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Tay C, Grundy L. Animal models of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1232017. [PMID: 37731545 PMCID: PMC10507411 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1232017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome (IC/BPS) is a chronic disorder characterized by pelvic and/or bladder pain, along with lower urinary tract symptoms that have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life. The diverse range of symptoms and underlying causes in IC/BPS patients pose a significant challenge for effective disease management and the development of new and effective treatments. To facilitate the development of innovative therapies for IC/BPS, numerous preclinical animal models have been developed, each focusing on distinct pathophysiological components such as localized urothelial permeability or inflammation, psychological stress, autoimmunity, and central sensitization. However, since the precise etiopathophysiology of IC/BPS remains undefined, these animal models have primarily aimed to replicate the key clinical symptoms of bladder hypersensitivity and pain to enhance the translatability of potential therapeutics. Several animal models have now been characterized to mimic the major symptoms of IC/BPS, and significant progress has been made in refining these models to induce chronic symptomatology that more closely resembles the IC/BPS phenotype. Nevertheless, it's important to note that no single model can fully replicate all aspects of the human disease. When selecting an appropriate model for preclinical therapeutic evaluation, consideration must be given to the specific pathology believed to underlie the development of IC/BPS symptoms in a particular patient group, as well as the type and severity of the model, its duration, and the proposed intervention's mechanism of action. Therefore, it is likely that different models will continue to be necessary for preclinical drug development, depending on the unique etiology of IC/BPS being investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Tay
- Neurourology Research Group, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Luke Grundy
- Neurourology Research Group, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Ueda T, Homma Y, Yoshimura N. Suplatast tosilate in patients with interstitial cystitis: Efficacy and treatment possibilities, with suggestions for future assessments. Int J Urol 2019; 26 Suppl 1:4-11. [DOI: 10.1111/iju.13968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Ueda
- International Consultation on Interstitial Cystitis Japan Kyoto Japan
| | - Yukio Homma
- Japanese Red Cross Medical Center Tokyo Japan
| | - Naoki Yoshimura
- Department of Urology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
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Lee S, Namgoong JM, Yu HY, Jue M, Kim G, Jeon S, Shin DM, Choo MS, Joo J, Pack CG, Kim JK. Diagnosis in a Preclinical Model of Bladder Pain Syndrome Using a Au/ZnO Nanorod-based SERS Substrate. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9020224. [PMID: 30736472 PMCID: PMC6409757 DOI: 10.3390/nano9020224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the feasibility of ZnO nanorod-based surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) diagnostics for disease models, particularly for interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS), ZnO-based SERS sensing chips were developed and applied to an animal disease model. ZnO nanorods were grown to form nano-sized porous structures and coated with gold to facilitate size-selective biomarker detection. Raman spectra were acquired on a surface enhanced Raman substrate from the urine in a rat model of IC/BPS and analyzed using a statistical analysis method called principal component analysis (PCA). The nanorods grown after the ZnO seed deposition were 30 to 50 nm in diameter and 500 to 600 nm in length. A volume of gold corresponding to a thin film thickness of 100 nm was deposited on the grown nanorod structure. Raman spectroscopic signals were measured in the scattered region for nanometer biomarker detection to indicate IC/BPS. The Raman peaks for the control group and IC/BPS group are observed at 641, 683, 723, 873, 1002, 1030, and 1355 cm−1, which corresponded to various bonding types and compounds. The PCA results are plotted in 2D and 3D. The Raman signals and statistical analyses obtained from the nano-sized biomarkers of intractable inflammatory diseases demonstrate the possibility of an early diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghwa Lee
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea.
| | - Jung-Man Namgoong
- Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea.
| | - Hwan Yeul Yu
- Department of Urology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea.
| | - Miyeon Jue
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea.
| | - Gwanho Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea.
| | - Sangmin Jeon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea.
| | - Dong-Myung Shin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea.
| | - Myung-Soo Choo
- Department of Urology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea.
| | - Jinmyoung Joo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Korea.
| | - Chan-Gi Pack
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea.
- Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea.
| | - Jun Ki Kim
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea.
- Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea.
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Animal Modelling of Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome. Int Neurourol J 2018; 22:S3-9. [PMID: 29385788 PMCID: PMC5798638 DOI: 10.5213/inj.1835062.531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiology of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) remains elusive and may involve multiple causes. To better understand its pathophysiology, many efforts have been made to create IC/BPS models. Most existing models of IC/BPS strive to recreate bladder-related features by applying noxious intravesical or systemic stimuli to healthy animals. These models are useful to help understand various mechanisms; however, they are limited to demonstrating how the bladder and nervous system respond to noxious stimuli, and are not representative of the complex interactions and pathophysiology of IC/BPS. To study the various factors that may be relevant for IC/BPS, at least 3 different types of animal models are commonly used: (1) bladder-centric models, (2) models with complex mechanisms, and (3) psychological and physical stressors/natural disease models. It is obvious that all aspects of the human disease cannot be mimicked by a single model. It may be the case that several models, each contributing to a piece of the puzzle, are required to recreate a reasonable picture of the pathophysiology and time course of the disease(s) diagnosed as IC/BPS, and thus to identify reasonable targets for treatment.
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Comparison of 5 Different Rat Models to Establish a Standard Animal Model for Research Into Interstitial Cystitis. Int Neurourol J 2017; 21:163-170. [PMID: 28954463 PMCID: PMC5636959 DOI: 10.5213/inj.1734898.449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We evaluated 5 different rat models using different agents in order to establish a standard animal model for interstitial cystitis (IC) in terms of the functional and pathologic characteristics of the bladder. Methods Five IC models were generated in 8-week-old female Sprague-Dawley rats via transurethral instillation of 0.1M hydrogen chloride (HCl) or 3% acetic acid (AA), intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide (CYP) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or subcutaneous injection of uroplakin II (UPK2). After generating the IC models, conscious cystometry was performed on days 3, 7, and 14. All rats were euthanized on day 14 and their bladders were obtained for histological and pro-inflammatory-related gene expression analysis. Results In the cystometric analysis, all experimental groups showed significantly decreased intercontraction intervals compared with the control group on day 3, but only the LPS and UPK groups maintained significantly shorter intercontraction intervals than the control group on day 14. The histological analysis revealed that areas with severe urothelial erosion (HCl, AA, and UPK) and hyperplasia (CYP and LPS), particularly in the UPK-treated bladders, showed a markedly increased infiltration of toluidine blue-stained mast cells and increased tissue fibrosis. In addition, significantly elevated expression of interleukin-1b, interleukin-6, myeloperoxidase, monocyte chemotactic protein 1, and Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 was observed in the UPK group compared to the other groups. Conclusions Among the 5 different agents, the injection of UPK generated the most effective IC animal model, showing consequent urothelial barrier loss, inflammatory reaction, tissue fibrosis stimulation, and persistent hyperactive bladder.
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Mykoniatis I, Katafigiotis I, Sfoungaristos S, Yutkin V. Immunotherapy options for painful bladder syndrome: what’s the potential? Expert Opin Biol Ther 2017; 17:1471-1480. [DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2017.1375094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Mykoniatis
- 1st Urology Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | | | - Vladimir Yutkin
- Hadassah and Hebrew University Hospital, Urology Department, Jerusalem, Israel
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Konkol Y, Bernoulli J, Streng T, Jääskeläinen K, Laihia J, Leino L. Intravesical treatment with cis-urocanic acid improves bladder function in rat model of acute bladder inflammation. Neurourol Urodyn 2015; 35:786-91. [DOI: 10.1002/nau.22818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Konkol
- Pharmatest Services Ltd.; Turku Finland
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy; Institute of Biomedicine; University of Turku; Turuk Finland
| | | | - Tomi Streng
- Department of Biology; Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Department of Pharmacology; Drug Development and Therapeutics; University of Turku; Turku Finland
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Nishijima S, Sugaya K, Kadekawa K, Ashitomi K, Ueda T, Yamamoto H. High-dose tranilast administration to rats creates interstitial cystitis-like symptoms with increased vascular permeability. Life Sci 2013; 93:897-903. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2013] [Revised: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Keay S, Leitzell S, Ochrzcin A, Clements G, Zhan M, Johnson D. A mouse model for interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome based on APF inhibition of bladder epithelial repair: a pilot study. BMC Urol 2012; 12:17. [PMID: 22682521 PMCID: PMC3459789 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2490-12-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome (IC/PBS) is a chronic bladder disorder with bladder epithelial thinning or ulceration, pain, urinary frequency and urgency. There is no reliably effective therapy for IC/PBS, and no generally accepted animal model for the disorder in which potential therapies can be tested. Bladder epithelial cells from IC/PBS patients make a small glycopeptide antiproliferative factor or "APF" that inhibits proliferation, decreases tight junction protein expression, increases paracellular permeability, and induces changes in gene expression of bladder epithelial cells in vitro that mimic abnormalities in IC/PBS patient biopsy specimens in vivo. We therefore determined the ability of a synthetic APF derivative to inhibit bladder epithelial repair in mice. METHODS The bladder epithelium of female CBA/J mice was stripped by transurethral infusion of 3% acetic acid, and mice were subsequently treated daily with one of three intravesical treatments [synthetic as-APF, inactive unglycosylated control peptide, or phosphate buffered saline carrier (PBS)] for 1-21 days. Fixed bladder sections were either stained with haematoxylin and eosin for determination of epithelial area by image analysis, or incubated with anti-uroplakin III (UPIII) or anti-zonula occludens type 1 (ZO-1) antibodies for immunofluorescence microscopy. Epithelial measurement data were analyzed by a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA); post hoc comparisons of multiple groups were carried out using the Tukey-Kramer method. RESULTS Bladder epithelial repair was significantly attenuated in as-APF-treated mice as compared to control mice on days 3-21 (p < 0.05); the mean epithelial/total area over all measured days was also significantly lower in as-APF-treated mice vs. mice in either control group by post hoc analysis (p < 0.0001 for both comparisons). UPIII and ZO-1 expression was also decreased in as-APF-treated mice as compared to mice in either control group by day 7 (UPIII) or day 14 (ZO-1). CONCLUSIONS This model demonstrates in vivo effects of as-APF which abrogates bladder epithelial repair and expression of UPIII and ZO-1 in CBA/J mice following transurethral acetic acid infusion. As bladder epithelial thinning, decreased UPIII expression, and decreased ZO-1 expression are histopathologic features of IC/PBS patient biopsies, this model may be useful for studying the pathophysiology of IC/PBS and the effect of potential therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Keay
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Yoshida A, Kageyama A, Fujino T, Nozawa Y, Yamada S. Loss of muscarinic and purinergic receptors in urinary bladder of rats with hydrochloric acid-induced cystitis. Urology 2010; 76:1017.e7-12. [PMID: 20719367 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2010.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Revised: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To clarify the basic mechanism involved in the pathophysiology of cystitis by characterizing the urodynamic parameters, pharmacologically relevant (muscarinic and purinergic) receptors, and the in vivo release of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the bladder of hydrochloric acid (HCl)-treated rats. METHODS The muscarinic and purinergic receptors in rat tissue were measured by radioreceptor assays using (N-methyl-³H) scopolamine methyl chloride ([³H]NMS) and αβ-methylene-ATP (2,8-³H) tetrasodium salt ([³H]αβ-MeATP), respectively. The urodynamic parameters and ATP levels were measured using a cystometric method and the luciferin-luciferase assay, respectively. RESULTS In the HCl-treated rats, the micturition interval and micturition volume were significantly (48% and 55%, respectively, P <.05) decreased and the number of micturitions was significantly (3.2-fold, P <.05) increased compared with those of the control rats. The maximal number of binding sites for [³H]NMS and [³H]αβ-MeATP was significantly (55% and 72%, respectively, P <.001) decreased in the bladder of HCl-treated rats, suggesting downregulation of both muscarinic and purinergic receptors. In the HCl-treated rats, the inhibition constant, K(i), values for oxybutynin, solifenacin, and darifenacin were significantly (1.3-1.4-fold, P <.05) increased, but those for tolterodine and AF-DX116 were unchanged. Similarly, the inhibition constant for A-317491, pyridoxal-phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid tetrasodium, and MRS2273 was significantly (5.5, 11, and 7.6-fold, respectively, P <.001) increased. Furthermore, the in vivo release of ATP was significantly (P <.05) enhanced in the HCl-treated rat bladder. CONCLUSIONS Both muscarinic and purinergic mechanisms might be, at least in part, associated with the urinary dysfunction due to cystitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Yoshida
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics and Global Center of Excellence Program, University of Shizuoka School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shizuoka, Japan.
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HAYASHI Y, UEDA T, KIRIMOTO T, NAKANO K, OKA T, KINIWA M, YOSHIMURA N. Interstitial Cystitis and the Therapeutic Effect of Suplatast Tosilate. Low Urin Tract Symptoms 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1757-5672.2009.00044.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Homma Y, Ueda T, Tomoe H, Lin ATL, Kuo HC, Lee MH, Lee JG, Kim DY, Lee KS. Clinical guidelines for interstitial cystitis and hypersensitive bladder syndrome. Int J Urol 2009; 16:597-615. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2009.02326.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Hayashi Y, Takimoto K, Chancellor MB, Erickson KA, Erickson VL, Kirimoto T, Nakano K, de Groat WC, Yoshimura N. Bladder hyperactivity and increased excitability of bladder afferent neurons associated with reduced expression of Kv1.4 alpha-subunit in rats with cystitis. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009; 296:R1661-70. [PMID: 19279288 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.91054.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hyperexcitability of C-fiber bladder afferent pathways has been proposed to contribute to urinary frequency and bladder pain in chronic bladder inflammation including interstitial cystitis. However, the detailed mechanisms inducing afferent hyperexcitability after bladder inflammation are not fully understood. Thus, we investigated changes in the properties of bladder afferent neurons in rats with bladder inflammation induced by intravesical application of hydrochloric acid. Eight days after the treatment, bladder function and bladder sensation were analyzed using cystometry and an electrodiagnostic device of sensory function (Neurometer), respectively. Whole cell patch-clamp recordings and immunohistochemical staining were also performed in dissociated bladder afferent neurons identified by a retrograde tracing dye, Fast Blue, injected into the bladder wall. Cystitis rats showed urinary frequency that was inhibited by pretreatment with capsaicin and bladder hyperalgesia mediated by C-fibers. Capsaicin-sensitive bladder afferent neurons from sham rats exhibited high thresholds for spike activation and a phasic firing pattern, whereas those from cystitis rats showed lower thresholds for spike activation and a tonic firing pattern. Transient A-type K(+) current density in capsaicin-sensitive bladder afferent neurons was significantly smaller in cystitis rats than in sham rats, although sustained delayed-rectifier K(+) current density was not altered after cystitis. The expression of voltage-gated K(+) Kv1.4 alpha-subunits, which can form A-type K(+) channels, was reduced in bladder afferent neurons from cystitis rats. These data suggest that bladder inflammation increases bladder afferent neuron excitability by decreasing expression of Kv1.4 alpha-subunits. Similar changes in capsaicin-sensitive C-fiber afferent terminals may contribute to bladder hyperactivity and hyperalgesia due to acid-induced bladder inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Hayashi
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Goins WF, Goss JR, Chancellor MB, de Groat WC, Glorioso JC, Yoshimura N. Herpes simplex virus vector-mediated gene delivery for the treatment of lower urinary tract pain. Gene Ther 2009; 16:558-69. [PMID: 19242523 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2009.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Interstitial cystitis (IC)/painful bladder syndrome (PBS) is a painful debilitating chronic visceral pain disorder of unknown etiology that affects an estimated 1 million people in the United States alone. It is characterized by inflammation of the bladder that results in chronic pelvic pain associated with bladder symptoms of urinary frequency and urgency. Regardless of the etiology, IC/PBS involves either increased and/or abnormal activity in afferent nociceptive sensory neurons. Pain-related symptoms in patients with IC/PBS are often very difficult to treat. Both medical and surgical therapies have had limited clinical utility in this debilitating disease and numerous drug treatments, such as heparin, dimethylsulfoxide and amitriptyline, have proven to be palliative at best, and in some IC/PBS patients provide no relief whatsoever. Although opiate narcotics have been employed to help alleviate IC/PBS pain, this strategy is fraught with problems as systemic narcotic administration causes multiple unwanted side effects including mental status change and constipation. Moreover, chronic systemic narcotic use leads to dependency and need for dose escalation due to tolerance; therefore, new therapies are desperately needed to treat refractory IC/PBS. This has led our group to develop a gene therapy strategy that could potentially alleviate chronic pelvic pain using the herpes simplex virus-directed delivery of analgesic proteins to the bladder.
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Affiliation(s)
- W F Goins
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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