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Gómez-Gaviria M, García-Carnero LC, Baruch-Martínez DA, Mora-Montes HM. The Emerging Pathogen Candida metapsilosis: Biological Aspects, Virulence Factors, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Infect Drug Resist 2024; 17:171-185. [PMID: 38268929 PMCID: PMC10807450 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s448213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections represent a constant and growing menace to public health. This concern is due to the emergence of new fungal species and the increase in antifungal drug resistance. Mycoses caused by Candida species are among the most common nosocomial infections and are associated with high mortality rates when the infection affects deep-seated organs. Candida metapsilosis is part of the Candida parapsilosis complex and has been described as part of the oral microbiota of healthy individuals. Within the complex, this species is considered the least virulent; however, the prevalence has been increasing in recent years, as well as an increment in the resistance to some antifungal drugs. One of the main concerns of candidiasis caused by this species is the wide range of clinical manifestations, ranging from tissue colonization to superficial infections, and in more severe cases it can spread, which makes diagnosis and treatment difficult. The study of virulence factors of this species is limited, however, proteomic comparisons between species indicate that virulence factors in this species could be similar to those already described for C. albicans. However, differences may exist, taking into account changes in the lifestyle of the species. Here, we provide a detailed review of the current literature about this organism, the caused disease, and some sharing aspects with other members of the complex, focusing on its biology, virulence factors, the host-fungus interaction, the identification, diagnosis, and treatment of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Gómez-Gaviria
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Gto., México
| | - Laura C García-Carnero
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Gto., México
| | - Dario A Baruch-Martínez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Gto., México
| | - Héctor M Mora-Montes
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Gto., México
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Carotenoid-Producing Yeasts: Selection of the Best-Performing Strain and the Total Carotenoid Extraction Procedure. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10091699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeasts are considered an extraordinary alternative source of natural carotenoids and pigmented terpenoids with multiple applications. Production of carotenoids by yeast fermentation technology has many benefits; it is cost-effective, easily scalable, and safe. The aim of this research is the isolation of yeasts from natural resources and selection of the most potent bioagent for carotenoid production. Additionally, an upgraded carotenoid extraction protocol we established, which implies the testing of four methods for cell lysis (hydrochloric acid treatment, ultrasound treatment, milling treatment, and osmotic pressure treatment), three extraction methods (conventional extraction, ultrasound extraction, and conventional + ultrasound extraction), and three extraction solvents (acetone, isopropanol/methanol (50:50), and ethanol). For the first time, the obtained results were further modeled by an artificial neural network (ANN). Based on the obtained maximal carotenoid yield (253.74 ± 9.74 mg/100 g d.w) for the best-performing Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, the optimized extraction procedure involving milling treatment (for cell lysis) and conventional extraction with acetone (for carotenoid extraction) convincingly stood out compared to the other 35 tested protocols. Therefore, the selected carotenoid extraction protocol was verified with respect to its universality for all other yeast isolates, demonstrating its simplicity and effectiveness.
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Teman SJ, Gaydos JK, Norman SA, Huggins JL, Lambourn DM, Calambokidis J, Ford JKB, Hanson MB, Haulena M, Zabek E, Cottrell P, Hoang L, Morshed M, Garner MM, Raverty S. Epizootiology of a Cryptococcus gattii outbreak in porpoises and dolphins from the Salish Sea. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2021; 146:129-143. [PMID: 34672263 DOI: 10.3354/dao03630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cryptococcus gattii is a fungal pathogen that primarily affects the respiratory and nervous systems of humans and other animals. C. gattii emerged in temperate North America in 1999 as a multispecies outbreak of cryptococcosis in British Columbia (Canada) and Washington State and Oregon (USA), affecting humans, domestic animals, and wildlife. Here we describe the C. gattii epizootic in odontocetes. Cases of C. gattii were identified in 42 odontocetes in Washington and British Columbia between 1997 and 2016. Species affected included harbor porpoises Phocoena phocoena (n = 26), Dall's porpoises Phocoenoides dalli (n = 14), and Pacific white-sided dolphins Lagenorhynchus obliquidens (n = 2). The probable index case was identified in an adult male Dall's porpoise in 1997, 2 yr prior to the initial terrestrial outbreak. The spatiotemporal extent of the C. gattii epizootic was defined, and cases in odontocetes were found to be clustered around terrestrial C. gattii hotspots. Case-control analyses with stranded, uninfected odontocetes revealed that risk factors for infection were species (Dall's porpoises), age class (adult animals), and season (winter). This study suggests that mycoses are an emerging source of mortality for odontocetes, and that outbreaks may be associated with anthropogenic environmental disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Teman
- The SeaDoc Society, Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center - Orcas Island Office, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Eastsound, WA 98245, USA
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ElFeky DS, Gohar NM, El-Seidi EA, Ezzat MM, AboElew SH. Species identification and antifungal susceptibility pattern ofCandidaisolates in cases of vulvovaginal candidiasis. ALEXANDRIA JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajme.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Saad ElFeky
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Noha Mahmoud Gohar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Eman Ahmad El-Seidi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Mona Mahmoud Ezzat
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Somaia Hassan AboElew
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
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Arastehfar A, Daneshnia F, Kord M, Roudbary M, Zarrinfar H, Fang W, Hashemi SJ, Najafzadeh MJ, Khodavaisy S, Pan W, Liao W, Badali H, Rezaie S, Zomorodian K, Hagen F, Boekhout T. Comparison of 21-Plex PCR and API 20C AUX, MALDI-TOF MS, and rDNA Sequencing for a Wide Range of Clinically Isolated Yeast Species: Improved Identification by Combining 21-Plex PCR and API 20C AUX as an Alternative Strategy for Developing Countries. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:21. [PMID: 30828570 PMCID: PMC6385604 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Occurrence of non-Candida albicans Candida (NCAC) species that are associated with elevated MIC values and therapeutic failures are increasing. As a result, timely and accurate means of identification to the species level is becoming an essential part of diagnostic practices in clinical settings. In this study, 301 clinically isolated yeast strains recovered from various anatomical sites [Blood (n = 145), other sites (n = 156)] were used to assess the accuracy and practicality of API 20C AUX and 21-plex PCR compared to MALDI-TOF MS and large subunit rDNA (LSU rDNA). MALDI-TOF MS correctly identified 98.33% of yeast isolates, 100% of top five Candida species, 95.7% of rare yeast species, while 1.3% of isolates were misidentified. API 20C AUX correctly identified 83.7% of yeast isolates, 97.2% of top five Candida species, 61.8% of rare yeast species, while 16.2% of yeast isolates were misidentified. The 21-plex PCR, accurately identified 87.3% of yeast isolates, 100% of top five Candida species, 72% of rare yeast species, but it misidentified 1.3% of rare yeast species while 9.9% of whole yeast isolates were not identified. The combination of rapidity of 21-plex PCR and comprehensiveness of API 20C AUX, led to correct identification of 92% of included yeast isolates. Due to expensiveness of MALDI-TOF MS and sequencing, this combination strategy could be the most accurate and inexpensive alternative identification strategy for developing countries. Moreover, by the advent and development of cost-effective, reliable, and rapid PCR machines that cost 130 US dollars, 21-plex could be integrated in routine laboratories of developing and resource-limited countries to specifically identify 95% causative agents of yeast-related infections in human. Databases of MALDI-TOF MS, API 20C AUX, and the number of target species identified by 21-plex require further improvement to keep up with the diverse spectrum of yeast species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Arastehfar
- Yeast Biodiversity Department, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Farnaz Daneshnia
- Yeast Biodiversity Department, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Mohammad Kord
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Roudbary
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Zarrinfar
- Allergy Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Wenjie Fang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Medical Mycology, Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Institute of Medical Mycology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sayed Jamal Hashemi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Food Microbiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Najafzadeh
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sadegh Khodavaisy
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Zoonoses Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Weihua Pan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Medical Mycology, Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Institute of Medical Mycology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanqing Liao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Medical Mycology, Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Institute of Medical Mycology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hamid Badali
- Department of Medical Mycology, Invasive Fungi Research Center, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Sassan Rezaie
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamiar Zomorodian
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ferry Hagen
- Yeast Biodiversity Department, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Teun Boekhout
- Yeast Biodiversity Department, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Medical Mycology, Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Institute of Medical Mycology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Yeast Biodiversity Department, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Gokbolat E, Oz Y, Metintas S. Evaluation of three different bottles in BACTEC 9240 automated blood culture system and direct identification of Candida species to shorten the turnaround time of blood culture. J Med Microbiol 2017; 66:470-476. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Egemen Gokbolat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
- Present address: Department of Microbiology, Burdur State Hospital, Burdur, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Oz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Selma Metintas
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
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Santos M, Golt C, Joerger R, Mechor G, Mourão GB, Kung L. Identification of the major yeasts isolated from high moisture corn and corn silages in the United States using genetic and biochemical methods. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:1151-1160. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Are the Conventional Commercial Yeast Identification Methods Still Helpful in the Era of New Clinical Microbiology Diagnostics? A Meta-Analysis of Their Accuracy. J Clin Microbiol 2015; 53:2439-50. [PMID: 25994160 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00802-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate identification of pathogenic species is important for early appropriate patient management, but growing diversity of infectious species/strains makes the identification of clinical yeasts increasingly difficult. Among conventional methods that are commercially available, the API ID32C, AuxaColor, and Vitek 2 systems are currently the most used systems in routine clinical microbiology. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate and to compare the accuracy of the three systems, in order to assess whether they are still of value for the species-level identification of medically relevant yeasts. After adopting rigorous selection criteria, we included 26 published studies involving Candida and non-Candida yeasts that were tested with the API ID32C (674 isolates), AuxaColor (1,740 isolates), and Vitek 2 (2,853 isolates) systems. The random-effects pooled identification ratios at the species level were 0.89 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.80 to 0.95) for the API ID32C system, 0.89 (95% CI, 0.83 to 0.93) for the AuxaColor system, and 0.93 (95% CI, 0.89 to 0.96) for the Vitek 2 system (P for heterogeneity, 0.255). Overall, the accuracy of studies using phenotypic analysis-based comparison methods was comparable to that of studies using molecular analysis-based comparison methods. Subanalysis of studies conducted on Candida yeasts showed that the Vitek 2 system was significantly more accurate (pooled ratio, 0.94 [95% CI, 0.85 to 0.99]) than the API ID32C system (pooled ratio, 0.84 [95% CI, 0.61 to 0.99]) and the AuxaColor system (pooled ratio, 0.76 [95% CI, 0.67 to 0.84]) with respect to uncommon species (P for heterogeneity, <0.05). Subanalysis of studies conducted on non-Candida yeasts (i.e., Cryptococcus, Rhodotorula, Saccharomyces, and Trichosporon) revealed pooled identification accuracies of ≥98% for the Vitek 2, API ID32C (excluding Cryptococcus), and AuxaColor (only Rhodotorula) systems, with significant low or null levels of heterogeneity (P > 0.05). Nonetheless, clinical microbiologists should reconsider the usefulness of these systems, particularly in light of new diagnostic tools such as matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, which allow for considerably shortened turnaround times and/or avoid the requirement for additional tests for species identity confirmation.
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Gorton RL, Ramnarain P, Barker K, Stone N, Rattenbury S, McHugh TD, Kibbler CC. Comparative analysis of Gram's stain, PNA-FISH and Sepsityper with MALDI-TOF MS for the identification of yeast direct from positive blood cultures. Mycoses 2014; 57:592-601. [DOI: 10.1111/myc.12205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Gorton
- UK Clinical Mycology Network (UKCMN) Regional Laboratory; Department of Microbiology; Royal Free Hospital; Hampstead UK
- Centre for Clinical Microbiology; Department of Infection and Immunity; Royal Free Hospital Campus; UCL; London UK
| | - P. Ramnarain
- UK Clinical Mycology Network (UKCMN) Regional Laboratory; Department of Microbiology; Royal Free Hospital; Hampstead UK
| | - K. Barker
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology; University of Toronto; Toronto Canada
| | - N. Stone
- Department of Infection; St. Thomas' Hospital; London UK
| | - S. Rattenbury
- UK Clinical Mycology Network (UKCMN) Regional Laboratory; Department of Microbiology; Royal Free Hospital; Hampstead UK
| | - T. D. McHugh
- Centre for Clinical Microbiology; Department of Infection and Immunity; Royal Free Hospital Campus; UCL; London UK
| | - C. C. Kibbler
- UK Clinical Mycology Network (UKCMN) Regional Laboratory; Department of Microbiology; Royal Free Hospital; Hampstead UK
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Abstract
Fungi and yeasts are critical causes of acute infection. As such, the detection and identification of these organisms are crucial in the diagnosis of affected patient populations. There is a vast array of commercial tests currently available for diagnostic purposes. These vary from traditional culture and biochemical methods to advanced multiparameter molecular tests. Recent technological advances have driven the development of rapid tests which are complementing and in some cases replacing the more traditional methods of detection. Irrespective of the method used the ultimate goal is timely detection of the infectious agent allowing appropriate treatment and improved outcome for the patient.
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Anane S, Khalfallah F. Diagnostic biologique des candidoses systémiques : difficultés et perspectives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 55:262-72. [PMID: 16698196 DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2006.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2005] [Accepted: 03/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis of systemic Candidiasis is difficult to establish and biologic diagnosis raises problems. Blood culture which is the gold standard for the diagnosis of systemic Candidiasis lacks sensitivity and usually takes several days to become positive. Early diagnostic approach is imperative to avoid delays in the initiation for treatment. Therefore, nonculture methods like test for Candida antigen detection, metabolite detection or Candida DNA detection by PCR are being developed for the laboratory diagnosis. Candida derived metabolites and antigens detection lacks sensitivity. A new strategy consisting of the combined detection of mannanemia and an antibody response was developed. The combined detection has a high specificity and sensitivity in the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis. The results of tests for the detection of yeast DNA by PCR obtained recently are promising in terms of sensitivity, specificity and identification of species of Candida.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Anane
- Département de parasitologie, faculté de médecine de Tunis, 15, rue Djebel-Lakhdar, 1007 La-Rabta, Tunisie.
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Campbell CK, Davey KG, Holmes AD, Szekely A, Warnock DW. Comparison of the API Candida system with the AUXACOLOR system for identification of common yeast pathogens. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37:821-3. [PMID: 9986865 PMCID: PMC84570 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.37.3.821-823.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two commercial systems for the identification of yeasts were evaluated by using 159 clinical isolates that had also been identified by conventional biochemical and morphological methods. The API Candida system correctly identified 146 isolates (91.8%), and the AUXACOLOR system correctly identified 145 isolates (91.2%). However, of the 146 isolates identified by the API Candida system, 23 required supplemental biochemical tests or morphological assessment to obtain the correct identification. The AUXACOLOR system gave no identification in 13 cases (8.2%), while the API Candida system gave an unreadable profile in only one case. Incorrect identifications were more common with the API Candida system (12 isolates; 7.5%) than with the AUXACOLOR system (1 isolate; 0.6%).
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Campbell
- Mycology Reference Laboratory, Public Health Laboratory Service, Bristol, United Kingdom
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