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Hughes L, Visser S, Heddema E, de Smet N, Linssen T, Wijdh RJ, Huis in ’t Veld R. Zoonotic transmission of Chlamydia felis from domestic cats; A case series of chronic follicular conjunctivitis in humans. New Microbes New Infect 2024; 59:101412. [PMID: 38660577 PMCID: PMC11040131 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2024.101412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
We present three cases of chronic follicular conjunctivitis resulting from the zoonotic transmission of Chlamydia felis from domestic cats. Our objective is to raise awareness regarding the potential zoonotic transmission of Chlamydia felis from domestic cats and describe the methodology for definitive pathogen identification using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and subsequent sequence analysis, a useful tool in the identification of these rare pathogens. We discuss the factors that could be contributing to the potential under-diagnosis of zoonotic C. felis infections and propose a treatment regime for cases of C. felis-related conjunctivitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hughes
- University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Medical Microbiology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Stijn Visser
- University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Ophthalmology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Edou Heddema
- Zuyderland Medical Centre, Department of Medical Microbiology, Sittard-Geleen, Heerlen, the Netherlands
| | - Nicole de Smet
- Zuyderland-Eyescan BV, Department of Ophthalmology, Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands
| | - Tim Linssen
- Huisartsenpraktijk Urmond, Urmond, the Netherlands
| | - Robert Jan Wijdh
- University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Ophthalmology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Robert Huis in ’t Veld
- University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Medical Microbiology, Groningen, the Netherlands
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2
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Hisada K, Hida Y, Kawabata N, Kawashima Y, Soya Y, Shimada A, Iwano M, Kimura H. Development and evaluation of a novel quenching probe PCR (GENECUBE) assay for rapidly detecting and distinguishing between Chlamydia pneumoniae and Chlamydia psittaci. J Microbiol Methods 2021; 184:106212. [PMID: 33781806 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2021.106212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Early detection of the family Chlamydiaceae as pathogens is essential worldwide for the rapid and sufficient management of atypical pneumonia. GENECUBE (TOYOBO) is a novel fully automated gene analyzer capable of amplifying and detecting target DNAs within 50 min. In this study, we developed a new PCR assay with a specific quenching probe (PCR-QC assay) for rapidly distinguishing between Chlamydia pneumoniae (CPN) and Chlamydia psittaci (CPS). The PCR-QC assay enabled us to precisely and simultaneously detect the 2 different types of DNA fragments even in a mixed sample by identifying unique melting temperatures. Next, we examined a total of 300 frozen samples from patients with respiratory tract infection using the PCR-QC assay and the cell culture method as the gold standard. Kappa index for agreement between the PCR-QC assay and the culture method was 0.43 (95% confidential interval (CI): 0.08-0.78). The sensitivity and specificity of the PCR-QC assay were 36.3% (4/11; 95% CI: 10.9-69.2%)) and 99.0% (286/289; 95% CI: 97.0-99.8%), respectively. The samples positive for CPN (n = 13) or CPS (n = 1) by either method were also examined by a conventional PCR TaqMan assay, which produced the same results as those from the PCR-QC assay. Furthermore, the PCR-QC assay using GENECUBE shortened the full detection time for CPN or CPS (within 50 min vs. more than 2 to 3 h) compared with conventional PCR TaqMan assays. Therefore, the new PCR-QC assay system equipped with GENECUBE is useful for rapidly detecting CPN or CPS pathogens in clinical laboratory, and may improve the management of atypical pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Hisada
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, University of Fukui Hospital, Fukui, Japan
| | - Yukio Hida
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, University of Fukui Hospital, Fukui, Japan
| | | | | | - Yoshihiro Soya
- Diagnostic System Department, TOYOBO Co., LTD., Fukui, Japan
| | - Akihiro Shimada
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, University of Fukui Hospital, Fukui, Japan
| | - Masayuki Iwano
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Hideki Kimura
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, University of Fukui Hospital, Fukui, Japan.
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3
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Angen Ø, Johannesen TB, Petersen RF, Uldum SA, Schnee C. Development of a species-specific real-time PCR test for Chlamydia psittaci and its employment in the investigation of zoonotic transmission from racing pigeons in Denmark. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 100:115341. [PMID: 33684659 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2021.115341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Species-specific detection of Chlamydia psittaci is challenging and all published PCR tests have so far shown deficiencies in specificity or sensitivity. The present investigation reports on the development of a species-specific real-time PCR assay for C. psittaci. The test is based on an 84 bp indel in a gene of unknown function that is unique to C. psittaci. The Cps-indel84-PCR assay was validated on a wide range of chlamydial and other bacterial strains as well as on clinical samples from animals and humans in two different diagnostic laboratories in Germany and Denmark. Furthermore, the test was employed for investigating samples from racing pigeon flocks in Denmark. The evaluation showed that the Cps-indel84-PCR assay has excellent test characteristics and is a highly reliable method for identifying C. psittaci in clinical samples both from humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øystein Angen
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Thor Bech Johannesen
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Randi Føns Petersen
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Anker Uldum
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christiane Schnee
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute for Molecular Pathogenesis, Jena, Germany
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4
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Minh NNQ, Toi PV, Qui LM, Tinh LBB, Ngoc NT, Kim LTN, Uyen NH, Hang VTT, Chinh B’Krong NTT, Tham NT, Khoa TD, Khuong HD, Vi PQ, Phuc NNH, Vien LTM, Pouplin T, Khanh DV, Phuong PN, Lam PK, Wertheim HFL, Campbell JI, Baker S, Parry CM, Bryant JE, Schultsz C, Hung NT, de Jong MD, van Doorn HR. Antibiotic use and prescription and its effects on Enterobacteriaceae in the gut in children with mild respiratory infections in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. A prospective observational outpatient study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241760. [PMID: 33147269 PMCID: PMC7641406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Treatment guidelines do not recommend antibiotic use for acute respiratory infections (ARI), except for streptococcal pharyngitis/tonsillitis and pneumonia. However, antibiotics are prescribed frequently for children with ARI, often in absence of evidence for bacterial infection. The objectives of this study were 1) to assess the appropriateness of antibiotic prescriptions for mild ARI in paediatric outpatients in relation to available guidelines and detected pathogens, 2) to assess antibiotic use on presentation using questionnaires and detection in urine 3) to assess the carriage rates and proportions of resistant intestinal Enterobacteriaceae before, during and after consultation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients were prospectively enrolled in Children's Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam and diagnoses, prescribed therapy and outcome were recorded on first visit and on follow-up after 7 days. Respiratory bacterial and viral pathogens were detected using molecular assays. Antibiotic use before presentation was assessed using questionnaires and urine HPLC. The impact of antibiotic usage on intestinal Enterobacteriaceae was assessed with semi-quantitative culture on agar with and without antibiotics on presentation and after 7 and 28 days. RESULTS A total of 563 patients were enrolled between February 2009 and February 2010. Antibiotics were prescribed for all except 2 of 563 patients. The majority were 2nd and 3rd generation oral cephalosporins and amoxicillin with or without clavulanic acid. Respiratory viruses were detected in respiratory specimens of 72.5% of patients. Antibiotic use was considered inappropriate in 90.1% and 67.5%, based on guidelines and detected pathogens, respectively. On presentation parents reported antibiotic use for 22% of patients, 41% of parents did not know and 37% denied antibiotic use. Among these three groups, six commonly used antibiotics were detected with HPLC in patients' urine in 49%, 40% and 14%, respectively. Temporary selection of 3rd generation cephalosporin resistant intestinal Enterobacteriaceae during antibiotic use was observed, with co-selection of resistance to aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones. CONCLUSIONS We report overuse and overprescription of antibiotics for uncomplicated ARI with selection of resistant intestinal Enterobacteriaceae, posing a risk for community transmission and persistence in a setting of a highly granular healthcare system and unrestricted access to antibiotics through private pharmacies. REGISTRATION This study was registered at the International Standard Randomised Controlled Trials Number registry under number ISRCTN32862422: http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN32862422.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngo Ngoc Quang Minh
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Children’s Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Pham Van Toi
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Le Minh Qui
- Children’s Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | | | | | - Nguyen Hanh Uyen
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Vu Thi Ty Hang
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Nguyen Thi Tham
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thai Dang Khoa
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Huynh Duy Khuong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Pham Quynh Vi
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Ngoc Hong Phuc
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Le Thi Minh Vien
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thomas Pouplin
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Doan Van Khanh
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Pham Nguyen Phuong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Phung Khanh Lam
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Heiman F. L. Wertheim
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular Physiology, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - James I. Campbell
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Stephen Baker
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Christopher M. Parry
- Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Pl, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Juliet E. Bryant
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Constance Schultsz
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Department of Global Health-Amsterdam, Institute of Global Health and Development, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Menno D. de Jong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H. Rogier van Doorn
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular Physiology, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Chlamydia psittaci in fulmars on the Faroe Islands: a causative link to South American psittacines eight decades after a severe epidemic. Microbes Infect 2020; 22:356-359. [PMID: 32135200 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A psittacosis epidemic linked to fulmar hunting occurred on the Faroe Islands in the 1930s. This study investigates a plausible explanation to the 20% human mortality in this outbreak. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Chlamydia psittaci isolated from fulmars were closely related to the highly virulent 6BC strains from psittacines and are compatible with an acquisition by fulmars of an ancestor of the 6BC clade in the 1930s. This supports the hypothesis that the outbreak on the Faroe Islands started after naïve fulmars acquired C. psittaci from infected dead parrots thrown overboard when shipped to Europe in the 1930s.
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6
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Polkinghorne A, Borel N, Heijne M, Pannekoek Y. New evidence for domesticated animals as reservoirs of Chlamydia-associated community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Microbiol Infect 2018; 25:131-132. [PMID: 30394363 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Polkinghorne
- Animal Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia.
| | - N Borel
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Heijne
- Department of Bacteriology and Epidemiology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Y Pannekoek
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Centre for Infection and Immunity, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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7
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Nieuwenhuizen AA, Dijkstra F, Notermans DW, van der Hoek W. Laboratory methods for case finding in human psittacosis outbreaks: a systematic review. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:442. [PMID: 30165831 PMCID: PMC6118005 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3317-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Psittacosis outbreak investigations require rapid identification of cases in order to trace possible sources and perform public health risk assessments. In recent outbreaks in the Netherlands, such investigations were hampered by the non-specificity of laboratory testing methods to identify human Chlamydia psittaci infections. Method A systematic search of PubMed and Scopus databases of literature published between 01 January, 1986 and 03 July, 2017 was done to find best practices of laboratory-testing methods used in psittacosis outbreaks of two or more human cases. Reference lists of included articles were hand searched to identify additional articles. Results Thirty-seven eligible articles were identified, describing 44 human psittacosis outbreaks in 12 countries. Laboratory tests performed were PCR (with various targets), serologic tests (complement binding reactions, ELISA’s, immunofluorescence tests and immuno-peroxidase tests) and culture, in various combinations. The literature provided no ‘gold standard’ laboratory testing strategy to identify recent human C. psittaci infections. In most psittacosis outbreaks, for a considerable number of cases (or tested individuals in an exposed cohort), C. psittaci infection could not be confirmed, nor excluded as causative pathogen. None of the testing strategies was found to be suitable for (nearly) full case finding. Conclusion PCR enables rapid identification of human psittacosis patients and helps source finding by genotyping but has the disadvantage that sensitivity is high only in the acute phase. In outbreak situations, there is often a time delay and therefore, there is a need for new serologic testing methods next to PCR, with good specificity and sensitivity. Moreover, serum is easier to collect than the preferred diagnostic materials for PCR. A serologic test that can reliably confirm infection status without the necessity of convalescent serum sampling would enhance case finding, source tracing, identification of risk factors and assessment of burden of disease in various settings. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-018-3317-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies A Nieuwenhuizen
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, Epidemiology and Surveillance, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Frederika Dijkstra
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, Epidemiology and Surveillance, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Daan W Notermans
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and Laboratory Surveillance, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Wim van der Hoek
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, Epidemiology and Surveillance, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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8
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van Grootveld R, Bilsen MP, Boelsums TL, Heddema ER, Groeneveld GH, Gooskens J, de Boer MGJ. Chlamydia caviae Causing Community-Acquired Pneumonia: An Emerging Zoonosis. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2018; 18:635-637. [PMID: 29985760 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2018.2304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a case of community-acquired pneumonia due to Chlamydia caviae in a patient with no direct animal exposure, raising questions about the zoonotic reservoirs and potential transmission routes. Genotyping of Chamydia isolates that cause pneumonia should be performed for a precise diagnosis and to initiate adequate infection control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca van Grootveld
- 1 Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Manu P Bilsen
- 2 Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Timo L Boelsums
- 3 Municipal Health Service (GGD Hollands Midden) , Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Edou R Heddema
- 4 Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Zuyderland Medical Centre , Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands
| | - Geert H Groeneveld
- 2 Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jairo Gooskens
- 1 Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Mark G J de Boer
- 2 Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden, the Netherlands
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9
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Wertheim HFL, Nadjm B, Thomas S, Agustiningsih, Malik S, Nguyen DNT, Vu DVT, Van Nguyen K, Van Nguyen CV, Nguyen LT, Tran ST, Phung TBT, Nguyen TV, Hien TT, Nguyen UH, Taylor W, Truong KH, Ha TM, Chokephaibulkit K, Farrar J, Wolbers M, de Jong MD, van Doorn HR, Puthavathana P. Viral and atypical bacterial aetiologies of infection in hospitalised patients admitted with clinical suspicion of influenza in Thailand, Vietnam and Indonesia. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2015; 9:315-322. [PMID: 25980749 PMCID: PMC4605413 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza constitutes a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. There is limited information about the aetiology of infection presenting clinically as influenza in hospitalised adults and children in South-East Asia. Such data are important for future management of respiratory infections. Objectives To describe the aetiology of infection presenting clinically as influenza in those hospitalised in South-East Asia. Methods Respiratory specimens archived from July 2008 to June 2009 from patients hospitalised with suspected influenza from Indonesia, Thailand and Vietnam were tested for respiratory viruses and atypical bacteria by polymerase chain reaction. Results A total of 1222 patients’ samples were tested. Of 1222, 776 patients (63·5%) were under the age of 5. Viruses detected included rhinoviruses in 229 of 1222 patients (18·7%), bocaviruses in 200 (16·4%), respiratory syncytial viruses in 144 (11·8%), parainfluenza viruses in 140 (11·5%; PIV1: 32; PIV2: 12; PIV3: 71; PIV4: 25), adenovirus in 102 (8·4%), influenza viruses in 93 (7·6%; influenza A: 77; influenza B: 16) and coronaviruses in 23 (1·8%; OC43: 14; E229: 9). Bacterial pathogens were Mycoplasma pneumoniae (n = 33, 2·7%), Chlamydophila psittaci (n = 2), C. pneumoniae (n = 1), Bordetella pertussis (n = 1) and Legionella pneumophila (n = 2). Overall, in-hospital case fatality rate was 29 of 1222 (2·4%). Conclusion Respiratory viruses were the most commonly detected pathogens in patients hospitalised with a clinical suspicion of influenza. Rhinovirus was the most frequently detected virus, and M. pneumoniae, the most common atypical bacterium. The low number of detected influenza viruses demonstrates a low benefit for empirical oseltamivir therapy, unless during an influenza outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiman F L Wertheim
- Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Program, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Behzad Nadjm
- Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Program, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sherine Thomas
- Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Program, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Agustiningsih
- National Institute of Health Research and Development, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Suhud Malik
- National Institute of Health Research and Development, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Diep Ngoc Thi Nguyen
- Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Program, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Dung Viet Tien Vu
- Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Program, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tran Tinh Hien
- Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Program, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Uyen Hanh Nguyen
- Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Program, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Walter Taylor
- Mahidol Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Tuan Manh Ha
- Children's Hospital No 2, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Jeremy Farrar
- Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Program, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marcel Wolbers
- Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Program, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Menno D de Jong
- Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Program, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H Rogier van Doorn
- Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Program, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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10
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Huijskens EGW, Smit LAM, Rossen JWA, Heederik D, Koopmans M. Evaluation of Patients with Community-Acquired Pneumonia Caused by Zoonotic Pathogens in an Area with a High Density of Animal Farms. Zoonoses Public Health 2015. [PMID: 26214299 PMCID: PMC7165864 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Intensive animal farming could potentially lead to outbreaks of infectious diseases. Clinicians are at the forefront of detecting unusual diseases, but the lack of specificity of zoonotic disease symptoms makes this a challenging task. We evaluated patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) with known and unknown aetiology in an area with a high livestock density and a potential association with animal farms in the proximity. Between 2008 and 2009, a period coinciding with a large Q fever outbreak in the Netherlands, patients with CAP were tested for the presence of possible respiratory pathogens. The presence and number of farm animals within 1 km of the patients' home address were assessed using geographic information system (GIS) and were compared between cases and age-matched control subjects. Of 408 patients with CAP, pathogens were detected in 275 (67.4%) patients. The presence of sheep and the number of goats were associated with CAP caused by Coxiella burnetii in a multiple logistic regression model (P < 0.05). CAP with unknown aetiology was not associated with the presence of animal farms (P > 0.10). The use of GIS in combination with aetiology of CAP could be potentially used to target diagnostics and to identify outbreaks of rare zoonotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G W Huijskens
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, St. Elisabeth Hospital, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - L A M Smit
- Division Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J W A Rossen
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, St. Elisabeth Hospital, Tilburg, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - D Heederik
- Division Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M Koopmans
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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11
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Opota O, Jaton K, Branley J, Vanrompay D, Erard V, Borel N, Longbottom D, Greub G. Improving the molecular diagnosis of Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia abortus infection with a species-specific duplex real-time PCR. J Med Microbiol 2015; 64:1174-1185. [PMID: 26297212 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia abortus are closely related intracellular bacteria exhibiting different tissue tropism that may cause severe but distinct infection in humans. C. psittaci causes psittacosis, a respiratory zoonotic infection transmitted by birds. C. abortus is an abortigenic agent in small ruminants, which can also colonize the human placenta and lead to foetal death and miscarriage. Infections caused by C. psittaci and C. abortus are underestimated mainly due to diagnosis difficulties resulting from their strict intracellular growth. We developed a duplex real-time PCR to detect and distinguish these two bacteria in clinical samples. The first PCR (PCR1) targeted a sequence of the 16S-23S rRNA operon allowing the detection of both C. psittaci and C. abortus. The second PCR (PCR2) targeted the coding DNA sequence CPSIT_0607 unique to C. psittaci. The two PCRs showed 100 % detection for ≥ 10 DNA copies per reaction (1000 copies ml(- 1)). Using a set of 120 samples, including bacterial reference strains, clinical specimens and infected cell culture material, we monitored 100 % sensitivity and 100 % specificity for the detection of C. psittaci and C. abortus for PCR1. When PCR1 was positive, PCR2 could discriminate C. psittaci from C. abortus with a positive predictive value of 100 % and a negative predictive value of 88 %. In conclusion, this new duplex PCR represents a low-cost and time-saving method with high-throughput potential, expected to improve the routine diagnosis of psittacosis and pregnancy complication in large-scale screening programs and also during outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onya Opota
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Lausanne and University Hospital Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Katia Jaton
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Lausanne and University Hospital Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - James Branley
- Department of Microbiology, Nepean Hospital, Penrith, Sydney, Australia
| | - Daisy Vanrompay
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Veronique Erard
- Clinic of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, HFR-Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Borel
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Longbottom
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Gilbert Greub
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Lausanne and University Hospital Center, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Infectious Diseases Service, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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12
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Heddema ER, van Hannen EJ, Bongaerts M, Dijkstra F, ten Hove RJ, de Wever B, Vanrompay D. Typing of Chlamydia psittaci to monitor epidemiology of psittacosis and aid disease control in the Netherlands, 2008 to 2013. Euro Surveill 2015; 20:21026. [DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2015.20.5.21026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Binary file ES_Abstracts_Final_ECDC.txt matches
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Heddema
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Orbis Medical Centre, Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands
| | - E J van Hannen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - M Bongaerts
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Orbis Medical Centre, Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands
| | - F Dijkstra
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control Netherlands, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - R J ten Hove
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Rijnstate, Velp, the Netherlands
| | - B de Wever
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - D Vanrompay
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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13
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Wallensten A, Fredlund H, Runehagen A. Multiple human-to-human transmission from a severe case of psittacosis, Sweden, January-February 2013. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 19. [PMID: 25358043 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2014.19.42.20937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Proven transmission of Chlamydia psittaci between humans has been described on only one occasion previously. We describe an outbreak which occurred in Sweden in early 2013, where the epidemiological and serological investigation suggests that one patient, severely ill with psittacosis after exposure to wild bird droppings, transmitted the disease to ten others: Two family members, one hospital roommate and seven hospital caregivers. Three cases also provided respiratory samples that could be analysed by PCR. All the obtained C. psittaci sequences were indistinguishable and clustered within genotype A. The finding has implications for the management of severely ill patients with atypical pneumonia, because these patients may be more contagious than was previously thought. In order to prevent nosocomial person-to-person transmission of C. psittaci, stricter hygiene measures may need to be applied.
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14
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Huijskens EGW, Rossen JWA, Kluytmans JAJW, van der Zanden AGM, Koopmans M. Evaluation of yield of currently available diagnostics by sample type to optimize detection of respiratory pathogens in patients with a community-acquired pneumonia. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2014; 8:243-9. [PMID: 23957707 PMCID: PMC4186473 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For the detection of respiratory pathogens, the sampling strategy may influence the diagnostic yield. Ideally, samples from the lower respiratory tract are collected, but they are difficult to obtain. OBJECTIVES In this study, we compared the diagnostic yield in sputum and oropharyngeal samples (OPS) for the detection of respiratory pathogens in patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), with the objective to optimize our diagnostic testing algorithm. METHODS Matched sputum samples, OPS, blood cultures, serum, and urine samples were taken from patients (>18 years) with CAP and tested for the presence of possible respiratory pathogens using bacterial cultures, PCR for 17 viruses and five bacteria and urinary antigen testing. RESULTS When using only conventional methods, that is, blood cultures, sputum culture, urinary antigen tests, a pathogen was detected in 49·6% of patients (n = 57). Adding molecular detection assays increased the yield to 80%. A pathogen was detected in 77 of the 115 patients in OPS or sputum samples by PCR. The sensitivity of the OPS was lower than that of the sputum samples (57% versus 74%). In particular, bacterial pathogens were more often detected in sputum samples. The sensitivity of OPS for the detection of most viruses was higher than in sputum samples (72% versus 66%), except for human rhinovirus and respiratory syncytial virus. CONCLUSION Addition of PCR on both OPS and sputum samples significantly increased the diagnostic yield. For molecular detection of bacterial pathogens, a sputum sample is imperative, but for detection of most viral pathogens, an OPS is sufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth G W Huijskens
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, St. Elisabeth Hospital, Tilburg, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Microbiology, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, The Netherlands
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15
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Huijskens EGW, Koopmans M, Palmen FMH, van Erkel AJM, Mulder PGH, Rossen JWA. The value of signs and symptoms in differentiating between bacterial, viral and mixed aetiology in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. J Med Microbiol 2013; 63:441-452. [PMID: 24344207 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.067108-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Current diagnostics for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) include testing for a wide range of pathogens, which is costly and not always informative. We compared clinical and laboratory parameters of patients with CAP caused by different groups of pathogens to evaluate the potential for targeted diagnostics and directed treatment. In a prospective study, conducted between April 2008 and April 2009, adult patients with CAP were tested for the presence of a broad range of possible respiratory pathogens using bacterial cultures, PCR, urinary antigen testing and serology. Of 408 patients with CAP, pathogens were detected in 263 patients (64.5%). Streptococcus pneumoniae and influenza A virus were the most frequently identified bacterial and viral pathogens, respectively. Age had a significant effect on the prediction of aetiology (P = 0.054), with an increase in the relative contribution of viruses with advancing age. Multivariate analyses further showed that the presence of cough increased the likelihood of detecting a viral pathogen [odds ratio (OR) 5.536, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.130-14.390], the presence of immunodeficiency decreased the likelihood of detecting a bacterial pathogen (OR 0.595, 95 % CI 0.246-1.437) and an increase in pneumonia severity index score increased the likelihood of detecting a pathogen in general. Although several variables were independently associated with the detection of a pathogen group, substantial overlap meant there were no reliable clinical predictors to distinguish aetiologies. Therefore, testing for common respiratory pathogens is still necessary to optimize treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth G W Huijskens
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands.,Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, St Elisabeth Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands
| | - Marion Koopmans
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, RIVM, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.,Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Fernand M H Palmen
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, St Elisabeth Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands
| | - Adriana J M van Erkel
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, St Elisabeth Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands
| | | | - John W A Rossen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, St Elisabeth Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands
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16
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Huijskens EGW, van Erkel AJM, Palmen FMH, Buiting AGM, Kluytmans JAJW, Rossen JWA. Viral and bacterial aetiology of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2013; 7:567-73. [PMID: 22908940 PMCID: PMC5781003 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2012.00425.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Modern molecular techniques reveal new information on the role of respiratory viruses in community-acquired pneumonia. In this study, we tried to determine the prevalence of respiratory viruses and bacteria in patients with community-acquired pneumonia who were admitted to the hospital. METHODS Between April 2008 and April 2009, 408 adult patients (aged between 20 and 94 years) with community-acquired pneumonia were tested for the presence of respiratory pathogens using bacterial cultures, real-time PCR for viruses and bacteria, urinary antigen testing for Legionella and Pneumococci and serology for the presence of viral and bacterial pathogens. RESULTS Pathogens were identified in 263 (64·5%) of the 408 patients. The most common single organisms in these 263 patients were Streptococcus pneumoniae (22·8%), Coxiella burnetii (6·8%) and influenza A virus (3·8%). Of the 263 patients detected with pathogens, 117 (44·5%) patients were positive for one or more viral pathogens. Of these 117 patients, 52 (44·4%) had no bacterial pathogen. Multiple virus infections (≥2) were found in 16 patients. CONCLUSION In conclusion, respiratory viruses are frequently found in patients with CAP and may therefore play an important role in the aetiology of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth G W Huijskens
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, St Elisabeth Hospital, Tilburg, The Netherlands.
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17
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Abstract
In recent years, quantitative real-time PCR tests have been extensively developed in clinical microbiology laboratories for routine diagnosis of infectious diseases, particularly bacterial diseases. This molecular tool is well-suited for the rapid detection of bacteria directly in clinical specimens, allowing early, sensitive and specific laboratory confirmation of related diseases. It is particularly suitable for the diagnosis of infections caused by fastidious growth species, and the number of these pathogens has increased recently. This method also allows a rapid assessment of the presence of antibiotic resistance genes or gene mutations. Although this genetic approach is not always predictive of phenotypic resistances, in specific situations it may help to optimize the therapeutic management of patients. Finally, an approach combining the detection of pathogens, their mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, their virulence factors and bacterial load in clinical samples could lead to profound changes in the care of these infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Maurin
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Département des Agents Infectieux, Institut de Biologie et Pathologie, CHU de Grenoble, Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble 1, France.
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18
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Dieu Ngan TT, Thomas S, Larsson M, Horby P, Diep NN, Dat VQ, Trung NV, Ha NH, Rogier van Doorn H, Van Kinh N, Wertheim HFL. First report of human psittacosis in Vietnam. J Infect 2012; 66:461-4. [PMID: 23228501 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Chlamydia psittaci-negative ocular adnexal marginal zone B-cell lymphomas have biased VH4-34 immunoglobulin gene expression and proliferate in a distinct inflammatory environment. Leukemia 2012; 26:1647-53. [DOI: 10.1038/leu.2012.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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20
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OKUDA H, OHYA K, SHIOTA Y, KATO H, FUKUSHI H. Detection of Chlamydophila psittaci by Using SYBR Green Real-Time PCR. J Vet Med Sci 2011; 73:249-54. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.10-0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hideko OKUDA
- Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University
| | - Kenji OHYA
- Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University
| | - Yukihiro SHIOTA
- Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University
| | - Hiroshi KATO
- Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University
| | - Hideto FUKUSHI
- Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University
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21
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Pelletier N, La Scola B. Détection moléculaire et immunologique des bactéries dans le cadre du bioterrorisme. Med Mal Infect 2010; 40:506-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2010.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Revised: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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22
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Magnino S, Haag-Wackernagel D, Geigenfeind I, Helmecke S, Dovč A, Prukner-Radovčić E, Residbegović E, Ilieski V, Laroucau K, Donati M, Martinov S, Kaleta E. Chlamydial infections in feral pigeons in Europe: Review of data and focus on public health implications. Vet Microbiol 2009; 135:54-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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Frequent occurrence of human-associated microsporidia in fecal droppings of urban pigeons in amsterdam, the Netherlands. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:7056-8. [PMID: 18805997 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01429-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human-associated microsporidia were frequently observed in fecal samples of 331 feral pigeons in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, obtained during high- and low-breeding periods. Thirty-six of 331 samples (11%) contained the human pathogens Enterocytozoon bieneusi (n = 18), Encephalitozoon hellem (n = 11), Encephalitozoon cuniculi (n = 6), and Encephalitozoon intestinalis (n = 1); 5 samples contained other microsporidia. Pigeon feces can be an important source of human microsporidian infection.
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24
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Pantchev A, Sting R, Bauerfeind R, Tyczka J, Sachse K. New real-time PCR tests for species-specific detection of Chlamydophila psittaci and Chlamydophila abortus from tissue samples. Vet J 2008; 181:145-50. [PMID: 18413292 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2008] [Revised: 02/26/2008] [Accepted: 02/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydophila psittaci and Chlamydophila abortus are the causative agents of avian chlamydiosis (psittacosis) and ovine enzootic abortion, respectively. Both pathogens are known to possess zoonotic potential. Due to their close genetic relatedness, direct and rapid species identification is difficult. In the present study, new real-time PCR assays are reported for both species. The tests are based on highly specific probes targeting the ompA gene region and were conducted as duplex PCRs including an internal amplification control. The Cp. psittaci assay successfully passed a proficiency test at national level. Examination of field samples revealed Cp. psittaci as the dominating species in birds, but also Cp. abortus in a few psittacines. Real-time PCR assays for species-specific detection of Cp. psittaci and Cp. abortus are suited for routine diagnosis, which renders them important tools for the recognition of outbreaks of psittacosis and ovine enzootic abortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Pantchev
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Stuttgart, 70736 Fellbach, Fellbach, Germany
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25
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Heddema ER, van Hannen EJ, Duim B, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CMJE, Pannekoek Y. Genotyping of Chlamydophila psittaci in human samples. Emerg Infect Dis 2007; 12:1989-90. [PMID: 17326961 PMCID: PMC3291338 DOI: 10.3201/eid1212.051633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydophila (formerly Chlamydia) psittaci genotypes A, B, C, and a new genotype most similar to the 6BC type strain were found in 10 humans with psittacosis by outer membrane protein A gene sequencing. Genotypes B (n = 3) and C (n = 1) are endemic in nonpsittacine European birds. These birds may represent an important part of the zoonotic reservoir.
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26
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Heddema ER, van Hannen EJ, Duim B, de Jongh BM, Kaan JA, van Kessel R, Lumeij JT, Visser CE, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CMJE. An outbreak of psittacosis due to Chlamydophila psittaci genotype A in a veterinary teaching hospital. J Med Microbiol 2006; 55:1571-1575. [PMID: 17030918 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.46692-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An outbreak of psittacosis in a veterinary teaching hospital was recognized in December 2004. Outbreak management was instituted to evaluate the extent of the outbreak and to determine the avian source. Real-time PCR, serologic testing and sequencing of the ompA gene of Chlamydophila psittaci were performed. Sputum samples from patients, throat-swab samples from exposed students and staff, and faecal specimens from parrots and pigeons were tested. In this outbreak, 34 % (10/29) of the tested individuals were infected. The clinical features of the infection ranged from none to sepsis with multi-organ failure requiring intensive-care-unit admission. C. psittaci genotype A was identified as the outbreak strain. Parrots, recently exposed to a group of cockatiels coming from outside the teaching facility, which were used in a practical class, appeared to be the source of the outbreak. One of the tested pigeons harboured an unrelated C. psittaci genotype B strain. The microbiological diagnosis by real-time PCR on clinical specimens allowed for rapid outbreak management; subsequent genotyping of the isolates identified the avian source. Recommendations are made to reduce the incidence and extent of future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edou R Heddema
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik J van Hannen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Birgitta Duim
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bartelt M de Jongh
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A Kaan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Diakonessen Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rob van Kessel
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hygiene, Municipal Health Service, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes T Lumeij
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Division of Avian and Exotic Animal Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline E Visser
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christina M J E Vandenbroucke-Grauls
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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27
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Heddema ER, Ter Sluis S, Buys JA, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CMJE, van Wijnen JH, Visser CE. Prevalence of Chlamydophila psittaci in fecal droppings from feral pigeons in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:4423-5. [PMID: 16751560 PMCID: PMC1489607 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02662-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In many cities, the feral rock dove is an abundant bird species that can harbor Chlamydophila psittaci. We determined the prevalence and genotype of C. psittaci in fresh fecal samples from feral pigeons in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. The prevalence was 7.9% overall (26/331; 95% confidence interval, 5 to 11). Ten genotyped PCR-positive samples were all genotype B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edou R Heddema
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Room L1-245, P.O. Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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