra Redfors
- Department of Neurology, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rob P W Rouhl
- Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Academic Centre for Epileptology Kempenhaeghe/MUMC+ Heeze and Maastricht, The Netherlands; School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Emilio Russo
- Science of Health Department, University Magna Grecia of Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Josemir W Sander
- Department of Clinical & Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK; Centre for Epilepsy, Chalfont St Peter, Bucks., SL9 0RJ, United Kingdom; Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Heemstede 2103 SW, The Netherlands; Neurology Department, West of China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Alberto Vogrig
- Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, Udine, Italy; Clinical Neurology, Department of Head-Neck and Neuroscience, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASU FC), Udine, Italy
| | - Ronny Wickström
- Neuropediatric Unit, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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3
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Che Has AT. The applications of the pilocarpine animal model of status epilepticus: 40 years of progress (1983-2023). Behav Brain Res 2023; 452:114551. [PMID: 37348654 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Status epilepticus is a neurological disorder that can result in various neuropathological conditions and presentations. Various studies involving animal models have been accomplished to understand and replicating its prominent manifestations including characteristics of related clinical cases. Up to these days, there are variety of methods and techniques to be utilized in inducing this disorder that can be chemically or electrically applied which depending on the experimental designs and targets of the studies. In particular, the chemically induced pilocarpine animal model of status epilepticus is a reliable choice which has evolved for 40 years from its initial discovery back in 1983. Although the development of the model can be considered as a remarkable breakthrough in understanding status epilepticus, several aspects of the model have been improved, throughout the years. Among the major issues in developing this model are the morbidity and mortality rates during induction process. Several modifications have been introduced in the process by different studies to tackle the related problems including application of dose fractionation, adaptation of pilocarpine to lithium-pilocarpine model and utilization of various drugs. Despite all challenges and drawbacks, this model has proven its pertinent and relevance with improvements that have been adapted since it was introduced 40 years ago. In this review, we emphasize on the evolution of this animal model from the beginning until now (1983 - 2023) and the related issues that have made this model still a popular choice in status epilepticus studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Tarmizi Che Has
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus Kubang Kerian, 16150, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia.
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4
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Kruk PK, Nader K, Skupien-Jaroszek A, Wójtowicz T, Buszka A, Olech-Kochańczyk G, Wilczynski GM, Worch R, Kalita K, Włodarczyk J, Dzwonek J. Astrocytic CD44 Deficiency Reduces the Severity of Kainate-Induced Epilepsy. Cells 2023; 12:1483. [PMID: 37296604 PMCID: PMC10252631 DOI: 10.3390/cells12111483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epilepsy affects millions of people worldwide, yet we still lack a successful treatment for all epileptic patients. Most of the available drugs modulate neuronal activity. Astrocytes, the most abundant cells in the brain, may constitute alternative drug targets. A robust expansion of astrocytic cell bodies and processes occurs after seizures. Highly expressed in astrocytes, CD44 adhesion protein is upregulated during injury and is suggested to be one of the most important proteins associated with epilepsy. It connects the astrocytic cytoskeleton to hyaluronan in the extracellular matrix, influencing both structural and functional aspects of brain plasticity. METHODS Herein, we used transgenic mice with an astrocyte CD44 knockout to evaluate the impact of the hippocampal CD44 absence on the development of epileptogenesis and ultrastructural changes at the tripartite synapse. RESULTS We demonstrated that local, virally-induced CD44 deficiency in hippocampal astrocytes reduces reactive astrogliosis and decreases the progression of kainic acid-induced epileptogenesis. We also observed that CD44 deficiency resulted in structural changes evident in a higher dendritic spine number along with a lower percentage of astrocyte-synapse contacts, and decreased post-synaptic density size in the hippocampal molecular layer of the dentate gyrus. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our study indicates that CD44 signaling may be important for astrocytic coverage of synapses in the hippocampus and that alterations of astrocytes translate to functional changes in the pathology of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja K. Kruk
- Laboratory of Cell Biophysics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteura St, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Nader
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Nencki-EMBL Partnership for Neural Plasticity and Brain Disorders-Braincity, 3 Pasteura St, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Skupien-Jaroszek
- Laboratory of Cell Biophysics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteura St, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Wójtowicz
- Laboratory of Cell Biophysics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteura St, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Buszka
- Laboratory of Cell Biophysics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteura St, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Gabriela Olech-Kochańczyk
- Laboratory of Molecular and Structural Neuromorphology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteura St, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz M. Wilczynski
- Laboratory of Molecular and Structural Neuromorphology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteura St, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Remigiusz Worch
- Laboratory of Cell Biophysics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteura St, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kalita
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Nencki-EMBL Partnership for Neural Plasticity and Brain Disorders-Braincity, 3 Pasteura St, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Włodarczyk
- Laboratory of Cell Biophysics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteura St, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Dzwonek
- Laboratory of Cell Biophysics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteura St, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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5
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Ahmad Hariza AM, Mohd Yunus MH, Murthy JK, Wahab S. Clinical Improvement in Depression and Cognitive Deficit Following Electroconvulsive Therapy. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13091585. [PMID: 37174977 PMCID: PMC10178332 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13091585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a long-standing treatment choice for disorders such as depression when pharmacological treatments have failed. However, a major drawback of ECT is its cognitive side effects. While numerous studies have investigated the therapeutic effects of ECT and its mechanism, much less research has been conducted regarding the mechanism behind the cognitive side effects of ECT. As both clinical remission and cognitive deficits occur after ECT, it is possible that both may share a common mechanism. This review highlights studies related to ECT as well as those investigating the mechanism of its outcomes. The process underlying these effects may lie within BDNF and NMDA signaling. Edema in the astrocytes may also be responsible for the adverse cognitive effects and is mediated by metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 and the protein Homer1a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Mus'ab Ahmad Hariza
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, UKM Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Heikal Mohd Yunus
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, UKM Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Jaya Kumar Murthy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, UKM Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Suzaily Wahab
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, UKM Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
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6
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Geribaldi-Doldán N, Carrascal L, Pérez-García P, Oliva-Montero JM, Pardillo-Díaz R, Domínguez-García S, Bernal-Utrera C, Gómez-Oliva R, Martínez-Ortega S, Verástegui C, Nunez-Abades P, Castro C. Migratory Response of Cells in Neurogenic Niches to Neuronal Death: The Onset of Harmonic Repair? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:6587. [PMID: 37047560 PMCID: PMC10095545 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Harmonic mechanisms orchestrate neurogenesis in the healthy brain within specific neurogenic niches, which generate neurons from neural stem cells as a homeostatic mechanism. These newly generated neurons integrate into existing neuronal circuits to participate in different brain tasks. Despite the mechanisms that protect the mammalian brain, this organ is susceptible to many different types of damage that result in the loss of neuronal tissue and therefore in alterations in the functionality of the affected regions. Nevertheless, the mammalian brain has developed mechanisms to respond to these injuries, potentiating its capacity to generate new neurons from neural stem cells and altering the homeostatic processes that occur in neurogenic niches. These alterations may lead to the generation of new neurons within the damaged brain regions. Notwithstanding, the activation of these repair mechanisms, regeneration of neuronal tissue within brain injuries does not naturally occur. In this review, we discuss how the different neurogenic niches respond to different types of brain injuries, focusing on the capacity of the progenitors generated in these niches to migrate to the injured regions and activate repair mechanisms. We conclude that the search for pharmacological drugs that stimulate the migration of newly generated neurons to brain injuries may result in the development of therapies to repair the damaged brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Geribaldi-Doldán
- Departamento de Anatomía y Embriología Humanas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), 11009 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Livia Carrascal
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), 11009 Cádiz, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Patricia Pérez-García
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), 11009 Cádiz, Spain
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Biotecnología y Salud Pública, Área de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain
| | - José M. Oliva-Montero
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), 11009 Cádiz, Spain
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Biotecnología y Salud Pública, Área de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Ricardo Pardillo-Díaz
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), 11009 Cádiz, Spain
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Biotecnología y Salud Pública, Área de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Samuel Domínguez-García
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), 11009 Cádiz, Spain
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Biotecnología y Salud Pública, Área de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carlos Bernal-Utrera
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), 11009 Cádiz, Spain
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Facultad de Enfermería, Fisioterapia y Podología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ricardo Gómez-Oliva
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), 11009 Cádiz, Spain
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Biotecnología y Salud Pública, Área de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Sergio Martínez-Ortega
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), 11009 Cádiz, Spain
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Biotecnología y Salud Pública, Área de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Cristina Verástegui
- Departamento de Anatomía y Embriología Humanas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), 11009 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Pedro Nunez-Abades
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), 11009 Cádiz, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Carmen Castro
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), 11009 Cádiz, Spain
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Biotecnología y Salud Pública, Área de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain
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7
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Cruz-Mendoza F, Luquin S, García-Estrada J, Fernández-Quezada D, Jauregui-Huerta F. Acoustic Stress Induces Opposite Proliferative/Transformative Effects in Hippocampal Glia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065520. [PMID: 36982594 PMCID: PMC10058072 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus is a brain region crucially involved in regulating stress responses and highly sensitive to environmental changes, with elevated proliferative and adaptive activity of neurons and glial cells. Despite the prevalence of environmental noise as a stressor, its effects on hippocampal cytoarchitecture remain largely unknown. In this study, we aimed to investigate the impact of acoustic stress on hippocampal proliferation and glial cytoarchitecture in adult male rats, using environmental noise as a stress model. After 21 days of noise exposure, our results showed abnormal cellular proliferation in the hippocampus, with an inverse effect on the proliferation ratios of astrocytes and microglia. Both cell lineages also displayed atrophic morphologies with fewer processes and lower densities in the noise-stressed animals. Our findings suggest that, stress not only affects neurogenesis and neuronal death in the hippocampus, but also the proliferation ratio, cell density, and morphology of glial cells, potentially triggering an inflammatory-like response that compromises their homeostatic and repair functions.
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8
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Arshad MN, Oppenheimer S, Jeong J, Buyukdemirtas B, Naegele JR. Hippocampal transplants of fetal GABAergic progenitors regulate adult neurogenesis in mice with temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 174:105879. [PMID: 36183946 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
GABAergic interneurons play a role in regulating adult neurogenesis within the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus. Neurogenesis occurs within a stem cell niche in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the DG. In this niche, populations of neural progenitors give rise to granule cells that migrate radially into the granule cell layer of the DG. Altered neurogenesis in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is linked to a transient increase in the proliferation of new neurons and the abnormal inversion of Type 1 progenitors, resulting in ectopic migration of Type 3 progenitors into the hilus of the DG. These ectopic cells mature into granule cells in the hilus that become hyperexcitable and contribute to the development of spontaneous recurrent seizures. To test whether grafts of GABAergic cells in the DG restore synaptic inhibition, prior work focused on transplanting GABAergic progenitors into the hilus of the DG. This cell-based therapeutic approach was shown to alter the disease phenotype by ameliorating spontaneous seizures in mice with pilocarpine-induced TLE. Prior optogenetic and immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that the transplanted GABAergic interneurons increased levels of synaptic inhibition by establishing inhibitory synaptic contacts with adult-born granule cells, consistent with the observed suppression of seizures. Whether GABAergic progenitor transplantation into the DG ameliorates underlying abnormalities in adult neurogenesis caused by TLE is not known. As a first step to address this question, we compared the effects of GABAergic progenitor transplantation on Type 1, Type 2, and Type 3 progenitors in the stem cell niche using cell type-specific molecular markers in naïve, non-epileptic mice. The progenitor transplantation increased GABAergic interneurons in the DG and led to a significant reduction in Type 2 progenitors and a concomitant increase in Type 3 progenitors. Next, we compared the effects of GABAergic interneuron transplantation in epileptic mice. Transplantation of GABAergic progenitors resulted in reductions in inverted Type 1, Type 2, and hilar ectopic Type 3 cells, concomitant with an increase in the radial migration of Type 3 progenitors into the GCL (Granule Cell Layer). Thus, in mice with Pilocarpine induced TLE, hilar transplants of GABA interneurons may reverse abnormal patterns of adult neurogenesis, an outcome that may ameliorate seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad N Arshad
- Hall-Atwater Laboratory, Wesleyan University, Department of Biology, Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Middletown, CT 06459-0170, USA.
| | - Simon Oppenheimer
- Hall-Atwater Laboratory, Wesleyan University, Department of Biology, Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Middletown, CT 06459-0170, USA.
| | - Jaye Jeong
- Hall-Atwater Laboratory, Wesleyan University, Department of Biology, Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Middletown, CT 06459-0170, USA.
| | - Bilge Buyukdemirtas
- Hall-Atwater Laboratory, Wesleyan University, Department of Biology, Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Middletown, CT 06459-0170, USA.
| | - Janice R Naegele
- Hall-Atwater Laboratory, Wesleyan University, Department of Biology, Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Middletown, CT 06459-0170, USA.
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9
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Wolinski P, Ksiazek-Winiarek D, Glabinski A. Cytokines and Neurodegeneration in Epileptogenesis. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12030380. [PMID: 35326336 PMCID: PMC8945903 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12030380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common brain disorder characterized by a heterogenous etiology. Its main features are recurrent seizures. Despite many clinical studies, about 30% of cases are refractory to treatment. Recent studies suggested the important role of immune-system elements in its pathogenesis. It was suggested that a deregulated inflammatory process may lead to aberrant neural connectivity and the hyperexcitability of the neuronal network. The aim of our study was the analysis of the expression of inflammatory mediators in a mouse model of epilepsy and their impact on the neurodegeneration process located in the brain. We used the KA-induced model of epilepsy in SJL/J mice and performed the analysis of gene expression and protein levels. We observed the upregulation of IL1β and CXCL12 in the early phase of KA-induced epilepsy and elevated levels of CCL5 at a later time point, compared with control animals. The most important result obtained in our study is the elevation of CXCL2 expression at both studied time points and its correlation with the neurodegeneration observed in mouse brain. Increasing experimental and clinical data suggest the influence of peripheral inflammation on epileptogenesis. Thus, studies focused on the molecular markers of neuroinflammation are of great value and may help deepen our knowledge about epilepsy, leading to the discovery of new drugs.
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10
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de Curtis M, Rossetti AO, Verde DV, van Vliet EA, Ekdahl CT. Brain pathology in focal status epilepticus: evidence from experimental models. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 131:834-846. [PMID: 34517036 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Status Epilepticus (SE) is often a neurological emergency characterized by abnormally sustained, longer than habitual seizures. The new ILAE classification reports that SE "…can have long-term consequences including neuronal death, neuronal injury…depending on the type and duration of seizures". While it is accepted that generalized convulsive SE exerts detrimental effects on the brain, it is not clear if other forms of SE, such as focal non-convulsive SE, leads to brain pathology and contributes to long-term deficits in patients. With the available clinical and experimental data, it is hard to discriminate the specific action of the underlying SE etiologies from that exerted by epileptiform activity. This information is highly relevant in the clinic for better treatment stratification, which may include both medical and surgical intervention for seizure control. Here we review experimental studies of focal SE, with an emphasis on focal non-convulsive SE. We present a repertoire of brain pathologies observed in the most commonly used animal models and attempt to establish a link between experimental findings and human condition(s). The extensive literature on focal SE animal models suggest that the current approaches have significant limitations in terms of translatability of the findings to the clinic. We highlight the need for a more stringent description of SE features and brain pathology in experimental studies in animal models, to improve the accuracy in predicting clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco de Curtis
- Epilepsy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto NeurologicoCarlo Besta, Milano, Italy.
| | - Andrea O Rossetti
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Diogo Vila Verde
- Epilepsy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto NeurologicoCarlo Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Erwin A van Vliet
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, P.O. Box 94246, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christine T Ekdahl
- Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Lund University, Sweden; Lund Epilepsy Center, Dept Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sweden
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11
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Leite JP, Peixoto-Santos JE. Glia and extracellular matrix molecules: What are their importance for the electrographic and MRI changes in the epileptogenic zone? Epilepsy Behav 2021; 121:106542. [PMID: 31884121 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.106542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glial cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules are crucial for the maintenance of brain homeostasis. Especially because of their actions regarding neurotransmitter and ionic control, and synaptic function, these cells can potentially contribute to the hyperexcitability seen in the epileptogenic, while ECM changes are linked to synaptic reorganization. The present review will explore glial and ECM homeostatic roles and their potential contribution to tissue plasticity. Finally, we will address how glial, and ECM changes in the epileptogenic zone can be seen in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), pointing out their importance as markers for the extension of the epileptogenic area. This article is part of the Special Issue "NEWroscience 2018".
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao Pereira Leite
- Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.
| | - Jose Eduardo Peixoto-Santos
- Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Paulista School of Medicine, UNIFESP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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12
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Ahl M, Avdic U, Chary K, Shibata K, Chugh D, Mickelsson PL, Kettunen M, Strandberg MC, Johansson UE, Sierra A, Ekdahl CT. Inflammatory reaction in the retina after focal non-convulsive status epilepticus in mice investigated with high resolution magnetic resonance and diffusion tensor imaging. Epilepsy Res 2021; 176:106730. [PMID: 34364020 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2021.106730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Pathophysiological consequences of focal non-convulsive status epilepticus (fNCSE) have been difficult to demonstrate in humans. In rats fNCSE pathology has been identified in the eyes. Here we evaluated the use of high-resolution 7 T structural T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and 9.4 T diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) for detecting hippocampal fNCSE-induced retinal pathology ex vivo in mice. Seven weeks post-fNCSE, increased number of Iba1+ microglia were evident in the retina ipsilateral to the hemisphere with fNCSE, and morphologically more activated microglia were found in both ipsi- and contralateral retina compared to non-stimulated control mice. T1-weighted intensity measurements of the contralateral retina showed a minor increase within the outer nuclear and plexiform layers of the lateral retina. T1-weighted measurements were not performed in the ipsilateral retina due to technical difficulties. DTI fractional anisotropy(FA) values were discretely altered in the lateral part of the ipsilateral retina and unaltered in the contralateral retina. No changes were observed in the distal part of the optic nerve. The sensitivity of both imaging techniques for identifying larger retinal alteration was confirmed ex vivo in retinitis pigmentosa mice where a substantial neurodegeneration of the outer retinal layers is evident. With MR imaging a 50 % decrease in DTI FA values and significantly thinner retina in T1-weighted images were detected. We conclude that retinal pathology after fNCSE in mice is subtle and present bilaterally. High-resolution T1-weighted MRI and DTI independently did not detect the entire pathological retinal changes after fNCSE, but the combination of the two techniques indicated minor patchy structural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilda Ahl
- Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Sweden; Lund Epilepsy Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Una Avdic
- Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Sweden; Lund Epilepsy Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Karthik Chary
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FIN-70 211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Keisuke Shibata
- Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Sweden; Lund Epilepsy Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Deepti Chugh
- Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Sweden; Lund Epilepsy Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sweden
| | | | - Mikko Kettunen
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FIN-70 211, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | | | - Alejandra Sierra
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FIN-70 211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Christine T Ekdahl
- Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Sweden; Lund Epilepsy Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sweden.
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13
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Hall S, Deurveilher S, Robertson GS, Semba K. Homeostatic state of microglia in a rat model of chronic sleep restriction. Sleep 2021; 43:5849344. [PMID: 32474610 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic sleep restriction (CSR) negatively impacts brain functions. Whether microglia, the brain's resident immune cells, play any role is unknown. We studied microglia responses to CSR using a rat model featuring slowly rotating wheels (3 h on/1 h off), which was previously shown to induce both homeostatic and adaptive responses in sleep and attention. Adult male rats were sleep restricted for 27 or 99 h. Control rats were housed in locked wheels. After 27 and/or 99 h of CSR, the number of cells immunoreactive for the microglia marker ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule-1 (Iba1) and the density of Iba1 immunoreactivity were increased in 4/10 brain regions involved in sleep/wake regulation and cognition, including the prelimbic cortex, central amygdala, perifornical lateral hypothalamic area, and dorsal raphe nucleus. CSR neither induced mitosis in microglia (assessed with bromodeoxyuridine) nor impaired blood-brain barrier permeability (assessed with Evans Blue). Microglia appeared ramified in all treatment groups and, when examined quantitatively in the prelimbic cortex, their morphology was not affected by CSR. After 27 h, but not 99 h, of CSR, mRNA levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 were increased in the frontal cortex. Pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA levels (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6) were unchanged. Furthermore, cortical microglia were not immunoreactive for several pro- and anti-inflammatory markers tested, but were immunoreactive for the purinergic P2Y12 receptor. These results suggest that microglia respond to CSR while remaining in a physiological state and may contribute to the previously reported homeostatic and adaptive responses to CSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Hall
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Samüel Deurveilher
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - George S Robertson
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Kazue Semba
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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14
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Avdic U, Ahl M, Andersson M, Ekdahl CT. Levetiracetam and N-Cadherin Antibody Alleviate Brain Pathology Without Reducing Early Epilepsy Development After Focal Non-convulsive Status Epilepticus in Rats. Front Neurol 2021; 12:630154. [PMID: 33716930 PMCID: PMC7943745 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.630154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal non-convulsive status epilepticus (fNCSE) is a neurological condition characterized by a prolonged seizure that may lead to the development of epilepsy. Emerging experimental evidence implicates neuronal death, microglial activation and alterations in the excitatory and inhibitory synaptic balance as key features in the pathophysiology following fNCSE. We have previously reported alterations in the excitatory adhesion molecule N-cadherin in rats with fNCSE originating from the hippocampus that subsequently also develop spontaneous seizures. In this study, fNCSE rats were treated intraperitoneally with the conventional anti-epileptic drug levetiracetam in combination with intraparenchymal infusion of N-cadherin antibodies (Ab) for 4 weeks post-fNCSE. The N-cadherin Ab was infused into the fornix and immunohistochemically N-cadherin Ab-stained neurons were detected within the dorsal hippocampal structures as well as in superjacent somatosensory cortex. Continuous levetiracetam treatment for 4 weeks post-fNCSE reduced microglia activation, including cell numbers and morphological changes, partly decreased neuronal cell loss, and excitatory post-synaptic scaffold protein PSD-95 expression in selective hippocampal structures. The additional treatment with N-cadherin Ab did not reverse neuronal loss, but moderately reduced microglial activation, and further reduced PSD-95 levels in the dentate hilus of the hippocampus. Despite the effects on brain pathology within the epileptic focus, neither monotherapy with systemic levetiracetam nor levetiracetam in combination with local N-cadherin Ab administration, reduced the amount of focal or focal evolving into bilateral convulsive seizures, seizure duration, or interictal epileptiform activity during 1 month of continuous electroenephalogram recordings within the hippocampus after fNCSE. Behavioral tests for spatial memory, anxiety, social interaction and anhedonia did not detect gross behavioral differences between fNCSE rats with or without treatment. The results reveal the refractory features of the present rodent model of temporal lobe epilepsy following fNCSE, which supports its clinical value for further therapeutic studies. We identify the persistent development of epilepsy following fNCSE, in spite of partly reduced brain pathology within the epileptic focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Una Avdic
- Inflammation and Stem Cell Therapy Group, Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Epilepsy Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Matilda Ahl
- Inflammation and Stem Cell Therapy Group, Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Epilepsy Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - My Andersson
- Inflammation and Stem Cell Therapy Group, Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Epilepsy Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christine T Ekdahl
- Inflammation and Stem Cell Therapy Group, Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Epilepsy Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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15
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Mosini AC, Calió ML, Foresti ML, Valeriano RPS, Garzon E, Mello LE. Modeling of post-traumatic epilepsy and experimental research aimed at its prevention. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 54:e10656. [PMID: 33331416 PMCID: PMC7747873 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x202010656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Research on the prevention of post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) has seen remarkable advances regarding its physiopathology in recent years. From the search for biomarkers that might be used to indicate individual susceptibility to the development of new animal models and the investigation of new drugs, a great deal of knowledge has been amassed. Various groups have concentrated efforts in generating new animal models of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in an attempt to provide the means to further produce knowledge on the subject. Here we forward the hypothesis that restricting the search of biomarkers and of new drugs to prevent PTE by using only a limited set of TBI models might hamper the understanding of this relevant and yet not preventable medical condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Mosini
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.,Associação Brasileira de Epilepsia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - M L Calió
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - M L Foresti
- Instituto D'Or de Pesquisa e Ensino, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - R P S Valeriano
- Divisão de Clínica Neurológica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - E Garzon
- Divisão de Clínica Neurológica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - L E Mello
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.,Instituto D'Or de Pesquisa e Ensino, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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16
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Sbai O, Soussi R, Bole A, Khrestchatisky M, Esclapez M, Ferhat L. The actin binding protein α-actinin-2 expression is associated with dendritic spine plasticity and migrating granule cells in the rat dentate gyrus following pilocarpine-induced seizures. Exp Neurol 2020; 335:113512. [PMID: 33098872 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
α-actinin-2 (α-actn-2) is an F-actin-crosslinking protein, localized in dendritic spines. In vitro studies suggested that it is involved in spinogenesis, morphogenesis, actin organization, cell migration and anchoring of the NR1 subunit of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in dendritic spines. However, little is known regarding its function in vivo. We examined the levels of α-actn-2 expression within the dentate gyrus (DG) during the development of chronic limbic seizures (epileptogenesis) induced by pilocarpine in rats. In this model, plasticity of the DG glutamatergic granule cells including spine loss, spinogenesis, morphogenesis, neo-synaptogenesis, aberrant migration, and alterations of NMDA receptors have been well characterized. We showed that α-actn-2 immunolabeling was reduced in the inner molecular layer at 1-2 weeks post-status epilepticus (SE), when granule cell spinogenesis and morphogenesis occur. This low level persisted at the chronic stage when new functional synapses are established. This decreased of α-actn-2 protein is concomitant with the recovery of drebrin A (DA), another actin-binding protein, at the chronic stage. Indeed, we demonstrated in cultured cells that in contrast to DA, α-actn-2 did not protect F-actin destabilization and DA inhibited α-actn-2 binding to F-actin. Such alteration could affect the anchoring of NR1 in dendritic spines. Furthermore, we showed that the expression of α-actn-2 and NR1 are co-down-regulated in membrane fractions of pilocarpine animals at chronic stage. Last, we showed that α-actn-2 is expressed in migrating newly born granule cells observed within the hilus of pilocarpine-treated rats. Altogether, our results suggest that α-actn-2 is not critical for the structural integrity and stabilization of granule cell dendritic spines. Instead, its expression is regulated when spinogenesis and morphogenesis occur and within migrating granule cells. Our data also suggest that the balance between α-actn-2 and DA expression levels may modulate NR1 anchoring within dendritic spines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oualid Sbai
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Marseille, France
| | - Rabia Soussi
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Marseille, France
| | - Angélique Bole
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Marseille, France
| | | | - Monique Esclapez
- Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, INS, Inst Neurosci Syst, Marseille, France
| | - Lotfi Ferhat
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Marseille, France.
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17
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Moura DMS, Brandão JA, Lentini C, Heinrich C, Queiroz CM, Costa MR. Evidence of Progenitor Cell Lineage Rerouting in the Adult Mouse Hippocampus After Status Epilepticus. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:571315. [PMID: 33071745 PMCID: PMC7530340 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.571315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell lineage in the adult hippocampus comprises multipotent and neuron-committed progenitors. In the present work, we fate-mapped neuronal progenitors using Dcx-CreERT2 and CAG-CAT-EGFP double-transgenic mice (cDCX/EGFP). We show that 3 days after tamoxifen-mediated recombination in cDCX/EGFP adult mice, GFP+ cells in the dentate gyrus (DG) co-expresses DCX and about 6% of these cells are proliferative neuronal progenitors. After 30 days, 20% of GFP+ generated from these progenitors differentiate into GFAP+ astrocytes. Unilateral intrahippocampal administration of the chemoconvulsants kainic acid (KA) or pilocarpine (PL) triggered epileptiform discharges and led to a significant increase in the number of GFP+ cells in both ipsi and contralateral DG. However, while PL favored the differentiation of neurons in both ipsi- and contralateral sides, KA stimulated neurogenesis only in the contralateral side. In the ipsilateral side, KA injection led to an unexpected increase of astrogliogenesis in the Dcx-lineage. We also observed a small number of GFP+/GFAP+ cells displaying radial-glia morphology ipsilaterally 3 days after KA administration, suggesting that some Dcx-progenitors could regress to a multipotent stage. The boosted neurogenesis and astrogliogenesis observed in the Dcx-lineage following chemoconvulsants administration correlated, respectively, with preservation or degeneration of the parvalbuminergic plexus in the DG. Increased inflammatory response, by contrast, was observed both in the DG showing increased neurogenesis or astrogliogenesis. Altogether, our data support the view that cell lineage progression in the adult hippocampus is not unidirectional and could be modulated by local network activity and GABA-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela M S Moura
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Brazil
| | | | - Celia Lentini
- INSERM, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Christophe Heinrich
- INSERM, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Claudio M Queiroz
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Brazil
| | - Marcos R Costa
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Brazil.,Unité INSERM 1167, RID-AGE-Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases, Institut Pasteur de Lille, University of Lille, U1167-Excellence Laboratory LabEx DISTALZ, Lille, France
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18
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Avdic U, Ahl M, Öberg M, Ekdahl CT. Immune Profile in Blood Following Non-convulsive Epileptic Seizures in Rats. Front Neurol 2019; 10:701. [PMID: 31333561 PMCID: PMC6615316 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-convulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) is a prolonged epileptic seizure with subtle symptoms that may delay clinical diagnosis. Emerging experimental evidence shows brain pathology and epilepsy development following NCSE. New diagnostic/prognostic tools are therefore needed for earlier and better stratification of treatment. Here we examined whether NCSE initiates a peripheral immune response in blood serum from rats that experienced electrically-induced NCSE. ELISA analysis showed an acute transient increase in serum protein levels including interleukin-6 6 h post-NCSE, similar to the immune reaction in the brain. At 4 weeks post-NCSE, when 75% of rats subjected to NCSE had also developed spontaneous seizures, several immune proteins were altered. In particular, markers associated with microglia, macrophages and antigen presenting cells, such as CD68, MHCII, and galectin-3, were increased and the T-cell marker CD4 was decreased in serum compared to both non-stimulated controls and NCSE rats without spontaneous seizures, without correlation to interictal epileptiform activity. Analyses of serum following intracerebral injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) showed an acute increase in interleukin-6, but at 4 weeks unaltered levels of MHCII and galectin-3, an increase in CD8 and CD11b and a decrease in CD68. None of the increased serum protein levels after NCSE or LPS could be confirmed in spleen tissue. Our data identifies the possibility to detect peripheral changes in serum protein levels following NCSE, which may be related to the development of subsequent spontaneous seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Una Avdic
- Inflammation and Stem Cell Therapy Group, Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Epilepsy Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Matilda Ahl
- Inflammation and Stem Cell Therapy Group, Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Epilepsy Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Öberg
- Inflammation and Stem Cell Therapy Group, Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Epilepsy Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christine T Ekdahl
- Inflammation and Stem Cell Therapy Group, Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Epilepsy Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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19
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20
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Dewan S, Schimmel S, Borlongan CV. Treating childhood traumatic brain injury with autologous stem cell therapy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2018; 18:515-524. [PMID: 29421958 PMCID: PMC6086119 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2018.1439473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neonatal traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant cause of developmental disorders. Autologous stem cell therapy may enhance neonatal brain plasticity towards repair of the injured neonatal brain. AREAS COVERED The endogenous neonatal anti-inflammatory response can be enhanced through the delivery of anti-inflammatory agents. Stem cell therapy stands as a robust approach for sequestering the inflammation-induced cell death in the injured brain. Here, we discuss the use of umbilical cord blood cells and bone marrow stromal cells for acute and chronic treatment of experimental neonatal TBI. Autologous stem cell transplantation may dampen neuroinflammation. Clinical translation of this stem cell therapy will require identifying the therapeutic window post-injury and harvesting ample supply of transplantable autologous stem cells. Stem cell banking of cryopreserved cells may allow readily available transplantable cells and circumvent the unpredictable nature of neonatal TBI. Harnessing the anti-inflammatory properties of stem cells is key in combating the progressive neurodegeneration after the initial injury. EXPERT OPINION Combination treatments, such as with hypothermia, may enhance the therapeutic effects of stem cells. Stem cell therapy has immense potential as a stand-alone or adjunctive therapy for treating neuroinflammation associated with neonatal TBI acutely and for preventing further progression of the injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Dewan
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosugery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine. 3515 E. Fletcher Avenue, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
| | - Samantha Schimmel
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosugery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine. 3515 E. Fletcher Avenue, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
| | - Cesar V. Borlongan
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosugery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine. 3515 E. Fletcher Avenue, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
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21
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Ali I, Avdic U, Chugh D, Ekdahl CT. Decreased post-synaptic density-95 protein expression on dendrites of newborn neurons following CX3CR1 modulation in the epileptogenic adult rodent brain. Cell Mol Immunol 2017; 15:414-417. [PMID: 29082919 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2017.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Idrish Ali
- Inflammation and Stem Cell Therapy Group, Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Lund University, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Epilepsy Center, Lund University, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Una Avdic
- Inflammation and Stem Cell Therapy Group, Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Lund University, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Epilepsy Center, Lund University, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Deepti Chugh
- Inflammation and Stem Cell Therapy Group, Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Lund University, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Epilepsy Center, Lund University, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christine T Ekdahl
- Inflammation and Stem Cell Therapy Group, Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Lund University, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden. .,Lund Epilepsy Center, Lund University, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden.
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22
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Zhou Z, Liu T, Sun X, Mu X, Zhu G, Xiao T, Zhao M, Zhao C. CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 reverses the neurogenesis promoted by enriched environment and suppresses long-term seizure activity in adult rats of temporal lobe epilepsy. Behav Brain Res 2017; 322:83-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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23
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Mendonça FN, Santos LEC, Rodrigues AM, Gomes da Silva S, Arida RM, da Silveira GA, Scorza FA, Almeida ACG. Physical Exercise Restores the Generation of Newborn Neurons in an Animal Model of Chronic Epilepsy. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:98. [PMID: 28298884 PMCID: PMC5331057 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis impairment is associated with the chronic phase of the epilepsy in humans and also observed in animal models. Recent studies with animal models have shown that physical exercise is capable of improving neurogenesis in adult subjects, alleviating cognitive impairment and depression. Here, we show that there is a reduction in the generation of newborn granule cells in the dentate gyrus of adult rats subjected to a chronic model of epilepsy during the postnatal period of brain development. We also show that the physical exercise was capable to restore the number of newborn granule cells in this animals to the level observed in the control group. Notably, a larger number of newborn granule cells exhibiting morphological characteristics indicative of correct targeting into the hippocampal circuitry and the absence of basal dendrite projections was also observed in the epileptic animals subjected to physical exercise compared to the epileptic animals. The results described here could represent a positive interference of the physical exercise on the neurogenesis process in subjects with chronic epilepsy. The results may also help to reinterpret the benefits of the physical exercise in alleviating symptoms of depression and cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabricio N Mendonça
- Laboratório de Neurociência Experimental e Computacional, Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei São João del-Rei, Brazil
| | - Luiz E C Santos
- Laboratório de Neurociência Experimental e Computacional, Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei São João del-Rei, Brazil
| | - Antônio M Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Neurociência Experimental e Computacional, Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei São João del-Rei, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Gomes da Silva
- Instituto do Cérebro, Hospital Israelita Albert EinsteinSão Paulo, Brazil; Núcleo de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Universidade de Mogi das CruzesMogi das Cruzes, Brazil
| | - Ricardo M Arida
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gilcélio A da Silveira
- Laboratório de Neurociência Experimental e Computacional, Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei São João del-Rei, Brazil
| | - Fulvio A Scorza
- Laboratório de Neurociência Experimental e Computacional, Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas, Universidade Federal de São João del-ReiSão João del-Rei, Brazil; Disciplina de Neurologia Experimental, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antônio-Carlos G Almeida
- Laboratório de Neurociência Experimental e Computacional, Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei São João del-Rei, Brazil
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de Miranda AS, Zhang CJ, Katsumoto A, Teixeira AL. Hippocampal adult neurogenesis: Does the immune system matter? J Neurol Sci 2016; 372:482-495. [PMID: 27838002 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis involves proliferation, survival, differentiation and integration of newborn neurons into pre-existing neuronal networks. Although its functional significance in the central nervous system (CNS) has not comprehensively elucidated, adult neurogenesis has been attributed a role in cognition, learning and memory. There is a growing body of evidence that CNS resident as well as peripheral immune cells participate in regulating hippocampal adult neurogenesis. Microglial cells are closely associated with neural stem/progenitor cell (NSPC) in the neurogenic niche engaged in a bidirectional communication with neurons, which may be important for adult neurogenesis. Microglial and neuronal crosstalk is mediated in part by CX3CL1/CX3CR1 signaling and a disruption in this pathway has been associated with impaired neurogenesis. It has been also reported that microglial neuroprotective or neurotoxic effects in adult neurogenesis occur in a context-dependent manner. Apart from microglia other brain resident and peripheral immune cells including pericytes, perivascular macrophages, mast cells and T-cells also modulate this phenomenon. It is worth mentioning that under some physiological circumstances such as normal aging there is a significant decrease in hippocampal neurogenesis. A role for innate and adaptive immune system in adult neurogenesis has been also reported during aging. Here, we review the current evidence regarding neuro-immune interactions in the regulation of neurogenesis under distinct conditions, including aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Silva de Miranda
- Neuroinflammation Research Center, Department of Neuroscience, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Laboratory of Neurobiology "Conceição Machado", Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Cun-Jin Zhang
- Neuroinflammation Research Center, Department of Neuroscience, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Neurology, Key Laboratory of Neurorepair and Regeneration, Tianjin and Ministry of Education, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Atsuko Katsumoto
- Neuroinflammation Research Center, Department of Neuroscience, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Antônio Lúcio Teixeira
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Liu JX, Hu M, Zhu K, Chen XL, Zhang JS, Yuan B, Liu Y. Residual neurogenesis in chronically epileptic hippocampus of mice. Epilepsy Res 2016; 127:40-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2016.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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26
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Chugh D, Ekdahl CT. Interactions Between Microglia and Newly Formed Hippocampal Neurons in Physiological and Seizure-Induced Inflammatory Environment. Brain Plast 2016; 1:215-221. [PMID: 29765843 PMCID: PMC5928549 DOI: 10.3233/bpl-150014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is modulated by physiological and pathological stimuli, including seizures and inflammation. Here, we describe stable interactions between microglia and newborn neurons using two-photon and confocal microscopy. On 3 weeks-old neurons, these interactions exhibit preferences for distal dendrites under physiological conditions. Conversely, after status epilepticus, ramified microglia, in particular, interact more with the proximal dendrites of new neurons. No such differences were found on 6 weeks-old neurons. Our study demonstrates regional and temporal specificity of the interactions between newborn neurons and microglia during a critical period for homeostasis and synaptic integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Chugh
- Inflammation and Stem Cell Therapy Group, Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Epilepsy Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christine T Ekdahl
- Inflammation and Stem Cell Therapy Group, Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Epilepsy Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Ahl M, Avdic U, Skoug C, Ali I, Chugh D, Johansson UE, Ekdahl CT. Immune response in the eye following epileptic seizures. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:155. [PMID: 27346214 PMCID: PMC4922060 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0618-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epileptic seizures are associated with an immune response in the brain. However, it is not known whether it can extend to remote areas of the brain, such as the eyes. Hence, we investigated whether epileptic seizures induce inflammation in the retina. METHODS Adult rats underwent electrically induced temporal status epilepticus, and the eyes were studied 6 h, 1, and 7 weeks later with biochemical and immunohistochemical analyses. An additional group of animals received CX3CR1 antibody intracerebroventricularly for 6 weeks after status epilepticus. RESULTS Biochemical analyses and immunohistochemistry revealed no increased cell death and unaltered expression of several immune-related cytokines and chemokines as well as no microglial activation, 6 h post-status epilepticus compared to non-stimulated controls. At 1 week, again, retinal cytoarchitecture appeared normal and there was no cell death or micro- or macroglial reaction, apart from a small decrease in interleukin-10. However, at 7 weeks, even if the cytoarchitecture remained normal and no ongoing cell death was detected, the numbers of microglia were increased ipsi- and contralateral to the epileptic focus. The microglia remained within the synaptic layers but often in clusters and with more processes extending into the outer nuclear layer. Morphological analyses revealed a decrease in surveying and an increase in activated microglia. In addition, increased levels of the chemokine KC/GRO and cytokine interleukin-1β were found. Furthermore, macroglial activation was noted in the inner retina. No alterations in numbers of phagocytic cells, infiltrating macrophages, or vascular pericytes were observed. Post-synaptic density-95 cluster intensity was reduced in the outer nuclear layer, reflecting seizure-induced synaptic changes without disrupted cytoarchitecture in areas with increased microglial activation. The retinal gliosis was decreased by a CX3CR1 immune modulation known to reduce gliosis within epileptic foci, suggesting a common immunological reaction. CONCLUSIONS Our results are the first evidence that epileptic seizures induce an immune response in the retina. It has a potential to become a novel non-invasive tool for detecting brain inflammation through the eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilda Ahl
- Inflammation and Stem Cell Therapy Group, Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Lund University, BMC A11, Sölvegatan 17, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Epilepsy Center, Lund University, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Una Avdic
- Inflammation and Stem Cell Therapy Group, Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Lund University, BMC A11, Sölvegatan 17, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Epilepsy Center, Lund University, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Skoug
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Idrish Ali
- Inflammation and Stem Cell Therapy Group, Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Lund University, BMC A11, Sölvegatan 17, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Epilepsy Center, Lund University, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Deepti Chugh
- Inflammation and Stem Cell Therapy Group, Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Lund University, BMC A11, Sölvegatan 17, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Epilepsy Center, Lund University, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ulrica Englund Johansson
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christine T Ekdahl
- Inflammation and Stem Cell Therapy Group, Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Lund University, BMC A11, Sölvegatan 17, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden. .,Lund Epilepsy Center, Lund University, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden.
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Dennie D, Louboutin JP, Strayer DS. Migration of bone marrow progenitor cells in the adult brain of rats and rabbits. World J Stem Cells 2016; 8:136-157. [PMID: 27114746 PMCID: PMC4835673 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v8.i4.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis takes place in the adult mammalian brain in three areas: Subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus (DG); subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle; olfactory bulb. Different molecular markers can be used to characterize the cells involved in adult neurogenesis. It has been recently suggested that a population of bone marrow (BM) progenitor cells may migrate to the brain and differentiate into neuronal lineage. To explore this hypothesis, we injected recombinant SV40-derived vectors into the BM and followed the potential migration of the transduced cells. Long-term BM-directed gene transfer using recombinant SV40-derived vectors leads to expression of the genes delivered to the BM firstly in circulating cells, then after several months in mature neurons and microglial cells, and thus without central nervous system (CNS) lesion. Most of transgene-expressing cells expressed NeuN, a marker of mature neurons. Thus, BM-derived cells may function as progenitors of CNS cells in adult animals. The mechanism by which the cells from the BM come to be neurons remains to be determined. Although the observed gradual increase in transgene-expressing neurons over 16 mo suggests that the pathway involved differentiation of BM-resident cells into neurons, cell fusion as the principal route cannot be totally ruled out. Additional studies using similar viral vectors showed that BM-derived progenitor cells migrating in the CNS express markers of neuronal precursors or immature neurons. Transgene-positive cells were found in the subgranular zone of the DG of the hippocampus 16 mo after intramarrow injection of the vector. In addition to cells expressing markers of mature neurons, transgene-positive cells were also positive for nestin and doublecortin, molecules expressed by developing neuronal cells. These cells were actively proliferating, as shown by short term BrdU incorporation studies. Inducing seizures by using kainic acid increased the number of BM progenitor cells transduced by SV40 vectors migrating to the hippocampus, and these cells were seen at earlier time points in the DG. We show that the cell membrane chemokine receptor, CCR5, and its ligands, enhance CNS inflammation and seizure activity in a model of neuronal excitotoxicity. SV40-based gene delivery of RNAi targeting CCR5 to the BM results in downregulating CCR5 in circulating cells, suggesting that CCR5 plays an important role in regulating traffic of BM-derived cells into the CNS, both in the basal state and in response to injury. Furthermore, reduction in CCR5 expression in circulating cells provides profound neuroprotection from excitotoxic neuronal injury, reduces neuroinflammation, and increases neuronal regeneration following this type of insult. These results suggest that BM-derived, transgene-expressing, cells can migrate to the brain and that they become neurons, at least in part, by differentiating into neuron precursors and subsequently developing into mature neurons.
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29
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Aniol VA, Tishkina AO, Gulyaeva NV. Neurogenesis and neuroinflammation: The role of Wnt proteins. NEUROCHEM J+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712415040030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
Seizure activity in the hippocampal region strongly affects stem cell-associated plasticity in the adult dentate gyrus. Here, we describe how seizures in rodent models of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE) affect multiple steps in the developmental course from the dividing neural stem cell to the migrating and integrating newborn neuron. Furthermore, we discuss recent evidence indicating either that seizure-induced aberrant neurogenesis may contribute to the epileptic disease process or that altered neurogenesis after seizures may represent an attempt of the injured brain to repair itself. Last, we describe how dysfunction of adult neurogenesis caused by chronic seizures may play an important role in the cognitive comorbidities associated with mTLE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jack M Parent
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical Center and VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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32
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Hu M, Zhu K, Chen XL, Zhang YJ, Zhang JS, Xiao XL, Liu JX, Liu Y. Newly generated neurons at 2 months post-status epilepticus are functionally integrated into neuronal circuitry in mouse hippocampus. Exp Neurol 2015; 273:273-87. [PMID: 26384773 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence has linked chronic temporal lobe epilepsy to dramatically reduced neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus. However, the profile of different components of neurogenesis in the chronically epileptic hippocampus is still unclear, especially the incorporation of newly generated cells. To address the issue, newly generated cells in the sub-granular zone of the dentate gyrus were labeled by the proliferation marker bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) or retroviral vector expressing green fluorescent protein 2 months after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. The newly generated neurons that extended axons to CA3 area or integrated into memory circuits were visualized by cholera toxin B subunit retrograde tracing, and detecting activation of BrdU(+) cells following a recall of spatial memory test at the chronic stage of TLE. We found that the microenvironment was still able to sustain significant neuronal differentiation of newly generated cells at 2 months post-status epilepticus time-point, and newly added neurons into granular cell layer were still able to integrate into neuronal circuitry, both anatomically and functionally. Quantified analyses of BrdU(+) or Ki-67(+) cells demonstrated that there was a reduced proliferation of progenitor cells and diminished survival of newly generated cells in the epileptic hippocampus. Both decreased levels of neurotrophic factors in the surrounding milieu and cell loss in the CA3 area might contribute the decreased production of new cells and their survival following chronic epilepsy. These results suggest that decreased neurogenesis in the chronically epileptic hippocampus 2 months post status epilepticus is not associated with altered integration of newly generated neurons, and that developing strategies to augment hippocampal neurogenesis in chronic epilepsy might be protective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Hu
- Institute of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, China 710061; Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, China 710061
| | - Kun Zhu
- Institute of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, China 710061
| | - Xin-Lin Chen
- Institute of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, China 710061
| | - Yao-Jie Zhang
- Biomedical Laboratory for Medical Students, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, China 710061
| | - Jian-Shui Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, China 710061
| | - Xin-Li Xiao
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, China 710061
| | - Jian-Xin Liu
- Institute of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, China 710061.
| | - Yong Liu
- Institute of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, China 710061.
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Alterations in Brain Inflammation, Synaptic Proteins, and Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis during Epileptogenesis in Mice Lacking Synapsin2. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132366. [PMID: 26177381 PMCID: PMC4503715 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Synapsins are pre-synaptic vesicle-associated proteins linked to the pathogenesis of epilepsy through genetic association studies in humans. Deletion of synapsins causes an excitatory/inhibitory imbalance, exemplified by the epileptic phenotype of synapsin knockout mice. These mice develop handling-induced tonic-clonic seizures starting at the age of about 3 months. Hence, they provide an opportunity to study epileptogenic alterations in a temporally controlled manner. Here, we evaluated brain inflammation, synaptic protein expression, and adult hippocampal neurogenesis in the epileptogenic (1 and 2 months of age) and tonic-clonic (3.5-4 months) phase of synapsin 2 knockout mice using immunohistochemical and biochemical assays. In the epileptogenic phase, region-specific microglial activation was evident, accompanied by an increase in the chemokine receptor CX3CR1, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α, and a decrease in chemokine keratinocyte chemoattractant/ growth-related oncogene. Both post-synaptic density-95 and gephyrin, scaffolding proteins at excitatory and inhibitory synapses, respectively, showed a significant up-regulation primarily in the cortex. Furthermore, we observed an increase in the inhibitory adhesion molecules neuroligin-2 and neurofascin and potassium chloride co-transporter KCC2. Decreased expression of γ-aminobutyric acid receptor-δ subunit and cholecystokinin was also evident. Surprisingly, hippocampal neurogenesis was reduced in the epileptogenic phase. Taken together, we report molecular alterations in brain inflammation and excitatory/inhibitory balance that could serve as potential targets for therapeutics and diagnostic biomarkers. In addition, the regional differences in brain inflammation and synaptic protein expression indicate an epileptogenic zone from where the generalized seizures in synapsin 2 knockout mice may be initiated or spread.
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Abstract
This review summarizes and organizes the literature concerning the effects of microglia on neurogenesis, particularly focusing on the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampus and subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles, in which the neurogenic potential is progressively restricted during the life of the organism. A comparison of microglial roles in neurogenesis in these two regions indicates that microglia regulate neurogenesis in a temporally and spatially specific manner. Microglia may also sense signals from the surrounding environment and have regulatory effects on neurogenesis. We speculate microglia function as a hub for the information obtained from the inner and outer brain regions for regulating neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Sato
- Division of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
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35
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Song C, Xu W, Zhang X, Wang S, Zhu G, Xiao T, Zhao M, Zhao C. CXCR4 Antagonist AMD3100 Suppresses the Long-Term Abnormal Structural Changes of Newborn Neurons in the Intraventricular Kainic Acid Model of Epilepsy. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:1518-1532. [PMID: 25650120 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9102-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal hippocampal neurogenesis is a prominent feature of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) models, which is thought to contribute to abnormal brain activity. Stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) and its specific receptor CXCR4 play important roles in adult neurogenesis. We investigated whether treatment with the CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 suppressed aberrant hippocampal neurogenesis, as well as the long-term consequences in the intracerebroventricular kainic acid (ICVKA) model of epilepsy. Adult male rats were randomly assigned as control rats, rats subjected to status epilepticus (SE), and post-SE rats treated with AMD3100. Animals in each group were divided into two subgroups (acute stage and chronic stage). We used immunofluorescence staining of BrdU and DCX to analyze the hippocampal neurogenesis on post-SE days 10 or 74. Nissl staining and Timm staining were used to evaluate hippocampal damage and mossy fiber sprouting, respectively. On post-SE day 72, the frequency and mean duration of spontaneous seizures were measured by electroencephalography (EEG). Cognitive function was evaluated by Morris water maze testing on post-SE day 68. The ICVKA model of TLE resulted in aberrant neurogenesis such as altered proliferation, abnormal dendrite development of newborn neurons, as well as spontaneous seizures and spatial learning impairments. More importantly, AMD3100 treatment reversed the aberrant neurogenesis seen after TLE, which was accompanied by decreased long-term seizure activity, though improvement in spatial learning was not seen. AMD3100 could suppress long-term seizure activity and alter adult neurogenesis in the ICVKA model of TLE, which provided morphological evidences that AMD3100 might be beneficial for treating chronic epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengguang Song
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, No. 155, North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurology, Benxi Central Hospital of China Medical University, Benxi, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Wangshu Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, No. 155, North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, No. 155, North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Shang Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, No. 155, North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Xiao
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The Shengjing Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuansheng Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, No. 155, North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
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Paradells S, Zipancic I, Martínez-Losa MM, García Esparza MÁ, Bosch-Morell F, Alvarez-Dolado M, Soria JM. Lipoic acid and bone marrow derived cells therapy induce angiogenesis and cell proliferation after focal brain injury. Brain Inj 2014; 29:380-95. [PMID: 25384090 DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2014.973448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Abstract Introduction: Traumatic brain injury is a main cause of disability and death in developed countries, above all among children and adolescents. The intrinsic inability of the central nervous system to efficiently repair traumatic injuries renders transplantation of bone marrow-derived cells (BMDC) a promising approach towards repair of brain lesions. On the other hand, many studies have reported the beneficial effect of Lipoic acid (LA), a potent antioxidant promoting cell survival, angiogenesis and neuroregeneration. METHODS In this study, the cortex of adult mice was cryo-injured in order to mimic local traumatic brain injury. Vehicle or freshly prepared BMDC were grafted in the cerebral penumbra area 24 hours after unilateral local injury alone or combined with intra-peritoneal LA administration as a new regenerative strategy. RESULTS Differences were found in the process of cell proliferation, angiogenesis and glial scar formation after local injury depending of the applied treatment, either LA or BMDC alone or in combination. CONCLUSION The data presented here suggest that transplantation of BMDC is a good alternative and valid strategy to treat a focal brain injury when LA could not be prescribed due to its non-desired secondary effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Paradells
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera , Moncada , Spain
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Tobin MK, Bonds JA, Minshall RD, Pelligrino DA, Testai FD, Lazarov O. Neurogenesis and inflammation after ischemic stroke: what is known and where we go from here. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2014; 34:1573-84. [PMID: 25074747 PMCID: PMC4269726 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This review covers the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke and future directions regarding therapeutic options after injury. Ischemic stroke is a devastating disease process affecting millions of people worldwide every year. The mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of stroke are not fully understood but there is increasing evidence demonstrating the contribution of inflammation to the drastic changes after cerebral ischemia. This inflammation not only immediately affects the infarcted tissue but also causes long-term damage in the ischemic penumbra. Furthermore, the interaction between inflammation and subsequent neurogenesis is not well understood but the close relationship between these two processes has garnered significant interest in the last decade or so. Current approved therapy for stroke involving pharmacological thrombolysis is limited in its efficacy and new treatment strategies need to be investigated. Research aimed at new therapies is largely about transplantation of neural stem cells and using endogenous progenitor cells to promote brain repair. By understanding the interaction between inflammation and neurogenesis, new potential therapies could be developed to further establish brain repair mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew K Tobin
- 1] Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA [2] Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA [3] Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jacqueline A Bonds
- 1] Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA [2] Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Richard D Minshall
- 1] Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA [2] Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Dale A Pelligrino
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Fernando D Testai
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Orly Lazarov
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Skaggs K, Goldman D, Parent JM. Excitotoxic brain injury in adult zebrafish stimulates neurogenesis and long-distance neuronal integration. Glia 2014; 62:2061-79. [PMID: 25043622 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish maintain a greater capacity than mammals for central nervous system repair after injury. Understanding differences in regenerative responses between different vertebrate species may shed light on mechanisms to improve repair in humans. Quinolinic acid is an excitotoxin that has been used to induce brain injury in rodents for modeling Huntington's disease and stroke. When injected into the adult rodent striatum, this toxin stimulates subventricular zone neurogenesis and neuroblast migration to injury. However, most new neurons fail to survive and lesion repair is minimal. We used quinolinic acid to lesion the adult zebrafish telencephalon to study reparative processes. We also used conditional transgenic lineage mapping of adult radial glial stem cells to explore survival and integration of neurons generated after injury. Telencephalic lesioning with quinolinic acid, and to a lesser extent vehicle injection, produced cell death, microglial infiltration, increased cell proliferation, and enhanced neurogenesis in the injured hemisphere. Lesion repair was more complete with quinolinic acid injection than after vehicle injection. Fate mapping of her4-expressing radial glia showed injury-induced expansion of radial glial stem cells that gave rise to neurons which migrated to injury, survived at least 8 weeks and formed long-distance projections that crossed the anterior commissure and synapsed in the contralateral hemisphere. These findings suggest that quinolinic acid lesioning of the zebrafish brain stimulates adult neural stem cells to produce robust regeneration with long-distance integration of new neurons. This model should prove useful for elucidating reparative mechanisms that can be applied to restorative therapies for mammalian brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaia Skaggs
- Departments of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Microglia enhance neurogenesis and oligodendrogenesis in the early postnatal subventricular zone. J Neurosci 2014; 34:2231-43. [PMID: 24501362 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1619-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although microglia have long been considered as brain resident immune cells, increasing evidence suggests that they also have physiological roles in the development of the normal CNS. In this study, we found large numbers of activated microglia in the forebrain subventricular zone (SVZ) of the rat from P1 to P10. Pharmacological suppression of the activation, which produces a decrease in levels of a number of proinflammatory cytokines (i.e., IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ) significantly inhibited neurogenesis and oligodendrogenesis in the SVZ. In vitro neurosphere assays reproduced the enhancement of neurogenesis and oligodendrogenesis by activated microglia and showed that the cytokines revealed the effects complementarily. These results suggest that activated microglia accumulate in the early postnatal SVZ and that they enhance neurogenesis and oligodendrogenesis via released cytokines.
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Perez-Alcazar M, Daborg J, Stokowska A, Wasling P, Björefeldt A, Kalm M, Zetterberg H, Carlström KE, Blomgren K, Ekdahl CT, Hanse E, Pekna M. Altered cognitive performance and synaptic function in the hippocampus of mice lacking C3. Exp Neurol 2014; 253:154-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Mazzone GL, Mladinic M, Nistri A. Excitotoxic cell death induces delayed proliferation of endogenous neuroprogenitor cells in organotypic slice cultures of the rat spinal cord. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e902. [PMID: 24176860 PMCID: PMC3920932 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present report was to investigate whether, in the mammalian spinal cord, cell death induced by transient excitotoxic stress could trigger activation and proliferation of endogenous neuroprogenitor cells as a potential source of a lesion repair process and the underlying time course. Because it is difficult to address these issues in vivo, we used a validated model of spinal injury based on rat organotypic slice cultures that retain the fundamental tissue cytoarchitecture and replicate the main characteristics of experimental damage to the whole spinal cord. Excitotoxicity evoked by 1 h kainate application produced delayed neuronal death (40%) peaking after 1 day without further losses or destruction of white matter cells for up to 2 weeks. After 10 days, cultures released a significantly larger concentration of endogenous glutamate, suggesting functional network plasticity. Indeed, after 1 week the total number of cells had returned to untreated control level, indicating substantial cell proliferation. Activation of progenitor cells started early as they spread outside the central area, and persisted for 2 weeks. Although expression of the neuronal progenitor phenotype was observed at day 3, peaked at 1 week and tapered off at 2 weeks, very few cells matured to neurons. Astroglia precursors started proliferating later and matured at 2 weeks. These data show insult-related proliferation of endogenous spinal neuroprogenitors over a relatively brief time course, and delineate a narrow temporal window for future experimental attempts to drive neuronal maturation and for identifying the factors regulating this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Mazzone
- Department of Neuroscience, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
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Accumulation of abnormal adult-generated hippocampal granule cells predicts seizure frequency and severity. J Neurosci 2013; 33:8926-36. [PMID: 23699504 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5161-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of abnormally integrated, adult-born, hippocampal dentate granule cells (DGCs) is hypothesized to contribute to the development of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). DGCs have long been implicated in TLE, because they regulate excitatory signaling through the hippocampus and exhibit neuroplastic changes during epileptogenesis. Furthermore, DGCs are unusual in that they are continually generated throughout life, with aberrant integration of new cells underlying the majority of restructuring in the dentate during epileptogenesis. Although it is known that these abnormal networks promote abnormal neuronal firing and hyperexcitability, it has yet to be established whether they directly contribute to seizure generation. If abnormal DGCs do contribute, a reasonable prediction would be that the severity of epilepsy will be correlated with the number or load of abnormal DGCs. To test this prediction, we used a conditional, inducible transgenic mouse model to fate map adult-generated DGCs. Mossy cell loss, also implicated in epileptogenesis, was assessed as well. Transgenic mice rendered epileptic using the pilocarpine-status epilepticus model of epilepsy were monitored continuously by video/EEG for 4 weeks to determine seizure frequency and severity. Positive correlations were found between seizure frequency and (1) the percentage of hilar ectopic DGCs, (2) the amount of mossy fiber sprouting, and (3) the extent of mossy cell death. In addition, mossy fiber sprouting and mossy cell death were correlated with seizure severity. These studies provide correlative evidence in support of the hypothesis that abnormal DGCs contribute to the development of TLE and also support a role for mossy cell loss.
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Jiruska P, Shtaya AB, Bodansky DM, Chang WC, Gray WP, Jefferys JG. Dentate gyrus progenitor cell proliferation after the onset of spontaneous seizures in the tetanus toxin model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 54:492-8. [PMID: 23439313 PMCID: PMC3635088 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy alters adult neurogenesis. Existing experimental evidence is mainly from chronic models induced by an initial prolonged status epilepticus associated with substantial cell death. In these models, neurogenesis increases after status epilepticus. To test whether status epilepticus is necessary for this increase, we examined precursor cell proliferation and neurogenesis after the onset of spontaneous seizures in a model of temporal lobe epilepsy induced by unilateral intrahippocampal injection of tetanus toxin, which does not cause status or, in most cases, detectable neuronal loss. We found a 4.5 times increase in BrdU labeling (estimating precursor cells proliferating during the 2nd week after injection of toxin and surviving at least up to 7days) in dentate gyri of both injected and contralateral hippocampi of epileptic rats. Radiotelemetry revealed that the rats experienced 112±24 seizures, lasting 88±11s each, over a period of 8.6±1.3days from the first electrographic seizure. On the first day of seizures, their duration was a median of 103s, and the median interictal period was 23min, confirming the absence of experimentally defined status epilepticus. The total increase in cell proliferation/survival was due to significant population expansions of: radial glial-like precursor cells (type I; 7.2×), non-radial type II/III neural precursors in the dentate gyrus stem cell niche (5.6×), and doublecortin-expressing neuroblasts (5.1×). We conclude that repeated spontaneous brief temporal lobe seizures are sufficient to promote increased hippocampal neurogenesis in the absence of status epilepticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Premysl Jiruska
- Neuronal Networks Group, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Department of Developmental Epileptology, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, Prague, CZ-14220, Czech Republic
- Department of Neurology, Charles University, 2nd School of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Prague, CZ-15006, Czech Republic
| | - Anan B.Y. Shtaya
- Wessex Neurological Centre, Southampton University Hospital Trust, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
- School of Medicine (Clinical Neurosciences), Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - David M.S. Bodansky
- Neuronal Networks Group, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Wei-Chih Chang
- Neuronal Networks Group, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - William P. Gray
- School of Medicine (Clinical Neurosciences), Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
- National Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health Research, LGF — Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - John G.R. Jefferys
- Neuronal Networks Group, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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von Rüden EL, Avemary J, Zellinger C, Algermissen D, Bock P, Beineke A, Baumgärtner W, Stein VM, Tipold A, Potschka H. Distemper virus encephalitis exerts detrimental effects on hippocampal neurogenesis. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2012; 38:426-42. [PMID: 21883377 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2011.01218.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Despite knowledge about the impact of brain inflammation on hippocampal neurogenesis, data on the influence of virus encephalitis on dentate granule cell neurogenesis are so far limited. Canine distemper is considered an interesting model of virus encephalitis, which can be associated with a chronic progressing disease course and can cause symptomatic seizures. METHODS To determine the impact of canine distemper virus (CDV) infection on hippocampal neurogenesis, we compared post-mortem tissue from dogs with infection with and without seizures, from epileptic dogs with non-viral aetiology and from dogs without central nervous system diseases. RESULTS The majority of animals with infection and with epilepsy of non-viral aetiology exhibited neuronal progenitor numbers below the age average in controls. Virus infection with and without seizures significantly decreased the mean number of neuronal progenitor cells by 43% and 76% as compared to age-matched controls. Ki-67 labelling demonstrated that hippocampal cell proliferation was neither affected by infection nor by epilepsy of non-viral aetiology. Analysis of CDV infection in cells expressing caspase-3, doublecortin or Ki-67 indicated that infection of neuronal progenitor cells is extremely rare and suggests that infection might damage non-differentiated progenitor cells, hamper neuronal differentiation and promote glial differentiation. A high inter-individual variance in the number of lectin-reactive microglial cells was evident in dogs with distemper infection. Statistical analyses did not reveal a correlation between the number of lectin-reactive microglia cells and neuronal progenitor cells. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that virus encephalitis with and without seizures can exert detrimental effects on hippocampal neurogenesis, which might contribute to long-term consequences of the disease. The lack of a significant impact of distemper virus on Ki-67-labelled cells indicates that the infection affected neuronal differentiation and survival of newborn cells rather than hippocampal cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E-L von Rüden
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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Andres-Mach M, Fike JR, Łuszczki JJ. Neurogenesis in the epileptic brain: a brief overview from temporal lobe epilepsy. Pharmacol Rep 2012; 63:1316-23. [PMID: 22358080 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(11)70696-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Dentate granule cell neurogenesis persists throughout life in the hippocampus of mammals. Alterations in this process occur in many neurological diseases, including epilepsy. Among the different types of epilepsy, the most frequent is temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Therefore, a number of laboratory studies use animal models of TLE to observe the fate of neuronal cells after seizures. Hippocampal neurogenesis is very sensitive to physiological and pathological stimuli. Seizures, as pathological stimuli, alter both the extent and the pattern of neurogenesis, which is associated with cognitive function. Various alterations in neurogenesis are observed depending on the amount of time that has elapsed after the seizures. In acute seizures, neurogenesis generally increases, whereas in chronic epilepsy, neurogenesis decreases. Moreover, several methods currently used for the treatment of brain disorders such as TLE can also have significant impacts on cognitive functions. This review is focused on the recent findings regarding neurogenesis in animal models of TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Andres-Mach
- Isobolographic Analysis Laboratory, Institute of Agricultural Medicine, Lublin, Jaczewskiego 2, PL 20-090 Poland.
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Regulation of injury-induced neurogenesis by nitric oxide. Stem Cells Int 2012; 2012:895659. [PMID: 22997523 PMCID: PMC3444935 DOI: 10.1155/2012/895659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The finding that neural stem cells (NSCs) are able to divide, migrate, and differentiate into several cellular types in the adult brain raised a new hope for restorative neurology. Nitric oxide (NO), a pleiotropic signaling molecule in the central nervous system (CNS), has been described to be able to modulate neurogenesis, acting as a pro- or antineurogenic agent. Some authors suggest that NO is a physiological inhibitor of neurogenesis, while others described NO to favor neurogenesis, particularly under inflammatory conditions. Thus, targeting the NO system may be a powerful strategy to control the formation of new neurons. However, the exact mechanisms by which NO regulates neural proliferation and differentiation are not yet completely clarified. In this paper we will discuss the potential interest of the modulation of the NO system for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases or other pathological conditions that may affect the CNS.
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Eyre H, Baune BT. Neuroplastic changes in depression: a role for the immune system. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2012; 37:1397-416. [PMID: 22525700 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that there is a rich cross-talk between the neuroimmune system and neuroplasticity mechanisms under both physiological conditions and pathophysiological conditions in depression. Anti-neuroplastic changes which occur in depression include a decrease in proliferation of neural stem cells (NSCs), decreased survival of neuroblasts and immature neurons, impaired neurocircuitry (cortical-striatal-limbic circuits), reduced levels of neurotrophins, reduced spine density and dendritic retraction. Since both humoral and cellular immune factors have been implicated in neuroplastic processes, in this review we present a model suggesting that neuroplastic processes in depression are mediated through various neuroimmune mechanisms. The review puts forward a model in that both humoral and cellular neuroimmune factors are involved with impairing neuroplasticity under pathophysiological conditions such as depression. Specifically, neuroimmune factors including interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, CD4⁺CD25⁺T regulatory cells (T reg), self-specific CD4⁺T cells, monocyte-derived macrophages, microglia and astrocytes are shown to be vital to processes of neuroplasticity such as long-term potentiation (LTP), NSC survival, synaptic branching, neurotrophin regulation and neurogenesis. In rodent models of depression, IL-1, IL-6 and TNF are associated with reduced hippocampal neurogenesis; mechanisms which are associated with this include the stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK)/Janus Kinase (JNK) pathway, hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF)-1α, JAK-Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) pathway, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/cAMP responsive element binding protein (CREB) pathway, Ras-MAPK, PI-3 kinase, IKK/nuclear factor (NF)-κB and TGFβ activated kinase-1 (TAK-1). Neuroimmunological mechanisms have an active role in the neuroplastic changes associated with depression. Since therapies in depression, including antidepressants (AD), omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and physical activity exert neuroplasticity-enhancing effects potentially mediated by neuroimmune mechanisms, the immune system might serve as a promising target for interventions in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harris Eyre
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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Cross-talk between neural stem cells and immune cells: the key to better brain repair? Nat Neurosci 2012; 15:1078-87. [DOI: 10.1038/nn.3163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Lu YM, Tao RR, Huang JY, Li LT, Liao MH, Li XM, Fukunaga K, Hong ZH, Han F. P2X7 signaling promotes microsphere embolism-triggered microglia activation by maintaining elevation of Fas ligand. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:172. [PMID: 22789015 PMCID: PMC3420259 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cerebral microvascular occlusion elicits microvascular injury which mimics the different degrees of stroke severity observed in patients, but the mechanisms underlying these embolic injuries are far from understood. The Fas ligand (FasL)-Fas system has been implicated in a number of pathogenic states. Here, we examined the contribution of microglia-derived FasL to brain inflammatory injury, with a focus on the potential to suppress the FasL increase by inhibition of the P2X7-FasL signaling with pharmacological or genetic approaches during ischemia. Methods The cerebral microvascular occlusion was induced by microsphere injection in experimental animals. Morphological changes in microglial cells were studied immunohistochemically. The biochemical analyses were used to examine the intracellular changes of P2X7/FasL signaling. The BV-2 cells and primary microglia from mice genetically deficient in P2X7 were used to further establish a linkage between microglia activation and FasL overproduction. Results The FasL expression was continuously elevated and was spatiotemporally related to microglia activation following microsphere embolism. Notably, P2X7 expression concomitantly increased in microglia and presented a distribution pattern that was similar to that of FasL in ED1-positive cells at pathological process of microsphere embolism. Interestingly, FasL generation in cultured microglia cells subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation-treated neuron-conditioned medium was prevented by the silencing of P2X7. Furthermore, FasL induced the migration of BV-2 microglia, whereas the neutralization of FasL with a blocking antibody was highly effective in inhibiting ischemia-induced microglial mobility. Similar results were observed in primary microglia from wild-type mice or mice genetically deficient in P2X7. Finally, the degrees of FasL overproduction and neuronal death were consistently reduced in P2X7−/− mice compared with wild-type littermates following microsphere embolism insult. Conclusion FasL functions as a key component of an immunoreactive response loop by recruiting microglia to the lesion sites through a P2X7-dependent mechanism. The specific modulation of P2X7/FasL signaling and aberrant microglial activation could provide therapeutic benefits in acute and subacute phase of cerebral microembolic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-mei Lu
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Park TIH, Monzo H, Mee EW, Bergin PS, Teoh HH, Montgomery JM, Faull RLM, Curtis MA, Dragunow M. Adult human brain neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and fibroblast-like cells have similar properties in vitro but only NPCs differentiate into neurons. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37742. [PMID: 22675489 PMCID: PMC3366988 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to culture neural progenitor cells from the adult human brain has provided an exciting opportunity to develop and test potential therapies on adult human brain cells. To achieve a reliable and reproducible adult human neural progenitor cell (AhNPC) culture system for this purpose, this study fully characterized the cellular composition of the AhNPC cultures, as well as the possible changes to this in vitro system over prolonged culture periods. We isolated cells from the neurogenic subventricular zone/hippocampus (SVZ/HP) of the adult human brain and found a heterogeneous culture population comprised of several types of post-mitotic brain cells (neurons, astrocytes, and microglia), and more importantly, two distinct mitotic cell populations; the AhNPCs, and the fibroblast-like cells (FbCs). These two populations can easily be mistaken for a single population of AhNPCs, as they both proliferate under AhNPC culture conditions, form spheres and express neural progenitor cell and early neuronal markers, all of which are characteristics of AhNPCs in vitro. However, despite these similarities under proliferating conditions, under neuronal differentiation conditions, only the AhNPCs differentiated into functional neurons and glia. Furthermore, AhNPCs showed limited proliferative capacity that resulted in their depletion from culture by 5–6 passages, while the FbCs, which appear to be from a neurovascular origin, displayed a greater proliferative capacity and dominated the long-term cultures. This gradual change in cellular composition resulted in a progressive decline in neurogenic potential without the apparent loss of self-renewal in our cultures. These results demonstrate that while AhNPCs and FbCs behave similarly under proliferative conditions, they are two different cell populations. This information is vital for the interpretation and reproducibility of AhNPC experiments and suggests an ideal time frame for conducting AhNPC-based experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas In-Hyeup Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- The Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Anatomy and Radiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Hector Monzo
- The Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Anatomy and Radiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Edward W. Mee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter S. Bergin
- Department of Neurology, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Johanna M. Montgomery
- The Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard L. M. Faull
- The Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Anatomy and Radiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Maurice A. Curtis
- The Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Anatomy and Radiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mike Dragunow
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- The Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
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