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Russo S, de Azevedo WF. Computational Analysis of Dipyrone Metabolite 4-Aminoantipyrine As A Cannabinoid Receptor 1 Agonist. Curr Med Chem 2019; 27:4741-4749. [PMID: 31490743 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190906155339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabinoid receptor 1 has its crystallographic structure available in complex with agonists and inverse agonists, which paved the way to establish an understanding of the structural basis of interactions with ligands. Dipyrone is a prodrug with analgesic capabilities and is widely used in some countries. Recently some evidence of a dipyrone metabolite acting over the Cannabinoid Receptor 1has been shown. OBJECTIVE Our goal here is to explore the dipyrone metabolite 4-aminoantipyrine as a Cannabinoid Receptor 1 agonist, reviewing dipyrone characteristics, and investigating the structural basis for its interaction with the Cannabinoid Receptor 1. METHOD We reviewed here recent functional studies related to the dipyrone metabolite focusing on its action as a Cannabinoid Receptor 1 agonist. We also analyzed protein-ligand interactions for this complex obtained through docking simulations against the crystallographic structure of the Cannabinoid Receptor 1. RESULTS Analysis of the crystallographic structure and docking simulations revealed that most of the interactions present in the docked pose were also present in the crystallographic structure of Cannabinoid Receptor 1 and agonist. CONCLUSION Analysis of the complex of 4-aminoantipyrine and Cannabinoid Receptor 1 revealed the pivotal role played by residues Phe 170, Phe 174, Phe 177, Phe 189, Leu 193, Val 196, and Phe 379, besides the conserved hydrogen bond at Ser 383. The mechanistic analysis and the present computational study suggest that the dipyrone metabolite 4-aminoantipyrine interacts with the Cannabinoid Receptor 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Russo
- Laboratory of Computational Systems Biology, School of Sciences - Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga, 6681, Porto Alegre-RS 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Walter Filgueira de Azevedo
- Laboratory of Computational Systems Biology, School of Sciences - Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga, 6681, Porto Alegre-RS 90619-900, Brazil
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Terpou BA, Harricharan S, McKinnon MC, Frewen P, Jetly R, Lanius RA. The effects of trauma on brain and body: A unifying role for the midbrain periaqueductal gray. J Neurosci Res 2019; 97:1110-1140. [PMID: 31254294 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a diagnosis that may follow the experience of trauma, has multiple symptomatic phenotypes. Generally, individuals with PTSD display symptoms of hyperarousal and of hyperemotionality in the presence of fearful stimuli. A subset of individuals with PTSD; however, elicit dissociative symptomatology (i.e., depersonalization, derealization) in the wake of a perceived threat. This pattern of response characterizes the dissociative subtype of the disorder, which is often associated with emotional numbing and hypoarousal. Both symptomatic phenotypes exhibit attentional threat biases, where threat stimuli are processed preferentially leading to a hypervigilant state that is thought to promote defensive behaviors during threat processing. Accordingly, PTSD and its dissociative subtype are thought to differ in their proclivity to elicit active (i.e., fight, flight) versus passive (i.e., tonic immobility, emotional shutdown) defensive responses, which are characterized by the increased and the decreased expression of the sympathetic nervous system, respectively. Moreover, active and passive defenses are accompanied by primarily endocannabinoid- and opioid-mediated analgesics, respectively. Through critical review of the literature, we apply the defense cascade model to better understand the pathological presentation of defensive responses in PTSD with a focus on the functioning of lower-level midbrain and extended brainstem systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braeden A Terpou
- Department of Neuroscience, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Margaret C McKinnon
- Mood Disorders Program, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Homewood Research Institute, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul Frewen
- Department of Psychology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rakesh Jetly
- Canadian Forces, Health Services, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Ruth A Lanius
- Department of Neuroscience, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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Tsiklauri N, Pirkulashvili N, Nozadze I, Nebieridze M, Gurtskaia G, Abzianidze E, Tsagareli MG. Antinociceptive tolerance to NSAIDs in the anterior cingulate cortex is mediated via endogenous opioid mechanism. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2018; 19:2. [PMID: 29304875 PMCID: PMC5756434 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-017-0193-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the past decade several studies have reported that in some brain areas, particularly, in the midbrain periaqueductal gray matter, rostral ventro-medial medulla, central nucleus of amygdala, nucleus raphe magnus, and dorsal hippocampus, microinjections of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) induce antinociception with distinct development of tolerance. Given this evidence, in this study we investigated the development of tolerance to the analgesic effects of NSAIDs diclofenac, ketorolac and xefocam microinjected into the rostral part of anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in rats. METHODS Male Wistar experimental and control (saline) rats were implanted with a guide cannula in the ACC and tested for antinociception following microinjection of NSAIDs into the ACC in the tail-flick (TF) and hot plate (HP) tests. Repeated measures of analysis of variance with post-hoc Tukey-Kramer multiple comparison tests were used for statistical evaluations. RESULTS Treatment with each NSAID significantly enhanced the TF and HP latencies on the first day, followed by a progressive decrease in the analgesic effect over a 4-day period, i.e., developed tolerance. Pretreatment with an opioid antagonist naloxone completely prevented the analgesic effects of the three NSAIDs in both behavioral assays. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the concept that the development of tolerance to the antinociceptive effects of NSAIDs is mediated via an endogenous opioid system possibly involving descending pain modulatory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Tsiklauri
- Lab of Pain and Analgesia, Beritashvili Center for Experimental Biomedicine, 14, Gotua Street, 0160, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Natia Pirkulashvili
- Lab of Pain and Analgesia, Beritashvili Center for Experimental Biomedicine, 14, Gotua Street, 0160, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Ivliane Nozadze
- Lab of Pain and Analgesia, Beritashvili Center for Experimental Biomedicine, 14, Gotua Street, 0160, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Marina Nebieridze
- Lab of Pain and Analgesia, Beritashvili Center for Experimental Biomedicine, 14, Gotua Street, 0160, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Gulnaz Gurtskaia
- Lab of Pain and Analgesia, Beritashvili Center for Experimental Biomedicine, 14, Gotua Street, 0160, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Elene Abzianidze
- Lab of Pain and Analgesia, Beritashvili Center for Experimental Biomedicine, 14, Gotua Street, 0160, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Merab G Tsagareli
- Lab of Pain and Analgesia, Beritashvili Center for Experimental Biomedicine, 14, Gotua Street, 0160, Tbilisi, Georgia.
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Roelofs K. Freeze for action: neurobiological mechanisms in animal and human freezing. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:rstb.2016.0206. [PMID: 28242739 PMCID: PMC5332864 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon increasing levels of threat, animals activate qualitatively different defensive modes, including freezing and active fight-or-flight reactions. Whereas freezing is a form of behavioural inhibition accompanied by parasympathetically dominated heart rate deceleration, fight-or-flight reactions are associated with sympathetically driven heart rate acceleration. Despite the potential relevance of freezing for human stress-coping, its phenomenology and neurobiological underpinnings remain largely unexplored in humans. Studies in rodents have shown that freezing depends on amygdala projections to the brainstem (periaqueductal grey). Recent neuroimaging studies in humans have indicated that similar brain regions may be involved in human freezing. In addition, flexibly shifting between freezing and active defensive modes is critical for adequate stress-coping and relies on fronto-amygdala connections. This review paper presents a model detailing these neural mechanisms involved in freezing and the shift to fight-or-flight action. Freezing is not a passive state but rather a parasympathetic brake on the motor system, relevant to perception and action preparation. Study of these defensive responses in humans may advance insights into human stress-related psychopathologies characterized by rigidity in behavioural stress reactions. The paper therefore concludes with a research agenda to stimulate translational animal–human research in this emerging field of human defensive stress responses. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Movement suppression: brain mechanisms for stopping and stillness’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Roelofs
- Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour and Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Pirkulashvili N, Tsiklauri N, Nebieridze M, Tsagareli MG. Antinociceptive tolerance to NSAIDs in the agranular insular cortex is mediated by opioid mechanism. J Pain Res 2017; 10:1561-1568. [PMID: 28740423 PMCID: PMC5505549 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s138360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Several lines of investigations have shown that in some brain areas, in particular, in the midbrain periaqueductal gray matter, rostral ventromedial medulla, central nucleus of amygdala, nucleus raphe magnus, and dorsal hippocampus, microinjections of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) induce antinociception with distinct development of tolerance. The agranular insular cortex (AIC) is a small region of the cerebral cortex located on the lateral area of the rat’s cerebral hemisphere that is involved in the perception and response to pain. In the present study, we investigated the development of tolerance to the analgesic effects of NSAIDs diclofenac, ketorolac, and xefocam microinjected into the AIC in rats. Male Wistar rats receiving NSAIDs into the AIC were tested for antinociception by tail-flick and hot plate tests. Treatment with each NSAID significantly enhanced the tail-flick and hot plate latencies on the first day, followed by a progressive decrease in the analgesic effect over a 4-day period, ie, they developed tolerance. Pretreatment with an opioid antagonist naloxone completely prevented, and posttreatment naloxone abolished, the analgesic effects of the three NSAIDs in both behavioral assays. These findings support the notion that the development of tolerance to the antinociceptive effects of NSAIDs is mediated via an endogenous opioid system possibly involving descending pain modulatory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marina Nebieridze
- Laboratory of Brain Metabolism, Beritashvili Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Tbilisi, Georgia
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Brito B, Vazquez E, Taylor P, Alvarado Y, Vanegas H, Millan A, Tortorici V. Antinociceptive effect of systemically administered dipyrone (metamizol), magnesium chloride or both in a murine model of cancer. Eur J Pain 2016; 21:541-551. [DOI: 10.1002/ejp.957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B.E. Brito
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology; Center for Experimental Medicine; Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research (IVIC); Caracas Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
| | - E. Vazquez
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology; Center for Biophysics and Biochemistry; Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research (IVIC); Caracas Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
- School of Psychology; Andrés Bello Catholic University; Caracas Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
| | - P. Taylor
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology; Center for Experimental Medicine; Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research (IVIC); Caracas Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
| | - Y. Alvarado
- Laboratory of Molecular Characterization and Biomolecules; Department of Research Materials, Technology and Environment; Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research (IVIC); Caracas Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
| | - H. Vanegas
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology; Center for Biophysics and Biochemistry; Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research (IVIC); Caracas Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
| | - A. Millan
- Department of Behavioral Sciences; Metropolitan University (UNIMET); Caracas Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
| | - V. Tortorici
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology; Center for Biophysics and Biochemistry; Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research (IVIC); Caracas Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
- School of Psychology; Andrés Bello Catholic University; Caracas Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
- Department of Behavioral Sciences; Metropolitan University (UNIMET); Caracas Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
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Antinociceptive tolerance to NSAIDs in the rat formalin test is mediated by the opioid mechanism. Pharmacol Rep 2016; 69:168-175. [PMID: 27923161 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the past decade it has been shown that tolerance develops to the antinociceptive effect of repeated systemic administration of commonly used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in acute pain models using rats. This is similar to the tolerance observed with opioid-induced analgesia. In the present study, we investigated the development of tolerance to the analgesic effects of NSAIDs diclofenac, ketorolac and xefocam in a chronic inflammatory pain model, the formalin test. METHODS Male Wistar rats receiving intraplantar formalin were tested for antinociception following intraperitoneal injection of NSAIDs in thermal paw withdrawal (Hargreaves) test and mechanical paw withdrawal (von Frey) test. Repeated measures analysis of variance with post-hoc Tukey-Kramer multiple comparison tests were used for statistical evaluations. RESULTS Treatment with each NSAID significantly elevated the thermal paw withdrawal latency and mechanical paw withdrawal threshold on the first day, followed by a progressive decrease in the analgesic effect over a 4-day period, i.e., tolerance developed. With daily intraplantar injections of formalin, there was a trend toward reduced antinociceptive effects of diclofenac and ketorolac while xefocam exhibited a significant reduction (tolerance). It is noteworthy that the NSAID tolerant groups of rats still exhibited a strong hyperalgesia during phase I formalin following administration of each NSAID, an effect not observed in non-tolerant rats. Pretreatment with naloxone completely prevented the analgesic effects of these three NSAIDs in both behavioral assays. CONCLUSIONS The present findings support the notion that the development of tolerance to the antinociceptive effects of NSAIDs in an inflammatory pain model is mediated via an endogenous opioid system possibly involving descending pain modulatory systems.
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Abstract
Evolution has endowed all humans with a continuum of innate, hard-wired, automatically activated defense behaviors, termed the defense cascade. Arousal is the first step in activating the defense cascade; flight or fight is an active defense response for dealing with threat; freezing is a flight-or-fight response put on hold; tonic immobility and collapsed immobility are responses of last resort to inescapable threat, when active defense responses have failed; and quiescent immobility is a state of quiescence that promotes rest and healing. Each of these defense reactions has a distinctive neural pattern mediated by a common neural pathway: activation and inhibition of particular functional components in the amygdala, hypothalamus, periaqueductal gray, and sympathetic and vagal nuclei. Unlike animals, which generally are able to restore their standard mode of functioning once the danger is past, humans often are not, and they may find themselves locked into the same, recurring pattern of response tied in with the original danger or trauma. Understanding the signature patterns of these innate responses--the particular components that combine to yield the given pattern of defense-is important for developing treatment interventions. Effective interventions aim to activate or deactivate one or more components of the signature neural pattern, thereby producing a shift in the neural pattern and, with it, in mind-body state. The process of shifting the neural pattern is the necessary first step in unlocking the patient's trauma response, in breaking the cycle of suffering, and in helping the patient to adapt to, and overcome, past trauma.
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Tsagareli MG, Tsiklauri N, Nozadze I, Gurtskaia G. Tolerance effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs microinjected into central amygdala, periaqueductal grey, and nucleus raphe: Possible cellular mechanism. Neural Regen Res 2015; 7:1029-39. [PMID: 25722692 PMCID: PMC4341275 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.13.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain is a sensation related to potential or actual damage in some tissue of the body. The mainstay of medical pain therapy remains drugs that have been around for decades, like non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), or opiates. However, adverse effects of opiates, particularly tolerance, limit their clinical use. Several lines of investigations have shown that systemic (intraperitoneal) administration of NSAIDs induces antinociception with some effects of tolerance. In this review, we report that repeated microinjection of NSAIDs analgin, clodifen, ketorolac and xefocam into the central nucleus of amygdala, the midbrain periaqueductal grey matter and nucleus raphe magnus in the following 4 days result in progressively less antinociception compared to the saline control testing in the tail-flick reflex and hot plate latency tests. Hence, tolerance develops to these drugs and cross-tolerance to morphine in male rats. These findings strongly support the suggestion of endogenous opioid involvement in NSAIDs antinociception and tolerance in the descending pain-control system. Moreover, the periaqueductal grey-rostral ventro-medial part of medulla circuit should be viewed as a pain-modulation system. These data are important for human medicine. In particular, cross-tolerance between non-opioid and opioid analgesics should be important in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merab G Tsagareli
- Ivane Beritashvili Experimental BioMedicine Center, Tbilisi 0160, Georgia
| | - Nana Tsiklauri
- Ivane Beritashvili Experimental BioMedicine Center, Tbilisi 0160, Georgia
| | - Ivliane Nozadze
- Ivane Beritashvili Experimental BioMedicine Center, Tbilisi 0160, Georgia
| | - Gulnaz Gurtskaia
- Ivane Beritashvili Experimental BioMedicine Center, Tbilisi 0160, Georgia
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Is Hippocampus Susceptible to Antinociceptive Tolerance to NSAIDs Like the Periaqueductal Grey? PAIN RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2014; 2014:654578. [PMID: 24818020 PMCID: PMC4000673 DOI: 10.1155/2014/654578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Emotional distress is the most undesirable feature of painful experience. Numerous studies have demonstrated the important role of the limbic system in the affective-motivational component of pain. The purpose of this paper was to examine whether microinjection of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), Clodifen, Ketorolac, and Xefocam, into the dorsal hippocampus (DH) leads to the development of antinociceptive tolerance in male rats. We found that microinjection of these NSAIDs into the DH induces antinociception as revealed by a latency increase in the tail-flick (TF) and hot plate (HP) tests compared to controls treated with saline into the DH. Subsequent tests on consecutive three days, however, showed that the antinociceptive effect of NSAIDs progressively decreased, suggesting tolerance developed to this effect of NSAIDs. Both pretreatment and posttreatment with the opioid antagonist naloxone into the DH significantly reduced the antinociceptive effect of NSAIDs in both pain models. Our data indicate that microinjection of NSAIDs into the DH induces antinociception which is mediated via the opioid system and exhibits tolerance.
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Gurtskaia G, Tsiklauri N, Nozadze I, Nebieridze M, Tsagareli MG. Antinociceptive tolerance to NSAIDs microinjected into dorsal hippocampus. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; 15:10. [PMID: 24576352 PMCID: PMC3945813 DOI: 10.1186/2050-6511-15-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pain is characterized as a complex experience, dependent not only on the regulation of nociceptive sensory systems, but also on the activation of mechanisms that control emotional processes in limbic brain areas such as the amygdala and the hippocampus. Several lines of investigations have shown that in some brain areas, particularly the midbrain periaqueductal gray matter, rostral ventro-medial medulla, central nucleus of amygdala and nucleus raphe magnus, microinjections of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) induce antinociception with distinct development of tolerance. The present study was designed to examine whether microinjection of NSAIDs, clodifen, ketorolac and xefocam into the dorsal hippocampus (DH) leads to the development of antinociceptive tolerance in male rats. Methods The experiments were carried out on experimental and control (with saline) white male rats. Animals were implanted with a guide cannula in the DH and tested for antinociception following microinjection of NSAIDs into the DH in the tail-flick (TF) and hot plate (HP) tests. Repeated measures of analysis of variance with post-hoc Tukey-Kramer multiple comparison tests were used for statistical evaluations. Results We found that microinjection of these NSAIDs into the DH induces antinociception as revealed by a latency increase in the TF and HP tests compared to controls treated with saline into the DH. Subsequent tests on days 2 and 3, however, showed that the antinociceptive effect of NSAIDs progressively decreased, suggesting tolerance developed to this effect of NSAIDs. Both pretreatment and post-treatment with the opioid antagonist naloxone into the DH significantly reduced the antinociceptive effect of NSAIDs in both pain models. Conclusions Our results indicate that microinjection of NSAIDs into the DH induces antinociception which is mediated via the opioid system and exhibits tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Merab G Tsagareli
- Dept of Neurophysiology, Ivane Beritashvili Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Gotua Street 14, Tbilisi 0160, Georgia.
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Sadegh M, Fathollahi Y, Naghdi N, Semnanian S. Morphine deteriorates spatial memory in sodium salicylate treated rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 704:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Medullary circuits for nociceptive modulation. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2012; 22:640-5. [PMID: 22483535 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2012.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Neurons in the medullary raphe are critical to opioid analgesia through descending projections to the dorsal horn. Work in anesthetized rats led to the postulate that nociceptive suppression results from tonic activation of nociceptive-inhibiting neurons and tonic inhibition of nociceptive-facilitating neurons. However, morphine does not cause tonic changes in raphe neuronal firing in unanesthetized rodents. Recent work suggests that a drop in activity of nociceptive-inhibiting neurons synchronizes nociceptive circuits and a burst of activity in nociceptive-facilitating neurons facilitates withdrawal magnitude. After morphine, the phasic responses of raphe cells are suppressed along with nociceptive withdrawals. The results suggest a new model of brainstem modulation of nociception in which the medullary raphe facilitates nociceptive reactions when noxious input occurs and may modulate other functions between injurious events.
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Hathway GJ, Vega-Avelaira D, Fitzgerald M. A critical period in the supraspinal control of pain: opioid-dependent changes in brainstem rostroventral medulla function in preadolescence. Pain 2012; 153:775-783. [PMID: 22325744 PMCID: PMC3657184 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2011.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that the balance of electrically evoked descending brainstem control of spinal nociceptive reflexes undergoes a switch from excitation to inhibition in preadolescent rats. Here we show that the same developmental switch occurs when μ-opioid receptor agonists are microinjected into the rostroventral medulla (RVM). Microinjections of the μ-opioid receptor agonist [D-Ala(2), N-MePhe(4), Gly-ol]-enkephalin (DAMGO) into the RVM of lightly anaesthetised adult rats produced a dose-dependent decrease in mechanical nociceptive hindlimb reflex electromyographic activity. However, in preadolescent (postnatal day 21 [P21]) rats, the same doses of DAMGO produced reflex facilitation. RVM microinjection of δ-opioid receptor or GABA(A) receptor agonists, on the other hand, caused reflex depression at both ages. The μ-opioid receptor-mediated descending facilitation is tonically active in naive preadolescent rats, as microinjection of the μ-opioid receptor antagonist D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Orn-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH(2) (CTOP) into the RVM at this age decreases spinal nociceptive reflexes while having no effect in adults. To test whether tonic opioid central activity is required for the preadolescent switch in RVM descending control, naloxone hydrochloride was delivered continuously from subcutaneous osmotic mini-pumps for 7-day periods, at various postnatal stages. Blockade of tonic opioidergic activity from P21 to P28, but not at earlier or later ages, prevented the normal development of descending RVM inhibitory control of spinal nociceptive reflexes. Enhancing opioidergic activity with chronic morphine over P7 to P14 accelerated this development. These results show that descending facilitation of spinal nociception in young animals is mediated by μ-opioid receptor pathways in the RVM. Furthermore, the developmental transition from RVM descending facilitation to inhibition of pain is determined by activity in central opioid networks at a critical period of periadolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth J Hathway
- UCL Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Tsiklauri ND, Nozadze IR, Gurtskaia GP, Tsagareli MG. Opioid sensitivity of analgesia induced by microinjections of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs into the nucleus raphe magnus. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-011-9220-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Tsagareli MG, Nozadze I, Tsiklauri N, Gurtskaia G. Tolerance to Non-Opioid Analgesics is Opioid Sensitive in the Nucleus Raphe Magnus. Front Neurosci 2011; 5:92. [PMID: 21845173 PMCID: PMC3145141 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2011.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeated injection of opioid analgesics can lead to a progressive loss of effect. This phenomenon is known as tolerance. Several lines of investigations have shown that systemic, intraperitoneal administration or the microinjection of non-opioid analgesics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) into the midbrain periaqueductal gray matter induces antinociception with some effects of tolerance. Our recent study has revealed that microinjection of three drugs analgin, ketorolac, and xefocam into the central nucleus of amygdala produce tolerance to them and cross-tolerance to morphine. Here we report that repeated administrations of these NSAIDs into the nucleus raphe magnus (NRM) in the following 4 days result in progressively less antinociception compare to the saline control, i.e., tolerance develops to these drugs in male rats. Special control experiments showed that post-treatment with the μ-opioid antagonist naloxone into the NRM significantly decreased antinociceptive effects of NSAIDs on the first day of testing in the tail-flick (TF) reflex and hot plate (HP) latency tests. On the second day, naloxone generally had trend effects in both TF and HP tests and impeded the development of tolerance to the antinociceptive effect of non-opioid analgesics. These findings strongly support the suggestion of endogenous opioid involvement in NSAIDs antinociception and tolerance in the descending pain-control system. Moreover, repeated injections of NSAIDs progressively lead to tolerance to them, cross-tolerance to morphine, and the risk of a withdrawal syndrome. Therefore, these results are important for human medicine too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merab G Tsagareli
- Department of Neurophysiology, Beritashvili Institute of Physiology Tbilisi, Georgia
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Abstract
This paper is the 32nd consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2009 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (Section 2), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (Section 3); stress and social status (Section 4); tolerance and dependence (Section 5); learning and memory (Section 6); eating and drinking (Section 7); alcohol and drugs of abuse (Section 8); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (Section 9); mental illness and mood (Section 10); seizures and neurologic disorders (Section 11); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (Section 12); general activity and locomotion (Section 13); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (Section 14); cardiovascular responses (Section 15); respiration and thermoregulation (Section 16); and immunological responses (Section 17).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Flushing, NY 11367, USA.
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Rezende RM, Paiva-Lima P, Dos Reis WGP, Camêlo VM, Bakhle YS, de Francischi JN. Celecoxib induces tolerance in a model of peripheral inflammatory pain in rats. Neuropharmacology 2010; 59:551-7. [PMID: 20691196 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Revised: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Celecoxib is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that selectively inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Like most NSAIDs, celecoxib exhibits analgesic effects in models of inflammatory pain but these appear to be dependent on endogenous opioid release. Therefore, this study has assessed the ability of celecoxib to induce tolerance in rats, comparable to that induced by morphine. Rats were injected subcutaneously (s.c.) twice daily with divided doses of celecoxib, morphine or indomethacin. Inflammation was induced in one hind paw of rats by injecting prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2); 200 ng) 30 min after drug administration, on days 1, 3, 5 and 6 or 7. Nociceptive thresholds to mechanical stimulation were measured 3 h after PGE(2) injection, on the same days. On days 6 or 7, analgesic effects of the full doses of test drugs were assessed. Celecoxib-induced tolerance, as did morphine, an effect not shown by another NSAID, indomethacin. Cross-tolerance between celecoxib and morphine was observed as they did not induce analgesia when animals were chronically treated with morphine or celecoxib, respectively. In addition, tolerance to celecoxib's analgesic effects persisted for at least two days after the end of the chronic treatment with celecoxib. Naltrexone prevented induction of tolerance to morphine or celecoxib. The present results strengthen the possibility that celecoxib has also mechanisms of analgesia unrelated to COX inhibition but dependent on endogenous opioid release. Our results also imply the existence of a new class of analgesics without the deleterious effects of COX inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Machado Rezende
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Inflammation and Pain, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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NSAIDs, Opioids, Cannabinoids and the Control of Pain by the Central Nervous System. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010; 3:1335-1347. [PMID: 27713305 PMCID: PMC4033984 DOI: 10.3390/ph3051335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Revised: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) act upon peripheral tissues and upon the central nervous system to produce analgesia. A major central target of NSAIDs is the descending pain control system. The rostral structures of the descending pain control system send impulses towards the spinal cord and regulate the transmission of pain messages. Key structures of the descending pain control system are the periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) and the rostral ventromedial region of the medulla (RVM), both of which are critical targets for endogenous opioids and opiate pharmaceuticals. NSAIDs also act upon PAG and RVM to produce analgesia and, if repeatedly administered, induce tolerance to themselves and cross-tolerance to opioids. Experimental evidence shows that this is due to an interaction of NSAIDs with endogenous opioids along the descending pain control system. Analgesia by NSAIDs along the descending pain control system also requires an activation of the CB1 endocannabinoid receptor. Several experimental approaches suggest that opioids, NSAIDs and cannabinoids in PAG and RVM cooperate to decrease GABAergic inhibition and thus enhance the descending flow of impulses that inhibit pain.
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