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Yang G, Chen T, Fan TT, Lin XY, Cui YQ, Dong WC, An LZ, Zhang H. Cathepsin B degrades RbcL during freezing-induced programmed cell death in Arabidopsis. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:81. [PMID: 38418607 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-023-03099-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Cathepsin B plays an important role that degrades the Rubisco large subunit RbcL in freezing stress. Programmed cell death (PCD) has been well documented in both development and in response to environmental stresses in plants, however, PCD induced by freezing stress and its molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. In the present study, we characterized freezing-induced PCD and explored its mechanisms in Arabidopsis. PCD induced by freezing stress was similar to that induced by other stresses and senescence in Arabidopsis plants with cold acclimation. Inhibitor treatment assays and immunoblotting indicated that cathepsin B mainly contributed to increased caspase-3-like activity during freezing-induced PCD. Cathepsin B was involved in freezing-induced PCD and degraded the large subunit, RbcL, of Rubisco. Our results demonstrate an essential regulatory mechanism of cathepsin B for Rubisco degradation in freezing-induced PCD, improving our understanding of freezing-induced cell death and nitrogen and carbohydrate remobilisation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Tao Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Ting-Ting Fan
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Lin
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yu-Qiong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Wei-Chao Dong
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Li-Zhe An
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
- School of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Hua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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Hu W, Zhao M, Zhang S, Li Y, Dai J, Gu C, Li X, Yang L, Qin L, Liao X. Optimized leaf storage and photosynthetic nitrogen trade-off promote synergistic increases in photosynthetic rate and photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e14013. [PMID: 37882267 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
A coordinated increase in the photosynthetic rate (A) and photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE) is an effective strategy for improving crop yield and nitrogen (N) utilization efficiency. PNUE tends to decrease with increasing N levels, but there are natural variations. Consequently, leaf functional N partitioning in Brassica napus genotypes under different N rates was measured to explore the optimized N allocation model for synchronously increasing A and PNUE values. The results showed that genotypes whose PNUE increased with increasing N supply (PNUE-I) produced an approximate A value with a relatively low leaf N content, owing to reduced storage N (Nstore ) and close photosynthetic N (Npsn ) content. Partial least squares path modeling showed that A was dominated by the Npsn content, and PNUE was directly influenced by A and Nstore . The A value increased with the Npsn content until the Npsn content exceeded the threshold value. The boundary line of PNUE varied with the Npsn and Nstore proportions, indicating that the optimum Npsn and Nstore proportions were 51.6% and 40.3%, respectively. The Nstore proportion of PNUE-I was closer to the thresholds and benefited from lower increments in Rubisco content and nonprotein form storage N content with improved N supply. Optimized Nstore and Npsn trade-off by regulating increments in Nstore content with increased N supply, thereby promoting coordinated increases in A and PNUE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshi Hu
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Manli Zhao
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Yinshui Li
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Dai
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Chiming Gu
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyong Li
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Qin
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Xing Liao
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
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Li H, Li J, Zhang X, Shi T, Chai X, Hou P, Wang Y. Mesophyll conductance, photoprotective process and optimal N partitioning are essential to the maintenance of photosynthesis at N deficient condition in a wheat yellow-green mutant (Triticum aestivum L.). JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 263:153469. [PMID: 34252704 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The major effect of nitrogen (N) deficiency is the inhibition on CO2 assimilation regulated by light energy absorption, transport and conversion, as well as N allocation. In this study, a yellow-green wheat mutant (Jimai5265yg) and its wild type (Jimai5265, WT) were compared between 0 mM N (N0) and 14 mM N (N14) treatments using hydroponic experiments. The mutant exhibited higher photosynthetic efficiency (An) than WT despite low chlorophyll (Chl) content in non-stressed conditions. The photosynthetic advantages of the mutant were maintained under N deficient condition. The quantitative analysis of limitations to photosynthesis revealed that CO2 diffusion associated with mesophyll conductance (gm) was the dominant limitation. Relative easiness to gain CO2 in the chloroplast contributed to the higher An of Jimai5265yg. N deficiency induced the photoinhibition of PSII, but the cyclic electron transport and photochemical activity of PSI was higher in Jimai5265yg compared to Jimai5265, which was a protective mechanism to avoid photodamage. Because of the sharp drop of An, N deficient seedlings had much lower photosynthetic N use efficiency (PNUE). However, N deficiency increased the relative content of photosynthetic N (Npsn) and decreased the relative content of storage N (Nstore). The range of change in N partitioning induced by N deficiency was smaller for Jimai5265yg compared to WT. The less insensitive to N deficiency for the mutant in terms of photosynthetic property and N partitioning suggested that gm, cyclic electron transport around PSI and more optimal N partitioning pattern is necessary to sustain photosynthesis under N deficient condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Li
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Junjie Li
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Xuhui Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Tingrui Shi
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Xinyu Chai
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Peijia Hou
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China.
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Perdomo JA, Buchner P, Carmo-Silva E. The relative abundance of wheat Rubisco activase isoforms is post-transcriptionally regulated. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2021; 148:47-56. [PMID: 33796933 PMCID: PMC8154801 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-021-00830-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Diurnal rhythms and light availability affect transcription-translation feedback loops that regulate the synthesis of photosynthetic proteins. The CO2-fixing enzyme Rubisco is the most abundant protein in the leaves of major crop species and its activity depends on interaction with the molecular chaperone Rubisco activase (Rca). In Triticum aestivum L. (wheat), three Rca isoforms are present that differ in their regulatory properties. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the relative abundance of the redox-sensitive and redox-insensitive Rca isoforms could be differentially regulated throughout light-dark diel cycle in wheat. While TaRca1-β expression was consistently negligible throughout the day, transcript levels of both TaRca2-β and TaRca2-α were higher and increased at the start of the day, with peak levels occurring at the middle of the photoperiod. Abundance of TaRca-β protein was maximal 1.5 h after the peak in TaRca2-β expression, but the abundance of TaRca-α remained constant during the entire photoperiod. The redox-sensitive TaRca-α isoform was less abundant, representing 85% of the redox-insensitive TaRca-β at the transcript level and 12.5% at the protein level. Expression of Rubisco large and small subunit genes did not show a consistent pattern throughout the diel cycle, but the abundance of Rubisco decreased by up to 20% during the dark period in fully expanded wheat leaves. These results, combined with a lack of correlation between transcript and protein abundance for both Rca isoforms and Rubisco throughout the entire diel cycle, suggest that the abundance of these photosynthetic enzymes is post-transcriptionally regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Buchner
- Plant Biology and Crop Science Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
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Detto M, Xu X. Optimal leaf life strategies determine V c,max dynamic during ontogeny. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:361-375. [PMID: 32473028 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Leaf photosynthetic properties, for example the maximum carboxylation velocity or Vc,max , change with leaf age due to ontogenetic processes. This study introduces an optimal dynamic allocation scheme to model changes in leaf-level photosynthetic capacity as a function of leaf biochemical constraints (costs of synthesis and defence), nitrogen availability and other environmental factors (e.g. light). The model consists of a system of equations describing RuBisCO synthesis and degradation within chloroplasts, defence and ageing at leaf levels, nitrogen transfer and carbon budget at plant levels. Model results show that optimal allocation principles explained RuBisCO dynamics with leaf age. An approximated analytical solution can reproduce the basic pattern of RuBisCO and Vc,max in rice and in two tropical tree species. The model also reveals leaf life complementarities that remained unexplained in previous approaches, as the interplay between Vc,max at maturation, life span and the decline in photosynthetic capacity with age. Furthermore, it explores the role of defence, which is not implemented in current models. This framework covers some of the existing gaps in integrating multiple processes across plant organs (chloroplast, leaf and whole plant) and is a first-step towards representing mechanistically leaf ontogenetic processes into physiological and ecosystem models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Detto
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, 0843-03092, Republic of Panama
| | - Xiangtao Xu
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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Akmouche Y, Cheneby J, Lamboeuf M, Elie N, Laperche A, Bertheloot J, D'Hooghe P, Trouverie J, Avice JC, Etienne P, Brunel-Muguet S. Do nitrogen- and sulphur-remobilization-related parameters measured at the onset of the reproductive stage provide early indicators to adjust N and S fertilization in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) grown under N- and/or S-limiting supplies? PLANTA 2019; 250:2047-2062. [PMID: 31555901 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03284-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Specific combinations of physiological and molecular parameters associated with N and S remobilization measured at the onset of flowering were predictive of final crop performances in oilseed rape. Oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) is a high nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) demanding crop. Nitrogen- and S-remobilization processes allow N and S requirements to reproductive organs to be satisfied when natural uptake is reduced, thus ensuring high yield and seed quality. The quantification of physiological and molecular indicators of early N and S remobilization could be used as management tools to correct N and S fertilization. However, the major limit of this corrective strategy is to ensure the correlation between final performances-related variables and early measured parameters. In our study, four genotypes of winter oilseed rape (OSR) were grown until seed maturity under four nutritional modalities combining high and/or low N and S supplies. Plant final performances, i.e., seed production, N- and S-harvest indexes, seed N and S use efficiencies, and early parameters related to N- or S-remobilization processes, i.e., photosynthetic leaf area, N and S leaf concentrations, leaf soluble protein and leaf sulphate concentrations, and leaf RuBisCO abundance at flowering, were measured. We demonstrated that contrasting final performances existed according to the N and S supplies. An optimal N:S ratio supply could explain the treatment-specific crop performances, thus justifying N and S concurrent managements. Specific combinations of early measured plant parameters could be used to predict final performances irrespective of the nutritional supply and the genotype. This work demonstrates the potential of physiological and molecular indicators measured at flowering to reflect the functioning of N- and S-compound remobilization and to predict yield and quality penalties. However, because the predictive models are N and S independent, instant N and S leaf analyses are required to further adjust the adequate fertilization. This study is a proof of a concept which opens prospects regarding instant diagnostic tools in the context of N and S mineral fertilization management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeanne Cheneby
- UMR Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Mickael Lamboeuf
- UMR Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Nicolas Elie
- CEMABIO3, SFR 4206 ICORE, NORMANDIE UNIV, UNICAEN, 14000, Caen, France
| | - Anne Laperche
- IGEPP, Université de Rennes 1, Agrocampus, INRA, 35340, Le Rheu, France
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Pao YC, Chen TW, Moualeu-Ngangue DP, Stützel H. Environmental triggers for photosynthetic protein turnover determine the optimal nitrogen distribution and partitioning in the canopy. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:2419-2434. [PMID: 30124935 PMCID: PMC6519421 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants continually adjust the photosynthetic functions in their leaves to fluctuating light, thereby optimizing the use of photosynthetic nitrogen (Nph) at the canopy level. To investigate the complex interplay between external signals during the acclimation processes, a mechanistic model based on the concept of protein turnover (synthesis and degradation) was proposed and parameterized using cucumber grown under nine combinations of nitrogen and light in growth chambers. Integrating this dynamic model into a multi-layer canopy model provided accurate predictions of photosynthetic acclimation of greenhouse cucumber canopies grown under high and low nitrogen supply in combination with day-to-day fluctuations in light at two different levels. This allowed us to quantify the degree of optimality in canopy nitrogen use for maximizing canopy carbon assimilation, which was influenced by Nph distribution along canopy depth or Nph partitioning between functional pools. Our analyses suggest that Nph distribution is close to optimum and Nph reallocation is more important under low nitrogen. Nph partitioning is only optimal under a light level similar to the average light intensity during acclimation, meaning that day-to-day light fluctuations inevitably result in suboptimal Nph partitioning. Our results provide insights into photoacclimation and can be applied to crop model improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chen Pao
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tsu-Wei Chen
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Hartmut Stützel
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Cooper JW, Hu Y, Beyyoudh L, Yildiz Dasgan H, Kunert K, Beveridge CA, Foyer CH. Strigolactones positively regulate chilling tolerance in pea and in Arabidopsis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:1298-1310. [PMID: 29341173 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Strigolactones (SL) fulfil important roles in plant development and stress tolerance. Here, we characterized the role of SL in the dark chilling tolerance of pea and Arabidopsis by analysis of mutants that are defective in either SL synthesis or signalling. Pea mutants (rms3, rms4, and rms5) had significantly greater shoot branching with higher leaf chlorophyll a/b ratios and carotenoid contents than the wild type. Exposure to dark chilling significantly decreased shoot fresh weights but increased leaf numbers in all lines. Moreover, dark chilling treatments decreased biomass (dry weight) accumulation only in rms3 and rms5 shoots. Unlike the wild type plants, chilling-induced inhibition of photosynthetic carbon assimilation was observed in the rms lines and also in the Arabidopsis max3-9, max4-1, and max2-1 mutants that are defective in SL synthesis or signalling. When grown on agar plates, the max mutant rosettes accumulated less biomass than the wild type. The synthetic SL, GR24, decreased leaf area in the wild type, max3-9, and max4-1 mutants but not in max2-1 in the absence of stress. In addition, a chilling-induced decrease in leaf area was observed in all the lines in the presence of GR24. We conclude that SL plays an important role in the control of dark chilling tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Cooper
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Yan Hu
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Leila Beyyoudh
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - H Yildiz Dasgan
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
- Department of Horticulture, Agricultural Faculty, Cukurova University, Adana, 01330, Turkey
| | - Karl Kunert
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Department Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hillcrest, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - Christine A Beveridge
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Christine H Foyer
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
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Liu T, Ren T, White PJ, Cong R, Lu J. Storage nitrogen co-ordinates leaf expansion and photosynthetic capacity in winter oilseed rape. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:2995-3007. [PMID: 29669007 PMCID: PMC5972566 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Storage nitrogen (N) is a buffer pool for maintaining leaf growth and synthesizing photosynthetic proteins, but the dynamics of its forms within the life cycle of a single leaf and how it is influenced by N supply remain poorly understood. A field experiment was conducted to estimate the influence of N supply on leaf growth, photosynthetic characteristics, and N partitioning inthe sixth leaf of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) from emergence through senescence. Storage N content (Nstore) decreased gradually along with leaf expansion. The relative growth rate based on leaf area (RGRa) was positively correlated with Nstore during leaf expansion. The water-soluble protein form of storage N was the main N source for leaf expansion. After the leaves fully expanded, the net photosynthetic rate (An) followed a linear-plateau response to Nstore, with An stabilizing at the highest value above a threshold and declining below the threshold. Non-protein and SDS (detergent)-soluble protein forms of storage N were the main N sources for maintaining photosynthesis. For the leaf N economy, storage N is used for co-ordinating leaf expansion and photosynthetic capacity. N supply can improve Nstore, thereby promoting leaf growth and biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Ren
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Rihuan Cong
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianwei Lu
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Chen TW, Stützel H, Kahlen K. High light aggravates functional limitations of cucumber canopy photosynthesis under salinity. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 121:797-807. [PMID: 29028871 PMCID: PMC5906908 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Most crop species are glycophytes, and salinity stress is one of the most severe abiotic stresses reducing crop yields worldwide. Salinity affects plant architecture and physiological functions by different mechanisms, which vary largely between crop species and determine the susceptibility or tolerance of a crop species to salinity. Methods Experimental data from greenhouse cucumber (Cucumis sativus), a salt-sensitive species, grown under three salinity levels were interpreted by combining a functional-structural plant model and quantitative limitation analysis of photosynthesis. This approach allowed the quantitative dissection of canopy photosynthetic limitations into architectural and functional limitations. Functional limitations were further dissected into stomatal (Ls), mesophyll (Lm) and biochemical (Lb). Key Results Architectural limitations increased rapidly after the start of the salinity treatment and became stronger than the sum of functional limitations (Ls + Lm + Lb) under high salinity. Stomatal limitations resulted from ionic effects and were much stronger than biochemical limitations, indicating that canopy photosynthesis was more limited by the effects of leaf sodium on stomatal regulation than on photosynthetic enzymes. Sensitivity analyses suggested that the relative importance of salinity effects on architectural and functional limitations depends on light conditions, with high light aggravating functional limitations through salinity effects on stomatal limitations. Conclusions Salinity tolerance of cucumber is more likely to be improved by traits related to leaf growth and stomatal regulation than by traits related to tissue tolerance to ion toxicity, especially under high light conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsu-Wei Chen
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hartmut Stützel
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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11
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Physiological and transcriptomic analyses of a yellow-green mutant with high photosynthetic efficiency in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Funct Integr Genomics 2017; 18:175-194. [DOI: 10.1007/s10142-017-0583-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Hu L, Liao W, Dawuda MM, Yu J, Lv J. Appropriate NH 4+: NO 3- ratio improves low light tolerance of mini Chinese cabbage seedlings. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:22. [PMID: 28114905 PMCID: PMC5259974 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-0976-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In northwest of China, mini Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis) is highly valued by consumers, and is widely cultivated during winter in solar-greenhouses where low light (LL) fluence (between 85 and 150 μmol m-2 s-1 in day) is a major abiotic stress factor limiting plant growth and crop productivity. The mechanisms with which various NH4+: NO3- ratios affected growth and photosynthesis of mini Chinese cabbage under normal (200 μmol m-2 s-1) and low (100 μmol m-2 s-1) light conditions was investigated. The four solutions with different ratios of NH4+: NO3- applied were 0:100, 10:90, 15:85 and 25:75 with the set up in a glasshouse in hydroponic culture. The most appropriate NH4+: NO3- ratio that improved the tolerance of mini Chinese cabbage seedlings to LL was found in our current study. RESULTS Under low light, the application of NH4+: NO3- (10:90) significantly stimulated growth compared to only NO3- by increasing leaf area, canopy spread, biomass accumulation, and net photosynthetic rate. The increase in net photosynthetic rate was associated with an increase in: 1) maximum and effective quantum yield of PSII; 2) activities of Calvin cycle enzymes; and 3) levels of mRNA relative expression of several genes involved in Calvin cycle. In addition, glucose, fructose, sucrose, starch and total carbohydrate, which are the products of CO2 assimilation, accumulated most in the cabbage leaves that were supplied with NH4+: NO3- (10:90) under LL condition. Low light reduced the carbohydrate: nitrogen (C: N) ratio while the application of NH4+: NO3- (10:90) alleviated the negative effect of LL on C: N ratio mainly by increasing total carbohydrate contents. CONCLUSIONS The application of NH4+:NO3- (10:90) increased rbcL, rbcS, FBA, FBPase and TK expression and/or activities, enhanced photosynthesis, carbohydrate accumulation and improved the tolerance of mini Chinese cabbage seedlings to LL. The results of this study would provide theoretical basis and technical guidance for mini Chinese cabbage production. In practical production, the ratio of NH4+:NO3- should be adjusted with respect to light fluence for successful growing of mini Chinese cabbage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linli Hu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, No. 1 Yingmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou, 730070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Weibiao Liao
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, No. 1 Yingmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou, 730070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Mohammed Mujitaba Dawuda
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, No. 1 Yingmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou, 730070 People’s Republic of China
- Department of Horticulture, FoA, University for Development Studies, P. O. Box TL 1882, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Jihua Yu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, No. 1 Yingmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou, 730070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Lv
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, No. 1 Yingmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou, 730070 People’s Republic of China
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13
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Diaz-Mendoza M, Velasco-Arroyo B, Santamaria ME, González-Melendi P, Martinez M, Diaz I. Plant senescence and proteolysis: two processes with one destiny. Genet Mol Biol 2016; 39:329-38. [PMID: 27505308 PMCID: PMC5004835 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2016-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Senescence-associated proteolysis in plants is a complex and controlled process,
essential for mobilization of nutrients from old or stressed tissues, mainly leaves,
to growing or sink organs. Protein breakdown in senescing leaves involves many
plastidial and nuclear proteases, regulators, different subcellular locations and
dynamic protein traffic to ensure the complete transformation of proteins of high
molecular weight into transportable and useful hydrolysed products. Protease
activities are strictly regulated by specific inhibitors and through the activation
of zymogens to develop their proteolytic activity at the right place and at the
proper time. All these events associated with senescence have deep effects on the
relocation of nutrients and as a consequence, on grain quality and crop yield. Thus,
it can be considered that nutrient recycling is the common destiny of two processes,
plant senescence and, proteolysis. This review article covers the most recent
findings about leaf senescence features mediated by abiotic and biotic stresses as
well as the participants and steps required in this physiological process, paying
special attention to C1A cysteine proteases, their specific inhibitors, known as
cystatins, and their potential targets, particularly the chloroplastic proteins as
source for nitrogen recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Diaz-Mendoza
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca Velasco-Arroyo
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Estrella Santamaria
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo González-Melendi
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Martinez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Diaz
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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14
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Yamori W, Irving L, Adachi S, Busch F. Strategies for Optimizing Photosynthesis with Biotechnology to Improve Crop Yield. HANDBOOK OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS, THIRD EDITION 2016. [DOI: 10.1201/b19498-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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15
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Lowe C, Minter E, Cameron D, Brockhurst M. Shining a Light on Exploitative Host Control in a Photosynthetic Endosymbiosis. Curr Biol 2016; 26:207-211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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16
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Kim JH, Lee JW, Ahn TI, Shin JH, Park KS, Son JE. Sweet Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Canopy Photosynthesis Modeling Using 3D Plant Architecture and Light Ray-Tracing. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1321. [PMID: 27667994 PMCID: PMC5016622 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Canopy photosynthesis has typically been estimated using mathematical models that have the following assumptions: the light interception inside the canopy exponentially declines with the canopy depth, and the photosynthetic capacity is affected by light interception as a result of acclimation. However, in actual situations, light interception in the canopy is quite heterogenous depending on environmental factors such as the location, microclimate, leaf area index, and canopy architecture. It is important to apply these factors in an analysis. The objective of the current study is to estimate the canopy photosynthesis of paprika (Capsicum annuum L.) with an analysis of by simulating the intercepted irradiation of the canopy using a 3D ray-tracing and photosynthetic capacity in each layer. By inputting the structural data of an actual plant, the 3D architecture of paprika was reconstructed using graphic software (Houdini FX, FX, Canada). The light curves and A/C i curve of each layer were measured to parameterize the Farquhar, von Caemmerer, and Berry (FvCB) model. The difference in photosynthetic capacity within the canopy was observed. With the intercepted irradiation data and photosynthetic parameters of each layer, the values of an entire plant's photosynthesis rate were estimated by integrating the calculated photosynthesis rate at each layer. The estimated photosynthesis rate of an entire plant showed good agreement with the measured plant using a closed chamber for validation. From the results, this method was considered as a reliable tool to predict canopy photosynthesis using light interception, and can be extended to analyze the canopy photosynthesis in actual greenhouse conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Hoon Kim
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Joon Woo Lee
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Tae In Ahn
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Jong Hwa Shin
- Department of Horticulture and Breeding, Andong National UniversityAndong, South Korea
| | - Kyung Sub Park
- Protected Horticulture Research Institute, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal ScienceHaman, South Korea
| | - Jung Eek Son
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Jung Eek Son
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17
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Aranjuelo I, Molero G, Avice JC, Bourguignon J. A novel method for determination of the (15) N isotopic composition of Rubisco in wheat plants exposed to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2015; 153:195-203. [PMID: 25272325 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Although ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) is mostly known as a key enzyme involved in CO2 assimilation during the Calvin cycle, comparatively little is known about its role as a pool of nitrogen storage in leaves. For this purpose, we developed a protocol to purify Rubisco that enables later analysis of its (15) N isotope composition (δ(15) N) at the natural abundance and (15) N-labeled plants. In order to test the utility of this protocol, durum wheat (Triticum durum var. Sula) exposed to an elevated CO2 concentration (700 vs 400 µmol mol(-1) ) was labeled with K(15) NO3 (enriched at 2 atom %) during the ear development period. The developed protocol proves to be selective, simple, cost effective and reproducible. The study reveals that (15) N labeling was different in total organic matter, total soluble protein and the Rubisco fraction. The obtained data suggest that photosynthetic acclimation in wheat is caused by Rubisco depletion. This depletion may be linked to preferential nitrogen remobilization from Rubisco toward grain filling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iker Aranjuelo
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Basque Country (UPV-EHU), Apdo. 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Vizcaya, Spain; CEA, iRTSV, Laboratoire Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale (PCV), F-38054, Grenoble, France; Université Grenoble Alpes, PCV, F-38041, Grenoble, France; CNRS, UMR5168, PCV, F-38054, Grenoble, France; INRA, USC1359, PCV, F-38054, Grenoble, France
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18
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Recuenco-Muñoz L, Offre P, Valledor L, Lyon D, Weckwerth W, Wienkoop S. Targeted quantitative analysis of a diurnal RuBisCO subunit expression and translation profile in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii introducing a novel Mass Western approach. J Proteomics 2014; 113:143-53. [PMID: 25301535 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED RuBisCO catalyzes the rate-limiting step of CO2 fixation in photosynthesis. Hypothetical mechanisms for the regulation of rbcL and rbcS gene expression assume that both large (LSU) and small (SSU) RuBisCO subunit proteins (RSUs) are present in equimolar amounts to fit the 1:1 subunit stoichiometry of the holoenzyme. However, the actual quantities of the RSUs have never been determined in any photosynthetic organism. In this study the absolute amount of rbc transcripts and RSUs was quantified in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii grown during a diurnal light/dark cycle. A novel approach utilizing more reliable protein stoichiometry quantification is introduced. The rbcL:rbcS transcript and protein ratios were both 5:1 on average during the diurnal time course, indicating that SSU is the limiting factor for the assembly of the holoenzyme. The oscillation of the RSUs was 9h out of phase relative to the transcripts. The amount of rbc transcripts was at its maximum in the dark while that of RSUs was at its maximum in the light phase suggesting that translation of the rbc transcripts is activated by light as previously hypothesized. A possible post-translational regulation that might be involved in the accumulation of a 37-kDa N-terminal LSU fragment during the light phase is discussed. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE A novel MS based approach enabling the exact stoichiometric analysis and absolute quantification of protein complexes is presented in this article. The application of this method revealed new insights in RuBisCO subunit dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Recuenco-Muñoz
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pierre Offre
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Luis Valledor
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Lyon
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfram Weckwerth
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefanie Wienkoop
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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19
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Chen TW, Henke M, de Visser PHB, Buck-Sorlin G, Wiechers D, Kahlen K, Stützel H. What is the most prominent factor limiting photosynthesis in different layers of a greenhouse cucumber canopy? ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 114:677-88. [PMID: 24907313 PMCID: PMC4217677 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Maximizing photosynthesis at the canopy level is important for enhancing crop yield, and this requires insights into the limiting factors of photosynthesis. Using greenhouse cucumber (Cucumis sativus) as an example, this study provides a novel approach to quantify different components of photosynthetic limitations at the leaf level and to upscale these limitations to different canopy layers and the whole plant. METHODS A static virtual three-dimensional canopy structure was constructed using digitized plant data in GroIMP. Light interception of the leaves was simulated by a ray-tracer and used to compute leaf photosynthesis. Different components of photosynthetic limitations, namely stomatal (S(L)), mesophyll (M(L)), biochemical (B(L)) and light (L(L)) limitations, were calculated by a quantitative limitation analysis of photosynthesis under different light regimes. KEY RESULTS In the virtual cucumber canopy, B(L) and L(L) were the most prominent factors limiting whole-plant photosynthesis. Diffusional limitations (S(L) + M(L)) contributed <15% to total limitation. Photosynthesis in the lower canopy was more limited by the biochemical capacity, and the upper canopy was more sensitive to light than other canopy parts. Although leaves in the upper canopy received more light, their photosynthesis was more light restricted than in the leaves of the lower canopy, especially when the light condition above the canopy was poor. An increase in whole-plant photosynthesis under diffuse light did not result from an improvement of light use efficiency but from an increase in light interception. Diffuse light increased the photosynthesis of leaves that were directly shaded by other leaves in the canopy by up to 55%. CONCLUSIONS Based on the results, maintaining biochemical capacity of the middle-lower canopy and increasing the leaf area of the upper canopy would be promising strategies to improve canopy photosynthesis in a high-wire cucumber cropping system. Further analyses using the approach described in this study can be expected to provide insights into the influences of horticultural practices on canopy photosynthesis and the design of optimal crop canopies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsu-Wei Chen
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, D-30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Henke
- Department of Ecoinformatics, Biometrics and Forest Growth, Georg-August University of Gö ttingen, Gö ttingen, Germany
| | - Pieter H. B. de Visser
- Greenhouse Horticulture, Wageningen UR, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerhard Buck-Sorlin
- UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences (IRHS), AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Centre d'Angers, 2 rue André le Nôtre 2, 49045 Angers Cedex 01, France
| | | | - Katrin Kahlen
- Geisenheim University, Von-Lade-Straße 1, D-65366 Geisenheim, Germany
| | - Hartmut Stützel
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, D-30419 Hannover, Germany
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20
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Sulpice R, Ishihara H, Schlereth A, Cawthray GR, Encke B, Giavalisco P, Ivakov A, Arrivault S, Jost R, Krohn N, Kuo J, Laliberté E, Pearse SJ, Raven JA, Scheible WR, Teste F, Veneklaas EJ, Stitt M, Lambers H. Low levels of ribosomal RNA partly account for the very high photosynthetic phosphorus-use efficiency of Proteaceae species. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:1276-98. [PMID: 24895754 PMCID: PMC4260170 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Proteaceae species in south-western Australia occur on phosphorus- (P) impoverished soils. Their leaves contain very low P levels, but have relatively high rates of photosynthesis. We measured ribosomal RNA (rRNA) abundance, soluble protein, activities of several enzymes and glucose 6-phosphate (Glc6P) levels in expanding and mature leaves of six Proteaceae species in their natural habitat. The results were compared with those for Arabidopsis thaliana. Compared with A. thaliana, immature leaves of Proteaceae species contained very low levels of rRNA, especially plastidic rRNA. Proteaceae species showed slow development of the photosynthetic apparatus (‘delayed greening’), with young leaves having very low levels of chlorophyll and Calvin-Benson cycle enzymes. In mature leaves, soluble protein and Calvin-Benson cycle enzyme activities were low, but Glc6P levels were similar to those in A. thaliana. We propose that low ribosome abundance contributes to the high P efficiency of these Proteaceae species in three ways: (1) less P is invested in ribosomes; (2) the rate of growth and, hence, demand for P is low; and (3) the especially low plastidic ribosome abundance in young leaves delays formation of the photosynthetic machinery, spreading investment of P in rRNA. Although Calvin-Benson cycle enzyme activities are low, Glc6P levels are maintained, allowing their effective use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Sulpice
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyAm Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, D-14476, Germany
- * Present address: National University of Ireland, Galway, Plant
Systems Biology Lab, Plant and AgriBiosciences Research Centre, Botany and Plant Science, Galway, Ireland
| | - Hirofumi Ishihara
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyAm Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, D-14476, Germany
- † These three authors are joint first authors
| | - Armin Schlereth
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyAm Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, D-14476, Germany
- † These three authors are joint first authors
| | - Gregory R Cawthray
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia35 Stirling Highway, Crawley (Perth), Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Beatrice Encke
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyAm Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, D-14476, Germany
| | - Patrick Giavalisco
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyAm Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, D-14476, Germany
| | - Alexander Ivakov
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyAm Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, D-14476, Germany
| | - StÉphanie Arrivault
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyAm Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, D-14476, Germany
| | - Ricarda Jost
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia35 Stirling Highway, Crawley (Perth), Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Nicole Krohn
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyAm Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, D-14476, Germany
| | - John Kuo
- Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Western Australia35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Etienne Laliberté
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia35 Stirling Highway, Crawley (Perth), Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Stuart J Pearse
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia35 Stirling Highway, Crawley (Perth), Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - John A Raven
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia35 Stirling Highway, Crawley (Perth), Western Australia, 6009, Australia
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at JHI, James Hutton InstituteInvergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Wolf-rüdiger Scheible
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyAm Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, D-14476, Germany
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - François Teste
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia35 Stirling Highway, Crawley (Perth), Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Erik J Veneklaas
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia35 Stirling Highway, Crawley (Perth), Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Mark Stitt
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyAm Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, D-14476, Germany
| | - Hans Lambers
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia35 Stirling Highway, Crawley (Perth), Western Australia, 6009, Australia
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Tétard-Jones C, Gatehouse AMR, Cooper J, Leifert C, Rushton S. Modelling pathways to Rubisco degradation: a structural equation network modelling approach. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87597. [PMID: 24498339 PMCID: PMC3911993 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
'Omics analysis (transcriptomics, proteomics) quantifies changes in gene/protein expression, providing a snapshot of changes in biochemical pathways over time. Although tools such as modelling that are needed to investigate the relationships between genes/proteins already exist, they are rarely utilised. We consider the potential for using Structural Equation Modelling to investigate protein-protein interactions in a proposed Rubisco protein degradation pathway using previously published data from 2D electrophoresis and mass spectrometry proteome analysis. These informed the development of a prior model that hypothesised a pathway of Rubisco Large Subunit and Small Subunit degradation, producing both primary and secondary degradation products. While some of the putative pathways were confirmed by the modelling approach, the model also demonstrated features that had not been originally hypothesised. We used Bayesian analysis based on Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulation to generate output statistics suggesting that the model had replicated the variation in the observed data due to protein-protein interactions. This study represents an early step in the development of approaches that seek to enable the full utilisation of information regarding the dynamics of biochemical pathways contained within proteomics data. As these approaches gain attention, they will guide the design and conduct of experiments that enable 'Omics modelling to become a common place practice within molecular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Tétard-Jones
- Molecular Agriculture Group, Nafferton Ecological Farming Group, School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Angharad M. R. Gatehouse
- Molecular Agriculture Group, School of Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Cooper
- Molecular Agriculture Group, Nafferton Ecological Farming Group, School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Carlo Leifert
- Molecular Agriculture Group, Nafferton Ecological Farming Group, School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Rushton
- School of Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
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Shen H, Xu SJ, Hong L, Wang ZM, Ye WH. Growth but not photosynthesis response of a host plant to infection by a holoparasitic plant depends on nitrogen supply. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75555. [PMID: 24116055 PMCID: PMC3792126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic plants can adversely influence the growth of their hosts by removing resources and by affecting photosynthesis. Such negative effects depend on resource availability. However, at varied resource levels, to what extent the negative effects on growth are attributed to the effects on photosynthesis has not been well elucidated. Here, we examined the influence of nitrogen supply on the growth and photosynthesis responses of the host plant Mikania micrantha to infection by the holoparasite Cuscuta campestris by focusing on the interaction of nitrogen and infection. Mikania micrantha plants fertilized at 0.2, 1 and 5 mM nitrate were grown with and without C. campestris infection. We observed that the infection significantly reduced M. micrantha growth at each nitrate fertilization and more severely at low than at high nitrate. Such alleviation at high nitrate was largely attributed to a stronger influence of infection on root biomass at low than at high nitrate fertilization. However, although C. campestris altered allometry and inhibited host photosynthesis, the magnitude of the effects was independent of nitrate fertilizations. The infection reduced light saturation point, net photosynthesis at saturating irradiances, apparent quantum yield, CO2 saturated rate of photosynthesis, carboxylation efficiency, the maximum carboxylation rate of Rubisco, and maximum light-saturated rate of electron transport, and increased light compensation point in host leaves similarly across nitrate levels, corresponding to a similar magnitude of negative effects of the parasite on host leaf soluble protein and Rubisco concentrations, photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency and stomatal conductance across nitrate concentrations. Thus, the more severe inhibition in host growth at low than at high nitrate supplies cannot be attributed to a greater parasite-induced reduction in host photosynthesis, but the result of a higher proportion of host resources transferred to the parasite at low than at high nitrate levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Shu-Jun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Lan Hong
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Zhang-Ming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Wan-Hui Ye
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
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23
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Raven JA. The evolution of autotrophy in relation to phosphorus requirement. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:4023-46. [PMID: 24123454 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of autotrophy is considered in relation to the availability of phosphorus (P), the ultimate elemental resource limiting biological productivity through Earth's history. Work on microbes and plants is emphasized, dealing in turn with the main uses for P in cells, namely nucleic acids, phospholipids, and water-soluble low molecular mass phosphate esters plus metabolically active inorganic orthophosphate. There is a greater minimum gene number and minimum DNA content in autotrophic than in osmochemoorganotrophic archaea and bacteria, as well as a lower rate of biomass increase per unit P (P-use efficiency) in autotrophs than in osmochemoorganotrophs, in eukaryotes as well as bacteria. This may be due to the diversion of rRNA from producing proteins common to all organisms to producing highly expressed proteins specific to autotrophs. The P requirement for phospholipids is decreased in oxygenic photolithotrophs, and some anoxygenic photolithotrophs, by substituting galactolipids and sulpholipids for phospholipids in the photosynthetic, and some other, membranes. The six different autotrophic inorganic carbon assimilation pathways have varying requirements for low molecular mass water-soluble phosphate esters. In oxygenic photolithotrophs, there is no clear evidence of a different P requirement for growth in the absence (diffusive CO2 entry) relative to the presence of CO2-concentrating mechanisms (CCMs). P limitation increases the expression of crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) in facultative CAM plants, decreases the extent of inorganic carbon accumulation in algae with CCMs, and (usually) their inorganic carbon affinity and the water-use efficiency of growth of terrestrial plants, and the light-use efficiency of photolithotrophs.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Raven
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
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24
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Lehmeier CA, Wild M, Schnyder H. Nitrogen stress affects the turnover and size of nitrogen pools supplying leaf growth in a grass. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 162:2095-105. [PMID: 23757403 PMCID: PMC3729785 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.219311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The effect of nitrogen (N) stress on the pool system supplying currently assimilated and (re)mobilized N for leaf growth of a grass was explored by dynamic ¹⁵N labeling, assessment of total and labeled N import into leaf growth zones, and compartmental analysis of the label import data. Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) plants, grown with low or high levels of N fertilization, were labeled with ¹⁵NO₃⁻/¹⁴NO₃⁻ from 2 h to more than 20 d. In both treatments, the tracer time course in N imported into the growth zones fitted a two-pool model (r² > 0.99). This consisted of a "substrate pool," which received N from current uptake and supplied the growth zone, and a recycling/mobilizing "store," which exchanged with the substrate pool. N deficiency halved the leaf elongation rate, decreased N import into the growth zone, lengthened the delay between tracer uptake and its arrival in the growth zone (2.2 h versus 0.9 h), slowed the turnover of the substrate pool (half-life of 3.2 h versus 0.6 h), and increased its size (12.4 μg versus 5.9 μg). The store contained the equivalent of approximately 10 times (low N) and approximately five times (high N) the total daily N import into the growth zone. Its turnover agreed with that of protein turnover. Remarkably, the relative contribution of mobilization to leaf growth was large and similar (approximately 45%) in both treatments. We conclude that turnover and size of the substrate pool are related to the sink strength of the growth zone, whereas the contribution of the store is influenced by partitioning between sinks.
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Khaembah EN, Irving LJ, Thom ER, Faville MJ, Easton HS, Matthew C. Leaf Rubisco turnover in a perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) mapping population: genetic variation, identification of associated QTL, and correlation with plant morphology and yield. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:1305-16. [PMID: 23505311 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This study tested the hypotheses that: (i) genetic variation in Rubisco turnover may exist in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.); (ii) such variation might affect nitrogen use efficiency and plant yield; and (iii) genetic control of Rubisco turnover might be amenable to identification by quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping. A set of 135 full-sib F1 perennial ryegrass plants derived from a pair cross between genotypes from the cultivars 'Grasslands Impact' and 'Grasslands Samson' was studied to test these hypotheses. Leaf Rubisco concentration at different leaf ages was measured and modelled as a log-normal curve described by three mathematical parameters: D (peak Rubisco concentration), G (time of D), and F (curve standard deviation). Herbage dry matter (DM) yield and morphological traits (tiller weight (TW), tiller number (TN), leaf lamina length (LL), and an index of competitive ability (PI)) were also measured. The progeny exhibited continuous variation for all traits. Simple correlation and principal component analyses indicated that plant productivity was associated with peak Rubisco concentration and not Rubisco turnover. Lower DM was associated with higher leaf Rubisco concentration indicating that Rubisco turnover effects on plant productivity may relate to energy cost of Rubisco synthesis rather than photosynthetic capacity. QTL detection by a multiple QTL model identified seven significant QTL for Rubisco turnover and nine QTL for DM and morphological traits. An indication of the genetic interdependence of DM and the measures of Rubisco turnover was the support interval overlap involving QTL for D and QTL for TN on linkage group 5 in a cluster involving QTL for DM and PI. In this region, alleles associated with increased TN, DM, and PI were associated with decreased D, indicating that this region may regulate Rubisco concentration and plant productivity via increased tillering. A second cluster involving QTL for LL, TN, PI and DM was found on linkage group 2. The two clusters represent marker-trait associations that might be useful for marker-assisted plant breeding applications. In silico comparative analysis indicated conservation of the genetic loci controlling Rubisco concentration in perennial ryegrass and rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith N Khaembah
- Institute of Natural Resources, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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Durand TC, Sergeant K, Carpin S, Label P, Morabito D, Hausman JF, Renaut J. Screening for changes in leaf and cambial proteome of Populus tremula × P. alba under different heat constraints. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 169:1698-718. [PMID: 22883629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2012.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Young poplar plants were exposed to different heat regimes, a rapid heat constraint at 42°C (heat shock HS) alone or preceded by a stepwise increase in temperature (heat gradient HG). Proteomics analyses were carried out on both leaf and cambial tissues. The responses of both tissues were compared and linked to morphological and physiological observations. Both heat treatments negatively affected the photosynthetic rate while increasing the stomatal conductance. In the leaf, the HS impacted some photosynthetic proteins, and particularly induced an increase in abundance of proteins of the oxygen evolving complexes. On the other hand, the HG reduced carbohydrate metabolism and induced mainly an increase in germin-like proteins. In the cambial zone, the HS caused a decrease in sucrose synthase content and in enzymes related to protein synthesis. The main effect of HG was the accumulation of thaumatin-like proteins as well as an increase in the abundance of proteins involved in carbohydrate metabolism. Further, both tissues underwent changes in the content of heat shock proteins, but more importantly, of peroxiredoxins. The results show more sustainable changes in leaf and cambial proteomes in response to HS compared to HG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Durand
- CRP-Gabriel Lippmann, Department Environment and Agro-biotechnologies, Luxembourg, France
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Ullmann-Zeunert L, Muck A, Wielsch N, Hufsky F, Stanton MA, Bartram S, Böcker S, Baldwin IT, Groten K, Svatoš A. Determination of ¹⁵N-incorporation into plant proteins and their absolute quantitation: a new tool to study nitrogen flux dynamics and protein pool sizes elicited by plant-herbivore interactions. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:4947-60. [PMID: 22905865 DOI: 10.1021/pr300465n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Herbivory leads to changes in the allocation of nitrogen among different pools and tissues; however, a detailed quantitative analysis of these changes has been lacking. Here, we demonstrate that a mass spectrometric data-independent acquisition approach known as LC-MS(E), combined with a novel algorithm to quantify heavy atom enrichment in peptides, is able to quantify elicited changes in protein amounts and (15)N flux in a high throughput manner. The reliable identification/quantitation of rabbit phosphorylase b protein spiked into leaf protein extract was achieved. The linear dynamic range, reproducibility of technical and biological replicates, and differences between measured and expected (15)N-incorporation into the small (SSU) and large (LSU) subunits of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate-carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) and RuBisCO activase 2 (RCA2) of Nicotiana attenuata plants grown in hydroponic culture at different known concentrations of (15)N-labeled nitrate were used to further evaluate the procedure. The utility of the method for whole-plant studies in ecologically realistic contexts was demonstrated by using (15)N-pulse protocols on plants growing in soil under unknown (15)N-incorporation levels. Additionally, we quantified the amounts of lipoxygenase 2 (LOX2) protein, an enzyme important in antiherbivore defense responses, demonstrating that the approach allows for in-depth quantitative proteomics and (15)N flux analyses of the metabolic dynamics elicited during plant-herbivore interactions.
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Maire V, Martre P, Kattge J, Gastal F, Esser G, Fontaine S, Soussana JF. The coordination of leaf photosynthesis links C and N fluxes in C3 plant species. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38345. [PMID: 22685562 PMCID: PMC3369925 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosynthetic capacity is one of the most sensitive parameters in vegetation models and its relationship to leaf nitrogen content links the carbon and nitrogen cycles. Process understanding for reliably predicting photosynthetic capacity is still missing. To advance this understanding we have tested across C(3) plant species the coordination hypothesis, which assumes nitrogen allocation to photosynthetic processes such that photosynthesis tends to be co-limited by ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) carboxylation and regeneration. The coordination hypothesis yields an analytical solution to predict photosynthetic capacity and calculate area-based leaf nitrogen content (N(a)). The resulting model linking leaf photosynthesis, stomata conductance and nitrogen investment provides testable hypotheses about the physiological regulation of these processes. Based on a dataset of 293 observations for 31 species grown under a range of environmental conditions, we confirm the coordination hypothesis: under mean environmental conditions experienced by leaves during the preceding month, RuBP carboxylation equals RuBP regeneration. We identify three key parameters for photosynthetic coordination: specific leaf area and two photosynthetic traits (k(3), which modulates N investment and is the ratio of RuBP carboxylation/oxygenation capacity (V(Cmax)) to leaf photosynthetic N content (N(pa)); and J(fac), which modulates photosynthesis for a given k(3) and is the ratio of RuBP regeneration capacity (J(max)) to V(Cmax)). With species-specific parameter values of SLA, k(3) and J(fac), our leaf photosynthesis coordination model accounts for 93% of the total variance in N(a) across species and environmental conditions. A calibration by plant functional type of k(3) and J(fac) still leads to accurate model prediction of N(a), while SLA calibration is essentially required at species level. Observed variations in k(3) and J(fac) are partly explained by environmental and phylogenetic constraints, while SLA variation is partly explained by phylogeny. These results open a new avenue for predicting photosynthetic capacity and leaf nitrogen content in vegetation models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pierre Martre
- INRA, UMR1095 GDEC, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Blaise Pascal University, UMR1095 GDEC, Aubière, France
| | - Jens Kattge
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Gerd Esser
- Justus Liebig University, Institute for Plant Ecology, Giessen, Germany
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Raven JA. Protein turnover and plant RNA and phosphorus requirements in relation to nitrogen fixation. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 188-189:25-35. [PMID: 22525241 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is the proximate (immediate) limiting element for primary productivity in some habitats, and is generally the ultimate limiting element for primary productivity. Although RNA can account for over half of the non-storage P in photosynthetic organisms, some primary producers have more ribosomes than the minimum needed for the observed rate of net protein synthesis; some of this RNA may be needed for protein turnover. Two cases of protein turnover which can occur at a much faster rate than the bulk protein turnover are those of photodamaged photosystem II and O(2)-damaged nitrogenase. While RNA involved in photosystem II repair accounts for less than 1% of the non-storage P in photosynthetic organisms, a maximum, of 12% of non-storage P could occur in RNA associated with replacement of damaged nitrogenase and/or O(2) damage avoidance mechanism in diazotrophic (N(2) fixing) organisms. There is a general trend in published data towards lower P use efficiency (g dry matter gain per day per mol P in the organism) for photosynthetic diazotrophic organisms growing under P limitation with N(2) as their nitrogen source, rather than with NH(4)(+), urea or NO(3)(-). Additional work is needed to examine the generality of a statistically verified decrease in P use efficiency for diazotrophic growth relative to growth on other nitrogen sources and, if this is confirmed, further investigation of the mechanism is needed. The outcome of such work would be important for relating the global distribution of diazotrophy to P availability. There are no known P acquisition mechanisms specific to diazotrophs. Phosphorus (P) is the proximate (immediate) limiting element for primary productivity in some habitats, and is generally the ultimate limiting element for primary productivity. Although RNA can account for over half of the non-storage P in photosynthetic organisms, some primary producers have more ribosomes than the minimum needed for the observed rate of net protein synthesis; some of this RNA may be needed for protein turnover. Two cases of protein turnover which can occur at a much faster rate than the bulk protein turnover are those of photodamaged photosystem II and O(2)-damaged nitrogenase. While RNA involved in photosystem II repair accounts for less than 1% of the non-storage P in photosynthetic organisms, a maximum, of 12% of non-storage P could occur in RNA associated with replacement of damaged nitrogenase and/or O(2) damage avoidance mechanism in diazotrophic (N(2) fixing) organisms. There is a general trend in published data towards lower P use efficiency (g dry matter gain per day per mol P in the organism) for photosynthetic diazotrophic organisms growing under P limitation with N(2) as their nitrogen source, rather than with NH(4)(+), urea or NO(3)(-). Additional work is needed to examine the generality of a statistically verified decrease in P use efficiency for diazotrophic growth relative to growth on other nitrogen sources and, if this is confirmed, further investigation of the mechanism is needed. The outcome of such work would be important for relating the global distribution of diazotrophy to P availability. There are no known P acquisition mechanisms specific to diazotrophs.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Raven
- School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
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Wang Z, Xu C, Benning C. TGD4 involved in endoplasmic reticulum-to-chloroplast lipid trafficking is a phosphatidic acid binding protein. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 70:614-23. [PMID: 22269056 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2012.04900.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of galactoglycerolipids, which are prevalent in photosynthetic membranes, involves enzymes at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the chloroplast envelope membranes. Genetic analysis of trigalactosyldiacylglycerol (TGD) proteins in Arabidopsis has demonstrated their role in polar lipid transfer from the ER to the chloroplast. The TGD1, 2, and 3 proteins resemble components of a bacterial-type ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter, with TGD1 representing the permease, TGD2 the substrate binding protein, and TGD3 the ATPase. However, the function of the TGD4 protein in this process is less clear and its location in plant cells remains to be firmly determined. The predicted C-terminal β-barrel structure of TGD4 is weakly similar to proteins of the outer cell membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Here, we show that, like TGD2, the TGD4 protein when fused to DsRED specifically binds phosphatidic acid (PtdOH). As previously shown for tgd1 mutants, tgd4 mutants have elevated PtdOH content, probably in extraplastidic membranes. Using highly purified and specific antibodies to probe different cell fractions, we demonstrated that the TGD4 protein was present in the outer envelope membrane of chloroplasts, where it appeared to be deeply buried within the membrane except for the N-terminus, which was found to be exposed to the cytosol. It is proposed that TGD4 is either directly involved in the transfer of polar lipids, possibly PtdOH, from the ER to the outer chloroplast envelope membrane or in the transfer of PtdOH through the outer envelope membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Bertheloot J, Cournède PH, Andrieu B. NEMA, a functional-structural model of nitrogen economy within wheat culms after flowering. I. Model description. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2011; 108:1085-96. [PMID: 21685431 PMCID: PMC3189836 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Models simulating nitrogen use by plants are potentially efficient tools to optimize the use of fertilizers in agriculture. Most crop models assume that a target nitrogen concentration can be defined for plant tissues and formalize a demand for nitrogen, depending on the difference between the target and actual nitrogen concentrations. However, the teleonomic nature of the approach has been criticized. This paper proposes a mechanistic model of nitrogen economy, NEMA (Nitrogen Economy Model within plant Architecture), which links nitrogen fluxes to nitrogen concentration and physiological processes. METHODS A functional-structural approach is used: plant aerial parts are described in a botanically realistic way and physiological processes are expressed at the scale of each aerial organ or root compartment as a function of local conditions (light and resources). KEY RESULTS NEMA was developed for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) after flowering. The model simulates the nitrogen (N) content of each photosynthetic organ as regulated by Rubisco turnover, which depends on intercepted light and a mobile N pool shared by all organs. This pool is enriched by N acquisition from the soil and N release from vegetative organs, and is depleted by grain uptake and protein synthesis in vegetative organs; NEMA accounts for the negative feedback from circulating N on N acquisition from the soil, which is supposed to follow the activities of nitrate transport systems. Organ N content and intercepted light determine dry matter production via photosynthesis, which is distributed between organs according to a demand-driven approach. CONCLUSIONS NEMA integrates the main feedbacks known to regulate plant N economy. Other novel features are the simulation of N for all photosynthetic tissues and the use of an explicit description of the plant that allows how the local environment of tissues regulates their N content to be taken into account. We believe this represents an appropriate frame for modelling nitrogen in functional-structural plant models. A companion paper will present model evaluation and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Bertheloot
- INRA, UMR 0462 Sciences Agronomiques Appliquées à l'Horticulture, F-49071 Beaucouzé Cedex, France.
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Ladig R, Sommer MS, Hahn A, Leisegang MS, Papasotiriou DG, Ibrahim M, Elkehal R, Karas M, Zickermann V, Gutensohn M, Brandt U, Klösgen RB, Schleiff E. A high-definition native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis system for the analysis of membrane complexes. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 67:181-94. [PMID: 21418111 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04577.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) is an important technique for the analysis of membrane protein complexes. A major breakthrough was the development of blue native (BN-) and high resolution clear native (hrCN-) PAGE techniques. Although these techniques are very powerful, they could not be applied to all systems with the same resolution. We have developed an alternative protocol for the analysis of membrane protein complexes of plant chloroplasts and cyanobacteria, which we termed histidine- and deoxycholate-based native (HDN-) PAGE. We compared the capacity of HDN-, BN- and hrCN-PAGE to resolve the well-studied respiratory chain complexes in mitochondria of bovine heart muscle and Yarrowia lipolytica, as well as thylakoid localized complexes of Medicago sativa, Pisum sativum and Anabaena sp. PCC7120. Moreover, we determined the assembly/composition of the Anabaena sp. PCC7120 thylakoids and envelope membranes by HDN-PAGE. The analysis of isolated chloroplast envelope complexes by HDN-PAGE permitted us to resolve complexes such as the translocon of the outer envelope migrating at approximately 700 kDa or of the inner envelope of about 230 and 400 kDa with high resolution. By immunodecoration and mass spectrometry of these complexes we present new insights into the assembly/composition of these translocation machineries. The HDN-PAGE technique thus provides an important tool for future analyses of membrane complexes such as protein translocons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Ladig
- Institute of Biology - Plant Physiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 10, D-06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
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Cabrera-Bosquet L, Albrizio R, Nogués S, Araus JL. Dual Δ¹³C/δ¹⁸O response to water and nitrogen availability and its relationship with yield in field-grown durum wheat. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2011; 34:418-33. [PMID: 21062317 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2010.02252.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The combined use of stable carbon and oxygen isotopes in plant matter is a tool of growing interest in cereal crop management and breeding, owing to its relevance for assessing the photosynthetic and transpirative performance under different growing conditions including water and N regimes. However, this method has not been applied to wheat grown under real field conditions. Here, plant growth, grain yield (GY) and the associated agronomic components, carbon isotope discrimination (Δ¹³C) plus oxygen isotope composition (δ¹⁸O) as well as leaf and canopy gas exchange were measured in field-grown wheat subjected to different water and N availabilities. Water limitation was the main factor affecting yield, leaf and canopy gas exchange and Δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O, whereas N had a smaller effect on such traits. The combination of Δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O gave a clear advantage compared with gas exchange measurements, as it provides information on the instantaneous and the long-term plant photosynthetic and transpirative performance and are less labour intensive than gas exchange measurements. In addition, the combination of plant Δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O predicted differences in GY and related agronomical parameters, providing agronomists and breeders with integrative traits for selecting crop management practices and/or genotypes with better performance under water-limiting and N-limiting conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Llorenç Cabrera-Bosquet
- Unitat de Fisiologia Vegetal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Joyard J, Ferro M, Masselon C, Seigneurin-Berny D, Salvi D, Garin J, Rolland N. Chloroplast proteomics highlights the subcellular compartmentation of lipid metabolism. Prog Lipid Res 2010; 49:128-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Revised: 10/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Xia XJ, Huang LF, Zhou YH, Mao WH, Shi K, Wu JX, Asami T, Chen Z, Yu JQ. Brassinosteroids promote photosynthesis and growth by enhancing activation of Rubisco and expression of photosynthetic genes in Cucumis sativus. PLANTA 2009; 230:1185-96. [PMID: 19760261 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-009-1016-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2009] [Accepted: 09/04/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a new group of plant growth substances that promote plant growth and productivity. We showed in this study that improved growth of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) plants after treatment with 24-epibrassinolide (EBR), an active BR, was associated with increased CO(2) assimilation and quantum yield of PSII (Phi(PSII)). Treatment of brassinazole (Brz), a specific inhibitor for BR biosynthesis, reduced plant growth and at the same time decreased CO(2) assimilation and Phi(PSII). Thus, the growth-promoting activity of BRs can be, at least partly, attributed to enhanced plant photosynthesis. To understand how BRs enhance photosynthesis, we have analyzed the effects of EBR and Brz on a number of photosynthetic parameters and their affecting factors, including the contents and activity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco). Northern and Western blotting demonstrated that EBR upregulated, while Brz downregulated, the expressions of rbcL, rbcS and other photosynthetic genes. In addition, EBR had a positive effect on the activation of Rubisco based on increased maximum Rubisco carboxylation rates (V (c,max)), total Rubisco activity and, to a greater extent, initial Rubisco activity. The accumulation patterns of Rubisco activase (RCA) based on immunogold-labeling experiments suggested a role of RCA in BR-regulated activation state of Rubisco. Enhanced expression of genes encoding other Calvin cycle genes after EBR treatment may also play a positive role in RuBP regeneration (J (max)), thereby increasing maximum carboxylation rate of Rubisco (V (c,max)). Thus, BRs promote photosynthesis and growth by positively regulating synthesis and activation of a variety of photosynthetic enzymes including Rubisco in cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jian Xia
- Department of Horticulture, Huajiachi Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Ogawa T, Nishimura K, Aoki T, Takase H, Tomizawa KI, Ashida H, Yokota A. A phosphofructokinase B-type carbohydrate kinase family protein, NARA5, for massive expressions of plastid-encoded photosynthetic genes in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 151:114-28. [PMID: 19587101 PMCID: PMC2736000 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.139683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
To date, there have been no reports on screening for mutants defective in the massive accumulation of Rubisco in higher plants. Here, we describe a screening method based on the toxic accumulation of ammonia in the presence of methionine sulfoximine, a specific inhibitor of glutamine synthetase, during photorespiration initiated by the oxygenase reaction of Rubisco in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Five recessive mutants with decreased amounts of Rubisco were identified and designated as nara mutants, as they contained a mutation in genes necessary for the achievement of Rubisco accumulation. The nara5-1 mutant showed markedly lower levels of plastid-encoded photosynthetic proteins, including Rubisco. Map-based cloning revealed that NARA5 encoded a chloroplast phosphofructokinase B-type carbohydrate kinase family protein of unknown function. The NARA5 protein fused to green fluorescent protein localized in chloroplasts. We conducted expression analyses of photosynthetic genes during light-induced greening of etiolated seedlings of nara5-1 and the T-DNA insertion mutant, nara5-2. Our results strongly suggest that NARA5 is indispensable for hyperexpression of photosynthetic genes encoded in the plastid genome, particularly rbcL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Ogawa
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan
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Bally J, Nadai M, Vitel M, Rolland A, Dumain R, Dubald M. Plant physiological adaptations to the massive foreign protein synthesis occurring in recombinant chloroplasts. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 150:1474-81. [PMID: 19458113 PMCID: PMC2705049 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.139816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Genetically engineered chloroplasts have an extraordinary capacity to accumulate recombinant proteins. We have investigated in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) the possible consequences of such additional products on several parameters of plant development and composition. Plastid transformants were analyzed that express abundantly either bacterial enzymes, alkaline phosphatase (PhoA-S and PhoA-L) and 4-hydroxyphenyl pyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD), or a green fluorescent protein (GFP). In leaves, the HPPD and GFP recombinant proteins are the major polypeptides and accumulate to higher levels than Rubisco. Nevertheless, these engineered metabolic sinks do not cause a measurable difference in growth rate or photosynthetic parameters. The total amino acid content of transgenic leaves is also not significantly affected, showing that plant cells have a limited protein biosynthetic capacity. Recombinant products are made at the expense of resident proteins. Rubisco, which constitutes the major leaf amino acid store, is the most clearly and strongly down-regulated plant protein. This reduction is even more dramatic under conditions of limited nitrogen supply, whereas recombinant proteins accumulate to even higher relative levels. These changes are regulated posttranscriptionally since transcript levels of resident plastid genes are not affected. Our results show that plants are able to produce massive amounts of recombinant proteins in chloroplasts without profound metabolic perturbation and that Rubisco, acting as a nitrogen buffer, is a key player in maintaining homeostasis and limiting pleiotropic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Bally
- Bayer CropScience, Bioscience, F-69263 Lyon cedex 09, France
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Bertheloot J, Andrieu B, Fournier C, Martre P. A process-based model to simulate nitrogen distribution in wheat (Triticum aestivum) during grain-filling. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2008; 35:781-796. [PMID: 32688832 DOI: 10.1071/fp08064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2008] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) distribution among plant organs plays a major role in crop production and, in general, plant fitness to the environment. In the present study, a process-based model simulating N distribution within a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) culm during grain filling was developed using a functional-structural approach. A model of turnover of the photosynthetic apparatus was used to describe the fluxes between a common pool of mobile N and each leaf lamina. Grain N accumulation within a time-step was modelled as the minimum between the quantity calculated by a potential function and the N available in the common pool. Nitrogen dynamics in the other organs (i.e. stem, chaff, root N uptake and remobilisation) were accounted for by forced variables. Using a unique set of six parameters, the model was able to simulate the observed N kinetics of each lamina and of the grains under a wide range of crop N supplies and for three cultivars. The time-course of the vertical gradient of lamina N during grain filling was realistically simulated as an emerging property of the local processes defined at the lamina scale. The model described in the present study offers new insight into the interactions between N metabolism, plant architecture and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruno Andrieu
- INRA, UMR 1091 EGC, F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | | | - Pierre Martre
- INRA, UMR 1095 GDEC, F-63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Cameron DD, Geniez JM, Seel WE, Irving LJ. Suppression of host photosynthesis by the parasitic plant Rhinanthus minor. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2008; 101:573-8. [PMID: 18211886 PMCID: PMC2710198 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcm324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2007] [Revised: 10/15/2007] [Accepted: 11/20/2007] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Parasitism is well understood to have wide-ranging deleterious effects on host performance in species thus far characterized. Photosynthetic performance reductions have been noted in the Striga-Zea mays association; however, no such information exists for facultative hemiparasitic plants and their hosts, nor are the effects of host species understood. METHODS Chlorophyll fluorimetry was used to study the effects of parasitism by the hemiparasite Rhinanthus minor on the grass Phleum bertolinii and the forb Plantago lanceolata, and the effects of host species on the photosynthetic apparatus of R. minor. KEY RESULTS Parasitism by Rhinanthus led to a significant decrease in the host, and total (host + parasite) biomass in Phleum; however, in Plantago, no significant repression of growth was noted. Maximum quantum yield (F(v)/F(m)) was reduced in parasitized Plantago, relative to control plants, but not in Phleum. F(v)/F(m) was significantly lower in R. minor parasitizing Phleum than Plantago, suggesting Phleum to be a superior host to Plantago for R. minor. Steady-state quantum yield (Phi(PSII)) was significantly depressed in parasitized Phleum, but only at low irradiances in Plantago. Phi(PSII) was very low for R. minor grown on Plantago, but not Phleum. CONCLUSIONS Shown here is the first evidence of the suppression of host photosynthesis by a facultative hemiparasitic plant, which has significant effects on total biomass production. Host identity is a significant factor in parasite success, with the forb Plantago lanceolata exhibiting apparent chemical as well as previously identified physical defences to parasitism. It is proposed that the electron transport rate (as denoted by Phi(PSII)) represents the limiting factor for biomass accumulation in this system, and that Plantago is able to suppress the growth of Rhinanthus by suppressing the electron transport rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan D. Cameron
- School of Biological Science (Plant and Soil Science), University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, St Machar Drive, Old Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK
| | - Jean-Michelle Geniez
- School of Biological Science (Plant and Soil Science), University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, St Machar Drive, Old Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique de Montpellier, 2 Place Pierre Viala, F-34060, Monpellier Cedex 1, France
| | - Wendy E. Seel
- School of Biological Science (Plant and Soil Science), University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, St Machar Drive, Old Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK
| | - Louis J. Irving
- School of Biological Science (Plant and Soil Science), University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, St Machar Drive, Old Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK
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Prins A, van Heerden PDR, Olmos E, Kunert KJ, Foyer CH. Cysteine proteinases regulate chloroplast protein content and composition in tobacco leaves: a model for dynamic interactions with ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) vesicular bodies. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2008; 59:1935-50. [PMID: 18503045 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ern086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The roles of cysteine proteinases (CP) in leaf protein accumulation and composition were investigated in transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) plants expressing the rice cystatin, OC-1. The OC-1 protein was present in the cytosol, chloroplasts, and vacuole of the leaves of OC-1 expressing (OCE) plants. Changes in leaf protein composition and turnover caused by OC-1-dependent inhibition of CP activity were assessed in 8-week-old plants using proteomic analysis. Seven hundred and sixty-five soluble proteins were detected in the controls compared to 860 proteins in the OCE leaves. A cyclophilin, a histone, a peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase, and two ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) activase isoforms were markedly altered in abundance in the OCE leaves. The senescence-related decline in photosynthesis and Rubisco activity was delayed in the OCE leaves. Similarly, OCE leaves maintained higher leaf Rubisco activities and protein than controls following dark chilling. Immunogold labelling studies with specific antibodies showed that Rubisco was present in Rubisco vesicular bodies (RVB) as well as in the chloroplasts of leaves from 8-week-old control and OCE plants. Western blot analysis of plants at 14 weeks after both genotypes had flowered revealed large increases in the amount of Rubisco protein in the OCE leaves compared to controls. These results demonstrate that CPs are involved in Rubisco turnover in leaves under optimal and stress conditions and that extra-plastidic RVB bodies are present even in young source leaves. Furthermore, these data form the basis for a new model of Rubisco protein turnover involving CPs and RVBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneke Prins
- School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Agriculture Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
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Irving L, Robinson D. On modelling Rubisco turnover: dynamics and applicability. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2006; 170:204-5. [PMID: 16608446 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01690.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
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Gallais A, Coque M, Quilléré I, Prioul JL, Hirel B. Modelling postsilking nitrogen fluxes in maize (Zea mays) using 15N-labelling field experiments. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2006; 172:696-707. [PMID: 17096795 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01890.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In maize (Zea mays), nitrogen (N) remobilization and postflowering N uptake are two processes that provide amino acids for grain protein synthesis. To study the way in which N is allocated to the grain and to the stover, two different 15N-labelling techniques were developed. 15NO(3-) was provided to the soil either at the beginning of stem elongation or after silking. The distribution of 15N in the stover and in the grain was monitored by calculating relative 15N-specific allocation (RSA). A nearly linear relationship between the RSA of the kernels and the RSA of the stover was found as a result of two simultaneous N fluxes: N remobilization from the stover to the grain, and N allocation to the stover and to the grain originating from N uptake. By modelling the 15N fluxes, it was possible to demonstrate that, as a consequence of protein turnover, a large proportion of the amino acids synthesized from the N taken up after silking were integrated into the proteins of the stover, and these proteins were further hydrolysed to provide N to the grain.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Gallais
- Station de Génétique Végétale, INRA-UPS-INAPG-CNRS, Ferme du Moulon, 91190 Gif/Yvette, France.
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Hirel B, Gallais A. Rubisco synthesis, turnover and degradation: some new thoughts on an old problem. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2006; 169:445-8. [PMID: 16411947 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01641.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Hirel
- Unité de Nutrition Azotée des Plantes, INRA, Versailles, France.
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