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M JN, Bharadwaj D. The complex web of obesity: from genetics to precision medicine. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2024:1-16. [PMID: 38869356 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2024.2365785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obesity is a growing public health concern affecting both children and adults. Since it involves both genetic and environmental components, the management of obesity requires both, an understanding of the underlying genetics and changes in lifestyle. The knowledge of obesity genetics will enable the possibility of precision medicine in anti-obesity medications. AREAS COVERED Here, we explore health complications and the prevalence of obesity. We discuss disruptions in energy balance as a symptom of obesity, examining evolutionary theories, its multi-factorial origins, and heritability. Additionally, we discuss monogenic and polygenic obesity, the converging biological pathways, potential pharmacogenomics applications, and existing anti-obesity medications - specifically focussing on the leptin-melanocortin and incretin pathways. Comparisons between childhood and adult obesity genetics are made, along with insights into structural variants, epigenetic changes, and environmental influences on epigenetic signatures. EXPERT OPINION With recent advancements in anti-obesity drugs, genetic studies pinpoint new targets and allow for repurposing existing drugs. This creates opportunities for genotype-informed treatment options. Also, lifestyle interventions can help in the prevention and treatment of obesity by altering the epigenetic signatures. The comparison of genetic architecture in adults and children revealed a significant overlap. However, more robust studies with diverse ethnic representation is required in childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaki Nair M
- Systems Genomics Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Dwaipayan Bharadwaj
- Systems Genomics Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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2
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Differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells into hypothalamic vasopressin neurons with minimal exogenous signals and partial conversion to the naive state. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17381. [PMID: 36253431 PMCID: PMC9576732 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22405-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Familial neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus (FNDI) is a degenerative disease of vasopressin (AVP) neurons. Studies in mouse in vivo models indicate that accumulation of mutant AVP prehormone is associated with FNDI pathology. However, studying human FNDI pathology in vivo is technically challenging. Therefore, an in vitro human model needs to be developed. When exogenous signals are minimized in the early phase of differentiation in vitro, mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs)/induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) differentiate into AVP neurons, whereas human ESCs/iPSCs die. Human ESCs/iPSCs are generally more similar to mouse epiblast stem cells (mEpiSCs) compared to mouse ESCs. In this study, we converted human FNDI-specific iPSCs by the naive conversion kit. Although the conversion was partial, we found improved cell survival under minimal exogenous signals and differentiation into rostral hypothalamic organoids. Overall, this method provides a simple and straightforward differentiation direction, which may improve the efficiency of hypothalamic differentiation.
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3
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Greenwood M, Gillard BT, Farrukh R, Paterson A, Althammer F, Grinevich V, Murphy D, Greenwood MP. Transcription factor Creb3l1 maintains proteostasis in neuroendocrine cells. Mol Metab 2022; 63:101542. [PMID: 35803572 PMCID: PMC9294333 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dynamic changes to neuropeptide hormone synthesis and secretion by hypothalamic neuroendocrine cells is essential to ensure metabolic homeostasis. The specialised molecular mechanisms that allow neuroendocrine cells to synthesise and secrete vast quantities of neuropeptides remain ill defined. The objective of this study was to identify novel genes and pathways controlled by transcription factor and endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor Creb3l1 which is robustly activated in hypothalamic magnocellular neurones in response to increased demand for protein synthesis. METHODS We adopted a multiomic strategy to investigate specific roles of Creb3l1 in rat magnocellular neurones. We first performed chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by genome sequencing (ChIP-seq) to identify Creb3l1 genomic targets and then integrated this data with RNA sequencing data from physiologically stimulated and Creb3l1 knockdown magnocellular neurones. RESULTS The data converged on Creb3l1 targets that code for ribosomal proteins and endoplasmic reticulum proteins crucial for the maintenance of cellular proteostasis. We validated genes that compose the PERK arm of the unfolded protein response pathway including Eif2ak3, Eif2s1, Atf4 and Ddit3 as direct Creb3l1 targets. Importantly, knockdown of Creb3l1 in the hypothalamus led to a dramatic depletion in neuropeptide synthesis and secretion. The physiological outcomes from studies of paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei Creb3l1 knockdown animals were changes to food and water consumption. CONCLUSION Collectively, our data identify Creb3l1 as a comprehensive controller of the PERK signalling pathway in magnocellular neurones in response to physiological stimulation. The broad regulation of neuropeptide synthesis and secretion by Creb3l1 presents a new therapeutic strategy for metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkwan Greenwood
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Bristol Medical School: Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Bristol, United Kingdom.
| | - Benjamin T Gillard
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Bristol Medical School: Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Bristol, United Kingdom.
| | - Rizwan Farrukh
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Bristol Medical School: Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Bristol, United Kingdom.
| | - Alex Paterson
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Bristol Medical School: Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Bristol, United Kingdom.
| | - Ferdinand Althammer
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Valery Grinevich
- Department of Neuropeptide Research in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Center for Neuroinflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - David Murphy
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Bristol Medical School: Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Bristol, United Kingdom.
| | - Michael P Greenwood
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Bristol Medical School: Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Bristol, United Kingdom.
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Son JE, Dou Z, Wanggou S, Chan J, Mo R, Li X, Huang X, Kim KH, Michaud JL, Hui CC. Ectopic expression of Irx3 and Irx5 in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus contributes to defects in Sim1 haploinsufficiency. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabh4503. [PMID: 34705510 PMCID: PMC8550250 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abh4503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) contains a heterogeneous cluster of Sim1-expressing neurons critical for feeding regulation. Sim1 haploinsufficiency results in hyperphagic obesity with disruption of PVH neurons, yet the molecular profiles of PVH neurons and the mechanism underlying the defects of Sim1 haploinsufficiency are not well understood. By single-cell RNA sequencing, we identified two major populations of Sim1+ PVH neurons, which are differentially affected by Sim1 haploinsufficiency. The Iroquois homeobox genes Irx3 and Irx5 have been implicated in the hypothalamic control of energy homeostasis. We found that Irx3 and Irx5 are ectopically expressed in the Sim1+ PVH cells of Sim1+/− mice. By reducing their dosage and PVH-specific deletion of Irx3, we demonstrate that misexpression of Irx3 and Irx5 contributes to the defects of Sim1+/− mice. Our results illustrate abnormal hypothalamic activities of Irx3 and Irx5 as a central mechanism disrupting PVH development and feeding regulation in Sim1 haploinsufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Eun Son
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Zhengchao Dou
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Siyi Wanggou
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Brain Tumor Research, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Jade Chan
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Rong Mo
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Xuejun Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Brain Tumor Research, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Xi Huang
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Kyoung-Han Kim
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Jacques L. Michaud
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Chi-chung Hui
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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Rybicka M, Kaźmierczak M, Pawlicka P, Łada-Maśko AB, Anikiej-Wiczenbach P, Bielawski KP. (Re-)activity in the caregiving situation: Genetic diversity within Oxytocin-Vasopressin Pathway is associated with salivary oxytocin and vasopressin concentrations in response to contact with a crying infant-simulator. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 131:105294. [PMID: 34102428 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (AVP) hormones as well as their receptors (OXTR and AVPR1a) have been deemed crucial for caregiving and sensitive responsiveness to infant cues. However, previous research on genetic polymorphisms and OT and AVP levels in the context of caregiving were sparse and have brought contradictory findings. The aim of this reported observational study was to examine the impact of genetic variations within genes related to OT and AVP signaling pathway on hormones levels' changes in response to the caregiving situation. A total of 221 adult intimate couples (110 childless, non-pregnant and 111 expectant couples) participated in three 10 min sessions, during which they were taking care of a crying life-like simulator. 30 min prior to the first session salivary samples to analyze basal OT and AVP, and polymorphisms in OXTR, AVPR1a and CD38 genes were collected. Subsequent OT and AVP levels were measured 15 min after each session. The two most frequently studied OXTR SNPs (rs53576 and rs2254298) had no or a minor impact on higher OT levels, which were linked to rs1042778, rs13316193, rs2228485, rs2268490, rs4686302 genotypes. AVP levels were affected by rs1042778, rs13316193, rs4686302 and rs237887. OT levels varied depending on the OT (rs2770378, rs4813625), CD38 (rs379686), and 5-HTR2A (rs6314) genotype. OT and AVP levels were also associated with rs6314 (5-HTR2A). AVP levels were linked to ESR1 (rs1884051) and SIM1 (rs3734354) variations. Shorter variants of RS3 and RS1 were associated with lower levels of AVP. In conclusion, analyzed polymorphisms were associated with both the level and changes in OT and AVP hormone levels in the standardized situation of caregiving reactions to infant crying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Rybicka
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, ul. Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Maria Kaźmierczak
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences of the University of Gdansk, ul. Jana Bażyńskiego 4, 80-309 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Paulina Pawlicka
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences of the University of Gdansk, ul. Jana Bażyńskiego 4, 80-309 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Ariadna Beata Łada-Maśko
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences of the University of Gdansk, ul. Jana Bażyńskiego 4, 80-309 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Paulina Anikiej-Wiczenbach
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences of the University of Gdansk, ul. Jana Bażyńskiego 4, 80-309 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Piotr Bielawski
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, ul. Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdańsk, Poland.
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Gonzalez IE, Ramirez-Matias J, Lu C, Pan W, Zhu A, Myers MG, Olson DP. Paraventricular Calcitonin Receptor-Expressing Neurons Modulate Energy Homeostasis in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6218079. [PMID: 33834205 PMCID: PMC8139622 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) is a heterogeneous collection of neurons that play important roles in modulating feeding and energy expenditure. Abnormal development or ablation of the PVH results in hyperphagic obesity and defects in energy expenditure whereas selective activation of defined PVH neuronal populations can suppress feeding and may promote energy expenditure. Here, we characterize the contribution of calcitonin receptor-expressing PVH neurons (CalcRPVH) to energy balance control. We used Cre-dependent viral tools delivered stereotaxically to the PVH of CalcR2Acre mice to activate, silence, and trace CalcRPVH neurons and determine their contribution to body weight regulation. Immunohistochemistry of fluorescently-labeled CalcRPVH neurons demonstrates that CalcRPVH neurons are largely distinct from several PVH neuronal populations involved in energy homeostasis; these neurons project to regions of the hindbrain that are implicated in energy balance control, including the nucleus of the solitary tract and the parabrachial nucleus. Acute activation of CalcRPVH neurons suppresses feeding without appreciably augmenting energy expenditure, whereas their silencing leads to obesity that may be due in part due to loss of PVH melanocortin-4 receptor signaling. These data show that CalcRPVH neurons are an essential component of energy balance neurocircuitry and their function is important for body weight maintenance. A thorough understanding of the mechanisms by which CalcRPVH neurons modulate energy balance might identify novel therapeutic targets for the treatment and prevention of obesity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Eating/physiology
- Energy Metabolism/genetics
- Energy Metabolism/physiology
- Feeding Behavior/physiology
- Homeostasis/physiology
- Hypothalamus/metabolism
- Hypothalamus/physiology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neurons/metabolism
- Neurons/physiology
- Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus/metabolism
- Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus/physiology
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/genetics
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/metabolism
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/physiology
- Receptors, Calcitonin/genetics
- Receptors, Calcitonin/metabolism
- Receptors, Calcitonin/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian E Gonzalez
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Julliana Ramirez-Matias
- College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Chunxia Lu
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Warren Pan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Allen Zhu
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Martin G Myers
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - David P Olson
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Correspondence: David P. Olson, MD PhD, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Michigan Medicine, D1205 MPB / SPC 5718, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Jiang Y, Travagli RA. Hypothalamic-vagal oxytocinergic neurocircuitry modulates gastric emptying and motility following stress. J Physiol 2020; 598:4941-4955. [PMID: 32864736 PMCID: PMC8451654 DOI: 10.1113/jp280023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Stress triggers and exacerbates the symptoms of functional gastrointestinal disorders, such as delayed gastric emptying and impaired gastric motility. Understanding the mechanisms by which the neural circuits, impaired by stress, are restored may help to identify potential targets for more effective therapeutic interventions. Oxytocin administration or release ameliorates the stress-induced delayed gastric emptying and motility. However, is it unclear whether the effects are mediated via the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis or the oxytocinergic projections from the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus to brainstem neurones of the dorsal vagal complex. We used Cre-inducible designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs to demonstrate the fundamental role of the oxytocinergic hypothalamic-vagal projections in the gastric adaptation to stress. ABSTRACT Stress triggers and exacerbates the symptoms of functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorders, such as delayed gastric emptying and impaired gastric motility. The prototypical anti-stress hormone, oxytocin (OXT), plays a major role in the modulation of gastric emptying and motility following stress. It is not clear, however, whether the amelioration of dysregulated GI functions by OXT is mediated via an effect on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis or the oxytocinergic projections from the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) to neurones of the dorsal vagal complex (DVC). In the present study we tested the hypothesis that the activity of hypothalamic-vagal oxytocinergic neurocircuits plays a major role in the gastric adaptation to stress. Cre-inducible designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) were injected into the DVC of rats and retrogradely transported to allow selective expression in OXT neurones in the PVN. Following acute stress and either chronic heterotypic (CHe) or chronic homotypic (CHo) stress, gastric emptying was assessed via the [13 C]-octanoic acid breath test, and gastric tone and motility were assessed via strain gauges sewn on the surface of the stomach. Activation of the hypothalamic-vagal oxytocinergic neurocircuitry, by DREADD agonist clozapine-N-oxide (CNO), prevented the delayed gastric emptying observed following acute or CHe stress, and 4th ventricular administration of CNO increased gastric tone and motility. Conversely, CNO-mediated inhibition of the hypothalamic-vagal oxytocinergic neurocircuitry prevented the CHo-induced adaptation in gastric emptying, and an increase in gastric tone and motility. Taken together, the data support the hypothesis that hypothalamic-vagal oxytocinergic neurocircuits play a major role in the modulation of gastric emptying and motility following stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Jiang
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - R Alberto Travagli
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
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Mitsumoto K, Suga H, Sakakibara M, Soen M, Yamada T, Ozaki H, Nagai T, Kano M, Kasai T, Ozone C, Ogawa K, Sugiyama M, Onoue T, Tsunekawa T, Takagi H, Hagiwara D, Ito Y, Iwama S, Goto M, Banno R, Arima H. Improved methods for the differentiation of hypothalamic vasopressin neurons using mouse induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Res 2019; 40:101572. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2019.101572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Mukerjee S, Gao H, Xu J, Sato R, Zsombok A, Lazartigues E. ACE2 and ADAM17 Interaction Regulates the Activity of Presympathetic Neurons. Hypertension 2019; 74:1181-1191. [PMID: 31564162 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.13133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Brain renin angiotensin system within the paraventricular nucleus plays a critical role in balancing excitatory and inhibitory inputs to modulate sympathetic output and blood pressure regulation. We previously identified ACE2 and ADAM17 as a compensatory enzyme and a sheddase, respectively, involved in brain renin angiotensin system regulation. Here, we investigated the opposing contribution of ACE2 and ADAM17 to hypothalamic presympathetic activity and ultimately neurogenic hypertension. New mouse models were generated where ACE2 and ADAM17 were selectively knocked down from all neurons (AC-N) or Sim1 neurons (SAT), respectively. Neuronal ACE2 deletion revealed a reduction of inhibitory inputs to AC-N presympathetic neurons relevant to blood pressure regulation. Primary neuron cultures confirmed ACE2 expression on GABAergic neurons synapsing onto excitatory neurons within the hypothalamus but not on glutamatergic neurons. ADAM17 expression was shown to colocalize with angiotensin-II type 1 receptors on Sim1 neurons, and the pressor relevance of this neuronal population was demonstrated by photoactivation. Selective knockdown of ADAM17 was associated with a reduction of FosB gene expression, increased vagal tone, and prevented the acute pressor response to centrally administered angiotensin-II. Chronically, SAT mice exhibited a blunted blood pressure elevation and preserved ACE2 activity during development of salt-sensitive hypertension. Bicuculline injection in those models confirmed the supporting role of ACE2 on GABAergic tone to the paraventricular nucleus. Together, our study demonstrates the contrasting impact of ACE2 and ADAM17 on neuronal excitability of presympathetic neurons within the paraventricular nucleus and the consequences of this mutual regulation in the context of neurogenic hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snigdha Mukerjee
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (S.M., J.X., E.L.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans.,Cardiovascular Center of Excellence (S.M., J.X., E.L.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans.,Neuroscience Center of Excellence (S.M., J.X., E.L.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans
| | - Hong Gao
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine (H.G., R.S., A.Z.), Tulane University, New Orleans.,Brain Institute (H.G., A.Z.), Tulane University, New Orleans
| | - Jiaxi Xu
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (S.M., J.X., E.L.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans.,Cardiovascular Center of Excellence (S.M., J.X., E.L.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans.,Neuroscience Center of Excellence (S.M., J.X., E.L.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans.,SouthEast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans (J.X., E.L.)
| | - Ryosuke Sato
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine (H.G., R.S., A.Z.), Tulane University, New Orleans
| | - Andrea Zsombok
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine (H.G., R.S., A.Z.), Tulane University, New Orleans.,Brain Institute (H.G., A.Z.), Tulane University, New Orleans
| | - Eric Lazartigues
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (S.M., J.X., E.L.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans.,Cardiovascular Center of Excellence (S.M., J.X., E.L.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans.,Neuroscience Center of Excellence (S.M., J.X., E.L.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans.,SouthEast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans (J.X., E.L.)
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Role of Paraventricular Nucleus in Regulation of Feeding Behaviour and the Design of Intranuclear Neuronal Pathway Communications. Int J Pept Res Ther 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-019-09928-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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11
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Next-Generation Tools to Study Autonomic Regulation In Vivo. Neurosci Bull 2018; 35:113-123. [PMID: 30560436 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-018-0319-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent development of tools to decipher the intricacies of neural networks has improved our understanding of brain function. Optogenetics allows one to assess the direct outcome of activating a genetically-distinct population of neurons. Neurons are tagged with light-sensitive channels followed by photo-activation with an appropriate wavelength of light to functionally activate or silence them, resulting in quantifiable changes in the periphery. Capturing and manipulating activated neuron ensembles, is a recently-designed technique to permanently label activated neurons responsible for a physiological function and manipulate them. On the other hand, neurons can be transfected with genetically-encoded Ca2+ indicators to capture the interplay between them that modulates autonomic end-points or somatic behavior. These techniques work with millisecond temporal precision. In addition, neurons can be manipulated chronically to simulate physiological aberrations by transfecting designer G-protein-coupled receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs. In this review, we elaborate on the fundamental concepts and applications of these techniques in research.
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12
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Nagpal J, Herget U, Choi MK, Ryu S. Anatomy, development, and plasticity of the neurosecretory hypothalamus in zebrafish. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 375:5-22. [PMID: 30109407 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2900-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus harbors diverse neurosecretory cells with critical physiological roles for the homeostasis. Decades of research in rodents have provided a large amount of information on the anatomy, development, and function of this important hypothalamic nucleus. However, since the hypothalamus lies deep within the brain in mammals and is difficult to access, many questions regarding development and plasticity of this nucleus still remain. In particular, how different environmental conditions, including stress exposure, shape the development of this important nucleus has been difficult to address in animals that develop in utero. To address these open questions, the transparent larval zebrafish with its rapid external development and excellent genetic toolbox offers exciting opportunities. In this review, we summarize recent information on the anatomy and development of the neurosecretory preoptic area (NPO), which represents a similar structure to the mammalian PVN in zebrafish. We will then review recent studies on the development of different cell types in the neurosecretory hypothalamus both in mouse and in fish. Lastly, we discuss stress-induced plasticity of the PVN mainly discussing the data obtained in rodents, but pointing out tools and approaches available in zebrafish for future studies. This review serves as a primer for the currently available information relevant for studying the development and plasticity of this important brain region using zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatin Nagpal
- German Resilience Center, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulrich Herget
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd. Mail Code 156-29, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Min K Choi
- German Resilience Center, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Soojin Ryu
- German Resilience Center, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
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13
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Hovey D, Henningsson S, Cortes DS, Bänziger T, Zettergren A, Melke J, Fischer H, Laukka P, Westberg L. Emotion recognition associated with polymorphism in oxytocinergic pathway gene ARNT2. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2018; 13:173-181. [PMID: 29194499 PMCID: PMC5827350 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsx141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to correctly understand the emotional expression of another person is essential for social relationships and appears to be a partly inherited trait. The neuropeptides oxytocin and vasopressin have been shown to influence this ability as well as face processing in humans. Here, recognition of the emotional content of faces and voices, separately and combined, was investigated in 492 subjects, genotyped for 25 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in eight genes encoding proteins important for oxytocin and vasopressin neurotransmission. The SNP rs4778599 in the gene encoding aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator 2 (ARNT2), a transcription factor that participates in the development of hypothalamic oxytocin and vasopressin neurons, showed an association that survived correction for multiple testing with emotion recognition of audio-visual stimuli in women (n = 309). This study demonstrates evidence for an association that further expands previous findings of oxytocin and vasopressin involvement in emotion recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hovey
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Susanne Henningsson
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Diana S Cortes
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tanja Bänziger
- Department of Psychology, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Anna Zettergren
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jonas Melke
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Håkan Fischer
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Petri Laukka
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Westberg
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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14
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Moir L, Bochukova EG, Dumbell R, Banks G, Bains RS, Nolan PM, Scudamore C, Simon M, Watson KA, Keogh J, Henning E, Hendricks A, O'Rahilly S, Barroso I, Sullivan AE, Bersten DC, Whitelaw ML, Kirsch S, Bentley E, Farooqi IS, Cox RD. Disruption of the homeodomain transcription factor orthopedia homeobox (Otp) is associated with obesity and anxiety. Mol Metab 2017; 6:1419-1428. [PMID: 29107289 PMCID: PMC5681237 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Genetic studies in obese rodents and humans can provide novel insights into the mechanisms involved in energy homeostasis. Methods In this study, we genetically mapped the chromosomal region underlying the development of severe obesity in a mouse line identified as part of a dominant N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis screen. We characterized the metabolic and behavioral phenotype of obese mutant mice and examined changes in hypothalamic gene expression. In humans, we examined genetic data from people with severe early onset obesity. Results We identified an obese mouse heterozygous for a missense mutation (pR108W) in orthopedia homeobox (Otp), a homeodomain containing transcription factor required for the development of neuroendocrine cell lineages in the hypothalamus, a region of the brain important in the regulation of energy homeostasis. OtpR108W/+ mice exhibit increased food intake, weight gain, and anxiety when in novel environments or singly housed, phenotypes that may be partially explained by reduced hypothalamic expression of oxytocin and arginine vasopressin. R108W affects the highly conserved homeodomain, impairs DNA binding, and alters transcriptional activity in cells. We sequenced OTP in 2548 people with severe early-onset obesity and found a rare heterozygous loss of function variant in the homeodomain (Q153R) in a patient who also had features of attention deficit disorder. Conclusions OTP is involved in mammalian energy homeostasis and behavior and appears to be necessary for the development of hypothalamic neural circuits. Further studies will be needed to investigate the contribution of rare variants in OTP to human energy homeostasis. A mouse Otp mutation alters hypothalamic neuropeptide expression leading to increased food intake, obesity and anxiety. In severe early onset obesity, we found a heterozygous LOF variant in a patient with attention deficit disorder features. These studies show for the first time that mutations in the Otp/OTP gene cause obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Moir
- MRC Harwell Institute, Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Elena G Bochukova
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Rebecca Dumbell
- MRC Harwell Institute, Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Gareth Banks
- MRC Harwell Institute, Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Rasneer S Bains
- MRC Harwell Institute, Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Patrick M Nolan
- MRC Harwell Institute, Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Cheryl Scudamore
- MRC Harwell Institute, Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Michelle Simon
- MRC Harwell Institute, Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Kimberly A Watson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, UK
| | - Julia Keogh
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Elana Henning
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Audrey Hendricks
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK; Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Colorado-Denver, Denver, CO 80204, USA
| | - Stephen O'Rahilly
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | | | - Adrienne E Sullivan
- Department Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - David C Bersten
- Department Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Murray L Whitelaw
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Department Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Susan Kirsch
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Bentley
- MRC Harwell Institute, Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - I Sadaf Farooqi
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Roger D Cox
- MRC Harwell Institute, Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK.
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15
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Small 6q16.1 Deletions Encompassing POU3F2 Cause Susceptibility to Obesity and Variable Developmental Delay with Intellectual Disability. Am J Hum Genet 2016; 98:363-72. [PMID: 26833329 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic studies of intellectual disability and identification of monogenic causes of obesity in humans have made immense contribution toward the understanding of the brain and control of body mass. The leptin > melanocortin > SIM1 pathway is dysregulated in multiple monogenic human obesity syndromes but its downstream targets are still unknown. In ten individuals from six families, with overlapping 6q16.1 deletions, we describe a disorder of variable developmental delay, intellectual disability, and susceptibility to obesity and hyperphagia. The 6q16.1 deletions segregated with the phenotype in multiplex families and were shown to be de novo in four families, and there was dramatic phenotypic overlap among affected individuals who were independently ascertained without bias from clinical features. Analysis of the deletions revealed a ∼350 kb critical region on chromosome 6q16.1 that encompasses a gene for proneuronal transcription factor POU3F2, which is important for hypothalamic development and function. Using morpholino and mutant zebrafish models, we show that POU3F2 lies downstream of SIM1 and controls oxytocin expression in the hypothalamic neuroendocrine preoptic area. We show that this finding is consistent with the expression patterns of POU3F2 and related genes in the human brain. Our work helps to further delineate the neuro-endocrine control of energy balance/body mass and demonstrates that this molecular pathway is conserved across multiple species.
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16
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Elson AE, Simerly RB. Developmental specification of metabolic circuitry. Front Neuroendocrinol 2015; 39:38-51. [PMID: 26407637 PMCID: PMC4681622 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The hypothalamus contains a core circuitry that communicates with the brainstem and spinal cord to regulate energy balance. Because metabolic phenotype is influenced by environmental variables during perinatal development, it is important to understand how these neural pathways form in order to identify key signaling pathways that are responsible for metabolic programming. Recent progress in defining gene expression events that direct early patterning and cellular specification of the hypothalamus, as well as advances in our understanding of hormonal control of central neuroendocrine pathways, suggest several key regulatory nodes that may represent targets for metabolic programming of brain structure and function. This review focuses on components of central circuitry known to regulate various aspects of energy balance and summarizes what is known about their developmental neurobiology within the context of metabolic programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda E Elson
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Richard B Simerly
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.
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17
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Solomon MB, Loftspring M, de Kloet AD, Ghosal S, Jankord R, Flak JN, Wulsin AC, Krause EG, Zhang R, Rice T, McKlveen J, Myers B, Tasker JG, Herman JP. Neuroendocrine Function After Hypothalamic Depletion of Glucocorticoid Receptors in Male and Female Mice. Endocrinology 2015; 156:2843-53. [PMID: 26046806 PMCID: PMC4511133 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids act rapidly at the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) to inhibit stress-excitatory neurons and limit excessive glucocorticoid secretion. The signaling mechanism underlying rapid feedback inhibition remains to be determined. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that the canonical glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) is required for appropriate hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis regulation. Local PVN GR knockdown (KD) was achieved by breeding homozygous floxed GR mice with Sim1-cre recombinase transgenic mice. This genetic approach created mice with a KD of GR primarily confined to hypothalamic cell groups, including the PVN, sparing GR expression in other HPA axis limbic regulatory regions, and the pituitary. There were no differences in circadian nadir and peak corticosterone concentrations between male PVN GR KD mice and male littermate controls. However, reduction of PVN GR increased ACTH and corticosterone responses to acute, but not chronic stress, indicating that PVN GR is critical for limiting neuroendocrine responses to acute stress in males. Loss of PVN GR induced an opposite neuroendocrine phenotype in females, characterized by increased circadian nadir corticosterone levels and suppressed ACTH responses to acute restraint stress, without a concomitant change in corticosterone responses under acute or chronic stress conditions. PVN GR deletion had no effect on depression-like behavior in either sex in the forced swim test. Overall, these findings reveal pronounced sex differences in the PVN GR dependence of acute stress feedback regulation of HPA axis function. In addition, these data further indicate that glucocorticoid control of HPA axis responses after chronic stress operates via a PVN-independent mechanism.
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18
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Characterization of human variants in obesity-related SIM1 protein identifies a hot-spot for dimerization with the partner protein ARNT2. Biochem J 2014; 461:403-12. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20131618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Several non-synonymous variants found in obese patients disrupt function of the transcription factor SIM1 (single-minded 1) by impairing binding to an essential partner protein. The clustering of these variants reveals a mutational hot-spot critical for function of SIM1 and the related protein SIM2.
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19
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Tolson KP, Gemelli T, Meyer D, Yazdani U, Kozlitina J, Zinn AR. Inducible neuronal inactivation of Sim1 in adult mice causes hyperphagic obesity. Endocrinology 2014; 155:2436-44. [PMID: 24773343 PMCID: PMC4060186 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-2125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Germline haploinsufficiency of human or mouse Sim1 is associated with hyperphagic obesity. Sim1 encodes a transcription factor required for proper formation of the paraventricular (PVN), supraoptic, and anterior periventricular hypothalamic nuclei. Sim1 expression persists in these neurons in adult mice, raising the question of whether it plays a physiologic role in regulation of energy balance. We previously showed that Sim1 heterozygous mice had normal numbers of PVN neurons that were hyporesponsive to melanocortin 4 receptor agonism and showed reduced oxytocin expression. Furthermore, conditional postnatal neuronal inactivation of Sim1 also caused hyperphagic obesity and decreased hypothalamic oxytocin expression. PVN projections to the hindbrain, where oxytocin is thought to act to modulate satiety, were anatomically intact in both Sim1 heterozygous and conditional knockout mice. These experiments provided evidence that Sim1 functions in energy balance apart from its role in hypothalamic development but did not rule out effects of Sim1 deficiency on postnatal hypothalamic maturation. To address this possibility, we used a tamoxifen-inducible, neural-specific Cre transgene to conditionally inactivate Sim1 in adult mice with mature hypothalamic circuitry. Induced Sim1 inactivation caused increased food and water intake and decreased expression of PVN neuropeptides, especially oxytocin and vasopressin, with no change in energy expenditure. Sim1 expression was not required for survival of PVN neurons. The results corroborate previous evidence that Sim1 acts physiologically as well as developmentally to regulate body weight. Inducible knockout mice provide a system for studying Sim1's physiologic function in energy balance and identifying its relevant transcriptional targets in the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen P Tolson
- McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development (K.P.T., T.G., D.M., U.Y., J.K., A.R.Z.) and Department of Internal Medicine (A.R.Z.), The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-8591
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20
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Hovey D, Zettergren A, Jonsson L, Melke J, Anckarsäter H, Lichtenstein P, Westberg L. Associations between oxytocin-related genes and autistic-like traits. Soc Neurosci 2014; 9:378-86. [PMID: 24635660 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2014.897995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxytocin has repeatedly been shown to influence human behavior in social contexts; also, a relationship between oxytocin and the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been suggested. In the present study, we investigated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the oxytocin gene (OXT) and the genes for single-minded 1 (SIM1), aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator 2 (ARNT2) and cluster of differentiation 38 (CD38) in a population of 1771 children from the Child and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden (CATSS). Statistical analyses were performed to investigate any association between SNPs and autistic-like traits (ALTs), measured through ASD scores in the Autism-Tics, ADHD and other Co-morbidities inventory. Firstly, we found a statistically significant association between the SIM1 SNP rs3734354 (Pro352Thr) and scores for language impairment (p = .0004), but due to low statistical power this should be interpreted cautiously. Furthermore, nominal associations were found between ASD scores and SNPs in OXT, ARNT2 and CD38. In summary, the present study lends support to the hypothesis that oxytocin and oxytocin neuron development may have an influence on the development of ALTs and suggests a new candidate gene in the search for the pathophysiology of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hovey
- a Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy , University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
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21
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Sousa-Ferreira L, de Almeida LP, Cavadas C. Role of hypothalamic neurogenesis in feeding regulation. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2014; 25:80-8. [PMID: 24231724 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The recently described generation of new neurons in the adult hypothalamus, the center for energy regulation, suggests that hypothalamic neurogenesis is a crucial part of the mechanisms that regulate food intake. Accordingly, neurogenesis in both the adult and embryonic hypothalamus is affected by nutritional cues and metabolic disorders such as obesity, with consequent effects on energy-balance. This review critically discusses recent findings on the contribution of adult hypothalamic neurogenesis to feeding regulation, the impact of energy-balance disorders on adult hypothalamic neurogenesis, and the influence of embryonic hypothalamic neurogenesis upon feeding regulation in the adult. Understanding how hypothalamic neurogenesis contributes to food intake control will change the paradigm on how we perceive energy-balance regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lígia Sousa-Ferreira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luís Pereira de Almeida
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Cavadas
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
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22
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Pei H, Sutton AK, Burnett KH, Fuller PM, Olson DP. AVP neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus regulate feeding. Mol Metab 2014; 3:209-15. [PMID: 24634830 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanocortins and their receptors are critical components of energy homeostasis and the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) is an important site of melanocortin action. Although best known for its role in osmoregulation, arginine vasopressin (AVP) has been implicated in feeding and is robustly expressed in the PVH. Since the anorectic melanocortin agonist MTII activates PVH-AVP neurons, we hypothesized that PVH-AVP neurons contribute to PVH-mediated anorexia. To test this, we used an AVP-specific Cre-driver mouse in combination with viral vectors to acutely manipulate PVH-AVP neuron function. Using designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) to control PVH-AVP neuron activity, we show that activation of PVH-AVP neurons acutely inhibits food intake, whereas their inhibition partially reverses melanocortin-induced anorexia. We further show that MTII fails to fully suppress feeding in mice with virally-induced PVH-AVP neuron ablation. Thus PVH-AVP neurons contribute to feeding behaviors, including the acute anorectic response to MTII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjuan Pei
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Amy K Sutton
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Korri H Burnett
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Patrick M Fuller
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David P Olson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Abstract
During critical periods of development early in life, excessive or scarce nutritional environments can disrupt the development of central feeding and metabolic neural circuitry, leading to obesity and metabolic disorders in adulthood. A better understanding of the genetic networks that control the development of feeding and metabolic neural circuits, along with knowledge of how and where dietary signals disrupt this process, can serve as the basis for future therapies aimed at reversing the public health crisis that is now building as a result of the global obesity epidemic. This review of animal and human studies highlights recent insights into the molecular mechanisms that regulate the development of central feeding circuitries, the mechanisms by which gestational and early postnatal nutritional status affects this process, and approaches aimed at counteracting the deleterious effects of early over- and underfeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Lee
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
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24
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Izumi K, Housam R, Kapadia C, Stallings VA, Medne L, Shaikh TH, Kublaoui BM, Zackai EH, Grimberg A. Endocrine phenotype of 6q16.1-q21 deletion involving SIM1
and Prader-Willi syndrome-like features. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:3137-43. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Izumi
- Division of Human Genetics; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Ryan Housam
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Chirag Kapadia
- Division of Endocrinology; Phoenix Children's Hospital; Phoenix Arizona
| | - Virginia A. Stallings
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Livija Medne
- Division of Neurology; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Tamim H. Shaikh
- Department of Pediatrics; University of Colorado School of Medicine; Aurora Colorado
| | - Bassil M. Kublaoui
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Elaine H. Zackai
- Division of Human Genetics; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Adda Grimberg
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
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25
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Ramachandrappa S, Raimondo A, Cali AM, Keogh JM, Henning E, Saeed S, Thompson A, Garg S, Bochukova EG, Brage S, Trowse V, Wheeler E, Sullivan AE, Dattani M, Clayton PE, Datta V, Bruning JB, Wareham NJ, O’Rahilly S, Peet DJ, Barroso I, Whitelaw ML, Farooqi IS, Farooqi IS. Rare variants in single-minded 1 (SIM1) are associated with severe obesity. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:3042-50. [PMID: 23778139 PMCID: PMC3696558 DOI: 10.1172/jci68016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-minded 1 (SIM1) is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor involved in the development and function of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Obesity has been reported in Sim1 haploinsufficient mice and in a patient with a balanced translocation disrupting SIM1. We sequenced the coding region of SIM1 in 2,100 patients with severe, early onset obesity and in 1,680 controls. Thirteen different heterozygous variants in SIM1 were identified in 28 unrelated severely obese patients. Nine of the 13 variants significantly reduced the ability of SIM1 to activate a SIM1-responsive reporter gene when studied in stably transfected cells coexpressing the heterodimeric partners of SIM1 (ARNT or ARNT2). SIM1 variants with reduced activity cosegregated with obesity in extended family studies with variable penetrance. We studied the phenotype of patients carrying variants that exhibited reduced activity in vitro. Variant carriers exhibited increased ad libitum food intake at a test meal, normal basal metabolic rate, and evidence of autonomic dysfunction. Eleven of the 13 probands had evidence of a neurobehavioral phenotype. The phenotypic similarities between patients with SIM1 deficiency and melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) deficiency suggest that some of the effects of SIM1 deficiency on energy homeostasis are mediated by altered melanocortin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shwetha Ramachandrappa
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science and Australian Research Council Special Research Centre for the Molecular Genetics of Development, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Raimondo
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science and Australian Research Council Special Research Centre for the Molecular Genetics of Development, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Anna M.G. Cali
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science and Australian Research Council Special Research Centre for the Molecular Genetics of Development, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Julia M. Keogh
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science and Australian Research Council Special Research Centre for the Molecular Genetics of Development, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Elana Henning
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science and Australian Research Council Special Research Centre for the Molecular Genetics of Development, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Sadia Saeed
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science and Australian Research Council Special Research Centre for the Molecular Genetics of Development, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda Thompson
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science and Australian Research Council Special Research Centre for the Molecular Genetics of Development, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Sumedha Garg
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science and Australian Research Council Special Research Centre for the Molecular Genetics of Development, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Elena G. Bochukova
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science and Australian Research Council Special Research Centre for the Molecular Genetics of Development, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Soren Brage
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science and Australian Research Council Special Research Centre for the Molecular Genetics of Development, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Trowse
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science and Australian Research Council Special Research Centre for the Molecular Genetics of Development, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor Wheeler
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science and Australian Research Council Special Research Centre for the Molecular Genetics of Development, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Adrienne E. Sullivan
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science and Australian Research Council Special Research Centre for the Molecular Genetics of Development, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Mehul Dattani
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science and Australian Research Council Special Research Centre for the Molecular Genetics of Development, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Peter E. Clayton
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science and Australian Research Council Special Research Centre for the Molecular Genetics of Development, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Vippan Datta
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science and Australian Research Council Special Research Centre for the Molecular Genetics of Development, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - John B. Bruning
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science and Australian Research Council Special Research Centre for the Molecular Genetics of Development, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Nick J. Wareham
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science and Australian Research Council Special Research Centre for the Molecular Genetics of Development, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen O’Rahilly
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science and Australian Research Council Special Research Centre for the Molecular Genetics of Development, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J. Peet
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science and Australian Research Council Special Research Centre for the Molecular Genetics of Development, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Ines Barroso
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science and Australian Research Council Special Research Centre for the Molecular Genetics of Development, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Murray L. Whitelaw
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science and Australian Research Council Special Research Centre for the Molecular Genetics of Development, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - I. Sadaf Farooqi
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science and Australian Research Council Special Research Centre for the Molecular Genetics of Development, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, United Kingdom
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26
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Morales-Delgado N, Castro-Robles B, Ferrán JL, Martinez-de-la-Torre M, Puelles L, Díaz C. Regionalized differentiation of CRH, TRH, and GHRH peptidergic neurons in the mouse hypothalamus. Brain Struct Funct 2013; 219:1083-111. [PMID: 24337236 PMCID: PMC4013449 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-013-0554-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
According to the updated prosomeric model, the hypothalamus is subdivided rostrocaudally into terminal and peduncular parts, and dorsoventrally into alar, basal, and floor longitudinal zones. In this context, we examined the ontogeny of peptidergic cell populations expressing Crh, Trh, and Ghrh mRNAs in the mouse hypothalamus, comparing their distribution relative to the major progenitor domains characterized by molecular markers such as Otp, Sim1, Dlx5, Arx, Gsh1, and Nkx2.1. All three neuronal types originate mainly in the peduncular paraventricular domain and less importantly at the terminal paraventricular domain; both are characteristic alar Otp/Sim1-positive areas. Trh and Ghrh cells appeared specifically at the ventral subdomain of the cited areas after E10.5. Additional Ghrh cells emerged separately at the tuberal arcuate area, characterized by Nkx2.1 expression. Crh-positive cells emerged instead in the central part of the peduncular paraventricular domain at E13.5 and remained there. In contrast, as development progresses (E13.5-E18.5) many alar Ghrh and Trh cells translocate into the alar subparaventricular area, and often also into underlying basal neighborhoods expressing Nkx2.1 and/or Dlx5, such as the tuberal and retrotuberal areas, becoming partly or totally depleted at the original birth sites. Our data correlate a topologic map of molecularly defined hypothalamic progenitor areas with three types of specific neurons, each with restricted spatial origins and differential migratory behavior during prenatal hypothalamic development. The study may be useful for detailed causal analysis of the respective differential specification mechanisms. The postulated migrations also contribute to our understanding of adult hypothalamic complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicanor Morales-Delgado
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Regional Centre for Biomedical Research and Institute for Research in Neurological Disabilities, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Calle Almansa, 14, 02006, Albacete, Spain
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27
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Chiappini F, Ramadoss P, Vella KR, Cunha LL, Ye FD, Stuart RC, Nillni EA, Hollenberg AN. Family members CREB and CREM control thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) expression in the hypothalamus. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 365:84-94. [PMID: 23000398 PMCID: PMC3572472 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus is regulated by thyroid hormone (TH). cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) has also been postulated to regulate TRH expression but its interaction with TH signaling in vivo is not known. To evaluate the role of CREB in TRH regulation in vivo, we deleted CREB from PVN neurons to generate the CREB1(ΔSIM1) mouse. As previously shown, loss of CREB was compensated for by an up-regulation of CREM in euthyroid CREB1(ΔSIM1) mice but TSH, T₄ and T₃ levels were normal, even though TRH mRNA levels were elevated. Interestingly, TRH mRNA expression was also increased in the PVN of CREB1(ΔSIM1) mice in the hypothyroid state but became normal when made hyperthyroid. Importantly, CREM levels were similar in CREB1(ΔSIM1) mice regardless of thyroid status, demonstrating that the regulation of TRH by T₃ in vivo likely occurs independently of the CREB/CREM family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Chiappini
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism. Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School. Center of Life Science, Boston, MA, 02115. ; ; ; ; ;
- Address correspondence and reprint request to: Dr. Franck Chiappini or Dr. Anthony Hollenberg, MD, 330 Brookline Avenue, E/CLS 0728, MA, 02215. Tel: 617-735-3268. Fax: 617-735-3323; ,
| | - Preeti Ramadoss
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism. Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School. Center of Life Science, Boston, MA, 02115. ; ; ; ; ;
| | - Kristen R. Vella
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism. Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School. Center of Life Science, Boston, MA, 02115. ; ; ; ; ;
| | - Lucas L. Cunha
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism. Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School. Center of Life Science, Boston, MA, 02115. ; ; ; ; ;
| | - Felix D. Ye
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism. Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School. Center of Life Science, Boston, MA, 02115. ; ; ; ; ;
| | - Ronald C. Stuart
- Division of Endocrinology, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903. ;
| | - Eduardo A. Nillni
- Division of Endocrinology, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903. ;
| | - Anthony N. Hollenberg
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism. Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School. Center of Life Science, Boston, MA, 02115. ; ; ; ; ;
- Address correspondence and reprint request to: Dr. Franck Chiappini or Dr. Anthony Hollenberg, MD, 330 Brookline Avenue, E/CLS 0728, MA, 02215. Tel: 617-735-3268. Fax: 617-735-3323; ,
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28
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Piñol RA, Bateman R, Mendelowitz D. Optogenetic approaches to characterize the long-range synaptic pathways from the hypothalamus to brain stem autonomic nuclei. J Neurosci Methods 2012; 210:238-46. [PMID: 22890236 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2012.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in optogenetic methods demonstrate the feasibility of selective photoactivation at the soma of neurons that express channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2), but a comprehensive evaluation of different methods to selectively evoke transmitter release from distant synapses using optogenetic approaches is needed. Here we compared different lentiviral vectors, with sub-population-specific and strong promoters, and transgenic methods to express and photostimulate ChR2 in the long-range projections of paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) neurons to brain stem cardiac vagal neurons (CVNs). Using PVN subpopulation-specific promoters for vasopressin and oxytocin, we were able to depolarize the soma of these neurons upon photostimulation, but these promoters were not strong enough to drive sufficient expression for optogenetic stimulation and synaptic release from the distal axons. However, utilizing the synapsin promoter photostimulation of distal PVN axons successfully evoked glutamatergic excitatory post-synaptic currents in CVNs. Employing the Cre/loxP system, using the Sim-1 Cre-driver mouse line, we found that the Rosa-CAG-LSL-ChR2-EYFP Cre-responder mice expressed higher levels of ChR2 than the Rosa-CAG-LSL-ChR2-tdTomato line in the PVN, judged by photo-evoked currents at the soma. However, neither was able to drive sufficient expression to observe and photostimulate the long-range projections to brainstem autonomic regions. We conclude that a viral vector approach with a strong promoter is required for successful optogenetic stimulation of distal axons to evoke transmitter release in pre-autonomic PVN neurons. This approach can be very useful to study important hypothalamus-brainstem connections, and can be easily modified to selectively activate other long-range projections within the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón A Piñol
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University, 2300 Eye Street NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
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29
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Cunningham KA, Hua Z, Srinivasan S, Liu J, Lee BH, Edwards RH, Ashrafi K. AMP-activated kinase links serotonergic signaling to glutamate release for regulation of feeding behavior in C. elegans. Cell Metab 2012; 16:113-21. [PMID: 22768843 PMCID: PMC3413480 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2012.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Revised: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Serotonergic regulation of feeding behavior has been studied intensively, both for an understanding of the basic neurocircuitry of energy balance in various organisms and as a therapeutic target for human obesity. However, its underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we show that neural serotonin signaling in C. elegans modulates feeding behavior through inhibition of AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) in interneurons expressing the C. elegans counterpart of human SIM1, a transcription factor associated with obesity. In turn, glutamatergic signaling links these interneurons to pharyngeal neurons implicated in feeding behavior. We show that AMPK-mediated regulation of glutamatergic release is conserved in rat hippocampal neurons. These findings reveal cellular and molecular mediators of serotonergic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A. Cunningham
- Department of Physiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute and the UCSF Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Zhaolin Hua
- Departments of Physiology and Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Supriya Srinivasan
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jason Liu
- Department of Physiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute and the UCSF Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Brian H. Lee
- Department of Physiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute and the UCSF Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Robert H. Edwards
- Departments of Physiology and Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kaveh Ashrafi
- Department of Physiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute and the UCSF Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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30
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Abstract
Fundamental aspects of mammalian brain evolution occurred in the context of viviparity and placentation brought about by the epigenetic regulation of imprinted genes. Since the fetal placenta hormonally primes the maternal brain, two genomes in one individual are transgenerationally co-adapted to ensure maternal care and nurturing. Advanced aspects of neocortical brain evolution has shown very few genetic changes between monkeys and humans. Although these lineages diverged at approximately the same time as the rat and mouse (20 million years ago), synonymous sequence divergence between the rat and mouse is double that when comparing monkey with human sequences. Paradoxically, encephalization of rat and mouse are remarkably similar, while comparison of the human and monkey shows the human cortex to be three times the size of the monkey. This suggests an element of genetic stability between the brains of monkey and man with a greater emphasis on epigenetics providing adaptable variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric B Keverne
- Sub-Department of Animal Behavior, University of Cambridge, Madingley, Cambridge CB23 8AA, UK.
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Dubreucq S, Kambire S, Conforzi M, Metna-Laurent M, Cannich A, Soria-Gomez E, Richard E, Marsicano G, Chaouloff F. Cannabinoid type 1 receptors located on single-minded 1-expressing neurons control emotional behaviors. Neuroscience 2011; 204:230-44. [PMID: 21920410 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This study has investigated the role of hypothalamic and amygdalar type-1 cannabinoid (CB1) receptors in the emotional and neuroendocrine responses to stress. To do so, we used the Cre/loxP system to generate conditional mutant mice lacking the CB1 gene in neurons expressing the transcription factor single-minded 1 (Sim1). This choice was dictated by former evidence for Sim1-Cre transgenic mice bearing Cre activity in all areas expressing Sim1, which chiefly includes the hypothalamus (especially the paraventricular nucleus, the supraoptic nucleus, and the posterior hypothalamus) and the mediobasal amygdala. Genomic DNA analyses in Sim1-CB1(-/-) mice indicated that the CB1 allele was excised from the hypothalamus and the amygdala, but not from the cortex, the striatum, the thalamus, the nucleus accumbens, the brainstem, the hippocampus, the pituitary gland, and the spinal cord. Double-fluorescent in situ hybridization experiments further indicated that Sim1-CB1(-/-) mice displayed a weaker CB1 receptor mRNA expression in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and the mediobasal part of the amygdala, compared to wild-type animals. Individually housed Sim1-CB1(-/-) mice and their Sim1-CB1(+/+) littermates were exposed to anxiety and fear memory tests under basal conditions as well as after acute/repeated social stress. A principal component analysis of the behaviors of Sim1-CB1(-/-) and Sim1-CB1(+/+) mice in anxiety tests (open field, elevated plus-maze, and light/dark box) revealed that CB1 receptors from Sim1-expressing neurons exert tonic, albeit opposite, controls of locomotor and anxiety reactivity to novel environments. No difference between genotypes was observed during the recall of contextual fear conditioning or during active avoidance learning. Sim1-CB1(-/-), but not Sim1-CB1(+/+), mice proved sensitive to an acute social stress as this procedure reverted the increased ambulation in the center of the open field. The stimulatory influence of repeated social stress on body and adrenal weights, water intake, and sucrose preference was similar in the two genotypes. On the other hand, repeated social stress abolished the decrease in cued-fear conditioned expression that was observed in Sim1-CB1(-/-) mice, compared to Sim1-CB1(+/+) mice. This study suggests that CB1 receptors located on Sim1-expressing neurons exert a tonic control on locomotor reactivity, unconditioned anxiety, and cued-fear expression under basal conditions as well as after acute or repeated stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dubreucq
- NeuroCentre INSERM U862, 33077 Bordeaux, France
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Zhou X, Gomez-Smith M, Qin Z, Duquette PM, Cardenas-Blanco A, Rai PS, Harper ME, Tsai EC, Anisman H, Chen HH. Ablation of LMO4 in glutamatergic neurons impairs leptin control of fat metabolism. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 69:819-28. [PMID: 21874351 PMCID: PMC3276759 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0794-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The LIM domain only 4 (LMO4) protein is expressed in the hypothalamus, but its function there is not known. Using mice with LMO4 ablated in postnatal glutamatergic neurons, including most neurons of the paraventricular (PVN) and ventromedial (VMH) hypothalamic nuclei where LMO4 is expressed, we asked whether LMO4 is required for metabolic homeostasis. LMO4 mutant mice exhibited early onset adiposity. These mice had reduced energy expenditure and impaired thermogenesis together with reduced sympathetic outflow to adipose tissues. The peptide hormone leptin, produced from adipocytes, activates Jak/Stat3 signaling at the hypothalamus to control food intake, energy expenditure, and fat metabolism. Intracerebroventricular infusion of leptin suppressed feeding similarly in LMO4 mutant and control mice. However, leptin-induced fat loss was impaired and activation of Stat3 in the VMH was blunted in these mice. Thus, our study identifies LMO4 as a novel modulator of leptin function in selective hypothalamic nuclei to regulate fat metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Zhou
- Centre for Stroke Recovery, Neuroscience, Ottawa Health Research Institute, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
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Chiappini F, Cunha LL, Harris JC, Hollenberg AN. Lack of cAMP-response element-binding protein 1 in the hypothalamus causes obesity. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:8094-8105. [PMID: 21209091 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.178186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The melanocortin system in the hypothalamus controls food intake and energy expenditure. Its disruption causes severe obesity in mice and humans. cAMP-response element-binding protein 1 (CREB1) has been postulated to play an important role downstream of the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R), but this hypothesis has never been confirmed in vivo. To test this, we generated mice that lack CREB1 in SIM1-expressing neurons, of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), which are known to be MC4R-positive. Interestingly, CREB1(ΔSIM1) mice developed obesity as a result of decreased energy expenditure and impairment in maintaining their core body temperature and not because of hyperphagia, defining a new role for CREB1 in the PVN. In addition, the lack of CREB1 in the PVN caused a reduction in vasopressin expression but did not affect adrenal or thyroid function. Surprisingly, MC4R function tested pharmacologically was normal in CREB1(ΔSIM1) mice, suggesting that CREB1 is not required for intact MC4R signaling. Thus CREB1 may affect other pathways that are implicated in the regulation of body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Chiappini
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Lucas L Cunha
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Jamie C Harris
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Anthony N Hollenberg
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215.
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Sawchenko P. Gene dosage effects on hypothalamic visceromotor cell types (commentary on Duplan et al.). Eur J Neurosci 2010; 30:2237-8. [PMID: 20092566 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.07088.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Sawchenko
- Laboratory of Neuronal Structure and Function, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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