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Noctor G, Cohen M, Trémulot L, Châtel-Innocenti G, Van Breusegem F, Mhamdi A. Glutathione: a key modulator of plant defence and metabolism through multiple mechanisms. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:4549-4572. [PMID: 38676714 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Redox reactions are fundamental to energy conversion in living cells, and also determine and tune responses to the environment. Within this context, the tripeptide glutathione plays numerous roles. As an important antioxidant, glutathione confers redox stability on the cell and also acts as an interface between signalling pathways and metabolic reactions that fuel growth and development. It also contributes to the assembly of cell components, biosynthesis of sulfur-containing metabolites, inactivation of potentially deleterious compounds, and control of hormonal signalling intensity. The multiplicity of these roles probably explains why glutathione status has been implicated in influencing plant responses to many different conditions. In particular, there is now a considerable body of evidence showing that glutathione is a crucial player in governing the outcome of biotic stresses. This review provides an overview of glutathione synthesis, transport, degradation, and redox turnover in plants. It examines the expression of genes associated with these processes during pathogen challenge and related conditions, and considers the diversity of mechanisms by which glutathione can influence protein function and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Noctor
- Institut des Sciences des Plantes de Paris-Saclay, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8618 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), France
| | - Mathias Cohen
- Institut des Sciences des Plantes de Paris-Saclay, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8618 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lug Trémulot
- Institut des Sciences des Plantes de Paris-Saclay, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8618 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
| | - Gilles Châtel-Innocenti
- Institut des Sciences des Plantes de Paris-Saclay, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8618 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
| | - Frank Van Breusegem
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Amna Mhamdi
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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Ito T, Ohkama-Ohtsu N. Degradation of glutathione and glutathione conjugates in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:3313-3327. [PMID: 36651789 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is a ubiquitous, abundant, and indispensable thiol for plants that participates in various biological processes, such as scavenging reactive oxygen species, redox signaling, storage and transport of sulfur, detoxification of harmful substances, and metabolism of several compounds. Therefore knowledge of GSH metabolism is essential for plant science. Nevertheless, GSH degradation has been insufficiently elucidated, and this has hampered our understanding of plant life. Over the last five decades, the γ-glutamyl cycle has been dominant in GSH studies, and the exoenzyme γ-glutamyl transpeptidase has been regarded as the major GSH degradation enzyme. However, recent studies have shown that GSH is degraded in cells by cytosolic enzymes such as γ-glutamyl cyclotransferase or γ-glutamyl peptidase. Meanwhile, a portion of GSH is degraded after conjugation with other molecules, which has also been found to be carried out by vacuolar γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, γ-glutamyl peptidase, or phytochelatin synthase. These findings highlight the need to re-assess previous assumptions concerning the γ-glutamyl cycle, and a novel overview of the plant GSH degradation pathway is essential. This review aims to build a foundation for future studies by summarizing current understanding of GSH/glutathione conjugate degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Ito
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Naoko Ohkama-Ohtsu
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
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3
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Cassier-Chauvat C, Marceau F, Farci S, Ouchane S, Chauvat F. The Glutathione System: A Journey from Cyanobacteria to Higher Eukaryotes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1199. [PMID: 37371929 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
From bacteria to plants and humans, the glutathione system plays a pleiotropic role in cell defense against metabolic, oxidative and metal stresses. Glutathione (GSH), the γ-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine nucleophile tri-peptide, is the central player of this system that acts in redox homeostasis, detoxification and iron metabolism in most living organisms. GSH directly scavenges diverse reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as singlet oxygen, superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, nitric oxide and carbon radicals. It also serves as a cofactor for various enzymes, such as glutaredoxins (Grxs), glutathione peroxidases (Gpxs), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs), which play crucial roles in cell detoxication. This review summarizes what is known concerning the GSH-system (GSH, GSH-derived metabolites and GSH-dependent enzymes) in selected model organisms (Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Arabidopsis thaliana and human), emphasizing cyanobacteria for the following reasons. Cyanobacteria are environmentally crucial and biotechnologically important organisms that are regarded as having evolved photosynthesis and the GSH system to protect themselves against the ROS produced by their active photoautotrophic metabolism. Furthermore, cyanobacteria synthesize the GSH-derived metabolites, ergothioneine and phytochelatin, that play crucial roles in cell detoxication in humans and plants, respectively. Cyanobacteria also synthesize the thiol-less GSH homologs ophthalmate and norophthalmate that serve as biomarkers of various diseases in humans. Hence, cyanobacteria are well-suited to thoroughly analyze the role/specificity/redundancy of the players of the GSH-system using a genetic approach (deletion/overproduction) that is hardly feasible with other model organisms (E. coli and S. cerevisiae do not synthesize ergothioneine, while plants and humans acquire it from their soil and their diet, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Cassier-Chauvat
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), F-91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Fanny Marceau
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), F-91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sandrine Farci
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), F-91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Soufian Ouchane
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), F-91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Franck Chauvat
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), F-91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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4
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Yin Y, Wang G, Liu Y, Wang XF, Gao W, Zhang S, You C. Simple Phenotypic Sensor for Visibly Tracking H 2O 2 Fluctuation to Detect Plant Health Status. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:10058-10064. [PMID: 35939798 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c02170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), as a main component of reactive oxygen species (ROS), serves as a key signaling molecule relevant to plant stress response and health status. Many strategies have been developed for detecting or quantifying H2O2 concentration. However, reports on simply, visibly tracking H2O2 fluctuation in vivo are limited. Here, for visibly tracking the plant H2O2 wave, a green fluorescent phenotypic probe was designed by merging a H2O2-sensitive tertiary amine moiety with the core fluorophore tetraphenylethene skeleton. The green fluorescence emission is quenched up to 52% by H2O2 with good sensitivity, selectivity, and reversibility within the plant physiological range of 10-100 μM H2O2. In response to various abiotic stresses, including mechanical damage, high salt, strong light and drought, fluorescence fluctuations, response to H2O2 concentration alterations in vivo was visible to the naked eye under irradiation of commercially available UV light (365 nm) after simple injection of this H2O2 probe solution into seedling leaves. This phenotypic fluorescent H2O2 probe illustrates great potential as early sensors of plant health under stress without the aid of skillful operation and specialized equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yin
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Guanzhu Wang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Yankai Liu
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Wang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Wensheng Gao
- Shandong Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Jinan 250013, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Chunxiang You
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, China
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Kerchev PI, Van Breusegem F. Improving oxidative stress resilience in plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:359-372. [PMID: 34519111 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Originally conceived as harmful metabolic byproducts, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are now recognized as an integral part of numerous cellular programs. Thanks to their diverse physicochemical properties, compartmentalized production, and tight control exerted by the antioxidant machinery they activate signaling pathways that govern plant growth, development, and defense. Excessive ROS levels are often driven by adverse changes in environmental conditions, ultimately causing oxidative stress. The associated negative impact on cellular constituents have been a major focus of decade-long research efforts to improve the oxidative stress resilience by boosting the antioxidant machinery in model and crop species. We highlight the role of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants as integral factors of multiple signaling cascades beyond their mere function to prevent oxidative damage under adverse abiotic stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel I Kerchev
- Phytophthora Research Centre, Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Frank Van Breusegem
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Gent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Gent, Belgium
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6
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Zhang J, Yan E, Zhang L, Wang T, Wang C. Curcumin reduces oxidative stress and fat deposition in longissimus dorsi muscle of intrauterine growth-retarded finishing pigs. Anim Sci J 2022; 93:e13741. [PMID: 35707899 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dietary curcumin possessing multiple biological activities may be an effective way to alleviate oxidative damage and fat deposition in intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) finishing pigs. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate effects of dietary curcumin on meat quality, antioxidant capacity, and fat deposition of longissimus dorsi muscle in IUGR finishing pigs. Twelve normal birth weight (NBW) and 24 IUGR female piglets at 26 days of age were divided into 3 dietary groups: NBW (basal diet), IUGR (basal diet), and IUGR + Cur (basal diet supplemented with 200 mg/kg curcumin). The trial lasted for 169 days. Results showed that IUGR increased concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyls (PC) and fat deposition in longissimus dorsi muscle. However, curcumin decreased the intramuscular fat content and the levels of MDA and PC and improved meat quality in IUGR pigs. Furthermore, curcumin inhibited the decrease of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) protein expression and decreased peroxisome pro liferator-activated receptors γ (PPARγ) expression in IUGR pigs. These findings suggested that dietary addition of 200 mg/kg curcumin could improve meat quality, alleviate oxidative stress through activating Nrf2 signaling pathway, and reduce fat deposition via inhibiting PPARγ expression in longissimus dorsi muscle of IUGR finishing pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Enfa Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tian Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Luo W, Long Y, Feng Z, Li R, Huang X, Zhong J, Liu D, Zhao H. A γ-glutamylcysteine ligase AcGCL alleviates cadmium-inhibited fructooligosaccharides metabolism by modulating glutathione level in Allium cepa L. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 419:126255. [PMID: 34157465 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) are important carbohydrates in plants. Cadmium (Cd) toxicity limits growth and development in several plant species. Whether FOS metabolism is affected by Cd and the molecular mechanisms of tolerance of the effects of Cd toxicity in plants remain enigmatic. In the present study, FOS metabolism was analyzed under Cd stress in onion (Allium cepa L.). Results showed that Cd stress can inhibit FOS accumulation in onion, followed by the upregulation of a putative onion γ-glutamylcysteine ligase gene AcGCL. Heterologous expression of the AcGCL protein in Escherichia coli revealed that this recombinant enzyme has GCL activity. Furthermore, overexpressing AcGCL significantly increased glutathione (GSH) accumulation in young onion roots under Cd treatment, accompanied by increased phytochelatin (PC) amount, and increased transcript expression of GSH synthetase (GS), and phytochelatin synthase (PCS) genes. Notably, compared with control, overexpressing AcGCL ameliorated Cd phytotoxicity on onion FOS metabolism, which correlated with increased FOS synthesis. Taken together, these results suggest that the function of AcGCL as a γ-glutamylcysteine ligase can alleviate Cd inhibited FOS metabolism by modulating GSH levels in onion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Vegetable Engineering and Technology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yuming Long
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zili Feng
- School of Bioscience and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, China
| | - Rui Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaojia Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jiaxin Zhong
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Dongyun Liu
- The Technology Center for Protein Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hongbo Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Vegetable Engineering and Technology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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8
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Lodeyro AF, Krapp AR, Carrillo N. Photosynthesis and chloroplast redox signaling in the age of global warming: stress tolerance, acclimation, and developmental plasticity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:5919-5937. [PMID: 34111246 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Contemporary climate change is characterized by the increased intensity and frequency of environmental stress events such as floods, droughts, and heatwaves, which have a debilitating impact on photosynthesis and growth, compromising the production of food, feed, and biofuels for an expanding population. The need to increase crop productivity in the context of global warming has fueled attempts to improve several key plant features such as photosynthetic performance, assimilate partitioning, and tolerance to environmental stresses. Chloroplast redox metabolism, including photosynthetic electron transport and CO2 reductive assimilation, are primary targets of most stress conditions, leading to excessive excitation pressure, photodamage, and propagation of reactive oxygen species. Alterations in chloroplast redox poise, in turn, provide signals that exit the plastid and modulate plant responses to the environmental conditions. Understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in these processes could provide novel tools to increase crop yield in suboptimal environments. We describe herein various interventions into chloroplast redox networks that resulted in increased tolerance to multiple sources of environmental stress. They included manipulation of endogenous components and introduction of electron carriers from other organisms, which affected not only stress endurance but also leaf size and longevity. The resulting scenario indicates that chloroplast redox pathways have an important impact on plant growth, development, and defense that goes beyond their roles in primary metabolism. Manipulation of these processes provides additional strategies for the design of crops with improved performance under destabilized climate conditions as foreseen for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabella F Lodeyro
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-UNR/CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Adriana R Krapp
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-UNR/CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Néstor Carrillo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-UNR/CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Rosario, Argentina
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Abstract
Metabolomics is a technology that generates large amounts of data and contributes to obtaining wide and integral explanations of the biochemical state of a living organism. Plants are continuously affected by abiotic stresses such as water scarcity, high temperatures and high salinity, and metabolomics has the potential for elucidating the response-to-stress mechanisms and develop resistance strategies in affected cultivars. This review describes the characteristics of each of the stages of metabolomic studies in plants and the role of metabolomics in the characterization of the response of various plant species to abiotic stresses.
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Yang J, Su L, Li D, Luo L, Sun K, Yang M, Gu F, Xia A, Liu Y, Wang H, Chen Z, Guo T. Dynamic transcriptome and metabolome analyses of two types of rice during the seed germination and young seedling growth stages. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:603. [PMID: 32867689 PMCID: PMC7460786 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07024-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Seed germination and young seedling growth are important agricultural traits for developing populations of both irrigated and directly seeded rice. Previous studies have focused on the identification of QTLs. However, there are few studies on the metabolome or transcriptome of germination and young seedling growth in rice. Results Here, an indica rice and a japonica rice were used as materials, and the transcripts and metabolites were detected during the germination and young seedling growth periods on a large scale by using RNA sequencing and a widely targeted metabolomics method, respectively. Fourteen shared transcripts and 15 shared metabolites that were continuously differentially expressed in the two materials were identified and may be essential for seed germination and young seedling growth. Enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes in transcriptome expression profiles at different stages indicated that cell wall metabolism, lipid metabolism, nucleotide degradation, amino acid, etc., were enriched at 0–2 days, and most of the results are consistent with those of previous reports. Specifically, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and glutathione metabolism were continuously enriched during the seed germination and young seedling growth stages. Next, KO enrichment analysis was conducted by using the differentially expressed genes of the two materials at 2, 3 and 4 days. Fourteen pathways were enriched. Additionally, 44 differentially expressed metabolites at 2, 3 and 4 days were identified. These metabolites may be responsible for the differences in germination and young seedling growth between the two materials. Further attention was focused on the ascorbate–glutathione pathway, and it was found that differences in ROS-scavenging abilities mediated by some APX, GPX and GST genes may be directly involved in mediating differences in the germination and young seedling growth speed of the two materials. Conclusions In summary, these results may enhance the understanding of the overall mechanism of seed germination and young seedling growth, and the outcome of this study is expected to facilitate rice breeding for direct seeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Plant Space Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ling Su
- National Engineering Research Center of Plant Space Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Dandan Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Plant Space Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Lixin Luo
- National Engineering Research Center of Plant Space Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Kai Sun
- National Engineering Research Center of Plant Space Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Meng Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Plant Space Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Fengwei Gu
- National Engineering Research Center of Plant Space Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Aoyun Xia
- National Engineering Research Center of Plant Space Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yongzhu Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Plant Space Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Hui Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Plant Space Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhiqiang Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Plant Space Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Tao Guo
- National Engineering Research Center of Plant Space Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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11
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Zhong Y, Chen J. Ameliorative effects of Lanthanum(Ⅲ) on Copper(Ⅱ) stressed rice (Oryza sativa) and its molecular mechanism revealed by transcriptome profiling. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 152:184-193. [PMID: 32422535 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Rare earth elements are known to alleviate heavy metal stress. However, the potential mechanisms of the alleviation remain unclear. This study compared the effects of La(NO3)3 and La(NO3)3-amino acid chelates (La (Ⅲ)-AA) on growth, oxidative stress, ultrastructure, bioaccumulation and gene expression in rice. Results demonstrated that 20 mg/L La (Ⅲ)-AA can effectively ameliorate CuSO4 (50 mg/L) stress in rice by reducing oxidative stress and increasing chlorophyll content, thus promoting growth. ICP and TEM revealed an antagonistic effect between La (Ⅲ) and Cu(Ⅱ). Exogenous La (Ⅲ)-AA decreased Cu(Ⅱ) content in rice leaves, stems and roots by 55.56%, 59.46% and 26.29%, and ameliorated Cu(Ⅱ) damage by maintaining the ultrastructure of mesophyll cells. RNA sequencing identified 7020 differentially expressed genes, and 8 were validated by qRT-PCR. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) concentration was detected by HPLC. Correlation analysis between OsGH3.4-IAA-Expansin revealed that IAA content is negatively correlated with OsGH3.4 (r = -0.82, P < 0.05), and positively correlated with Expansin (r = 0.78, P < 0.05). It's assumed that La (Ⅲ)-induced OsGH3.4 could inhibit IAA-dependent Expansin expression, thereby conferring resistance to Cu stress. This work provides novel insights into the molecular basis underlying La (Ⅲ)-induced Cu(Ⅱ) tolerance in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Zhong
- School of Chemistry, Biology and Materials Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, No.1 Kerui Road, Suzhou, 215011, China
| | - Jiajia Chen
- School of Chemistry, Biology and Materials Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, No.1 Kerui Road, Suzhou, 215011, China.
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12
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Rajab H, Khan MS, Wirtz M, Malagoli M, Qahar F, Hell R. Sulfur metabolic engineering enhances cadmium stress tolerance and root to shoot iron translocation in Brassica napus L. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 152:32-43. [PMID: 32387912 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Serine acetyltransferase (SAT) (EC 2.3.1.30) is the rate-limiting enzyme of cysteine (Cys) biosynthesis, providing the decisive precursor for the ubiquitous defense thiol glutathione (GSH). Together with O-acetylserine (thiol) lyase (OAS-TL; EC 2.5.1.47) SAT generates Cys in the cytosol, plastids, and mitochondria of vascular plants. The current study aimed to overproduce Cys and GSH for enhanced stress tolerance via overexpression of the feedback-insensitive isoform of serine acetyltransferase from tobacco, i.e., NtSAT4. Constitutive overexpression of NtSAT4 in Brassica napus resulted in the 2.6-fold-4-fold higher SAT activity in different subcellular compartment-specific lines. This higher SAT activity led to a 2.5-fold-3.5-fold higher steady-state level of free Cys and 2.2-fold-5.3-fold elevated level of GSH in leaves compared with nontransformed plants. Among the compartment-specific lines, the mitochondrial targeted NtSAT4 overexpressor line M-182 showed the highest levels of Cys (3.5-fold) and GSH (5.3-fold) compared with wild-type plants. Overexpression of NtSAT4 conferred a physiological advantage in terms of enhanced tolerance against oxidative stress with hydrogen peroxide and the heavy metal cadmium (Cd). The NtSAT4 overexpressor lines showed a significantly higher amount of iron (Fe) translocation from roots to shoots compared with nontransformed plants. Overall, these results suggest that overexpression of NtSAT4 is a promising approach to creating plants with tolerance to heavy metals and oxidative stress and, in addition, may potentially improve plant nutrition in terms of enhanced Fe translocation from roots to shoots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hala Rajab
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, 25130, Peshawar, Pakistan; Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Muhammad Sayyar Khan
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, 25130, Peshawar, Pakistan.
| | - Markus Wirtz
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mario Malagoli
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Fariha Qahar
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, 25130, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Rüdiger Hell
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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13
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Nakamura SI, Suzui N, Yin YG, Ishii S, Fujimaki S, Kawachi N, Rai H, Matsumoto T, Sato-Izawa K, Ohkama-Ohtsu N. Effects of enhancing endogenous and exogenous glutathione in roots on cadmium movement in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 290:110304. [PMID: 31779894 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is a thiol-containing compound involved in many aspects of plant metabolism. In the present study, we investigated how enhancing endogenous and exogenous GSH affects cadmium (Cd) movement and distribution in Arabidopsis plants cultured hydroponically. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants with a strong ability to synthesize GSH in roots were generated by transforming the gene encoding the bifunctional γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase-glutathione synthetase enzyme from Streptococcus thermophiles (StGCS-GS). Enhancing endogenous and exogenous GSH decreased the Cd translocation ratio in different ways. Only exogenous GSH significantly inhibited Cd translocation from roots to shoots in wild-type and transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Our study demonstrated that GSH mainly functions outside root cells to inhibit Cd translocation from roots to shoots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichi Nakamura
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan; Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Kaidobata-Nishi, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita-shi, Akita, 010-0195, Japan.
| | - Nobuo Suzui
- Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 1233 Watanuki-cho, Takasaki-shi, Gunma, 370-1207, Japan
| | - Yong-Gen Yin
- Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 1233 Watanuki-cho, Takasaki-shi, Gunma, 370-1207, Japan
| | - Satomi Ishii
- Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 1233 Watanuki-cho, Takasaki-shi, Gunma, 370-1207, Japan
| | - Shu Fujimaki
- Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 1233 Watanuki-cho, Takasaki-shi, Gunma, 370-1207, Japan; Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Naoki Kawachi
- Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 1233 Watanuki-cho, Takasaki-shi, Gunma, 370-1207, Japan
| | - Hiroki Rai
- Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Kaidobata-Nishi, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita-shi, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsumoto
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan
| | - Kanna Sato-Izawa
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan
| | - Naoko Ohkama-Ohtsu
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan; Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
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14
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Kumar S, Prasad S, Yadav KK, Shrivastava M, Gupta N, Nagar S, Bach QV, Kamyab H, Khan SA, Yadav S, Malav LC. Hazardous heavy metals contamination of vegetables and food chain: Role of sustainable remediation approaches - A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 179:108792. [PMID: 31610391 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This review emphasizes the role of toxic metal remediation approaches due to their broad sustainability and applicability. The rapid developmental processes can incorporate a large quantity of hazardous and unseen heavy metals in all the segments of the environment, including soil, water, air and plants. The released hazardous heavy metals (HHMs) entered into the food chain and biomagnified into living beings via food and vegetable consumption and originate potentially health-threatening effects. The physical and chemical remediation approaches are restricted and localized and, mainly applied to wastewater and soils and not the plant. The nanotechnological, biotechnological and genetical approaches required to more rectification and sustainability. A cellular, molecular and nano-level understanding of the pathways and reactions are responsible for potentially toxic metals (TMs) accumulation. These approaches can enable the development of crop varieties with highly reduced concentrations of TMs in their consumable foods and vegetables. As a critical analysis by authors observed that nanoparticles could provide very high adaptability for both in-situ and ex-situ remediation of hazardous heavy metals (HHMs) in the environment. These methods could be used for the improvement of the inbuilt genetic potential and phytoremediation ability of plants by developing transgenic. These biological processes involve the transfer of gene of interest, which plays a role in hazardous metal uptake, transport, stabilization, inactivation and accumulation to increased host tolerance. This review identified that use of nanoremediation and combined biotechnological and, transgenic could help to enhance phytoremediation efficiency in a sustainable way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar
- Centre for Environment Science and Climate Resilient Agriculture, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India.
| | - Shiv Prasad
- Centre for Environment Science and Climate Resilient Agriculture, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Krishna Kumar Yadav
- Institute of Environment and Development Studies, Bundelkhand University, Kanpur Road, Jhansi 284128, India.
| | - Manoj Shrivastava
- Centre for Environment Science and Climate Resilient Agriculture, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Neha Gupta
- Institute of Environment and Development Studies, Bundelkhand University, Kanpur Road, Jhansi 284128, India
| | - Shivani Nagar
- Division of Plant Physiology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Quang-Vu Bach
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Danang 550000, Viet Nam.
| | - Hesam Kamyab
- UTM Razak School of Engineering and Advanced Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Shakeel A Khan
- Centre for Environment Science and Climate Resilient Agriculture, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Sunita Yadav
- Centre for Environment Science and Climate Resilient Agriculture, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Lal Chand Malav
- National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur, India
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15
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Wongkaew A, Nakamura SI, Sekimoto H, Yokoyama T, Ohkama-Ohtsu N. Phloem-specific overexpression of AtOPT6 in Arabidopsis enhances Zn transport into shoots. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 285:91-98. [PMID: 31203897 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis oligopeptide transporter AtOPT6 is membrane transport protein that mediated transport of glutathione in both the reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) forms. In this study, the role of AtOPT6 in glutathione distribution throughout the plant was investigated. We found that transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing AtOPT6 under the control of a phloem-specific promoter of sucrose-proton symporter 2 (pSUC2), remarkably increased AtOPT6 transcript levels, ranging from 30- to 40-fold in shoots and 6- to 10-fold in roots, relative to the wild type. AtOPT6-overexpressing lines could elevate the foliar glutathione content; however, glutathione content in the phloem did not change. We observed that the ratio of shoot glutathione content to total glutathione content increased in AtOPT6-overexpressing lines, but not in transgenic Arabidopsis with elevated foliar GSH synthesis. These results indicate the possibility that loading and unloading of glutathione in phloem tissues are enhanced in AtOPT6-overexpressing lines under the control of pSUC2. The results of heavy metal analysis revealed that transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing AtOPT6 under the control of pSUC2 could promote the transport of Zn into shoots as effectively as transgenic Arabidopsis with elevated foliar GSH synthesis, or wild-type plants with exogenous foliar application of GSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunee Wongkaew
- United Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Nakamura
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sekimoto
- Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, 321-8505, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yokoyama
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Naoko Ohkama-Ohtsu
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan; Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
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16
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Wongkaew A, Nakamura SI, Suzui N, Yin YG, Ishii S, Kawachi N, Kojima K, Sekimoto H, Yokoyama T, Ohkama-Ohtsu N. Elevated glutathione synthesis in leaves contributes to zinc transport from roots to shoots in Arabidopsis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 283:416-423. [PMID: 31128713 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is a vital compound involved in several plant metabolic pathways. Our previous study indicated that foliar GSH application can increase zinc (Zn) levels in leafy vegetables. The objective of this study was to determine the mode of action of GSH as it relates to Zn transport from roots to shoots. Two types of transgenic Arabidopsis plants with genes for GSH synthesis, including StGCS-GS or AtGSH1 driven by the leaf-specific promoter of chlorophyll a/b-binding protein (pCab3) gene were generated. Both types of transgenic Arabidopsis plants showed significant increases in shoot GSH concentrations compared to the wild type (WT). Monitoring 65Zn movement by positron-emitting tracer imaging system (PETIS) analysis indicated that the 65Zn amount in the shoots of both types of transgenic Arabidopsis plants were higher than that in the WT. GSH concentration in phloem sap was increased significantly in WT with foliar applications of 10 mM GSH (WT-GSH), but not in transgenic Arabidopsis with elevated foliar GSH synthesis. Both types of transgenic Arabidopsis with elevated foliar GSH synthesis and WT-GSH exhibited increased shoot Zn concentrations and Zn translocation ratios. These results suggest that enhancement of endogenous foliar GSH synthesis and exogenous foliar GSH application affect root-to-shoot transport of Zn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunee Wongkaew
- United Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Nakamura
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Nobuo Suzui
- Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Gunma 370-1207, Japan
| | - Yong-Gen Yin
- Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Gunma 370-1207, Japan
| | - Satomi Ishii
- Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Gunma 370-1207, Japan
| | - Naoki Kawachi
- Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Gunma 370-1207, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Kojima
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sekimoto
- Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya 321-8505, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yokoyama
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Naoko Ohkama-Ohtsu
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
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17
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Gómez R, Vicino P, Carrillo N, Lodeyro AF. Manipulation of oxidative stress responses as a strategy to generate stress-tolerant crops. From damage to signaling to tolerance. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2019; 39:693-708. [PMID: 30991845 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2019.1597829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants exposed to hostile environmental conditions such as drought or extreme temperatures usually undergo oxidative stress, which has long been assumed to significantly contribute to the damage suffered by the organism. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduced under stress conditions were proposed to destroy membrane lipids and to inactivate proteins and photosystems, ultimately leading to cell death. Accordingly, considerable effort has been devoted, over the years, to improve stress tolerance by strengthening antioxidant and dissipative mechanisms. Although the notion that ROS cause indiscriminate damage in vivo has been progressively replaced by the alternate concept that they act as signaling molecules directing critical plant developmental and environmental responses including cell death, the induction of genes encoding antioxidant activities is commonplace under many environmental stresses, suggesting that their manipulation still offers promise. The features and consequences of ROS effects depend on the balance between various interacting pathways including ROS synthesis and scavenging, energy dissipation, conjugative reactions, and eventually reductive repair. They represent many possibilities for genetic manipulation. We report, herein, a comprehensive survey of transgenic plants in which components of the ROS-associated pathways were overexpressed, and of the stress phenotypes displayed by the corresponding transformants. Genetic engineering of different stages of ROS metabolism such as synthesis, scavenging, and reductive repair revealed a strong correlation between down-regulation of ROS levels and increased stress tolerance in plants grown under controlled conditions. Field assays are scarce, and are eagerly required to assess the possible application of this strategy to agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Gómez
- a Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Biología del Estrés en Plantas, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-UNR/CONICET) , Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR) , Rosario , Argentina
| | - Paula Vicino
- a Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Biología del Estrés en Plantas, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-UNR/CONICET) , Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR) , Rosario , Argentina
| | - Néstor Carrillo
- a Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Biología del Estrés en Plantas, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-UNR/CONICET) , Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR) , Rosario , Argentina
| | - Anabella F Lodeyro
- a Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Biología del Estrés en Plantas, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-UNR/CONICET) , Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR) , Rosario , Argentina
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18
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Smith-Moore CM, Grunden AM. Bacteria and archaea as the sources of traits for enhanced plant phenotypes. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:1900-1916. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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19
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Semida WM, Hemida KA, Rady MM. Sequenced ascorbate-proline-glutathione seed treatment elevates cadmium tolerance in cucumber transplants. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 154:171-179. [PMID: 29471279 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
During its life cycle, plant has to cope with a number of abiotic stresses including cadmium stress. Cadmium (Cd) is highly toxic to plant and greatly influences its growth and entire metabolism. Antioxidants have to enable plant to beat such stresses. Therefore, effects of ascorbate (AsA), proline (Pro) and glutathione (GSH) applied, as seed soaking solutions, singly or in a sequence on cucumber transplant growth, physio-biochemical attributes and antioxidant defense system activity were investigated under 2 mM Cd stress. Adding Cd to transplants in irrigation water reduced photosynthetic efficiency, and nutrient (K+ and Ca2+) contents, while increased the activity of defense systems (non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants) and Cd2+ contents in roots and leaves. Exogenous AsA, Pro and GSH applied singly or in a sequence improved transplant growth (e.g., shoot length, leaf area, shoot fresh weight and shoot dry weight), photosynthetic efficiency (i.e., SPAD chlorophyll, Fv/Fm and PI), transplant health (i.e., increased leaf MSI and RWC, and decreased root and leaf Cd2+ contents), antioxidant defense systems activity (enzymatic; superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase and ascorbate peroxidase, and non-enzymatic; Pro, AsA and GSH antioxidants) and nutrient (K+ and Ca2+) contents. These positive results were obtained under irrigation with or without Cd, AsA. Sequenced AsA-Pro-GSH was the best treatment of which this study recommends to use, followed by GSH treatment, for growing cucumber transplants under Cd stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael M Semida
- Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, 63514 Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Khaulood A Hemida
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, 63514 Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Mostafa M Rady
- Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, 63514 Fayoum, Egypt.
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20
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Fukushima A, Iwasa M, Nakabayashi R, Kobayashi M, Nishizawa T, Okazaki Y, Saito K, Kusano M. Effects of Combined Low Glutathione with Mild Oxidative and Low Phosphorus Stress on the Metabolism of Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1464. [PMID: 28894456 PMCID: PMC5581396 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Plants possess highly sensitive mechanisms that monitor environmental stress levels for a dose-dependent fine-tuning of their growth and development. Differences in plant responses to severe and mild abiotic stresses have been recognized. Although many studies have revealed that glutathione can contribute to plant tolerance to various environmental stresses, little is known about the relationship between glutathione and mild abiotic stress, especially the effect of stress-induced altered glutathione levels on the metabolism. Here, we applied a systems biology approach to identify key pathways involved in the gene-to-metabolite networks perturbed by low glutathione content under mild abiotic stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. We used glutathione synthesis mutants (cad2-1 and pad2-1) and plants overexpressing the gene encoding γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase, the first enzyme of the glutathione biosynthetic pathway. The plants were exposed to two mild stress conditions-oxidative stress elicited by methyl viologen and stress induced by the limited availability of phosphate. We observed that the mutants and transgenic plants showed similar shoot growth as that of the wild-type plants under mild abiotic stress. We then selected the synthesis mutants and performed multi-platform metabolomics and microarray experiments to evaluate the possible effects on the overall metabolome and the transcriptome. As a common oxidative stress response, several flavonoids that we assessed showed overaccumulation, whereas the mild phosphate stress resulted in increased levels of specific kaempferol- and quercetin-glycosides. Remarkably, in addition to a significant increased level of sugar, osmolytes, and lipids as mild oxidative stress-responsive metabolites, short-chain aliphatic glucosinolates over-accumulated in the mutants, whereas the level of long-chain aliphatic glucosinolates and specific lipids decreased. Coordinated gene expressions related to glucosinolate and flavonoid biosynthesis also supported the metabolite responses in the pad2-1 mutant. Our results suggest that glutathione synthesis mutants accelerate transcriptional regulatory networks to control the biosynthetic pathways involved in glutathione-independent scavenging metabolites, and that they might reconfigure the metabolic networks in primary and secondary metabolism, including lipids, glucosinolates, and flavonoids. This work provides a basis for the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms involved in the metabolic and transcriptional regulatory networks in response to combined low glutathione content with mild oxidative and nutrient stress in A. thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mami Iwasa
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource ScienceYokohama, Japan
- Nissan Chemical Industries, Ltd.Funabashi, Japan
| | - Ryo Nakabayashi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource ScienceYokohama, Japan
| | | | | | - Yozo Okazaki
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource ScienceYokohama, Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource ScienceYokohama, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba UniversityChiba, Japan
| | - Miyako Kusano
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource ScienceYokohama, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of TsukubaTsukuba, Japan
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21
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Pophaly SD, Poonam S, Pophaly SD, Kapila S, Nanda DK, Tomar SK, Singh R. Glutathione biosynthesis and activity of dependent enzymes in food-grade lactic acid bacteria harbouring multidomain bifunctional fusion gene (gshF). J Appl Microbiol 2017; 123:194-203. [PMID: 28403558 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To assess glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis ability and activity of dependent enzymes in food-grade lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and correlating with genomic information on GSH system in LAB. METHODS AND RESULTS Whole-genome sequences of 26 food-grade LAB were screened for the presence/absence of a set of genes involved in de novo GSH system. Multiple strains of Streptococcus thermophilus (37), Lactobacillus casei (37), Lactobacillus rhamnosus (4), Lactobacillus paracasei (8) Lactobacillus plantarum (23) and Lactobacillus fermentum (22) were screened for biochemical evidence of the GSH system. Multiple sequence analysis of GshF sequences was carried out for comparing the genomic signatures between GSH-producing and nonproducing species. CONCLUSIONS Streptococcus thermophilus was found to have de novo GSH biosynthesis as well as import ability. Lactobacillus sp. were negative for GSH synthesis but could import it from the medium. All the species exhibited prolific GSH reductase and peroxidase activity. Sequence analysis revealed the absence of key amino acid residues as well as a truncated N-terminal region in lactobacilli. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The study provides a comprehensive view on the status of an important antioxidative system (the GSH system) in LAB and is expected to serve as a primer for future work on the mechanistic role of GSH in the group.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Pophaly
- Dairy Microbiology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India.,Department of Dairy Microbiology, College of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Chhattisgarh Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - S Poonam
- Dairy Microbiology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - S D Pophaly
- Section of Population Genetics, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - S Kapila
- Animal Biochemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - D K Nanda
- Dairy Microbiology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - S K Tomar
- Dairy Microbiology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - R Singh
- Dairy Microbiology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India.,Directorate of Knowledge Management in Agriculture, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India
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22
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Jiang Y, Tao R, Shen Z, Sun L, Zhu F, Yang S. Enzymatic Production of Glutathione by Bifunctional γ-Glutamylcysteine Synthetase/Glutathione Synthetase Coupled with In Vitro Acetate Kinase-Based ATP Generation. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 180:1446-1455. [PMID: 27380420 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2178-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione (γ-glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine, GSH) is a pharmaceutical compound often used in food additives and the cosmetics industry. GSH can be produced biologically from L-glutamic acid, L-cysteine, and glycine through an enzymatic process traditionally involving two sequential adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent reactions catalyzed by γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-GCS or GSHI, EC 6.3.2.2) and GSH synthetase (GS or GSHII, EC 6.3.2.3). Here, we report the enzymatic production of GSH by recombinant cell-free bifunctional γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase/glutathione synthetase (γ-GCS-GS or GshF) coupled with in vitro acetate kinase-based ATP generation. GSH production by an acetate kinase-integrated Escherichia coli Rosetta(DE3) mutant expressing Streptococcus thermophilus GshF reached 18.3 ± 0.1 g l-1 (59.5 ± 0.3 mM) within 3 h, with a molar yield of 0.75 ± 0.00 mol mol-1 added cysteine and a productivity of 6.1 ± 0.0 g l-1 h-1. This is the highest GSH titer reported to date. This newly developed biocatalytic process offers a promising approach for meeting the industrial requirements for GSH production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Shanghai Research and Development Center of Industrial Biotechnology, Shanghai, 201201, China
| | - Rongsheng Tao
- Huzhou Research Center of Industrial Biotechnology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huzhou, 313000, China
| | - Zhengquan Shen
- Huzhou Research Center of Industrial Biotechnology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huzhou, 313000, China
| | - Liangdong Sun
- Huzhou Research Center of Industrial Biotechnology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huzhou, 313000, China
| | - Fuyun Zhu
- Huzhou Research Center of Industrial Biotechnology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huzhou, 313000, China
| | - Sheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Shanghai Research and Development Center of Industrial Biotechnology, Shanghai, 201201, China. .,Huzhou Research Center of Industrial Biotechnology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huzhou, 313000, China. .,Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing, 200237, China.
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Heterologous gshF gene expression in various vector systems in Escherichia coli for enhanced glutathione production. J Biotechnol 2015; 214:63-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Surface display of a bifunctional glutathione synthetase on Saccharomyces cerevisiae for converting chicken feather hydrolysate into glutathione. Mol Biotechnol 2015; 56:726-30. [PMID: 24706360 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-014-9750-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The low economic profits of feather recycling lead that the large amount of feathers is currently discarded in China. To convert feather hydrolysates into GSH with high values, surface display of the bifunctional glutathione synthetase encoded by gcsgs from Streptococcus thermophilus on Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the potential in glutathione (GSH) production from feather hydrolysates were studied. The surface-displayed GCSGS could be used to convert feather hydrolysates into GSH. Results showed that 10 g/l of feather was converted into 321.8 mg/l GSH by the Trichoderma atroviride F6 and surface-displayed GCSGS in the study. Compared with production of intracellular GSH by S. cerevisiae from amino acids or feather hydrolysate, the concentration of GSH in the study was higher, and purification of GSH was more feasible. Due to the glycolytic pathway, the S. cerevisiae was used to generate ATP and cheap feather hydrolysate as precursors, the process for GSH production based on surface-displayed GCSGS is cheap and feasible. The process showed the potential to convert feather hydrolysates into GSH on an industrial scale.
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Khan A, Khan S, Khan MA, Qamar Z, Waqas M. The uptake and bioaccumulation of heavy metals by food plants, their effects on plants nutrients, and associated health risk: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:13772-99. [PMID: 26194234 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4881-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal contamination is a globally recognized environmental issue, threatening human life very seriously. Increasing population and high demand for food resulted in release of various contaminants into environment that finally contaminate the food chain. Edible plants are the major source of diet, and their contamination with toxic metals may result in catastrophic health hazards. Heavy metals affect the human health directly and/or indirectly; one of the indirect effects is the change in plant nutritional values. Previously, a number of review papers have been published on different aspects of heavy metal contamination. However, no related information is available about the effects of heavy metals on the nutritional status of food plants. This review paper is focused upon heavy metal sources, accumulation, transfer, health risk, and effects on protein, amino acids, carbohydrates, fats, and vitamins in plants. The literature about heavy metals in food plants shows that both leafy and nonleafy vegetables are good accumulators of heavy metals. In nonleafy vegetables, the bioaccumulation pattern was leaf > root ≈ stem > tuber. Heavy metals have strong influence on nutritional values; therefore, plants grown on metal-contaminated soil were nutrient deficient and consumption of such vegetables may lead to nutritional deficiency in the population particularly living in developing countries which are already facing the malnutrition problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwarzeb Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
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Liu D, An Z, Mao Z, Ma L, Lu Z. Enhanced Heavy Metal Tolerance and Accumulation by Transgenic Sugar Beets Expressing Streptococcus thermophilus StGCS-GS in the Presence of Cd, Zn and Cu Alone or in Combination. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128824. [PMID: 26057126 PMCID: PMC4461316 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoremediation is a promising means of ameliorating heavy metal pollution through the use of transgenic plants as artificial hyperaccumulators. A novel Streptococcus thermophilusγ-glutamylcysteine synthetase-glutathione synthetase (StGCS-GS) that synthesizes glutathione (GSH) with limited feedback inhibition was overexpressed in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.), yielding three transgenic lines (s2, s4 and s5) with enhanced tolerance to different concentrations of cadmium, zinc and copper, as indicated by their increased biomass, root length and relative growth compared with wild-type plants. Transgenic sugar beets accumulated more Cd, Zn and Cu ions in shoots than wild-type, as well as higher GSH and phytochelatin (PC) levels under different heavy metal stresses. This enhanced heavy metal tolerance and increased accumulation were likely due to the increased expression of StGCS-GS and consequent overproduction of both GSH and PC. Furthermore, when multiple heavy metal ions were present at the same time, transgenic sugar beets overexpressing StGCS-GS resisted two or three of the metal combinations (50 μM Cd-Zn, Cd-Cu, Zn-Cu and Cd-Zn-Cu), with greater absorption in shoots. Additionally, there was no obvious competition between metals. Overall, the results demonstrate the explicit role of StGCS-GS in enhancing Cd, Zn and Cu tolerance and accumulation in transgenic sugar beet, which may represent a highly promising new tool for phytoremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dali Liu
- Key Laboratory of Sugar beet Genetics and Breeding, Academy of Crop Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, the Ministry of Education of China, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, P. R. China
| | - Zhigang An
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, the Ministry of Education of China, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, P. R. China
| | - Zijun Mao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, the Ministry of Education of China, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, P. R. China
| | - Longbiao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Sugar beet Genetics and Breeding, Academy of Crop Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (LM); (ZL)
| | - Zhenqiang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (LM); (ZL)
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Matern S, Peskan-Berghoefer T, Gromes R, Kiesel RV, Rausch T. Imposed glutathione-mediated redox switch modulates the tobacco wound-induced protein kinase and salicylic acid-induced protein kinase activation state and impacts on defence against Pseudomonas syringae. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:1935-50. [PMID: 25628332 PMCID: PMC4378631 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The role of the redox-active tripeptide glutathione in plant defence against pathogens has been studied extensively; however, the impact of changes in cellular glutathione redox potential on signalling processes during defence reactions has remained elusive. This study explored the impact of elevated glutathione content on the cytosolic redox potential and on early defence signalling at the level of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), as well as on subsequent defence reactions, including changes in salicylic acid (SA) content, pathogenesis-related gene expression, callose depositions, and the hypersensitive response. Wild-type (WT) Nicotiana tabacum L. and transgenic high-glutathione lines (HGL) were transformed with the cytosol-targeted sensor GRX1-roGFP2 to monitor the cytosolic redox state. Surprisingly, HGLs displayed an oxidative shift in their cytosolic redox potential and an activation of the tobacco MAPKs wound-induced protein kinase (WIPK) and SA-induced protein kinase (SIPK). This activation occurred in the absence of any change in free SA content, but was accompanied by constitutively increased expression of several defence genes. Similarly, rapid activation of MAPKs could be induced in WT tobacco by exposure to either reduced or oxidized glutathione. When HGL plants were challenged with adapted or non-adapted Pseudomonas syringae pathovars, the cytosolic redox shift was further amplified and the defence response was markedly increased, showing a priming effect for SA and callose; however, the initial and transient hyperactivation of MAPK signalling was attenuated in HGLs. The results suggest that, in tobacco, MAPK and SA signalling may operate independently, both possibly being modulated by the glutathione redox potential. Possible mechanisms for redox-mediated MAPK activation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Matern
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany The Hartmut Hoffmann-Berling International Graduate School of Molecular and Cellular Biology (HBIGS), Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tatjana Peskan-Berghoefer
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roland Gromes
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rebecca Vazquez Kiesel
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Rausch
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Considine MJ, Foyer CH. Metabolic responses to sulfur dioxide in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.): photosynthetic tissues and berries. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:60. [PMID: 25750643 PMCID: PMC4335272 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Research on sulfur metabolism in plants has historically been undertaken within the context of industrial pollution. Resolution of the problem of sulfur pollution has led to sulfur deficiency in many soils. Key questions remain concerning how different plant organs deal with reactive and potentially toxic sulfur metabolites. In this review, we discuss sulfur dioxide/sulfite assimilation in grape berries in relation to gene expression and quality traits, features that remain significant to the food industry. We consider the intrinsic metabolism of sulfite and its consequences for fruit biology and postharvest physiology, comparing the different responses in fruit and leaves. We also highlight inconsistencies in what is considered the "ambient" environmental or industrial exposures to SO2. We discuss these findings in relation to the persistent threat to the table grape industry that intergovernmental agencies will revoke the industry's exemption to the worldwide ban on the use of SO2 for preservation of fresh foods. Transcriptome profiling studies on fruit suggest that added value may accrue from effects of SO2 fumigation on the expression of genes encoding components involved in processes that underpin traits related to customer satisfaction, particularly in table grapes, where SO2 fumigation may extend for several months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Considine
- School of Plant Biology, and The UWA Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, Yorkshire, UK
- Irrigated Agriculture and Diversification, Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, South Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Christine H. Foyer
- School of Plant Biology, and The UWA Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, Yorkshire, UK
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Qiu Z, Deng Z, Tan H, Zhou S, Cao L. Engineering the robustness of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by introducing bifunctional glutathione synthase gene. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 42:537-42. [PMID: 25561319 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-014-1573-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Robust, high-yielding Saccharomyces cerevisiae is highly desirable for cost-effective cellulosic ethanol production. In this study, the bifunctional glutathione (GSH) synthetase genes GCSGS at high copy number was integrated into ribosomal DNA of S. cerevisiae by Cre-LoxP system. Threefold higher GSH contents (54.9 μmol/g dry weight) accumulated in the engineered strain BY-G compared to the reference strain. Tolerance of BY-G to H2O2 (3 mM), temperature (40 °C), furfural (10 mM), hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF, 10 mM) and 0.5 mM Cd(2+) increased compared to reference strain. Twofold higher ethanol concentration was obtained by BY-G in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of corn stover compared to the reference strain. The results showed that intracellular GSH content of S. cerevisiae has an influence on robustness. The strategy is used to engineer S. cerevisiae strains adaptive to a combination of tolerance to inhibitors and raised temperature that may occur in high solid simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of lignocellulosic feedstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqi Qiu
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
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Ghanta S, Datta R, Bhattacharyya D, Sinha R, Kumar D, Hazra S, Mazumdar AB, Chattopadhyay S. Multistep involvement of glutathione with salicylic acid and ethylene to combat environmental stress. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 171:940-50. [PMID: 24913051 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The role of glutathione (GSH) in plant defense is an established fact. However, the association of GSH with other established signaling molecules within the defense signaling network remains to be evaluated. Previously we have shown that GSH is involved in defense signaling network likely through NPR1-dependent salicylic acid (SA)-mediated pathway. In this study, to gain further insight, we developed chloroplast-targeted gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-ECS) overexpressed transgenic Nicotiana tabacum (NtGp line) and constructed a forward subtracted cDNA (suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH)) library using NtGp line as a tester. Interestingly, in addition to SA-related transcripts like pathogenesis-related protein 1a (PR1a) and SAR8.2 m/2l, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase (ACC oxidase), a key enzyme of ethylene (ET) biosynthesis, was identified in the SSH library. Besides, transcription factors like WRKY transcription factor 3 (WRKY3), WRKY1 and ethylene responsive factor 4 (ERF4), associated with SA and ET respectively, were also identified thus suggesting an interplay of GSH with ET and SA. Furthermore, proteomic profiling of NtGp line, performed by employing two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE), corroborated with the transcriptomic profile and several defense-related proteins like serine/threonine protein kinase, and heat shock 70 protein (HSP70) were identified with increased accumulation. Fascinatingly, induction of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase (ACC synthase) was also noted thus demonstrating the active involvement of GSH with ET. Protein gel blot analysis confirmed the enhanced accumulation of ACC oxidase in NtGp line. Together, our data revealed that GSH is involved in the synergistic multiple steps crosstalk through ET as well as SA to combat environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srijani Ghanta
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Drug Development/Diagnostics & Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Riddhi Datta
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Drug Development/Diagnostics & Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Dipto Bhattacharyya
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Drug Development/Diagnostics & Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Ragini Sinha
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Drug Development/Diagnostics & Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Drug Development/Diagnostics & Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Saptarshi Hazra
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Drug Development/Diagnostics & Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Aparupa Bose Mazumdar
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Drug Development/Diagnostics & Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Sharmila Chattopadhyay
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Drug Development/Diagnostics & Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India.
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The uptake mechanism of Cd(II), Cr(VI), Cu(II), Pb(II), and Zn(II) by mycelia and fruiting bodies of Galerina vittiformis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:149120. [PMID: 24455671 PMCID: PMC3881449 DOI: 10.1155/2013/149120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Optimum concentrations of heavy metals like copper, cadmium, lead, chromium, and zinc in soil are essential in carrying out various cellular activities in minimum concentrations and hence help in sustaining all life forms, although higher concentration of these metals is lethal to most of the life forms. Galerina vittiformis, a macrofungus, was found to accumulate these heavy metals into its fleshy fruiting body in the order Pb(II) > Cd(II) > Cu(II) > Zn(II) > Cr(VI) from 50 mg/kg soil. It possesses various ranges of potential cellular mechanisms that may be involved in detoxification of heavy metals and thus increases its tolerance to heavy metal stress, mainly by producing organic acids and phytochelatins (PCs). These components help in repairing stress damaged proteins and compartmentalisation of metals to vacuoles. The stress tolerance mechanism can be deduced by various analytical tools like SEM-EDX, FTIR, and LC-MS. Production of two kinds of phytochelatins was observed in the organism in response to metal stress.
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Liu D, Mao Z, An Z, Ma L, Lu Z. Significantly improved Escherichia coli tolerance and accumulation of Cd2+, Zn2+ and Cu2+ expressing Streptococcus thermophilus StGCS-GS with high glutathione content. ANN MICROBIOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-013-0730-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Sinha R, Bhattacharyya D, Majumdar AB, Datta R, Hazra S, Chattopadhyay S. Leaf proteome profiling of transgenic mint infected with Alternaria alternata. J Proteomics 2013; 93:117-32. [PMID: 23369890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The genus Mentha has been widely used in food, flavor, culinary, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Substantial damage to this crop happened regularly due to environmental stresses like metal toxicity and pathogen attack. Here, an approach has been taken to raise transgenic mint over-expressing γ-glutamyl-cysteine synthetase (γ-ECS), the rate-limiting enzyme of GSH biosynthesis, resulted enhanced GSH content and its in planta expression confers significant tolerance towards abiotic/biotic stresses viz. metal toxicity - Cd, Zn as well as against infection of Alternaria alternata and Rhizoctonia solani. A differential proteomic analysis through 2-DE and MALDI TOF-TOF MSMS was performed to focus on the altered abundance of functionally important protein species in control and infected transgenic mint. Results showed a significant variation in the protein profile of the infected transgenic plant as compared to the wild/control transgenic counterpart. In addition to protein species related to stress and defense, redox regulation, transcription factors and energy & metabolism, protein species related to signaling and gene regulation as well as cell division also showed differential accumulation in infected transgenic. Hence, proteomics can be used as a tool to decipher the mechanism of action of GSH in providing tolerance against a necrotrophic fungus, A. alternata in transgenic mint. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE The reported work describes a comparative proteomics of non-model unsequenced plants like Mentha. There is a comparative protein profile between transgenic and its wild counterparts under control and infected condition. The work has an impact in crop proteomics and also tries to explain the application of proteomic approach to decipher the mechanism by which a foreign metabolite mediates stress tolerance in plant under control and infected condition. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Translational Plant Proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragini Sinha
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Drug Development/Diagnostics & Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C.Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India
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Skladanka J, Adam V, Zitka O, Krystofova O, Beklova M, Kizek R, Havlicek Z, Slama P, Nawrath A. Investigation into the effect of molds in grasses on their content of low molecular mass thiols. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2012. [PMID: 23202817 PMCID: PMC3524598 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph9113789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of molds on levels of low molecular mass thiols in grasses. For this purpose, the three grass species Lolium perenne, Festulolium pabulare and Festulolium braunii were cultivated and sampled during four months, from June to September. The same species were also grown under controlled conditions. High-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection was used for quantification of cysteine, reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione, and phytochelatins (PC2, PC3, PC4 and PC5). Data were statistically processed and analyzed. Thiols were present in all examined grass species. The effect of fungicide treatments applied under field conditions on the content of the evaluated thiols was shown to be insignificant. Species influenced (p < 0.05) PC3 and GSSG content. F. pabulare, an intergeneric hybrid of drought- and fungi-resistant Festuca arundinacea, was comparable in PC3 content with L. perenne and F. braunii under field conditions. Under controlled conditions, however, F. pabulare had higher (p < 0.05) PC3 content than did L. perenne and F. braunii. Under field conditions, differences between the evaluated species were recorded only in GSSG content, but only sampling in June was significant. F. pabulare had higher (p < 0.05) GSSG content in June than did L. perenne and F. braunii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Skladanka
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Production, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic;
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +420-5-4513-3079; Fax: +420-5-4521-2044
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (V.A.); (O.Z.); (O.K.); (R.K.)
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Zitka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (V.A.); (O.Z.); (O.K.); (R.K.)
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Veterinary Ecology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho 1–3, CZ-612 42 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.B.)
| | - Olga Krystofova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (V.A.); (O.Z.); (O.K.); (R.K.)
| | - Miroslava Beklova
- Department of Veterinary Ecology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho 1–3, CZ-612 42 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.B.)
| | - Rene Kizek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (V.A.); (O.Z.); (O.K.); (R.K.)
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Havlicek
- Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (Z.H.); (P.S.)
| | - Petr Slama
- Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (Z.H.); (P.S.)
| | - Adam Nawrath
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Production, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic;
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García-Giménez JL, Markovic J, Dasí F, Queval G, Schnaubelt D, Foyer CH, Pallardó FV. Nuclear glutathione. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1830:3304-16. [PMID: 23069719 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is a linchpin of cellular defences in plants and animals with physiologically-important roles in the protection of cells from biotic and abiotic stresses. Moreover, glutathione participates in numerous metabolic and cell signalling processes including protein synthesis and amino acid transport, DNA repair and the control of cell division and cell suicide programmes. While it is has long been appreciated that cellular glutathione homeostasis is regulated by factors such as synthesis, degradation, transport, and redox turnover, relatively little attention has been paid to the influence of the intracellular partitioning on glutathione and its implications for the regulation of cell functions and signalling. We focus here on the functions of glutathione in the nucleus, particularly in relation to physiological processes such as the cell cycle and cell death. The sequestration of GSH in the nucleus of proliferating animal and plant cells suggests that common redox mechanisms exist for DNA regulation in G1 and mitosis in all eukaryotes. We propose that glutathione acts as "redox sensor" at the onset of DNA synthesis with roles in maintaining the nuclear architecture by providing the appropriate redox environment for the DNA replication and safeguarding DNA integrity. In addition, nuclear GSH may be involved in epigenetic phenomena and in the control of nuclear protein degradation by nuclear proteasome. Moreover, by increasing the nuclear GSH pool and reducing disulfide bonds on nuclear proteins at the onset of cell proliferation, an appropriate redox environment is generated for the stimulation of chromatin decompaction. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Cellular functions of glutathione.
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36
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Pophaly SD, Singh R, Pophaly SD, Kaushik JK, Tomar SK. Current status and emerging role of glutathione in food grade lactic acid bacteria. Microb Cell Fact 2012; 11:114. [PMID: 22920585 PMCID: PMC3462692 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-11-114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have taken centre stage in perspectives of modern fermented food industry and probiotic based therapeutics. These bacteria encounter various stress conditions during industrial processing or in the gastrointestinal environment. Such conditions are overcome by complex molecular assemblies capable of synthesizing and/or metabolizing molecules that play a specific role in stress adaptation. Thiols are important class of molecules which contribute towards stress management in cell. Glutathione, a low molecular weight thiol antioxidant distributed widely in eukaryotes and Gram negative organisms, is present sporadically in Gram positive bacteria. However, new insights on its occurrence and role in the latter group are coming to light. Some LAB and closely related Gram positive organisms are proposed to possess glutathione synthesis and/or utilization machinery. Also, supplementation of glutathione in food grade LAB is gaining attention for its role in stress protection and as a nutrient and sulfur source. Owing to the immense benefits of glutathione, its release by probiotic bacteria could also find important applications in health improvement. This review presents our current understanding about the status of glutathione and its role as an exogenously added molecule in food grade LAB and closely related organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarang Dilip Pophaly
- Dairy Microbiology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India, 132001
| | - Rameshwar Singh
- Dairy Microbiology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India, 132001
| | | | - Jai K Kaushik
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India, 132001
| | - Sudhir Kumar Tomar
- Dairy Microbiology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India, 132001
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Szarka A, Tomasskovics B, Bánhegyi G. The ascorbate-glutathione-α-tocopherol triad in abiotic stress response. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:4458-4483. [PMID: 22605990 PMCID: PMC3344226 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13044458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The life of any living organism can be defined as a hurdle due to different kind of stresses. As with all living organisms, plants are exposed to various abiotic stresses, such as drought, salinity, extreme temperatures and chemical toxicity. These primary stresses are often interconnected, and lead to the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plants, which are highly reactive and toxic and cause damage to proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and DNA, which ultimately results in oxidative stress. Stress-induced ROS accumulation is counteracted by enzymatic antioxidant systems and non-enzymatic low molecular weight metabolites, such as ascorbate, glutathione and α-tocopherol. The above mentioned low molecular weight antioxidants are also capable of chelating metal ions, reducing thus their catalytic activity to form ROS and also scavenge them. Hence, in plant cells, this triad of low molecular weight antioxidants (ascorbate, glutathione and α-tocopherol) form an important part of abiotic stress response. In this work we are presenting a review of abiotic stress responses connected to these antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Szarka
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1111 Szent Gellért tér 4, Budapest, Hungary; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +36-1-463-3858; Fax: +36-1-463-3855
| | - Bálint Tomasskovics
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1111 Szent Gellért tér 4, Budapest, Hungary; E-Mail:
| | - Gábor Bánhegyi
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry Pathobiochemistry, Research Group of Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, 1444 Budapest, POB 260, Hungary; E-Mail:
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38
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Noctor G, Mhamdi A, Chaouch S, Han Y, Neukermans J, Marquez-Garcia B, Queval G, Foyer CH. Glutathione in plants: an integrated overview. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2012; 35:454-84. [PMID: 21777251 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02400.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 811] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants cannot survive without glutathione (γ-glutamylcysteinylglycine) or γ-glutamylcysteine-containing homologues. The reasons why this small molecule is indispensable are not fully understood, but it can be inferred that glutathione has functions in plant development that cannot be performed by other thiols or antioxidants. The known functions of glutathione include roles in biosynthetic pathways, detoxification, antioxidant biochemistry and redox homeostasis. Glutathione can interact in multiple ways with proteins through thiol-disulphide exchange and related processes. Its strategic position between oxidants such as reactive oxygen species and cellular reductants makes the glutathione system perfectly configured for signalling functions. Recent years have witnessed considerable progress in understanding glutathione synthesis, degradation and transport, particularly in relation to cellular redox homeostasis and related signalling under optimal and stress conditions. Here we outline the key recent advances and discuss how alterations in glutathione status, such as those observed during stress, may participate in signal transduction cascades. The discussion highlights some of the issues surrounding the regulation of glutathione contents, the control of glutathione redox potential, and how the functions of glutathione and other thiols are integrated to fine-tune photorespiratory and respiratory metabolism and to modulate phytohormone signalling pathways through appropriate modification of sensitive protein cysteine residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Noctor
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR CNRS 8618, Université de Paris sud 11, Orsay cedex, France.
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Mellado M, Contreras RA, González A, Dennett G, Moenne A. Copper-induced synthesis of ascorbate, glutathione and phytochelatins in the marine alga Ulva compressa (Chlorophyta). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2012; 51:102-8. [PMID: 22153245 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2011.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In order to analyze the synthesis of antioxidant and heavy metal-chelating compounds in response to copper stress, the marine alga Ulva compressa (Chlorophyta) was exposed to 10 μM copper for 7 days and treated with inhibitors of ASC synthesis, lycorine, and GSH synthesis, buthionine sulfoximine (BSO). The levels of ascorbate, in its reduced (ASC) and oxidized (DHA) forms, glutathione, in its reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) forms, and phytochelatins (PCs) were determined as well as activities of enzymes involved in ASC synthesis, L-galactose dehydrogenase (GDH) and L-galactono 1,4 lactone dehydrogenase (GLDH), and in GSH synthesis, γ-glutamylcysteine synthase (γ-GCS) and glutathione synthase (GS). The level of ASC rapidly decreased to reach a minimum at day 1 that remained low until day 7, DHA decreased until day 1 but slowly increased up to day 7 and its accumulation was inhibited by lycorine. In addition, GSH level increased to reach a maximal level at day 5 and GSSG increased up to day 7 and their accumulation was inhibited by BSO. Activities of GDH and GLDH increased until day 7 and GLDH was inhibited by lycorine. Moreover, activities of γ-GCS and GS increased until day 7 and γ-GCS was inhibited by BSO. Furthermore, PC2, PC3 and PC4, increased until day 7 and their accumulation was inhibited by BSO. Thus, copper induced the synthesis of ascorbate, glutathione and PCs in U. compressa suggesting that these compounds are involved in copper tolerance. Interestingly, U. compressa is, until now, the only ulvophyte showing ASC, GSH and PCs synthesis in response to copper excess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena Mellado
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Casilla 40 Correo 33, Santiago, Chile
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40
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Gill SS, Khan NA, Tuteja N. Cadmium at high dose perturbs growth, photosynthesis and nitrogen metabolism while at low dose it up regulates sulfur assimilation and antioxidant machinery in garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.). PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 182:112-20. [PMID: 22118622 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Revised: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Metal contamination of soils has become a worldwide problem and great environmental threat, as these metals accumulate in soils and plants in excess, and enter the food chain. Increased cadmium (Cd) uptake from contaminated soils leads to altered plant metabolism and limits the crop productivity. The experimental crop, Lepidium sativum L. (Garden Cress, Family: Brassicaceae) is a medicinally and economically important plant. An experiment was conducted to examine the effect of different concentrations of Cd (0, 25, 50 or 100 mg kg(-1) soil) on the performance of L. sativum. Cd accumulation in roots and leaves (roots>leaves) increased with the increaseing Cd concentration in soil. High Cd concentration (100mg Cd kg(-1) soil) inhibited the leaf area and plant dry mass and significant decline in net photosynthetic rate (P(N)), stomatal conductance (gs), intercellular CO(2) (Ci), chlorophyll (Chl a, Chl b, total Chl) content, carbonic anhydrase (CA; E.C. 4.2.1.1) activity, nitrate reductase (NR; E.C. 1.6.6.1) activity and nitrogen (N) content was also observed. However, ATP-sulfurylase (ATP-S; EC. 2.7.7.4) activity, sulfur (S) content and activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD; E.C. 1.15.1.1); catalase (CAT; E.C. 1.11.1.6); ascorbate peroxidase (APX; E.C. 1.11.1.11) and glutathione reductase (GR; E.C. 1.6.4.2) and glutathione (GSH) content were increased. Specifically, the decrease in NR activity and N content showed that Cd affects N metabolism negatively; whereas, the increase in ATP-S activity and S content suggests the up-regulation of S assimilation pathway for possible Cd tolerance in coordination with enhanced activities of antioxidant enzymes and GSH. High Cd concentration (100mg Cd kg(-1) soil) perturbs the L. sativum growth by interfering with the photosynthetic machinery and disrupting the coordination between carbon, N and S metabolism. On the other hand, at low Cd concentration (25mg Cd kg(-1) soil) co-ordination of S and N metabolism complemented to the antioxidant machinery to protect the growth and photosynthesis of L. sativum plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarvajeet Singh Gill
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Division, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202 002, India.
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Production of glutathione using a bifunctional enzyme encoded by gshF from Streptococcus thermophilus expressed in Escherichia coli. J Biotechnol 2011; 154:261-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ghanta S, Bhattacharyya D, Sinha R, Banerjee A, Chattopadhyay S. Nicotiana tabacum overexpressing γ-ECS exhibits biotic stress tolerance likely through NPR1-dependent salicylic acid-mediated pathway. PLANTA 2011; 233:895-910. [PMID: 21234598 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1349-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The elaborate networks and the crosstalk of established signaling molecules like salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene (ET), abscisic acid (ABA), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glutathione (GSH) play key role in plant defense response. To obtain further insight into the mechanism through which GSH is involved in this crosstalk to mitigate biotic stress, transgenic Nicotiana tabacum overexpressing Lycopersicon esculentum gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (LeECS) gene (NtGB lines) were generated with enhanced level of GSH in comparison with wild-type plants exhibiting resistance to pathogenesis as well. The expression levels of non-expressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1 (NPR1)-dependent genes like pathogenesis-related gene 1 (NtPR1), mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (NtMAPKK), glutamine synthetase (NtGLS) were significantly enhanced along with NtNPR1. However, the expression levels of NPR1-independent genes like NtPR2, NtPR5 and short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family protein (NtSDRLP) were either insignificant or were downregulated. Additionally, increase in expression of thioredoxin (NtTRXh), S-nitrosoglutathione reductase 1 (NtGSNOR1) and suppression of isochorismate synthase 1 (NtICS1) was noted. Comprehensive analysis of GSH-fed tobacco BY2 cell line in a time-dependent manner reciprocated the in planta results. Better tolerance of NtGB lines against biotrophic Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci was noted as compared to necrotrophic Alternaria alternata. Through two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and image analysis, 48 differentially expressed spots were identified and through identification as well as functional categorization, ten proteins were found to be SA-related. Collectively, our results suggest GSH to be a member in cross-communication with other signaling molecules in mitigating biotic stress likely through NPR1-dependent SA-mediated pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srijani Ghanta
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Drug Development/Diagnostics and Biotechnology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (A unit of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700-032, India
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Noctor G, Queval G, Mhamdi A, Chaouch S, Foyer CH. Glutathione. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2011; 9:e0142. [PMID: 22303267 PMCID: PMC3267239 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione is a simple sulfur compound composed of three amino acids and the major non-protein thiol in many organisms, including plants. The functions of glutathione are manifold but notably include redox-homeostatic buffering. Glutathione status is modulated by oxidants as well as by nutritional and other factors, and can influence protein structure and activity through changes in thiol-disulfide balance. For these reasons, glutathione is a transducer that integrates environmental information into the cellular network. While the mechanistic details of this function remain to be fully elucidated, accumulating evidence points to important roles for glutathione and glutathione-dependent proteins in phytohormone signaling and in defense against biotic stress. Work in Arabidopsis is beginning to identify the processes that govern glutathione status and that link it to signaling pathways. As well as providing an overview of the components that regulate glutathione homeostasis (synthesis, degradation, transport, and redox turnover), the present discussion considers the roles of this metabolite in physiological processes such as light signaling, cell death, and defense against microbial pathogen and herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Noctor
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR CNRS 8618, Université de Paris sud 11, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
| | - Guillaume Queval
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR CNRS 8618, Université de Paris sud 11, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
- Present address: Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology and Department of Plant Biotechnologyand Genetics, Gent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Amna Mhamdi
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR CNRS 8618, Université de Paris sud 11, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
| | - Sejir Chaouch
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR CNRS 8618, Université de Paris sud 11, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
| | - Christine H. Foyer
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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Singh Gill S, Tuteja N. Cadmium stress tolerance in crop plants: probing the role of sulfur. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2011; 6:215-22. [PMID: 21330784 PMCID: PMC3121981 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.2.14880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants can't move away and are therefore continuously confronted with unfavorable environmental conditions (such as soil salinity, drought, heat, cold, flooding and heavy metal contamination). Among heavy metals, cadmium (Cd) is a non-essential and toxic metal, rapidly taken up by roots and accumulated in various plant tissues which hamper the crop growth and productivity worldwide. Plants employ various strategies to counteract the inhibitory effect of Cd, among which nutrient management is one of a possible way to overcome Cd toxicity. Sulfur (S) uptake and assimilation are crucial for determining crop yield and resistance to Cd stress. Cd affects S assimilation pathway which leads to the activation of pathway responsible for the synthesis of cysteine (Cys), a precursor of glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis. GSH, a non-protein thiol acts as an important antioxidant in mitigating Cd-induced oxidative stress. It also plays an important role in phytochelatins (PCs) synthesis, which has a proven role in Cd detoxification. Therefore, S assimilation is considered a crucial step for plant survival under Cd stress. The aim of this review is to discuss the regulatory mechanism of S uptake and assimilation, GSH and PC synthesis for Cd stress tolerance in crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarvajeet Singh Gill
- Plant Molecular Biology Group; International Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology (ICGEB); Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
- Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology Lab; Centre for Biotechnology; MD University; Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Narendra Tuteja
- Plant Molecular Biology Group; International Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology (ICGEB); Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
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