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Schneider P, Lautenbacher S, Kunz M. Sex differences in facial expressions of pain: results from a combined sample. Pain 2024; 165:1784-1792. [PMID: 38334501 PMCID: PMC11247450 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Facial expressions of pain play an important role in pain diagnostics and social interactions. Given the prominent impact of sex on various aspects of pain, it is not surprising that sex differences have also been explored regarding facial expressions of pain; however, with inconclusive findings. We aim to further investigate sex differences in facial expressions of pain by using a large, combined sample to maximize statistical power. Data from 7 previous studies of our group were merged, combining in total the data of 392 participants (male: 192, female: 200). All participants received phasic heat pain, with intensities being tailored to the individual pain threshold. Pain intensity ratings were assessed, and facial responses were manually analyzed using the Facial Action Coding. To compare facial and subjective responses between sexes, linear mixed-effects models were used, with study ID as a random effect. We found significant sex differences in facial responses, with females showing elevated facial responses to pain, although they received lower physical heat intensities (women had lower pain thresholds). In contrast, pain intensity ratings did not differ between sexes. Additionally, facial and subjective responses to pain were significantly associated across sexes, with females showing slightly stronger associations. Although variations in facial expressions of pain are very large even within each sex, our findings demonstrate that women facially communicate pain more intensively and with a better match to their subjective experience compared with men. This indicates that women might be better in using facial communication of pain in an intensity-discriminative manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Schneider
- Department of Medical Psychology and Sociology, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Lautenbacher
- Bamberger Living Lab Dementia (BamLiD), University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Miriam Kunz
- Department of Medical Psychology and Sociology, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
- Bamberger Living Lab Dementia (BamLiD), University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
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2
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Romeo Z, Spironelli C. Theta oscillations underlie the interplay between emotional processing and empathy. Heliyon 2024; 10:e34581. [PMID: 39148968 PMCID: PMC11325776 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Emotional reactions to salient stimuli are well documented in psychophysiological research. However, some individual variables that can influence how people process emotions (i.e., empathy traits) have received little consideration. The present study investigated the relationship between emotions and empathy. Forty participants completed the Interpersonal Reactivity Index, a questionnaire that measure general and specific empathy dimensions. Then, emotional (erotic and mutilation) and non-emotional pictures were presented, during electroencephalographic recording. Valence and arousal were evaluated for each stimulus. Behavioral results revealed a positive correlation between the arousal induced by mutilation pictures and personal distress (i.e., feeling discomfort in emergency situations). At the electrophysiological level, theta activity elicited by positive and negative emotion processing in the superior frontal gyrus was associated with personal distress. Moreover, erotic-related theta in the middle frontal gyrus was associated with subjective judgement of erotic stimulus valence. Overall, theta activity modulated the interplay between emotions and empathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaira Romeo
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), Padova, Italy
| | - Chiara Spironelli
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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3
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Dai J, Lyu F, Yu L, He Y. Temporal and Emotional Variations in People's Perceptions of Mass Epidemic Infectious Disease After the COVID-19 Pandemic Using Influenza A as an Example: Topic Modeling and Sentiment Analysis Based on Weibo Data. J Med Internet Res 2023; 25:e49300. [PMID: 37917144 PMCID: PMC10654902 DOI: 10.2196/49300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has had profound impacts on society, including public health, the economy, daily life, and social interactions. Social distancing measures, travel restrictions, and the influx of pandemic-related information on social media have all led to a significant shift in how individuals perceive and respond to health crises. In this context, there is a growing awareness of the role that social media platforms such as Weibo, among the largest and most influential social media sites in China, play in shaping public sentiment and influencing people's behavior during public health emergencies. OBJECTIVE This study aims to gain a comprehensive understanding of the sociospatial impact of mass epidemic infectious disease by analyzing the spatiotemporal variations and emotional orientations of the public after the COVID-19 pandemic. We use the outbreak of influenza A after the COVID-19 pandemic as a case study. Through temporal and spatial analyses, we aim to uncover specific variations in the attention and emotional orientations of people living in different provinces in China regarding influenza A. We sought to understand the societal impact of large-scale infectious diseases and the public's stance after the COVID-19 pandemic to improve public health policies and communication strategies. METHODS We selected Weibo as the data source and collected all influenza A-related Weibo posts from November 1, 2022, to March 31, 2023. These data included user names, geographic locations, posting times, content, repost counts, comments, likes, user types, and more. Subsequently, we used latent Dirichlet allocation topic modeling to analyze the public's focus as well as the bidirectional long short-term memory model to conduct emotional analysis. We further classified the focus areas and emotional orientations of different regions. RESULTS The research findings indicate that, compared with China's western provinces, the eastern provinces exhibited a higher volume of Weibo posts, demonstrating a greater interest in influenza A. Moreover, inland provinces displayed elevated levels of concern compared with coastal regions. In addition, female users of Weibo exhibited a higher level of engagement than male users, with regular users comprising the majority of user types. The public's focus was categorized into 23 main themes, with the overall emotional sentiment predominantly leaning toward negativity (making up 7562 out of 9111 [83%] sentiments). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study underscore the profound societal impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. People tend to be pessimistic toward new large-scale infectious diseases, and disparities exist in the levels of concern and emotional sentiments across different regions. This reflects diverse societal responses to health crises. By gaining an in-depth understanding of the public's attitudes and focal points regarding these infectious diseases, governments and decision makers can better formulate policies and action plans to cater to the specific needs of different regions and enhance public health awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Dai
- Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Fang Lyu
- Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Lin Yu
- Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yunyu He
- The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunimg, China
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4
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Jin Y, Yan A, Sun T, Zheng P, An J. Microblog data analysis of emotional reactions to COVID-19 in China. J Psychosom Res 2022; 161:110976. [PMID: 35998408 PMCID: PMC9245366 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2022.110976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To explore the emotional attitudes of microblog users in the different COVID-19 stages in China, this study used data mining and machine-learning methods to crawl 112,537 Sina COVID-19- related microblogs and conduct sentiment and group difference analyses. It was found that: (1) the microblog users' emotions shifted from negative to positive from the second COVID-19 pandemic phase; (2) there were no significant differences in the microblog users' emotions in the different regions; (3) males were more optimistic than females in the early stages of the pandemic; however, females were more optimistic than males in the last three stages; and (4) females posted more microblogs and expressed more sadness and fear while males expressed more anger and disgust. This research captured online information in real-time, with the results providing a reference for future research into public opinion and emotional reactions to crises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchang Jin
- College of Psychology, Sichuan Normal University. Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Aoxue Yan
- College of Psychology, Sichuan Normal University. Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Tengwei Sun
- College of Psychology, Sichuan Normal University. Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Peixuan Zheng
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrion, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Junxiu An
- College of Software Engineering, Chengdu University of Information Technology, 610225, China.
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5
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Goldring MR, Pinelli F, Bolger N, Higgins ET. Shared Reality Can Reduce Stressor Reactivity. Front Psychol 2022; 13:853750. [PMID: 35572247 PMCID: PMC9093073 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.853750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
When a person faces a stressor alongside someone else, do they get more or less stressed when the other person agrees that the situation is stressful? While an equally stressed partner could plausibly amplify stress by making the situation seem more real and worthy of distress, we find that social validation during co-experienced stressors reduces reactivity. Specifically, the psychological experience of shared reality calms some people down. In Study 1, 70 undergraduate females who jointly faced a stressful event with someone else reported feeling less anxious when the other person felt the same way about the stressor, relative to when the other person appraised the situation in the opposite way or provided no indication of their appraisal. These findings were reflected in participants' physiological reactivity, especially in the parasympathetic nervous system. In Study 2, we generalize these findings to co-experienced stressors in the daily lives of 102 heteronormative romantic couples in the New York City area. In line with tend-and-befriend theory, we found that shared reality during co-experienced stressors reduced anxiety for almost all females (99% of the sample) and for a minority of males (42% of the sample). Together, these findings unify major theories in health and social psychology by implying that shared reality reduces stressor reactivity, and that this effect is partially moderated by sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan R Goldring
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Federica Pinelli
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Niall Bolger
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - E Tory Higgins
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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6
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Carr MM, Lawson JL, Wiedemann AA, Barnes RD. Examining impairment and distress from food addiction across demographic and weight groups. Eat Behav 2021; 43:101574. [PMID: 34678631 PMCID: PMC8629934 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2021.101574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Rates of food addiction (FA) vary across weight and demographic groups. Factors influencing discrepant prevalence rates are largely unknown. Rates of clinically significant distress or impairment also vary across demographic groups, yet prior studies have overlooked the diagnostic significance of distress/impairment in heterogenous groups. We tested if weight and demographic groups differed in their likelihood of endorsing distress/impairment from FA. Participants (N = 1832) recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk completed the modified Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 (mYFAS). The mYFAS includes 11 dichotomous symptom indicators and one dichotomous distress/impairment indicator. Differences in distress/impairment were tested across weight, sex, racial/ethnic, and educational groups using logistic regression. FA severity was controlled for using FA symptom count. There were no differences among racial/ethnic and educational groups (p > 0.05). Compared to men, women were more likely to report distress/impairment (aOR = 1.96, 95% CI = 1.28-3.03). People with obesity were more likely to report distress/impairment compared to people with overweight (aOR = 2.20, 95% CI = 1.39-3.49) or normal weight (aOR = 1.99, 95% CI = 1.26-3.13). Individual characteristics (i.e., sex, weight) may influence reporting of distress/impairment from FA. Further inquiry may be appropriate for men and people with normal weight or overweight presenting with FA symptoms who otherwise deny distress/impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan M Carr
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George St., New Haven, CT 06511, United States of America.
| | - Jessica L Lawson
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George St., New Haven, CT 06511, United States of America; U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Psychology Service, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, 950 Campbell Ave., West Haven, CT 06516, United States of America
| | - Ashley A Wiedemann
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George St., New Haven, CT 06511, United States of America
| | - Rachel D Barnes
- Division - General Internal Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, 420 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States of America
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7
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Deichmann F, Ahnert L. The terrible twos: How children cope with frustration and tantrums and the effect of maternal and paternal behaviors. INFANCY 2021; 26:469-493. [DOI: 10.1111/infa.12389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Deichmann
- Faculty of Psychology Research Unit Early Childhood in Context University of Vienna Wien Austria
| | - Lieselotte Ahnert
- Faculty of Psychology Research Unit Early Childhood in Context University of Vienna Wien Austria
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8
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Di M, Deng X, Zhao J, Kong F. Psychometric Properties and Measurement Invariance Across Sex of the Wong and Law Emotional Intelligence Scale in Chinese adolescents. Psychol Rep 2020; 125:599-619. [PMID: 33174816 DOI: 10.1177/0033294120972634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to validate the Wong and Law Emotional Intelligence Scale (WLEIS) in Chinese adolescents by examining factor structure, sex-related measurement invariance and latent mean differences, reliability, and criterion-related validity.A total of 1674 Chinese adolescents aged 12-17 years old (Mage = 15.26, SD = .58) were recruited. Results of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) supported the four-factor model of the WLEIS as the best fit to the data. Multi-group CFA suggested that the measurement structure of the WLEIS was invariant across sex. Testing for the latent mean differences showed that male adolescents scored lower on the Other-Emotional Appraisal subscale, but scored higher on the Regulation of Emotion subscale than female adolescents. Furthermore, all the subscales of male and female adolescents had satisfactory composite reliability. Finally, the WLEIS had favorable criterion-related validity with self-esteem, life satisfaction, positive affect, negative affect and perceived stress. These findings suggested that the WLEIS is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing trait emotional intelligence of adolescents and can be generalized across sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilin Di
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.,School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xinping Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.,School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Feng Kong
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
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9
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Bjornsdottir RT, Rule NO. Emotion and Gender Typicality Cue Sexual Orientation Differently in Women and Men. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2020; 49:2547-2560. [PMID: 32394110 PMCID: PMC7497461 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-020-01700-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Heterosexual individuals tend to look and act more typical for their gender compared to gay and lesbian individuals, and people use this information to infer sexual orientation. Consistent with stereotypes associating happy expressions with femininity, previous work found that gay men displayed more happiness than straight men-a difference that perceivers used, independent of gender typicality, to judge sexual orientation. Here, we extended this to judgments of women's sexual orientation. Like the gender-inversion stereotypes applied to men, participants perceived women's faces manipulated to look angry as more likely to be lesbians; however, emotional expressions largely did not distinguish the faces of actual lesbian and straight women. Compared to men's faces, women's faces varied less in their emotional expression (appearing invariably positive) but varied more in gender typicality. These differences align with gender role expectations requiring the expression of positive emotion by women and prohibiting the expression of femininity by men. More important, greater variance within gender typicality and emotion facilitates their respective utility for distinguishing sexual orientation from facial appearance. These findings thus provide the first evidence for contrasting cues to women's and men's sexual orientation and suggest that gender norms may uniquely shape how men and women reveal their sexual orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Thora Bjornsdottir
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 100 St. George St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3G3, Canada.
- Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology, University of Glasgow, 62 Hillhead St., Glasgow, G12 8QB, UK.
| | - Nicholas O Rule
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 100 St. George St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3G3, Canada
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10
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Modi HH, Davis MM, Miernicki ME, Telzer EH, Rudolph KD. Maternal Antecedents to Adolescent Girls' Neural Regulation of Emotion. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2020; 30:581-598. [PMID: 32030842 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate contributions of maternal emotional resources to individual differences in adolescents' functional connectivity during emotion regulation. Participants included 35 adolescent girls who completed an implicit emotion regulation task during fMRI. Mothers reported on the quality of their adult attachment and emotional awareness when youth were in elementary school. Higher anxious attachment and lower emotional awareness were significantly correlated with more positive amygdala-right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex connectivity, a pattern linked in prior research with ineffective emotion regulation and emotional difficulties. Further, there was an indirect effect of anxious attachment on adolescent connectivity through emotional awareness. These results suggest that compromised maternal emotional resources in childhood may be linked to atypical neural processing of emotions.
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11
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Gao J, Tomonaga M. How chimpanzees and children perceive other species' bodies: Comparing the expert effect. Dev Sci 2020; 23:e12975. [PMID: 32333446 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Human adults are better at recognizing upright bodies than inverted bodies. This inversion effect is also found for objects with which they have expertise, which is called the expert effect. This study aims to investigate its evolutionary and developmental aspects by testing humans' closest relatives, chimpanzees, and preschool children. Chimpanzees show the inversion effect to chimpanzee bodies, but it is not clear how they perceive other species' bodies. We tested seven chimpanzees in matching-to-sample tasks on touch screens using upright and inverted stimuli, and examined their accuracy and response time. In a previous study, they did not show the inversion effect for bipedal humans in unfamiliar postures, but here in this study they showed it to bipedal humans with familiar postures or crawling postures. This suggests the existence of the expert effect in non-human primates, and that visual or embodied experience is needed to invoke it. It is also supported by the inversion effect they exhibit for horses who share quadrupedal postures, but which they have never seen. Additionally, for conspecifics, the inversion effect was shown regardless of the postures. We tested 33 preschool children using a similar method. They showed the inversion effect to human bodies, but not houses, suggesting the configural processing for bodies, which is found to be stable at the preschool stage. They also showed the inversion effect for chimpanzees and horses, indicating the important role of experience in shaping the ways of object processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gao
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Tomonaga
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
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12
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Jensen de López KM, Quintanilla L. The role of severity and intentionality in the intensity of Schadenfreude attribution: A developmental study of Danish children. Scand J Psychol 2019; 60:329-337. [PMID: 31179537 PMCID: PMC6852008 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Understanding envy and schadenfreude requires complex interpersonal social cognitive abilities, such as social comparison and evaluating the Self, but also understanding agency and intentionality. Previous studies of children's development of envy/schadenfreude addressed whether children understand and experience schadenfreude as opposed to compassion/sympathy or whether children's attribution of schadenfreude is a consequence of envy provoked by a disadvantageous social comparison. In this study, we take a step further and investigate the roles that agency and severity of the damage play in mediating children's attribution of schadenfreude. The participants were 144 Danish children aged 3–9 years divided into two age groups. Children were presented with eight stories supported by pictures showing intentional versus accidental and irreparable versus reparable damage to envied objects. The results show that the intensity of envy/schadenfreude, as well as the happy victimizer phenomenon, varies depending on the severity of damage, agency and intentionality. When damage is accidental, schadenfreude is expressed with less intensity compared to when damage is intentional (led by an agent). When damage is irreparable, children attribute less intense feelings of schadenfreude compared to when it is reparable. In addition, only the older children expressed reparable damage carrying more intense schadenfreude and only in the accidental condition. In general, children consider intentional and reparable damage more intense than accidental and irreparable damage, and this is mediated by age. The results are important for understanding the developmental trajectory of children's complex emotions and for educational programmes directed towards supporting this development.
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13
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Saylik R, Raman E, Szameitat AJ. Sex Differences in Emotion Recognition and Working Memory Tasks. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1072. [PMID: 30008688 PMCID: PMC6034094 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It is proposed that emotional and cognitive functions may be differentiated based on sex. However, it is still unknown whether this assumption could be generalized for all emotional faces and working memory (WM) functions. To examine this, 50 females, and 60 males performed an emotion recognition task, consisting of a series of emotional faces as well as three working memory tasks from Cambridge Neuropsychological test battery (CANTAB); namely, spatial working memory (SWM), stocking of Cambridge (SOC), and intra/extradimensional shifts tasks (IED). The results found that females had faster response times in recognition of both positive and negative faces as compared to males. Furthermore, it was observed that while females were better on SWM task processing, males performed better on IED and four move SOC tasks, illustrating that processing of WM components may differentiate by sex. It has been concluded that emotional and cognitive functions are indeed sensitive to sex differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahmi Saylik
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Art and Science, Mus Alparslan University, Mus, Turkey
| | - Evren Raman
- Department of Life Sciences, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Brunel University London, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andre J Szameitat
- Department of Life Sciences, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Brunel University London, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
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14
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Communication of health in experimentally sick men and women: A pilot study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 87:188-195. [PMID: 29102898 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The way people communicate their ill-health and the factors involved in ill-health communication remain poorly known. In the present study, we tested how men and women communicate their sickness and assessed whether sickness-related variables (i.e., body temperature, immune response, subjective sickness symptoms) predicted communicative behaviors. Twenty-two participants were filmed during experimentally induced sickness, triggered by lipopolysaccharide administration (2ng/kg body weight), and after placebo administration, in presence of female care providers. Two trained raters scored participants' communicative behaviors (verbal complaints, moaning and sighs/deep breaths). The physiological and subjective sickness responses were similar in both sexes. Participants were more likely to moan and complain when sick, although the frequency of these behaviors remained low and no clear sex differences was observed. Nevertheless, frequency of sighs/deep breaths was increased amongst sick men but not in women. Sickness-related variables did not predict sigh/deep breath frequency. In this setting, sick men appear to display a lower threshold of expressing their malaise as compared to similarly sick women.
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15
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Jiang Y, Sun YF, Yang YB, Tang JJ, Wu SJ, Miao DM, Zhu X. Gender Differences in Coping Styles of Chinese Military Officers Undergoing Intensive Training. MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1037/h0094954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Jiang
- Department of Psychology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shannxi, the People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun F. Sun
- Force Development and Military Political Work Academic Department, National Defense University, Beijing, the People’s Republic of China
| | - Ye B. Yang
- The Navy General Hospital, Beijing, the People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing J. Tang
- The Second Retired Cadres Retreat of Nanjing Military Command, Nanjing, Jiangsu, the People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng J. Wu
- Department of Psychology, Fourth Military Medical University
| | - Dan M. Miao
- Department of Psychology, Fourth Military Medical University
| | - Xia Zhu
- Department of Psychology, Fourth Military Medical University
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16
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Rehder PD, Mills-Koonce WR, Willoughby MT, Garrett-Peters P, Wagner NJ. Emotion Recognition Deficits among Children with Conduct Problems and Callous-Unemotional Behaviors. EARLY CHILDHOOD RESEARCH QUARTERLY 2017; 41:174-183. [PMID: 34113059 PMCID: PMC8188849 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecresq.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Deficits in emotion recognition have been associated with psychopathic and callous-unemotional (CU) behaviors among adults, adolescents, and children. However, few previous studies have examined such associations exclusively during early and middle childhood, or demographic differences in emotion recognition that may result from early emotion socialization experiences. The current study used a large, population-stratified, randomly-selected sample of 2nd grade children living in areas of high rural poverty to examine group differences in emotion recognition among children showing no conduct problems or CU behaviors (typical), conduct problems without CU behaviors (CP-only), and both CP and CU behaviors (CP+CU). Primary caregivers reported on children's conduct problems and callous-unemotional behaviors at 1st grade and children completed a computerized facial emotion recognition task at 2nd grade. Results indicated that CP/CU group differences in emotion recognition accuracy were moderated by child race, with children in the typical group showing better overall accuracy and better recognition of fearful and happy faces among European American children, whereas no group differences were found among African American children. Implications for emotion socialization, etiology of CP and CU behaviors, and future directions for research and treatment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D. Rehder
- The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 248 Stone Building, P.O. Box 26170, Greensboro, NC 27402-6170, United States
| | - W. Roger Mills-Koonce
- The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 248 Stone Building, P.O. Box 26170, Greensboro, NC 27402-6170, United States
| | - Michael T. Willoughby
- Research Triangle Institute, 3040 East Cornwallis Rd. P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, United States
| | - Patricia Garrett-Peters
- Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 8180, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-8180
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17
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Filkowski MM, Olsen RM, Duda B, Wanger TJ, Sabatinelli D. Sex differences in emotional perception: Meta analysis of divergent activation. Neuroimage 2017; 147:925-933. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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18
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Arutyunova KR, Alexandrov YI, Hauser MD. Sociocultural Influences on Moral Judgments: East-West, Male-Female, and Young-Old. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1334. [PMID: 27656155 PMCID: PMC5011137 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gender, age, and culturally specific beliefs are often considered relevant to observed variation in social interactions. At present, however, the scientific literature is mixed with respect to the significance of these factors in guiding moral judgments. In this study, we explore the role of each of these factors in moral judgment by presenting the results of a web-based study of Eastern (i.e., Russia) and Western (i.e., USA, UK, Canada) subjects, male and female, and young and old. Participants (n = 659) responded to hypothetical moral scenarios describing situations where sacrificing one life resulted in saving five others. Though men and women from both types of cultures judged (1) harms caused by action as less permissible than harms caused by omission, (2) means-based harms as less permissible than side-effects, and (3) harms caused by contact as less permissible than by non-contact, men in both cultures delivered more utilitarian judgments (save the five, sacrifice one) than women. Moreover, men from Western cultures were more utilitarian than Russian men, with no differences observed for women. In both cultures, older participants delivered less utilitarian judgments than younger participants. These results suggest that certain core principles may mediate moral judgments across different societies, implying some degree of universality, while also allowing a limited range of variation due to sociocultural factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina R Arutyunova
- Laboratory of Neural Bases of Mind, Institute of Psychology - Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri I Alexandrov
- Laboratory of Neural Bases of Mind, Institute of Psychology - Russian Academy of SciencesMoscow, Russia; Department of Psychology, National Research University Higher School of EconomicsMoscow, Russia
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Coyle A, Morgan-Sykes C. Troubled Men and Threatening Women: The Construction of `Crisis' in Male Mental Health. FEMINISM & PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0959353598083003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the development of an apparent `crisis' in male well-being (and, more specifically, in male mental health) has become a focus of media and academic interest. This crisis has been linked to disruptions in the traditional system of gender relations, with men being problematically positioned within a changed social context, especially in relation to issues of emotion. In this study, articles on men's health in a British broadsheet newspaper are subjected to discourse analysis to examine the ways in which the crisis in male mental health has been rhetorically constructed. The analysis suggests that it is constructed as arising from the enactment of a traditional, hegemonic masculinity (seen as militating against emotional expression), gender role changes in the employment and sexual domains and the advance of women. Despite an apparent acknowledgement of a need for change, alternative enactments of masculinity are undermined. The implications of these analyses are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Coyle
- Department of Psychology, School of Human Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 5XH, UK,
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20
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Safyer AW, Hauser ST. A Microanalytic Method for Exploring Adolescent Emotional Expression. JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENT RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/074355489491005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This article presents a newly constructed observational coding system which assesses emotional expression operationalized through voice cues and speech content. In order to explore its interrater reliability and validity, the coding system is applied to clinical interviews of two groups of young people: psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents and high school students. The subjects are participants in a longitudinal project examining ego development and familial interactions from early adolescence through the later adolescent years. Specific findings demonstrated the differential effects of psychiatric status and gender on emotional expression. Moreover, adolescents'emotion scores were significantly associated with a theoretically related, independent measure-ego development. These findings lend initial supportfor the validity of this coding method. Future directions of the study are also discussed.
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Abstract
One consistent element of Western sex stereotypes is that women are emotional, whereas men are rational. This is also widely spread in psychology and defended by feminist authors who equate women's relationality with their emotionality. In this article the concept of `emotionality' is criticized and the assumption that women are generally more emotional than men is questioned. A large amount of empirical research on sex differences in emotions is reviewed, leading to the conclusion that the general idea that women are more emotional than men tells us more about Western sex stereotypes than about women's actual emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agneta H. Fischer
- Department of Social Psychology at the University of Amsterdam, Roetersstraat 15, 1018 WB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
This study examined the content of adults' stereotypes about sex differences in both the experience and the expression of emotions and investigated how these beliefs vary with the age of the target person. Four hundred college students (200 men and 200 women) judged the frequency with which they believed males or females in one of five age groups (infants, preschoolers, elementary schoolers, adolescents, and adults) typically feel and express 25 different emotions. It was found that adults' gender-emotion stereotypes held for both basic and nonbasic emotions and appear to be based on a deficit model of male emotional expressiveness (i.e., a belief that males do not express the emotions they feel). Moreover, these beliefs about sex differences in emotionality refer primarily to adolescents and adults. It was concluded that gender-emotion stereotypes are complex and that there may be an age-of-target bias in the evaluation of others' emotions.
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Tse SK, Chan C, Kwong SM, Li H. Sex differences in syntactic development: Evidence from Cantonese-speaking preschoolers in Hong Kong. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/01650250143000463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Utterances produced during spontaneous play activities by 180 Cantonese-speaking children, ranging in age from 3 to 5 years, were analysed with the focus on declaratives. Syntactic development was gauged in terms of changes in the mean length of utterance, sentence type and structure, syntactic complexity, and verb pattern, and age-related develpments in these were found. Significant sex differences were found in syntactic development, with girls outperforming boys in mean utterance length, some sentence types and structures, and syntactic complexity, with a significant age by sex interaction in the group of 4-year-olds. The period between age 3 and age 4 was identified as critical for syntactic development, as many linguistic changes occurred in this time. Growth in the ability to use compound sentences was found to be the most significant contributor to increased mean length of utterance. Biological, psychological, and sociocontextual factors influencing these sex differences in language performance are explored and discussed. The generality of the educational implications is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carol Chan
- The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sin Mee Kwong
- Education Department of Hong Kong Government, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hui Li
- The Hong Kong Institute of Education, Hong Kong, China
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Strayer J, Roberts W. Facial and Verbal Measures of Children’s Emotions and Empathy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/016502597385090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The relation between children’s emotional expressions and their reported experience of emotions is relevant to multicomponent models of both emotion and empathy development. Children ( N 73) in three age groups (5-, 9-, and 13-year-olds) participated in a study of their facial and verbal responses to emotionally evocative videotapes. Children were unobtrusively videotaped while they watched these stimuli, and their facial expressions were coded. Children were also interviewed to determine the emotions they attributed to stimulus persons and to themselves. There was significant but modest convergence between facial and verbal measures of emotion, an important finding given the paucity of independent research in this area. In addition, two nonconvergent indices of empathy derived from facial and verbal measures showed some functional similarities in their relations with other variables. On the basis of similar results from other laboratories, we argue that efforts to find converging measures of emotion and empathy should be redirected to study the semi-independent development of facial and verbal emotional responses to the same events.
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25
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Martin JL, Ross HS. Sibling aggression: Sex differences and parents’ reactions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/01650250444000469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Thirty-nine families were observed extensively at home when children were 21/2 and 41/2 years of age and again 2 years later. The Social Relations Model is used to investigate children’s sex differences in aggression and parents’ prohibiting aggression during sibling conflict. In the first observation period, boys engaged in more severe and mild physical aggression, grabbing, insulting, and property damage than girls. At Time 2, boys engaged in more mild physical aggression and insulting, than girls, but there were no sex differences in other forms of aggression. At Time 1, parents’ responses were relatively uninfluenced by the sex of the children. However, parents were more likely to prohibit mild physical aggression, grabbing, and property damage by and towards girls at the second time period. Conversely, parents showed more tolerance for boys’ mild physical aggression at Time 2, suggesting that this socialisation message may play a role in boys’ greater use of physical aggression both at home and with peers.
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Wheeler SC, DeMarree KG, Petty RE. Understanding the Role of the Self in Prime-to-Behavior Effects: The Active-Self Account. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2016; 11:234-61. [DOI: 10.1177/1088868307302223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this article, the authors review research showing the different roles that the self-concept can play in affecting prime-to-behavior effects. As an organizing framework, an Active-Self account of stereotype, trait, and exemplar prime-to-behavior effects is presented. According to this view, such primes can influence people's behavior by creating changes in the active self-concept, either by invoking a biased subset of chronic self-content or by introducing new material into the active self-concept. The authors show how involvement of the active self-concept can increase, decrease, or reverse the effects of primes and describe how individual differences in responsiveness of the self to change and usage of the self in guiding behavior (e.g., self-monitoring) can moderate prime-to-behavior effects. The Active-Self account is proposed as an integrative framework that explains how the self is involved in prime-to-behavior effects and helps predict how changes in the self determine which motivational and behavioral representations will guide behavior.
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Strayer J, Roberts W. Children’s Personal Distance and Their Empathy: Indices of Interpersonal Closeness. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/016502597385199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
We examined relations between children’s preferred physical closeness with other persons and both their specific responsive empathy with these persons and their more general dispositional or trait empathy. Children ( N 73) in three age groups (5-, 9-, and 13-year-olds) viewed persons in videotaped vignettes, were interviewed for responsive empathy with these persons, and then placed photos of them on a grid at individually preferred distances relative to themselves. Dispositional empathy was assessed by questionnaire in a separate session. Older children placed vignette characters closer to themselves when they reported greater responsive empathy with them. There were substantial differences in responsive empathy across characters and situations, as would be expected: Adults who punished rarely elicited empathy, nor did a child who lied about another child. Consistent with the within-subjects analysis, vignette characters who elicited greater empathy also elicited closer personal distances. In both analyses (within-subjects and across vignette characters), strength of relation increased with age and was stronger for girls than boys. In contrast to responsive empathy, dispositional empathy was not significantly associated with closer personal distance, despite the significant correlation of the two empathy measures. Thus, it seems important to distinguish empathy that is responsive to particular persons and contexts from more general attitudes that may or may not generalise to specific contexts.
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28
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Abstract
Three studies documented the gender stereotypes of emotions and the relationship between gender stereotypes and the interpretation of emotionally expressive behavior. Participants believed women experienced and expressed the majority of the 19 emotions studied (e.g., sadness, fear, sympathy) more often than men. Exceptions included anger and pride, which were thought to be experienced and expressed more often by men. In Study 2, participants interpreted photographs of adults' ambiguous anger/sadness facial expressions in a stereotype-consistent manner, such that women were rated as sadder and less angry than men. Even unambiguous anger poses by women were rated as a mixture of anger and sadness. Study 3 revealed that when expectant parents interpreted an infant's ambiguous anger/sadness expression presented on videotape only high-stereotyped men interpreted the expression in a stereotype-consistent manner. Discussion focuses on the role of gender stereotypes in adults' interpretations of emotional expressions and the implications for social relations and the socialization of emotion.
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Post-Disaster Mental Health Among Parent-Child Dyads After a Major Earthquake in Indonesia. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 43:1309-18. [PMID: 25851238 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-015-0009-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The interdependent adjustment of children and their parents following disasters has been well documented. We used the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (APIM) to provide an appropriate analytical framework for examining how family members may contribute to each other's post-disaster mental health. Independent self-reports were collected from parent-child dyads (n = 397) residing in a rural community in Indonesia that was devastated by a major earthquake. Elementary school children (M = 10 years; 51 % female) and one of their parents (M = 41 years; 73 % female) each reported on their disaster exposure, posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptoms, and general distress. The APIM was used to examine mental health within dyads and moderation by gender across dyads. Children reported lower disaster exposure and fewer PTS symptoms, but similar general distress levels, as their parents. Children's and parents' disaster-specific PTS symptoms were the strongest predictor of their own general distress. Parents' PTS symptoms were associated with children's general distress (b = 0.14, p < 0.001), but children's PTS symptoms were not associated with parents' general distress (b = -0.02, p > 0.05). Findings were not moderated by parents' or children's gender. Although children and parents may respond differently to natural disasters, they may be best understood as a dyad. APIM analyses provide new evidence suggesting a unidirectional path of influence from parents' disaster-related symptomatology to children's general mental health. Dyadic approaches to understanding mental health and treating symptoms of distress among disaster survivors and their families following trauma are encouraged.
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Bachorowski JA, Owren MJ. Vocal Expression of Emotion: Acoustic Properties of Speech Are Associated With Emotional Intensity and Context. Psychol Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.1995.tb00596.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Acoustic properties of speech likely provide external cues about internal emotional processes, a phenomenon called vocal expression of emotion Testing this supposition, we examined fundamental frequency (F0) and two perturbation measures, jitter and shimmer, in short speech samples recorded from subjects performing a lexical decision task Statistically significant differences were found between baseline and on-task values and as interaction effects involving differences in trait levels of emotional intensity and the proportion of success versus failure feedback received These results indicate that acoustic properties of speech can be used to index emotional processes and that characteristic differences in emotional intensity may mediate vocal expression of emotion
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Giorgini V, Gibson C, Mecca JT, Medeiros KE, Mumford MD, Connelly S, Devenport LD. Differences in Biases and Compensatory Strategies Across Discipline, Rank, and Gender Among University Academics. SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING ETHICS 2015; 21:1551-1579. [PMID: 25479960 PMCID: PMC4458235 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-014-9615-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The study of ethical behavior and ethical decision making is of increasing importance in many fields, and there is a growing literature addressing the issue. However, research examining differences in ethical decision making across fields and levels of experience is limited. In the present study, biases that undermine ethical decision making and compensatory strategies that may aid ethical decision making were identified in a series of interviews with 63 faculty members across six academic fields (e.g., biological sciences, health sciences, social sciences) and three levels of rank (assistant professor, associate professor, and full professor) as well as across gender. The degree to which certain biases and compensatory strategies were used in justifications for responses to ethical situations was compared across fields, level of experience, and gender. Major differences were found across fields for several biases and compensatory strategies, including biases and compensatory strategies related to use of professional field principles and field-specific guidelines. Furthermore, full professors tend to differ greatly from assistant and associate professors on a number of constructs, and there were differences in the consistency with which biases and compensatory strategies were displayed within these various groups. Implications of these findings for ethics training and future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Giorgini
- University of Oklahoma, 3100 Monitor, Suite 100, Norman, OK, 73072, USA.
- Department of Psychology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA.
| | - Carter Gibson
- University of Oklahoma, 3100 Monitor, Suite 100, Norman, OK, 73072, USA.
| | - Jensen T Mecca
- University of Oklahoma, 3100 Monitor, Suite 100, Norman, OK, 73072, USA.
| | - Kelsey E Medeiros
- University of Oklahoma, 3100 Monitor, Suite 100, Norman, OK, 73072, USA.
| | - Michael D Mumford
- University of Oklahoma, 3100 Monitor, Suite 100, Norman, OK, 73072, USA.
| | - Shane Connelly
- University of Oklahoma, 3100 Monitor, Suite 100, Norman, OK, 73072, USA.
| | - Lynn D Devenport
- University of Oklahoma, 3100 Monitor, Suite 100, Norman, OK, 73072, USA.
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Heinze JE, Miller AL, Seifer R, Locke R. Emotion Knowledge, Loneliness, Negative Social Experiences, and Internalizing Symptoms Among Low-Income Preschoolers. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2015; 24:240-265. [PMID: 25859097 PMCID: PMC4386756 DOI: 10.1111/sode.12083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Children with poor emotion knowledge (EK) skills are at risk for externalizing problems; less is known about early internalizing behavior. We examined multiple facets of EK and social-emotional experiences relevant for internalizing difficulties, including loneliness, victimization, and peer rejection, in Head Start preschoolers (N = 134; M = 60 months). Results based on multiple informants suggest that facets of EK are differentially related to negative social-emotional experiences and internalizing behavior and that sex plays a moderating role. Behavioral EK was associated with self-reported loneliness, victimization/rejection, and parent-reported internalizing symptoms. Emotion recognition and expressive emotion knowledge were related to self-reported loneliness, and emotion situation knowledge was related to parent-reported internalizing symptoms and negative peer nominations. Sex moderated many of these associations, suggesting that EK may operate differently for girls versus boys in the preschool social context. Results are discussed with regard to the role of EK for social development and intervention implications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alison L. Miller
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Ronald Seifer
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren E. Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University and E.P. Bradley Hospital
| | - Robin Locke
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth
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Moragas L, Granero R, Stinchfield R, Fernández-Aranda F, Fröberg F, Aymamí N, Gómez-Peña M, Fagundo AB, Islam MA, del Pino-Gutiérrez A, Agüera Z, Savvidou LG, Arcelus J, Witcomb GL, Sauchelli S, Menchón JM, Jiménez-Murcia S. Comparative analysis of distinct phenotypes in gambling disorder based on gambling preferences. BMC Psychiatry 2015; 15:86. [PMID: 25886577 PMCID: PMC4406168 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-015-0459-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies examining gambling preferences have identified the importance of the type of gambling practiced on distinct individual profiles. The objectives were to compare clinical, psychopathological and personality variables between two different groups of individuals with a gambling disorder (strategic and non-strategic gamblers) and to evaluate the statistical prediction capacity of these preferences with respect to the severity of the disorder. METHOD A total sample of 2010 treatment-seeking patients with a gambling disorder participated in this stand-alone study. All were recruited from a single Pathological Gambling Unit in Spain (1709 strategic and 301 non-strategic gamblers). The design of the study was cross-sectional and data were collected at the start of treatment. Data was analysed using logistic regression for binary outcomes and analysis of variance (ANOVA) for quantitative responses. RESULTS There were significant differences in several socio-demographic and clinical variables, as well as in personality traits (novelty seeking and cooperativeness). Multiple regression analysis showed harm avoidance and self-directedness were the main predictors of gambling severity and psychopathology, while age at assessment and age of onset of gambling behaviour were predictive of gambling severity. Strategic gambling (as opposed to non-strategic) was significantly associated with clinical outcomes, but the effect size of the relationships was small. CONCLUSIONS It is possible to identify distinct phenotypes depending on the preference of gambling. While these phenotypes differ in relation to the severity of the gambling disorder, psychopathology and personality traits, they can be useful from a clinical and therapeutic perspective in enabling risk factors to be identified and prevention programs targeting specific individual profiles to be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Moragas
- Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, c/ Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Roser Granero
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Spain), Barcelona, Spain. .,Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Randy Stinchfield
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minnesota, USA.
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, c/ Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain. .,Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Spain), Barcelona, Spain. .,Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Frida Fröberg
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Neus Aymamí
- Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, c/ Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Mónica Gómez-Peña
- Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, c/ Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ana B Fagundo
- Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, c/ Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain. .,Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Spain), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Mohammed A Islam
- Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, c/ Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain. .,Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Spain), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Amparo del Pino-Gutiérrez
- Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, c/ Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain ,Departament d’Infermeria de Salut Pública, Salut Mental i Maternoinfantil, Escola Universitària d’Infermeria, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zaida Agüera
- Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, c/ Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain. .,Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Spain), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Lamprini G Savvidou
- Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, c/ Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jon Arcelus
- Leicester Eating Disorders Service, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK.
| | - Gemma L Witcomb
- Leicester Eating Disorders Service, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK.
| | - Sarah Sauchelli
- Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, c/ Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - José M Menchón
- Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, c/ Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain. .,Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. .,CIBER Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, c/ Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain. .,Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Spain), Barcelona, Spain. .,Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Anger in pathological gambling: clinical, psychopathological, and personality correlates. SPANISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 17:E39. [PMID: 25011386 DOI: 10.1017/sjp.2014.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the association between pathological gambling (PG) and anger by assessing whether psychopathology and personality are related to PG and to evaluate gender differences. The sample comprised 71 PGs and 37 healthy controls. Anger, psychopathology and personality were assessed with the STAXI-2, SCL-90-R and TCI-R respectively. Gender did not affect anger expression after stratifying by diagnostic condition (p > .05). Among PG patients, anger, psychopathology and personality measures were correlated with good effect-size (r > .30). Scores in the Anger Temperament (B = 0.21, p = .038) and Anger External-Expression (B = 0.27, p = .029) scales were positively associated with PG severity scores. Anger expression in PG should be considered in future treatment programs.
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Strand PS, Barbosa-Leiker C, Arellano Piedra M, Downs A. Exploring the Bidirectionality of Emotion Understanding and Classroom Behavior with Spanish- and English-speaking Preschoolers Attending Head Start. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Aznar A, Tenenbaum HR. Gender and age differences in parent-child emotion talk. BRITISH JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2014; 33:148-55. [PMID: 25387786 DOI: 10.1111/bjdp.12069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study examined gender differences in emotion word use during mother-child and father-child conversations. Sixty-five Spanish mothers and fathers and their 4- (M = 53.50, SD = 3.54) and 6-year-old (M = 77.07, SD = 3.94) children participated in this study. Emotion talk was examined during a play-related storytelling task and a reminiscence task (conversation about past experiences). Mothers mentioned a higher proportion of emotion words than did fathers. During the play-related storytelling task, mothers of 4-year-old daughters mentioned a higher proportion of emotion words than did mothers of 4-year-old sons, whereas fathers of 4-year-old daughters directed a higher proportion of emotion words than did fathers of 4-year-old sons during the reminiscence task. No gender differences were found with parents of 6-year-old children. During the reminiscence task daughters mentioned more emotion words with their fathers than with their mothers. Finally, mothers' use of emotion talk was related to whether children used emotion talk in both tasks. Fathers' use of emotion talk was only related to children's emotion talk during the reminiscence task.
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Bederian-Gardner D, Goldfarb D. Expectations of emotions during testimony: the role of communicator and perceiver characteristics. BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES & THE LAW 2014; 32:829-845. [PMID: 25430607 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of communicator (child victim) and perceiver (adult participant) characteristics on expectations about witnesses' emotional displays during testimony. In total, 191 adults were asked whether or not they expected child victims who were testifying about sexual abuse to display sadness, fear, anger, disgust, happiness, or a neutral demeanor, and how intensely the adults expected each emotion to be displayed. In describing the victims, child age (5 vs. 13 years old) and child gender (female vs. male) were factorially combined as within-subject factors. Results included that victim gender predicted expectations of fear, and victim age predicted expectations of anger and disgust. There was a significant interaction of victim age and victim gender for expectations of sadness. Of participants who expected multiple emotions, a combination of negative and neutral emotions was expected more from 13-year-old female victims than from 5-year-old female victims. Child victim empathy predicted ratings of how intensely sad and fearful the child victim would look. Implications of these findings for psychological research and the legal system are discussed.
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Parmley M, Cunningham JG. She looks sad, but he looks mad: the effects of age, gender, and ambiguity on emotion perception. The Journal of Social Psychology 2014; 154:323-38. [PMID: 25154116 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2014.901287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated how target sex, target age, and expressive ambiguity influence emotion perception. Undergraduate participants (N = 192) watched morphed video clips of eight child and eight adult facial expressions shifting from neutral to either sadness or anger. Participants were asked to stop the video clip when they first saw an emotion appear (perceptual sensitivity) and were asked to identify the emotion that they saw (accuracy). Results indicate that female participants identified sad expressions sooner in female targets than in male targets. Participants were also more accurate identifying angry facial expressions by male children than by female children. Findings are discussed in terms of the effects of ambiguity, gender, and age on the perception of emotional expressions.
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Billings CE, Downey LA, Lomas JE, Lloyd J, Stough C. Emotional Intelligence and scholastic achievement in pre-adolescent children. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2014.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Garez V, Apter G, Valente M, Golse B, Devouche E. Genre du bébé et trouble de la personnalité borderline maternel : quel impact sur l’interaction mère-bébé à 3 mois du postpartum ? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurenf.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Wojciechowski J, Stolarski M, Matthews G. Emotional intelligence and mismatching expressive and verbal messages: a contribution to detection of deception. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92570. [PMID: 24658500 PMCID: PMC3962410 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Processing facial emotion, especially mismatches between facial and verbal messages, is believed to be important in the detection of deception. For example, emotional leakage may accompany lying. Individuals with superior emotion perception abilities may then be more adept in detecting deception by identifying mismatch between facial and verbal messages. Two personal factors that may predict such abilities are female gender and high emotional intelligence (EI). However, evidence on the role of gender and EI in detection of deception is mixed. A key issue is that the facial processing skills required to detect deception may not be the same as those required to identify facial emotion. To test this possibility, we developed a novel facial processing task, the FDT (Face Decoding Test) that requires detection of inconsistencies between facial and verbal cues to emotion. We hypothesized that gender and ability EI would be related to performance when cues were inconsistent. We also hypothesized that gender effects would be mediated by EI, because women tend to score as more emotionally intelligent on ability tests. Data were collected from 210 participants. Analyses of the FDT suggested that EI was correlated with superior face decoding in all conditions. We also confirmed the expected gender difference, the superiority of high EI individuals, and the mediation hypothesis. Also, EI was more strongly associated with facial decoding performance in women than in men, implying there may be gender differences in strategies for processing affective cues. It is concluded that integration of emotional and cognitive cues may be a core attribute of EI that contributes to the detection of deception.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gerald Matthews
- Institute for Simulation & Training, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
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Clapp JD, Jones JM, Jaconis M, Olsen SA, Woodward MJ, Beck JG. Expressive inhibition following interpersonal trauma: an analysis of reported function. J Anxiety Disord 2014; 28:230-6. [PMID: 24507632 PMCID: PMC4026284 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Existing research indicates veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may deliberately inhibit the expression of emotion. However, the degree to which inhibition generalizes to other trauma populations and the specific reasons survivors with PTSD inhibit expression remains unclear. The present study looked to evaluate expressive inhibition among survivors of intimate partner violence (N = 74), to determine reasons for inhibition in this population, and to examine whether any justifications for inhibition are unique to individuals with PTSD. The frequency and intensity of inhibition scores were similar to those noted in previous research although no differences were observed across women with and without PTSD. Self-reported justifications for inhibition indicated five general themes: Concern for others, Mistrust/fear of exploitation, Perception of others as indifferent/uncaring, Control/Experiential avoidance, and Situation-specific inhibition. Only mistrust/exploitation motives were uniquely associated with PTSD. Whereas expressive inhibition may be elevated within help-seeking samples, individuals who develop PTSD appear to hold unique reasons for restricting emotional expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D. Clapp
- University of Wyoming, Department of Psychology, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, WY 8207, United States
| | - Judiann M. Jones
- University of Memphis, Department of Psychology, 202 Psychology Building, Memphis, TN 38152, United States
| | - Maryanne Jaconis
- Department of Psychology, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, WY 82070, United States.
| | - Shira A. Olsen
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Box 356560, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Matthew J. Woodward
- University of Memphis, Department of Psychology, 202 Psychology Building, Memphis, TN 38152, United States
| | - J. Gayle Beck
- University of Memphis, Department of Psychology, 202 Psychology Building, Memphis, TN 38152, United States
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The gender you are and the gender you like: sexual preference and empathic neural responses. Brain Res 2013; 1534:66-75. [PMID: 23994213 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Empathy relates to the ability to share the emotions and understand the intentions and emotions of the other. Although it has been suggested that women have superior empathic abilities as compared to men, it is unknown whether it is the gender or the sexual preference of the individual that affects empathy. Given that sexual attraction has been reported to affect social behavior, the present study explored the possibility that sexual orientation affects behavioral measures of empathy as well as empathy related activations. METHODS Fifty two heterosexual and homosexual women and men were scanned while performing an emotional judgment task involving emotional understanding of a protagonist. RESULTS The behavioral and neuroimaging results indicate that empathy is related to the gender as well as the sexual preference of the participant. Individuals sexually attracted to men (heterosexual women and homosexual men) showed greater empathy than subjects attracted to women (heterosexual men and homosexual women). Furthermore, brain imaging data reveal that regions within the temporo-parietal junction (TPJ), showed sensitivity to the sexual orientation of the individual, such that it was activated more in subjects attracted to men than in subjects attracted to women while evaluating the emotional state of the other. Moreover, the activation in the TPJ was found to be correlated with the degree to which subjects were empathizing. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that individual differences in empathy are related to the gender as well as the sexual orientation of the subject.
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Bosacki SL, O'Neill SA. Early adolescents' emotional perceptions and engagement with popular music activities in everyday life. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENCE AND YOUTH 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/02673843.2013.785438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Deficits in emotion recognition in pediatric bipolar disorder: the mediating effects of irritability. J Affect Disord 2013; 144:134-40. [PMID: 22963899 PMCID: PMC3513629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric Bipolar Disorder (PBD) is a debilitating condition associated with impairment in many domains. Social functioning is one of the disorder's most notable areas of impairment and this deficit may be in part due to difficulties recognizing affect in others. METHODS In the present study, medication naïve youth with PBD were compared to age-matched healthy controls on their ability to (a) distinguish between categorical emotions, such as happiness, anger, and sadness on the Emotion Recognition Test (ER-40) and (b) differentiate between levels of emotional intensity on an adapted version of the Penn Emotional Acuity Task (Chicago-PEAT). RESULTS Results indicated that PBD youth misidentified sad, fearful, and neutral faces more often than controls, and PBD girls mislabeled 'very angry' faces more often than healthy girls. A mediation analyses indicated that these diagnostic group differences on emotion recognition were significantly mediated by irritability. LIMITATIONS The Chicago-PEAT only examined variations in emotional intensity for the emotions happy and anger. Additionally, all results are correlational; therefore causal inferences cannot be made. CONCLUSIONS Supporting previous literature, the present findings highlight the importance of emotion recognition deficits in PBD individuals. Additionally, the irritability associated with PBD may be an important mechanism of this deficit and may thus represent an important target for treatment.
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Bliss DL, Ekmark SS. Gender Differences in Spirituality in Persons in Alcohol and Drug Dependence Treatment. ALCOHOLISM TREATMENT QUARTERLY 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/07347324.2013.746625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Törestad B. What is anger provoking?-Provokers and provoked in anger situations: Developmental trends and sex differences. Aggress Behav 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ab.2480160601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Anger expression in Swiss adolescents: Establishing measurement invariance across gender in the AX scales. J Adolesc 2012; 35:1013-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Nevill REA, White SW. College students' openness toward autism spectrum disorders: improving peer acceptance. J Autism Dev Disord 2012; 41:1619-28. [PMID: 21318642 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-011-1189-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
One probable consequence of rising rates of autism spectrum disorder diagnosis in individuals without co-occurring intellectual disability is that more young adults with diagnoses or traits of ASD will attend college and require appropriate supports. This study sought to explore college students' openness to peers who demonstrate ASD-characteristic behaviors. Results showed a significant difference in openness between students who had a first-degree relative with an ASD (n = 18) and a gender-matched comparison group of students without such experience (F = 4.85, p = .035). Engineering and physical science majors did not demonstrate more overall openness. Universities should make efforts to prevent social isolation of students with ASD, such as programs to educate students about ASD and supports to ease college transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose E A Nevill
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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Seidl-De-Moura ML, Bandeira TTA, de Marca RGDC, Pessôa LF, Mendes DMLF, Vieira ML, Kobarg APR. Self-recognition and self-regulation: the relationship with socialization trajectories and children's sex. THE SPANISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2012; 15:604-612. [PMID: 22774434 DOI: 10.5209/rev_sjop.2012.v15.n2.38871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The initial process of self development involves interaction with others and the establishment of relationships taking different paths depending on the socio-cultural context. Self-recognition and self-regulation are considered manifestations of this development between 18 and 24 months of age. This study aimed at analyzing the relationship between these two aspects, maternal beliefs about autonomy and relatedness, as well as identifying differences between boys and girls in this developmental stage. Participants were 94 mothers of different educational levels and their children of 17-22 months of age in two Brazilian cities. Socialization Goals Inventory and Parental Practices in the First Year Inventory were used to collect data on mothers' beliefs. Children performed tasks related to self-recognition (the mirror test) and self-regulation (compliance to requests). The group of mothers studied valued both autonomy and interdependence. Children's responses are consistent with a perspective of relational autonomy, which value both independence and interdependence. Differences were found in relation to sex in both self-recognition and self-regulation, and baby girls showed superior performance than boys in both tasks.
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