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Younis H, Ha SE, Jorgensen BG, Verma A, Ro S. Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young: Mutations, Physiological Consequences, and Treatment Options. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12111762. [PMID: 36573710 PMCID: PMC9697644 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12111762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY) is a rare form of diabetes which affects between 1% and 5% of diagnosed diabetes cases. Clinical characterizations of MODY include onset of diabetes at an early age (before the age of 30), autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, impaired glucose-induced secretion of insulin, and hyperglycemia. Presently, 14 MODY subtypes have been identified. Within these subtypes are several mutations which contribute to the different MODY phenotypes. Despite the identification of these 14 subtypes, MODY is often misdiagnosed as type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus due to an overlap in clinical features, high cost and limited availability of genetic testing, and unfamiliarity with MODY outside of the medical profession. The primary aim of this review is to investigate the genetic characterization of the MODY subtypes. Additionally, this review will elucidate the link between the genetics, function, and clinical manifestations of MODY in each of the 14 subtypes. In providing this knowledge, we hope to assist in the accurate diagnosis of MODY patients and, subsequently, in ensuring they receive appropriate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazar Younis
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Se Eun Ha
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Brian G. Jorgensen
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Arushi Verma
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Seungil Ro
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA
- RosVivo Therapeutics, Applied Research Facility, Reno, NV 89557, USA
- Correspondence:
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Hu M, Cherkaoui I, Misra S, Rutter GA. Functional Genomics in Pancreatic β Cells: Recent Advances in Gene Deletion and Genome Editing Technologies for Diabetes Research. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:576632. [PMID: 33162936 PMCID: PMC7580382 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.576632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The inheritance of variants that lead to coding changes in, or the mis-expression of, genes critical to pancreatic beta cell function can lead to alterations in insulin secretion and increase the risk of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Recently developed clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR/Cas9) gene editing tools provide a powerful means of understanding the impact of identified variants on cell function, growth, and survival and might ultimately provide a means, most likely after the transplantation of genetically "corrected" cells, of treating the disease. Here, we review some of the disease-associated genes and variants whose roles have been probed up to now. Next, we survey recent exciting developments in CRISPR/Cas9 technology and their possible exploitation for β cell functional genomics. Finally, we will provide a perspective as to how CRISPR/Cas9 technology may find clinical application in patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Hu
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ines Cherkaoui
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shivani Misra
- Metabolic Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Guy A. Rutter
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Sousa M, Bruges-Armas J. Monogenic Diabetes: Genetics and Relevance on Diabetes Mellitus Personalized Medicine. Curr Diabetes Rev 2020; 16:807-819. [PMID: 31886753 DOI: 10.2174/1573399816666191230114352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complex disease with significant impression in today's world. Aside from the most common types recognized over the years, such as type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM), recent studies have emphasized the crucial role of genetics in DM, allowing the distinction of monogenic diabetes. METHODS Authors did a literature search with the purpose of highlighting and clarifying the subtypes of monogenic diabetes, as well as the accredited genetic entities responsible for such phenotypes. RESULTS The following subtypes were included in this literature review: maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM) and maternally inherited diabetes and deafness (MIDD). So far, 14 subtypes of MODY have been identified, while three subtypes have been identified in NDM - transient, permanent, and syndromic. DISCUSSION Despite being estimated to affect approximately 2% of all the T2DM patients in Europe, the exact prevalence of MODY is still unknown, accentuating the need for research focused on biomarkers. Consequently, due to its impact in the course of treatment, follow-up of associated complications, and genetic implications for siblings and offspring of affected individuals, it is imperative to diagnose the monogenic forms of DM accurately. CONCLUSION Currently, advances in the genetics field allowed the recognition of new DM subtypes, which until now, were considered slight variations of the typical forms. Thus, it is imperative to act in the close interaction between genetics and clinical manifestations, to facilitate diagnosis and individualize treatment.
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MESH Headings
- Deafness/classification
- Deafness/diagnosis
- Deafness/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/diagnosis
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/classification
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/diagnosis
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics
- Genetic Testing
- Genotype
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/classification
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/diagnosis
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/genetics
- Mitochondrial Diseases/classification
- Mitochondrial Diseases/diagnosis
- Mitochondrial Diseases/genetics
- Mutation
- Phenotype
- Precision Medicine
- Syndrome
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalena Sousa
- Serviço Especializado de Epidemiologia e Biologia Molecular (SEEBMO), Hospital de Santo Espírito da Ilha Terceira (HSEIT), Angra do Heroísmo, Azores, Portugal
| | - Jácome Bruges-Armas
- Serviço Especializado de Epidemiologia e Biologia Molecular (SEEBMO), Hospital de Santo Espírito da Ilha Terceira (HSEIT), Angra do Heroísmo, Azores, Portugal
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4
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Sneha P, Thirumal Kumar D, Lijo J, Megha M, Siva R, George Priya Doss C. Probing the Protein-Protein Interaction Network of Proteins Causing Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2017; 110:167-202. [PMID: 29412996 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) play vital roles in various cellular pathways. Most of the proteins perform their responsibilities by interacting with an enormous number of proteins. Understanding these interactions of the proteins and their interacting partners has shed light toward the field of drug discovery. Also, PPIs enable us to understand the functions of a protein by understanding their interacting partners. Consequently, in the current study, PPI network of the proteins causing MODY (Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young) was drawn, and their correlation in causing a disease condition was marked. MODY is a monogenic type of diabetes caused by autosomal dominant inheritance. Extensive research on transcription factor and their corresponding genetic pathways have been studied over the last three decades, yet, very little is understood about the molecular modalities of highly dynamic interactions between transcription factors, genomic DNA, and the protein partners. The current study also reveals the interacting patterns of the various transcription factors. Consequently, in the current work, we have devised a PPI analysis to understand the plausible pathway through which the protein leads to a deformity in glucose uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sneha
- School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - D Thirumal Kumar
- School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jose Lijo
- School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M Megha
- School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Siva
- School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - C George Priya Doss
- School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Doddabelavangala Mruthyunjaya M, Chapla A, Hesarghatta Shyamasunder A, Varghese D, Varshney M, Paul J, Inbakumari M, Christina F, Varghese RT, Kuruvilla KA, V. Paul T, Jose R, Regi A, Lionel J, Jeyaseelan L, Mathew J, Thomas N. Comprehensive Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY) Gene Screening in Pregnant Women with Diabetes in India. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0168656. [PMID: 28095440 PMCID: PMC5240948 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnant women with diabetes may have underlying beta cell dysfunction due to mutations/rare variants in genes associated with Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY). MODY gene screening would reveal those women genetically predisposed and previously unrecognized with a monogenic form of diabetes for further clinical management, family screening and genetic counselling. However, there are minimal data available on MODY gene variants in pregnant women with diabetes from India. In this study, utilizing the Next generation sequencing (NGS) based protocol fifty subjects were screened for variants in a panel of thirteen MODY genes. Of these subjects 18% (9/50) were positive for definite or likely pathogenic or uncertain MODY variants. The majority of these variants was identified in subjects with autosomal dominant family history, of whom five were in women with pre-GDM and four with overt-GDM. The identified variants included one patient with HNF1A Ser3Cys, two PDX1 Glu224Lys, His94Gln, two NEUROD1 Glu59Gln, Phe318Ser, one INS Gly44Arg, one GCK, one ABCC8 Arg620Cys and one BLK Val418Met variants. In addition, three of the seven offspring screened were positive for the identified variant. These identified variants were further confirmed by Sanger sequencing. In conclusion, these findings in pregnant women with diabetes, imply that a proportion of GDM patients with autosomal dominant family history may have MODY. Further NGS based comprehensive studies with larger samples are required to confirm these finding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aaron Chapla
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | | | - Deny Varghese
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Manika Varshney
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Johan Paul
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Mercy Inbakumari
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Flory Christina
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Ron Thomas Varghese
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | | | - Thomas V. Paul
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Ruby Jose
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Annie Regi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Jessie Lionel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - L. Jeyaseelan
- Department of Biostatistics, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Jiji Mathew
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Nihal Thomas
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
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Alejandro EU, Gregg B, Blandino-Rosano M, Cras-Méneur C, Bernal-Mizrachi E. Natural history of β-cell adaptation and failure in type 2 diabetes. Mol Aspects Med 2014; 42:19-41. [PMID: 25542976 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a complex disease characterized by β-cell failure in the setting of insulin resistance. The current evidence suggests that genetic predisposition, and environmental factors can impair the capacity of the β-cells to respond to insulin resistance and ultimately lead to their failure. However, genetic studies have demonstrated that known variants account for less than 10% of the overall estimated T2D risk, suggesting that additional unidentified factors contribute to susceptibility of this disease. In this review, we will discuss the different stages that contribute to the development of β-cell failure in T2D. We divide the natural history of this process in three major stages: susceptibility, β-cell adaptation and β-cell failure, and provide an overview of the molecular mechanisms involved. Further research into mechanisms will reveal key modulators of β-cell failure and thus identify possible novel therapeutic targets and potential interventions to protect against β-cell failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilyn U Alejandro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Brehm Center for Diabetes Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Brigid Gregg
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Manuel Blandino-Rosano
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Brehm Center for Diabetes Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Corentin Cras-Méneur
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Brehm Center for Diabetes Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ernesto Bernal-Mizrachi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Brehm Center for Diabetes Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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7
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Flannick J, Beer NL, Bick AG, Agarwala V, Molnes J, Gupta N, Burtt NP, Florez JC, Meigs JB, Taylor H, Lyssenko V, Irgens H, Fox E, Burslem F, Johansson S, Brosnan MJ, Trimmer JK, Newton-Cheh C, Tuomi T, Molven A, Wilson JG, O'Donnell CJ, Kathiresan S, Hirschhorn JN, Njølstad PR, Rolph T, Seidman J, Gabriel S, Cox DR, Seidman C, Groop L, Altshuler D. Assessing the phenotypic effects in the general population of rare variants in genes for a dominant Mendelian form of diabetes. Nat Genet 2013; 45:1380-5. [PMID: 24097065 PMCID: PMC4051627 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Genome sequencing can identify individuals in the general population who harbor rare coding variants in genes for Mendelian disorders and who may consequently have increased disease risk. Previous studies of rare variants in phenotypically extreme individuals display ascertainment bias and may demonstrate inflated effect-size estimates. We sequenced seven genes for maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) in well-phenotyped population samples (n = 4,003). We filtered rare variants according to two prediction criteria for disease-causing mutations: reported previously in MODY or satisfying stringent de novo thresholds (rare, conserved and protein damaging). Approximately 1.5% and 0.5% of randomly selected individuals from the Framingham and Jackson Heart Studies, respectively, carry variants from these two classes. However, the vast majority of carriers remain euglycemic through middle age. Accurate estimates of variant effect sizes from population-based sequencing are needed to avoid falsely predicting a substantial fraction of individuals as being at risk for MODY or other Mendelian diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Flannick
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicola L Beer
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alexander G Bick
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vineeta Agarwala
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Biophysics, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Janne Molnes
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Namrata Gupta
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Noel P Burtt
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jose C Florez
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James B Meigs
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- General Medicine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Herman Taylor
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
- Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA
- Tougaloo College, Tougaloo MS, USA
| | - Valeriya Lyssenko
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Clinical Research Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Henrik Irgens
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ervin Fox
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Frank Burslem
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Practice, Prescient Life Sciences, London, UK
| | - Stefan Johansson
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - M Julia Brosnan
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jeff K Trimmer
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christopher Newton-Cheh
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tiinamaija Tuomi
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Research Program for Molecular Medicine
| | - Anders Molven
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - James G Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Christopher J O'Donnell
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sekar Kathiresan
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joel N Hirschhorn
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Divisions of Genetics and Endocrinology and Program in Genomics, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pål R Njølstad
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tim Rolph
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - J.G. Seidman
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stacey Gabriel
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David R Cox
- Applied Quantitative Genotherapeutics, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christine Seidman
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Leif Groop
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Clinical Research Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - David Altshuler
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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8
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Abstract
Three and a half decades after the clinical description of "Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young" (MODY), and despite its low prevalence, important knowledge has been gathered concerning its genetic basis, molecular pathways, clinical phenotypes and pharmacogenetic issues. This knowledge has proved to be important not only for the attention of subjects carrying a mutation but also for the insight provided in Type 2 diabetes mellitus. In recent years, a shift from the term "MODY" to "monogenic diabetes" has taken place, the latter term being a better and more comprehensive descriptor. We stick to the "old" term because information on other types of monogenic diabetes and pregnancy is scarce. In this review we perform an overview of the entity, the prevalence rates reported in women with gestational diabetes mellitus and the specific impact of each type on pregnancy outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Colom
- Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
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9
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Njølstad PR, Hertel JK, Søvik O, Raeder H, Johansson S, Molven A. [Progress in diabetes genetics]. TIDSSKRIFT FOR DEN NORSKE LEGEFORENING 2010; 130:1145-9. [PMID: 20531501 DOI: 10.4045/tidsskr.09.1035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes is classified as Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes and other types. Our goal was to provide an overview of new genetic knowledge of monogenic and type 2 diabetes. MATERIAL AND METHOD The article is based on literature identified through a non-systematic search in PubMed and own experience concerning research in diabetes genetics and treatment of patients with monogenic diabetes. RESULTS 18 genes have been found for which one single mutation may cause diabetes. The most common causes for such monogenic diabetes are mutations in the genes KCNJ11, ABCC8 and INS when the condition is diagnosed at the age 0 - 6 months, and in the genes HNF1A, GCK, HNF4A and HNF1B when the diagnosis is made later than six months of age. Genetic testing is appropriate in assessment of monogenic diabetes, because antidiabetic tablets rather that insulin injections can be used to treat patients with mutations in certain genes; i.e. KCNJ11, ABCC8, HNF1A and HNF4A. Genome-wide association studies have recently identified about 20 genetic variants that increase the risk of Type 2 diabetes, but which have a low predictive value for development of disease. How these genetic variants can cause Type 2 diabetes has not been assessed and clinical relevance remains to be shown. INTERPRETATION So far, genetic findings only affect diagnosis and treatment of monogenic diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pål R Njølstad
- Senter for diabetesgenetikk, Barneklinikken, Haukeland universitetssykehus, 5021 Bergen, Norway.
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10
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Gonsorcíková L, Průhová S, Cinek O, Ek J, Pelikánová T, Jørgensen T, Eiberg H, Pedersen O, Hansen T, Lebl J. Autosomal inheritance of diabetes in two families characterized by obesity and a novel H241Q mutation in NEUROD1. Pediatr Diabetes 2008; 9:367-72. [PMID: 18331410 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5448.2008.00379.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to search for mutations in the NEUROD1 and IPF-1 genes in patients with clinical characteristics of maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) but with no mutations in the HNF-4A (MODY1), GCK (MODY2) and TCF1 (MODY3) genes. METHODS We studied 30 unrelated Czech probands with a clinical diagnosis of MODY (median age at testing, 18 yr; median age at the recognition of hyperglycaemia, 16 yr). The promoter, exons and exon/intron boundaries of the NEUROD1 and IPF-1 genes were examined by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing high performance liquid chromatography and direct sequencing. RESULTS While no mutations were found in the IPF-1 gene, a novel H241Q substitution of NEUROD1 gene was identified in two unrelated families. In the first proband, the H241Q mutation led to early diagnosed (20 yr) hyperglycaemia followed by development of diabetic microvascular complications by the age of 32 yr. The second proband suffered from slowly progressing hyperglycaemia detected at the age of 30 yr. Affected members of both families were obese. The overall prevalence of the variant among the general population was 4 of 13 568 chromosomes. CONCLUSIONS We report a novel disease-associated variant in NEUROD1 identified among a set of MODYX families. The variant seems to precipitate type-2-like diabetes in excessively obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Gonsorcíková
- Department of Paediatrics, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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11
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Estrada-Smith D, Collins AR, Wang X, Crockett C, Castellani L, Lusis AJ, Davis RC. Impact of chromosome 2 obesity loci on cardiovascular complications of insulin resistance in LDL receptor-deficient C57BL/6 mice. Diabetes 2006; 55:2265-71. [PMID: 16873689 DOI: 10.2337/db06-0377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Previous characterization of mouse chromosome 2 identified genomic intervals that influence obesity, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia. For this, resistant CAST/Ei (CAST) alleles were introgressed onto a susceptible C57BL/6J background to generate congenic strains with CAST alleles encompassing 67-162 Mb (multigenic obesity 6 [MOB6]) and 84-180 Mb (MOB5) from mouse chromosome 2. To examine the effects of each congenic locus on atherosclerosis and glucose disposal, we bred each strain onto a sensitizing LDL receptor-null (LDLR(-/-)) C57BL/6J background to predispose them to hypercholesterolemia and insulin resistance. LDLR(-/-) congenics and controls were characterized for measures of atherogenesis, insulin sensitivity, and obesity. We identified a genomic interval unique to the MOB6 congenic (72-84 Mb) that dramatically decreased atherosclerosis by approximately threefold and decreased insulin resistance. This region also reduced adiposity twofold. Conversely, the congenic region unique to MOB5 (162-180 Mb) increased insulin resistance but had little effect on atherosclerosis and adiposity. The MOB congenic intervals are concordant to human and rat quantitative trait loci influencing diabetes and atherosclerosis traits. Thus, our results define a strategy for studying the poorly understood interactions between diabetes and atherosclerosis and for identifying genes underlying the cardiovascular complications of insulin resistance.
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