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Kamaraju D, Chatterjee M, Papolu PK, Shivakumara TN, Sreevathsa R, Hada A, Rao U. Host-induced RNA interference targeting the neuromotor gene FMRFamide-like peptide-14 (Mi-flp14) perturbs Meloidogyne incognita parasitic success in eggplant. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:178. [PMID: 38907748 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03259-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE The study demonstrates the successful management of Meloidogyne incognita in eggplant using Mi-flp14 RNA interference, showing reduced nematode penetration and reproduction without off-target effects across multiple generations. Root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, causes huge yield losses worldwide. Neuromotor function in M. incognita governed by 19 neuropeptides is vital for parasitism and parasite biology. The present study establishes the utility of Mi-flp14 for managing M. incognita in eggplant in continuation of our earlier proof of concept in tobacco (US patent US2015/0361445A1). Mi-flp14 hairpin RNA construct was used for generating 19 independent transgenic eggplant events. PCR and Southern hybridization analysis confirmed transgene integration and its orientation, while RT-qPCR and Northern hybridization established the generation of dsRNA and siRNA of Mi-flp14. In vitro and in vivo bio-efficacy analysis of single-copy events against M. incognita showed reduced nematode penetration and development at various intervals that negatively impacted reproduction. Interestingly, M. incognita preferred wild-type plants over the transgenics even when unbiased equal opportunity was provided for the infection. A significant reduction in disease parameters was observed in transgenic plants viz., galls (40-48%), females (40-50%), egg masses (35-40%), eggs/egg mass (50-55%), and derived multiplication factor (60-65%) compared to wild type. A unique demonstration of perturbed expression of Mi-flp14 in partially penetrated juveniles and female nematodes established successful host-mediated RNAi both at the time of penetration even before the nematodes started withdrawing plant nutrients and later stage, respectively. The absence of off-target effects in transgenic plants was supported by the normal growth phenotype of the plants and T-DNA integration loci. Stability in the bio-efficacy against M. incognita across T1- to T4-generation transgenic plants established the utility of silencing Mi-flp14 for nematode management. This study demonstrates the significance of targeting Mi-flp14 in eggplant for nematode management, particularly to address global agricultural challenges posed by M. incognita.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Kamaraju
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
| | - Madhurima Chatterjee
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Pradeep K Papolu
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | | | - Rohini Sreevathsa
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Alkesh Hada
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India.
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry Units, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, 7505101, Bet Dagan, Israel.
| | - Uma Rao
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India.
- Engrave Biolabs Pvt Ltd. , Shanthipuram, Kukatpally, Hyderabad, 500072, India.
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Bali S, Gleason C. Unveiling the Diversity: Plant Parasitic Nematode Effectors and Their Plant Interaction Partners. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2024; 37:179-189. [PMID: 37870371 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-23-0124-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot and cyst nematodes are two groups of plant parasitic nematodes that cause the majority of crop losses in agriculture. As a result, these nematodes are the focus of most nematode effector research. Root-knot and cyst nematode effectors are defined as secreted molecules, typically proteins, with crucial roles in nematode parasitism. There are likely hundreds of secreted effector molecules exuded through the nematode stylet into the plant. The current research has shown that nematode effectors can target a variety of host proteins and have impacts that include the suppression of plant immune responses and the manipulation of host hormone signaling. The discovery of effectors that localize to the nucleus indicates that the nematodes can directly modulate host gene expression for cellular reprogramming during feeding site formation. In addition, plant peptide mimicry by some nematode effectors highlights the sophisticated strategies the nematodes employ to manipulate host processes. Here we describe research on the interactions between nematode effectors and host proteins that will provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underpinning plant-nematode interactions. By identifying the host proteins and pathways that are targeted by root-knot and cyst nematode effectors, scientists can gain a better understanding of how nematodes establish feeding sites and subvert plant immune responses. Such information will be invaluable for future engineering of nematode-resistant crops, ultimately fostering advancements in agricultural practices and crop protection. [Formula: see text] The author(s) have dedicated the work to the public domain under the Creative Commons CC0 "No Rights Reserved" license by waiving all of his or her rights to the work worldwide under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights, to the extent allowed by law, 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapinder Bali
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, U.S.A
| | - Cynthia Gleason
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, U.S.A
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Khan A, Chen S, Fatima S, Ahamad L, Siddiqui MA. Biotechnological Tools to Elucidate the Mechanism of Plant and Nematode Interactions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2387. [PMID: 37376010 DOI: 10.3390/plants12122387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) pose a threat to global food security in both the developed and developing worlds. PPNs cause crop losses worth a total of more than USD 150 billion worldwide. The sedentary root-knot nematodes (RKNs) also cause severe damage to various agricultural crops and establish compatible relationships with a broad range of host plants. This review aims to provide a broad overview of the strategies used to identify the morpho-physiological and molecular events that occur during RKN parasitism. It describes the most current developments in the transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic strategies of nematodes, which are important for understanding compatible interactions of plants and nematodes, and several strategies for enhancing plant resistance against RKNs. We will highlight recent rapid advances in molecular strategies, such as gene-silencing technologies, RNA interference (RNAi), and small interfering RNA (siRNA) effector proteins, that are leading to considerable progress in understanding the mechanism of plant-nematode interactions. We also take into account genetic engineering strategies, such as targeted genome editing techniques, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR associated protein 9 (Cas9) (CRISPR/Cas-9) system, and quantitative trait loci (QTL), to enhance the resistance of plants against nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Khan
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Shaohua Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Saba Fatima
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Lukman Ahamad
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
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Kumar A, Fitoussi N, Sanadhya P, Sichov N, Bucki P, Bornstein M, Belausuv E, Brown Miyara S. Two Candidate Meloidogyne javanica Effector Genes, MjShKT and MjPUT3: A Functional Investigation of Their Roles in Regulating Nematode Parasitism. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2023; 36:79-94. [PMID: 36324054 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-22-0212-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
During parasitism, root-knot nematode Meloidogyne spp. inject molecules termed effectors that have multifunctional roles in construction and maintenance of nematode feeding sites. As an outcome of transcriptomic analysis of Meloidogyne javanica, we identified and characterized two differentially expressed genes encoding the predicted proteins MjShKT, carrying a Stichodactyla toxin (ShKT) domain, and MjPUT3, carrying a ground-like domain, both expressed during nematode parasitism of the tomato plant. Fluorescence in-situ hybridization revealed expression of MjShKT and MjPUT3 in the dorsal esophageal glands, suggesting their injection into host cells. MjShKT expression was upregulated during the parasitic life stages, to a maximum at the mature female stage, whereas MjPUT3 expression increased in third- to fourth-stage juveniles. Subcellular in-planta localization of MjShKT and MjPUT3 using a fused fluorescence marker indicated MjShKT co-occurrence with the endoplasmic reticulum, the perinuclear endoplasmatic reticulum, and the Golgi organelle markers, while MjPUT3 localized, to some extent, within the endoplasmatic reticulum and was clearly observed within the nucleoplasm. MjShKT inhibited programmed cell death induced by overexpression of MAPKKKα and Gpa2/RBP-1. Overexpression of MjShKT in tomato hairy roots allowed an increase in nematode reproduction, as indicated by the high number of eggs produced on roots overexpressing MjShKT. Roots overexpressing MjPUT3 were characterized by enhanced root growth, with no effect on nematode development on those roots. Investigation of the two candidate effectors suggested that MjShKT is mainly involved in manipulating the plant effector-triggered immune response toward establishment and maintenance of active feeding sites, whereas MjPUT3 might modulate roots morphology in favor of nematode fitness in the host roots. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry units, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Nathalia Fitoussi
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry units, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, the Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Payal Sanadhya
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry units, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Natalia Sichov
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry units, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Patricia Bucki
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry units, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Menachem Bornstein
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, ARO, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Eduard Belausuv
- Department of Plant Sciences, ARO, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Sigal Brown Miyara
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry units, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
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Hada A, Singh D, Banakar P, Papolu PK, Kassam R, Chatterjee M, Yadav J, Rao U. Host-delivered RNAi-mediated silencing using fusion cassettes of different functional groups of genes precludes Meloidogyne incognita multiplication in Nicotiana tabacum. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2023; 42:29-43. [PMID: 36462028 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-022-02934-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrates multi-gene silencing approach for simultaneous silencing of several functional genes through a fusion gene strategy for protecting plants against root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. The ability of root-knot nematode (RKN), Meloidogyne incognita, to cause extensive yield decline in a wide range of cultivated crops is well-documented. Due to the inadequacies of current management approaches, the alternatively employed contemporary RNA interference (RNAi)-based host-delivered gene silencing (HD-RNAi) strategy targeting different functional effectors/genes has shown substantial potential to combat RKNs. In this direction, we have explored the possibility of simultaneous silencing of four esophageal gland genes, six plant cell-wall modifying enzymes (PCWMEs) and a serine protease gene of M. incognita using the fusion approach. In vitro RNAi showed that combinatorial gene silencing is the most effective in affecting nematode behavior in terms of reduced attraction, penetration, development, and reproduction in tomato and adzuki beans. In addition, qRT-PCR analysis of M. incognita J2s soaked in fusion-dsRNA showed perturbed expression of all the genes comprising the fusion construct confirming successful dsRNA processing which is also supported by increased mRNA abundance of five key-RNAi pathway genes. In addition, hairpin RNA expressing constructs of multi-gene fusion cassettes were developed and used for generation of Nicotiana tabacum transgenic plants. The integration of gene constructs and expression of siRNAs in transgenic events were confirmed by Southern and Northern blot analyses. Besides, bio-efficacy analyses of transgenic events, conferred up to 87% reduction in M. incognita multiplication. Correspondingly, reduced transcript accumulation of the target genes in the M. incognita females extracted from transgenic events confirmed successful gene silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alkesh Hada
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Divya Singh
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Prakash Banakar
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India.
- Department of Nematology and Centre for Bio-Nanotechnology, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125004, India.
| | - Pradeep K Papolu
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Rami Kassam
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Madhurima Chatterjee
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Jyoti Yadav
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Uma Rao
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India.
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Behzadian S, Sahebani N, Karimi S. Relationship between suppression of plant defence systems by Meloidogyne javanica with the distance of different parts of the plant from the nematode establishment site. NEMATOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1163/15685411-bja10209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Summary
Suppression of plant defence systems by plant-parasitic nematodes is an important aspect of research on resistance induction in plants. The present work aimed to address the question of whether this suppressive ability by nematodes can be spread systemically and equally to other parts of the plant. The root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica, and the host plant, tomato, was used with salicylic acid (SA) as a potent inducer of the plant defence systems. SA was sprayed on the second and fifth leaves, as near and far from the nematode establishment site, respectively. The results of hydrogen peroxide and phenylalanine ammonia lyase enzyme evaluation in the root (site of nematode establishment), crown, second and fifth leaves showed that, firstly, the amount of defence compounds induced by SA in the leaves was not equal in all parts of the plant and gradually decreased from the aerial parts (treatment site) towards the roots. Furthermore, the synthesis and accumulation of the evaluated compounds in the younger parts of the plant (fifth leaf) was more than the older parts (second leaf), and the crown and root. Although the suppression of the plant defence systems by the nematode was transferred to other parts of the plant, the amount of this suppression gradually decreased in the parts farthest from the site of the nematode establishment. Based on the results, it is inferred that the success of a resistance induction strategy in plant disease management depends on the type of pathogen, type of inducer, place of application of the inducer on the plant and the induction area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Behzadian
- Department of Plant Protection, Abouraihan Faculty, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 11365/4117, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navazollah Sahebani
- Department of Plant Protection, Abouraihan Faculty, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 11365/4117, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepehr Karimi
- Department of Plant Protection, Abouraihan Faculty, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 11365/4117, Tehran, Iran
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Joshi I, Kumar A, Kohli D, Bhattacharya R, Sirohi A, Chaudhury A, Jain PK. Gall-specific promoter, an alternative to the constitutive CaMV35S promoter, drives host-derived RNA interference targeting Mi-msp2 gene to confer effective nematode resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1007322. [PMID: 36426141 PMCID: PMC9679145 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1007322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
One of the major obligate plant parasites causing massive economic crop losses belongs to the class of root-knot nematodes (RKNs). Targeting of major nematode parasitism genes via Host Delivered-RNAi (HD-RNAi) to confer silencing is established as one of the most effective approaches to curb nematode infection. Utilizing nematode-responsive root-specific (NRRS) promoters to design a dsRNA molecule targeting approach to hamper nematode parasitism. Here, a previously validated peroxidase gall specific promoter, pAt2g18140, from Arabidopsis was employed to express the dsRNA construct of the nematode effector gene Mi-msp2 from Meloidogyne incognita. Arabidopsis RNAi lines of CaMV35S::Mi-msp2-RNAi and pAt2g18140::Mi-msp2-RNAi were compared with control plants to assess the decrease in plant nematode infection. When subjected to infection, the maximum reductions in the numbers of galls, females and egg masses in the CaMV35S::Mi-msp2-RNAi lines were 61%, 66% and 95%, respectively, whereas for the pAt2g18140::Mi-msp2-RNAi lines, they were 63%, 68% and 100%, respectively. The reduction in transcript level ranged from 79%-82% for CaMV35S::Mi-msp2-RNAi and 72%-79% for the pAt2g18140::Mi-msp2-RNAi lines. Additionally, a reduction in female size and a subsequent reduction in next-generation fecundity demonstrate the efficacy and potential of the gall specific promoter pAt2g18140 for utilization in the development of HD-RNAi constructs against RKN, as an excellent alternative to the CaMV35S promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ila Joshi
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Bio & Nano Technology Centre, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry Units, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Deshika Kohli
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Anil Sirohi
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashok Chaudhury
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Bio & Nano Technology Centre, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Pradeep K. Jain
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
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Rutter WB, Franco J, Gleason C. Rooting Out the Mechanisms of Root-Knot Nematode-Plant Interactions. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 60:43-76. [PMID: 35316614 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-021621-120943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs; Meloidogyne spp.) engage in complex parasitic interactions with many different host plants around the world, initiating elaborate feeding sites and disrupting host root architecture. Although RKNs have been the focus of research for many decades, new molecular tools have provided useful insights into the biological mechanisms these pests use to infect and manipulate their hosts. From identifying host defense mechanisms underlying resistance to RKNs to characterizing nematode effectors that alter host cellular functions, the past decade of research has significantly expanded our understanding of RKN-plant interactions, and the increasing number of quality parasite and host genomes promises to enhance future research efforts into RKNs. In this review, we have highlighted recent discoveries, summarized the current understanding within the field, and provided links to new and useful resources for researchers. Our goal is to offer insights and tools to support the study of molecular RKN-plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Rutter
- US Vegetable Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jessica Franco
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA;
| | - Cynthia Gleason
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA;
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Fitoussi N, de Almeida Engler J, Sichov N, Bucki P, Sela N, Harel A, Belausuv E, Kumar A, Brown Miyara S. The Minichromosome Maintenance Complex Component 2 (MjMCM2) of Meloidogyne javanica is a potential effector regulating the cell cycle in nematode-induced galls. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9196. [PMID: 35654810 PMCID: PMC9163083 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13020-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne spp. induce enlarged multinucleate feeding cells—galls—in host plant roots. Although core cell-cycle components in galls follow a conserved track, they can also be usurped and manipulated by nematodes. We identified a candidate effector in Meloidogyne javanica that is directly involved in cell-cycle manipulation—Minichromosome Maintenance Complex Component 2 (MCM2), part of MCM complex licensing factor involved in DNA replication. MjMCM2, which is induced by plant oxilipin 9-HOT, was expressed in nematode esophageal glands, upregulated during parasitic stages, and was localized to plant cell nucleus and plasma membrane. Infected tomato hairy roots overexpressing MjMCM2 showed significantly more galls and egg-mass-producing females than wild-type roots, and feeding cells showed more nuclei. Phylogenetic analysis suggested seven homologues of MjMCM2 with unknown association to parasitism. Sequence mining revealed two RxLR-like motifs followed by SEED domains in all Meloidogyne spp. MCM2 protein sequences. The unique second RxLR-like motif was absent in other Tylenchida species. Molecular homology modeling of MjMCM2 suggested that second RxLR2-like domain is positioned on a surface loop structure, supporting its function in polar interactions. Our findings reveal a first candidate cell-cycle gene effector in M. javanica—MjMCM2—that is likely secreted into plant host to mimic function of endogenous MCM2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Fitoussi
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry Units, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, 50250, Bet Dagan, Israel.,Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Faculty of Agriculture Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Natalia Sichov
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry Units, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, 50250, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Patricia Bucki
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry Units, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, 50250, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Noa Sela
- Bioinformatics Unit, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, 50250, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Arye Harel
- Bioinformatics Unit, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, 50250, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Eduard Belausuv
- Department of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry Units, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, 50250, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Sigal Brown Miyara
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry Units, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, 50250, Bet Dagan, Israel.
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Wen TY, Wu XQ, Ye JR, Qiu YJ, Rui L, Zhang Y. A Bursaphelenchus xylophilus pathogenic protein Bx-FAR-1, as potential control target, mediates the jasmonic acid pathway in pines. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:1870-1880. [PMID: 35060311 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pine wilt disease (PWD) caused by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is a devastating forest disease and its pathogenesis remains unclear. Secreted enzymes and proteins are important pathogenicity determinants and Bx-FAR-1 is an important pathogenic protein involved in the interaction between pine and B. xylophilus. However, the function of the Bx-FAR-1 protein in monitoring and prevention PWD remains unknown. RESULTS We found a small peptide of B. xylophilus effector Bx-FAR-1 is sufficient for immunosuppression function in Nicotiana benthamiana. Transient expression of Bx-FAR-1 in N. benthamiana revealed that nuclear localization is required for its function. The results of the ligand binding test showed that Bx-FAR-1 protein had the ability to bind fatty acid and retinol. We demonstrated that Bx-FAR-1 targeted to the nuclei of Pinus thunbergii using the polyclonal antibody by immunologic approach. The content of jasmonic acid (JA) was significantly increased in P. thunbergii infected with B. xylophilus when Bx-FAR-1 was silenced. We identified an F-box protein as the host target of Bx-FAR-1 by yeast two-hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation. Moreover, we found that Pt-F-box-1 was up-regulated during B. xylophilus infection and the expression of Pt-F-box-1 was increased in Bx-FAR-1 double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-treated host pines. CONCLUSION This study illustrated that Bx-FAR-1 might mediate the JA pathway to destroy the immune system of P. thunbergii, indicating that PWN likely secretes effectors to facilitate parasitism and promote infection, which could better reveal the pathogenesis mechanisms of B. xylophilus and would be beneficial for developing disease control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Yue Wen
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive Species, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Wu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive Species, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian-Ren Ye
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive Species, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi-Jun Qiu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive Species, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Rui
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive Species, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive Species, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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Joshi I, Kohli D, Pal A, Chaudhury A, Sirohi A, Jain PK. Host delivered-RNAi of effector genes for imparting resistance against root-knot and cyst nematodes in plants. PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 118:101802. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pmpp.2022.101802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2023]
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12
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Goode K, Mitchum MG. Pattern-triggered immunity against root-knot nematode infection: A minireview. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13680. [PMID: 35362104 PMCID: PMC9322311 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) is the basal level of defense a plant has against pathogens. In the case of root-knot nematodes (RKN), PTI relies on the recognition of nematode-associated molecular patterns (NAMPs) for activation. Nematodes have successfully overcome PTI many times by evolving effector proteins to combat PTI responses. As a result, much study has focused on effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Here, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of PTI against RKN. A new interest in understanding PTI in response to RKN infection shows that understanding the basal defense responses RKN have overcome provides critical insight into what mechanisms the effectors have evolved to target in the host plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Goode
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics, and GenomicsUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
| | - Melissa G. Mitchum
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics, and GenomicsUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
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13
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Sahebani N, Gholamrezaee N. The ability of Meloidogyne javanica to suppress salicylic acid-induced plant defence responses. NEMATOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1163/15685411-bja10145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Summary
Suppression of the defence system of plants by some plant pathogens is an important mechanism of their parasitism, and plant-parasitic nematodes use several mechanisms to affect different parts of the plant defence system. This study was designed to investigate the ability of a root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica, to reduce or suppress the plant (tomato) immune system, before or after activation by a strong inducer, salicylic acid (SA). The experimental treatments were tomato plants inoculated with nematodes alone, plants pre-treated with SA and then nematodes (‘SA then nematode’), plants treated with SA after nematode inoculation (‘nematode then SA’), plants treated with SA alone, and plants treated with sterile distilled water. The results showed that treatment of the plants with SA before or after nematode infection reduced nematode disease indices compared to the control (nematode alone). The number of eggs per individual egg mass, in ‘nematode then SA’ treatment was significantly greater than the control, which shows the effect of nematodes on reducing the plant defence mechanism in this treatment. Evaluation of the activity of some defence enzymes such as chitinase, protease, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, catalase and density of hydrogen peroxide also showed that M. javanica is able to suppress these compounds in the ‘SA then nematode’ treatment, and to a greater extent in the ‘nematode then SA’ treatment. Suppression of plant defence responses by phytonematodes is of great importance in their synergistic relationship with secondary pathogens and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navazollah Sahebani
- Department of Plant Protection, Abouraihan Faculty, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 11365/4117, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nahid Gholamrezaee
- Department of Plant Protection, Abouraihan Faculty, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 11365/4117, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Jagdale S, Rao U, Giri AP. Effectors of Root-Knot Nematodes: An Arsenal for Successful Parasitism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:800030. [PMID: 35003188 PMCID: PMC8727514 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.800030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are notorious plant-parasitic nematodes first recorded in 1855 in cucumber plants. They are microscopic, obligate endoparasites that cause severe losses in agriculture and horticulture. They evade plant immunity, hijack the plant cell cycle, and metabolism to modify healthy cells into giant cells (GCs) - RKN feeding sites. RKNs secrete various effector molecules which suppress the plant defence and tamper with plant cellular and molecular biology. These effectors originate mainly from sub-ventral and dorsal oesophageal glands. Recently, a few non-oesophageal gland secreted effectors have been discovered. Effectors are essential for the entry of RKNs in plants, subsequently formation and maintenance of the GCs during the parasitism. In the past two decades, advanced genomic and post-genomic techniques identified many effectors, out of which only a few are well characterized. In this review, we provide molecular and functional details of RKN effectors secreted during parasitism. We list the known effectors and pinpoint their molecular functions. Moreover, we attempt to provide a comprehensive insight into RKN effectors concerning their implications on overall plant and nematode biology. Since effectors are the primary and prime molecular weapons of RKNs to invade the plant, it is imperative to understand their intriguing and complex functions to design counter-strategies against RKN infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shounak Jagdale
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Uma Rao
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashok P. Giri
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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15
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Zhao J, Sun Q, Quentin M, Ling J, Abad P, Zhang X, Li Y, Yang Y, Favery B, Mao Z, Xie B. A Meloidogyne incognita C-type lectin effector targets plant catalases to promote parasitism. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:2124-2137. [PMID: 34449897 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., secrete effectors to modulate plant immune responses and establish a parasitic relationship with host plants. However, the functions and plant targets of C-type lectin (CTL)-like effectors of Meloidogyne incognita remain unknown. Here, we characterized a CTL-like effector of M. incognita, MiCTL1a, and identified its target and role in nematode parasitism. In situ hybridization demonstrated the expression of MiCTL1 in the subventral glands; and in planta, immunolocalization showed its secretion during M. incognita parasitism. Virus-induced gene silencing of the MiCTL1 reduced the infection ability of M. incognita in Nicotiana benthamiana. The ectopic expression in Arabidopsis not only increased susceptibility to M. incognita but also promoted root growth. Yeast two-hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation assays revealed that MiCTL1a interacts with Arabidopsis catalases, which play essential roles in hydrogen peroxide homeostasis. Knockout or overexpression of catalases showed either increased or reduced susceptibility to M. incognita, respectively. Moreover, MiCTL1a not only reduced catalase activity in vitro and in planta but also modulated stress-related gene expressions in Arabidopsis. Our data suggest that MiCTL1a interacts with plant catalases and interferes with catalase activity, allowing M. incognita to establish a parasitic relationship with its host by fine-tuning responses mediated by reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlong Zhao
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Qinghua Sun
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Michaël Quentin
- INRAE, CNRS, ISA, Université Côte d'Azur, Sophia Antipolis, F-06903, France
| | - Jian Ling
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Pierre Abad
- INRAE, CNRS, ISA, Université Côte d'Azur, Sophia Antipolis, F-06903, France
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100081, China
- Chifeng University, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia, 024099, China
| | - Yan Li
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yuhong Yang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Bruno Favery
- INRAE, CNRS, ISA, Université Côte d'Azur, Sophia Antipolis, F-06903, France
| | - Zhenchuan Mao
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Bingyan Xie
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100081, China
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16
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Vieira P, Myers RY, Pellegrin C, Wram C, Hesse C, Maier TR, Shao J, Koutsovoulos GD, Zasada I, Matsumoto T, Danchin EGJ, Baum TJ, Eves-van den Akker S, Nemchinov LG. Targeted transcriptomics reveals signatures of large-scale independent origins and concerted regulation of effector genes in Radopholus similis. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010036. [PMID: 34748609 PMCID: PMC8601627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The burrowing nematode, Radopholus similis, is an economically important plant-parasitic nematode that inflicts damage and yield loss to a wide range of crops. This migratory endoparasite is widely distributed in warmer regions and causes extensive destruction to the root systems of important food crops (e.g., citrus, banana). Despite the economic importance of this nematode, little is known about the repertoire of effectors owned by this species. Here we combined spatially and temporally resolved next-generation sequencing datasets of R. similis to select a list of candidates for the identification of effector genes for this species. We confirmed spatial expression of transcripts of 30 new candidate effectors within the esophageal glands of R. similis by in situ hybridization, revealing a large number of pioneer genes specific to this nematode. We identify a gland promoter motif specifically associated with the subventral glands (named Rs-SUG box), a putative hallmark of spatial and concerted regulation of these effectors. Nematode transcriptome analyses confirmed the expression of these effectors during the interaction with the host, with a large number of pioneer genes being especially abundant. Our data revealed that R. similis holds a diverse and emergent repertoire of effectors, which has been shaped by various evolutionary events, including neofunctionalization, horizontal gene transfer, and possibly by de novo gene birth. In addition, we also report the first GH62 gene so far discovered for any metazoan and putatively acquired by lateral gene transfer from a bacterial donor. Considering the economic damage caused by R. similis, this information provides valuable data to elucidate the mode of parasitism of this nematode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Vieira
- USDA-ARS Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Roxana Y. Myers
- Daniel K. Inouye U.S. Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, USDA ARS, Hilo, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Clement Pellegrin
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Wram
- USDA-ARS Horticultural Crops Research Unit, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Cedar Hesse
- USDA-ARS Horticultural Crops Research Unit, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Thomas R. Maier
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Shao
- USDA-ARS Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Inga Zasada
- USDA-ARS Horticultural Crops Research Unit, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Tracie Matsumoto
- Daniel K. Inouye U.S. Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, USDA ARS, Hilo, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Etienne G. J. Danchin
- INRAE, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Institute Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Thomas J. Baum
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | | | - Lev G. Nemchinov
- USDA-ARS Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
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17
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Song H, Lin B, Huang Q, Sun T, Wang W, Liao J, Zhuo K. The Meloidogyne javanica effector Mj2G02 interferes with jasmonic acid signalling to suppress cell death and promote parasitism in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:1288-1301. [PMID: 34339585 PMCID: PMC8435226 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes can cause devastating damage to crops. These nematodes secrete effectors that suppress the host immune responses to enhance their survival. In this study, Mj2G02, an effector from Meloidogyne javanica, is described. In situ hybridization and transcriptional analysis showed that Mj2G02 was highly expressed in the early infection stages and exclusively expressed in the nematode subventral oesophageal gland cells. In planta RNA interference targeting Mj2G02 impaired M. javanica parasitism, and Mj2G02-transgenic Arabidopsis lines displayed more susceptibility to M. javanica. Using an Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression system and plant immune response assays, we demonstrated that Mj2G02 localized in the plant cell nuclei and could suppress Gpa2/RBP-1-induced cell death. Moreover, by RNA-Seq and quantitative reverse transcription PCR analyses, we showed that Mj2G02 was capable of interfering with the host jasmonic acid (JA) signalling pathway. Multiple jasmonate ZIM-domain (JAZ) genes were significantly upregulated, whereas the JAR1 gene and four JA-responsive genes, MYC3, UPI, THI2.1, and WRKY75, were significantly downregulated. In addition, HPLC analysis showed that the endogenous jasmonoyl-isoleucine (JA-Ile) level in Mj2G02-transgenic Arabidopsis lines was significantly decreased compared to that in wildtype plants. Our results indicate that the M. javanica effector Mj2G02 suppresses the plant immune response, therefore facilitating nematode parasitism. This process is probably mediated by a JA-Ile reduction and JAZ enhancement to repress JA-responsive genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Handa Song
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Borong Lin
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern AgricultureGuangzhouChina
| | - Qiuling Huang
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Tianlin Sun
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jinling Liao
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Research Center of Plant Pest Management and Bioenvironmental Health TechnologyGuangdong Eco‐Engineering PolytechnicGuangzhouChina
| | - Kan Zhuo
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern AgricultureGuangzhouChina
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18
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Eves-van den Akker S. Plant-nematode interactions. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 62:102035. [PMID: 33784578 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes threaten food security in the developed and developing world. This review looks at the field through a wide lens, aiming to capture a breadth of recent landmark achievements that have changed our understanding of plant-nematode interactions in particular, and plant pathology in general. It recognises the importance of expanding existing paradigms in plant-pathology to encompass plant-nematode interactions and, at the same time, celebrates achievements that build on the uniqueness of the system. It highlights emerging areas of plant nematology. Finally, it argues that the accelerated progress of recent years is prophetic, and that cumulative advances in our understanding, coupled with technological advances in genetic engineering of plants and nematodes, promise to lift perennial constraints on the field and thereby further expedite progress.
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19
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Song H, Lin B, Huang Q, Sun L, Chen J, Hu L, Zhuo K, Liao J. The Meloidogyne graminicola effector MgMO289 targets a novel copper metallochaperone to suppress immunity in rice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:5638-5655. [PMID: 33974693 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have reported that plant-parasitic nematodes facilitate their infection by suppressing plant immunity via effectors, but the inhibitory mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study found that a novel effector MgMO289 is exclusively expressed in the dorsal esophageal gland of Meloidogyne graminicola and is up-regulated at parasitic third-/fourth-stage juveniles. In planta silencing of MgMO289 substantially increased plant resistance to M. graminicola. Moreover, we found that MgMO289 interacts with a new rice copper metallochaperone heavy metal-associated plant protein 04 (OsHPP04), and that rice cytosolic COPPER/ZINC -SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE 2 (cCu/Zn-SOD2) is the target of OsHPP04. Rice plants overexpressing OsHPP04 or MgMO289 exhibited an increased susceptibility to M. graminicola and a higher Cu/Zn-SOD activity, but lower O2•- content, when compared with wild-type plants. Meanwhile, immune response assays showed that MgMO289 could suppress host innate immunity. These findings reveal a novel pathway for a plant pathogen effector that utilizes the host O2•--scavenging system to eliminate O2•- and suppress plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Handa Song
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Borong Lin
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuling Huang
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Longhua Sun
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiansong Chen
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lili Hu
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kan Zhuo
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinling Liao
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Eco-Engineering Polytechnic, Guangzhou, China
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20
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Mejias J, Bazin J, Truong NM, Chen Y, Marteu N, Bouteiller N, Sawa S, Crespi MD, Vaucheret H, Abad P, Favery B, Quentin M. The root-knot nematode effector MiEFF18 interacts with the plant core spliceosomal protein SmD1 required for giant cell formation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:3408-3423. [PMID: 33206370 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita secretes specific effectors (MiEFF) and induces the redifferentiation of plant root cells into enlarged multinucleate feeding 'giant cells' essential for nematode development. Immunolocalizations revealed the presence of the MiEFF18 protein in the salivary glands of M. incognita juveniles. In planta, MiEFF18 localizes to the nuclei of giant cells demonstrating its secretion during plant-nematode interactions. A yeast two-hybrid approach identified the nuclear ribonucleoprotein SmD1 as a MiEFF18 partner in tomato and Arabidopsis. SmD1 is an essential component of the spliceosome, a complex involved in pre-mRNA splicing and alternative splicing. RNA-seq analyses of Arabidopsis roots ectopically expressing MiEFF18 or partially impaired in SmD1 function (smd1b mutant) revealed the contribution of the effector and its target to alternative splicing and proteome diversity. The comparison with Arabidopsis galls data showed that MiEFF18 modifies the expression of genes important for giant cell ontogenesis, indicating that MiEFF18 modulates SmD1 functions to facilitate giant cell formation. Finally, Arabidopsis smd1b mutants exhibited less susceptibility to M. incognita infection, and the giant cells formed on these mutants displayed developmental defects, suggesting that SmD1 plays an important role in the formation of giant cells and is required for successful nematode infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joffrey Mejias
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, F-06903, France
| | - Jérémie Bazin
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Universités Paris Saclay - Evry, Université de Paris, Gif sur Yvette, 91192, France
| | - Nhat-My Truong
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, F-06903, France
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-11 8555, Japan
| | - Yongpan Chen
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, F-06903, France
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Nathalie Marteu
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, F-06903, France
| | - Nathalie Bouteiller
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, 78000, France
| | - Shinichiro Sawa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-11 8555, Japan
| | - Martin D Crespi
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Universités Paris Saclay - Evry, Université de Paris, Gif sur Yvette, 91192, France
| | - Hervé Vaucheret
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, 78000, France
| | - Pierre Abad
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, F-06903, France
| | - Bruno Favery
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, F-06903, France
| | - Michaël Quentin
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, F-06903, France
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21
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Truong NM, Chen Y, Mejias J, Soulé S, Mulet K, Jaouannet M, Jaubert-Possamai S, Sawa S, Abad P, Favery B, Quentin M. The Meloidogyne incognita Nuclear Effector MiEFF1 Interacts With Arabidopsis Cytosolic Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases to Promote Parasitism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:641480. [PMID: 33897729 PMCID: PMC8062903 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.641480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes are obligate endoparasites that maintain a biotrophic relationship with their hosts over a period of several weeks. They induce the differentiation of root cells into specialized multinucleate hypertrophied feeding cells known as giant cells. Nematode effectors synthesized in the esophageal glands and injected into the plant tissue through the syringe-like stylet play a key role in giant cell ontogenesis. The Meloidogyne incognita MiEFF1 is one of the rare effectors of phytopathogenic nematodes to have been located in vivo in feeding cells. This effector specifically targets the giant cell nuclei. We investigated the Arabidopsis functions modulated by this effector, by using a yeast two-hybrid approach to identify its host targets. We characterized a universal stress protein (USP) and cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases (GAPCs) as the targets of MiEFF1. We validated the interaction of MiEFF1 with these host targets in the plant cell nucleus, by bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC). A functional analysis with Arabidopsis GUS reporter lines and knockout mutant lines showed that GAPCs were induced in giant cells and that their non-metabolic functions were required for root-knot nematode infection. These susceptibility factors are potentially interesting targets for the development of new root-knot nematode control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhat My Truong
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRAE, CNRS, Université Côte d’Azur, Sophia Antipolis, France
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yongpan Chen
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRAE, CNRS, Université Côte d’Azur, Sophia Antipolis, France
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Joffrey Mejias
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRAE, CNRS, Université Côte d’Azur, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Salomé Soulé
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRAE, CNRS, Université Côte d’Azur, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Karine Mulet
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRAE, CNRS, Université Côte d’Azur, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Maëlle Jaouannet
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRAE, CNRS, Université Côte d’Azur, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | | | - Shinichiro Sawa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Pierre Abad
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRAE, CNRS, Université Côte d’Azur, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Bruno Favery
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRAE, CNRS, Université Côte d’Azur, Sophia Antipolis, France
- *Correspondence: Michaël Quentin, ; Bruno Favery,
| | - Michaël Quentin
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRAE, CNRS, Université Côte d’Azur, Sophia Antipolis, France
- *Correspondence: Michaël Quentin, ; Bruno Favery,
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Zhao J, Mejias J, Quentin M, Chen Y, de Almeida-Engler J, Mao Z, Sun Q, Liu Q, Xie B, Abad P, Favery B, Jian H. The root-knot nematode effector MiPDI1 targets a stress-associated protein (SAP) to establish disease in Solanaceae and Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:1417-1430. [PMID: 32542658 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Large amounts of effectors are secreted by the oesophageal glands of plant-parasitic nematodes, but their molecular mode of action remains largely unknown. We characterized a Meloidogyne incognita protein disulphide isomerase (PDI)-like effector protein (MiPDI1) that facilitates nematode parasitism. In situ hybridization showed that MiPDI1 was expressed specifically in the subventral glands of M. incognita. It was significantly upregulated during parasitic stages. Immunolocalization demonstrated MiPDI1 secretion in planta during nematode migration and within the feeding cells. Host-induced silencing of the MiPDI1 gene affected the ability of the nematode to infect the host, whereas MiPDI1 expression in Arabidopsis increased susceptibility to M. incognita, providing evidence for a key role of MiPDI1 in M. incognita parasitism. Yeast two-hybrid, bimolecular fluorescence complementation and coimmunoprecipitation assays showed that MiPDI1 interacted with a tomato stress-associated protein (SlSAP12) orthologous to the redox-regulated AtSAP12, which plays an important role in plant responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. SAP12 silencing or knocking out in Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis increased susceptibility to M. incognita. Our results suggest that MiPDI1 acts as a pathogenicity factor promoting disease by fine-tuning SAP-mediated responses at the interface of redox signalling, defence and stress acclimation in Solanaceae and Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlong Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100081, China
- INRAE, CNRS, ISA, Université Côte d'Azur, Sophia Antipolis, F-06903, France
| | - Joffrey Mejias
- INRAE, CNRS, ISA, Université Côte d'Azur, Sophia Antipolis, F-06903, France
| | - Michaël Quentin
- INRAE, CNRS, ISA, Université Côte d'Azur, Sophia Antipolis, F-06903, France
| | - Yongpan Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- INRAE, CNRS, ISA, Université Côte d'Azur, Sophia Antipolis, F-06903, France
| | | | - Zhenchuan Mao
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Qinghua Sun
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Bingyan Xie
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Pierre Abad
- INRAE, CNRS, ISA, Université Côte d'Azur, Sophia Antipolis, F-06903, France
| | - Bruno Favery
- INRAE, CNRS, ISA, Université Côte d'Azur, Sophia Antipolis, F-06903, France
| | - Heng Jian
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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Petitot AS, Dereeper A, Da Silva C, Guy J, Fernandez D. Analyses of the Root-Knot Nematode ( Meloidogyne graminicola) Transcriptome during Host Infection Highlight Specific Gene Expression Profiling in Resistant Rice Plants. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9080644. [PMID: 32784493 PMCID: PMC7460394 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9080644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant-parasitic nematode Meloidogyne graminicola causes considerable damages to rice (Oryza sativa) culture. Resistance to M. graminicola in the related species Oryza glaberrima reduces root penetration by juveniles and stops further nematode development. M. graminicola genes expressed during O. sativa infection were previously characterized but no information is available about the molecular dialogue established with a resistant plant. We compared the M. graminicola transcriptomes of stage-two juveniles (J2s) before and during infection of susceptible or resistant rice. Among 36,121 M. graminicola genes surveyed, 367 were differentially expressed during infection of resistant or susceptible plants. Genes encoding cell wall-degrading enzymes, peptidases and neuropeptides were expressed for a longer time in resistant plants compared to susceptible plants. Conversely, genes related to nematode development were not activated in the resistant host. The majority of M. graminicola effector genes had similar expression patterns, whatever the host genotype. However, two venom allergen-like protein (VAP)-encoding genes were specifically induced in resistant plants and Mg-VAP1 silencing in J2s reduced their ability to colonize roots. This study highlighted that M. graminicola adapts its gene expression to the host susceptibility. Further investigation is required to assess the role of Mg-VAPs in the rice-nematode interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Petitot
- IRD, Cirad, Univ Montpellier, IPME, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, CEDEX 5, 34394 Montpellier, France; (A.D.); (D.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Alexis Dereeper
- IRD, Cirad, Univ Montpellier, IPME, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, CEDEX 5, 34394 Montpellier, France; (A.D.); (D.F.)
| | - Corinne Da Silva
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91057 Evry, France; (C.D.S.); (J.G.)
| | - Julie Guy
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91057 Evry, France; (C.D.S.); (J.G.)
| | - Diana Fernandez
- IRD, Cirad, Univ Montpellier, IPME, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, CEDEX 5, 34394 Montpellier, France; (A.D.); (D.F.)
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24
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Zhao J, Li L, Liu Q, Liu P, Li S, Yang D, Chen Y, Pagnotta S, Favery B, Abad P, Jian H. A MIF-like effector suppresses plant immunity and facilitates nematode parasitism by interacting with plant annexins. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:5943-5958. [PMID: 31365744 PMCID: PMC6812717 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes secrete numerous effectors to facilitate parasitism, but detailed functions of nematode effectors and their plant targets remain largely unknown. Here, we characterized four macrophage migration inhibitory factors (MIFs) in Meloidogyne incognita resembling the MIFs secreted by human and animal parasites. Transcriptional data showed MiMIFs are up-regulated in parasitism. Immunolocalization provided evidence that MiMIF proteins are secreted from the nematode hypodermis to the parasite surface, detected in plant tissues and giant cells. In planta MiMIFs RNA interference in Arabidopsis decreased infection and nematode reproduction. Transient expression of MiMIF-2 could suppress Bax- and RBP1/Gpa2-induced cell death. MiMIF-2 ectopic expression led to higher levels of Arabidopsis susceptibility, suppressed immune responses triggered by flg22, and impaired [Ca2+]cyt influx induced by H2O2. The immunoprecipitation of MiMIF-2-interacting proteins, followed by co-immunoprecipitation and bimolecular fluorescence complementation validations, revealed specific interactions between MiMIF-2 and two Arabidopsis annexins, AnnAt1 and AnnAt4, involved in the transport of calcium ions, stress responses, and signal transduction. Suppression of expression or overexpression of these annexins modified nematode infection. Our results provide functional evidence that nematode effectors secreted from hypodermis to the parasite cuticle surface target host proteins and M. incognita uses MiMIFs to promote parasitism by interfering with the annexin-mediated plant immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlong Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lijuan Li
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Pei Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongpan Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Sophie Pagnotta
- Centre Commun de Microscopie Appliquée (CCMA), Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | | | - Pierre Abad
- Université Côte d’Azur, INRA, CNRS, ISA, France
| | - Heng Jian
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Correspondence:
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25
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Mejias J, Truong NM, Abad P, Favery B, Quentin M. Plant Proteins and Processes Targeted by Parasitic Nematode Effectors. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:970. [PMID: 31417587 PMCID: PMC6682612 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Sedentary endoparasitic nematodes, such as root-knot nematodes (RKN; Meloidogyne spp.) and cyst nematodes (CN; Heterodera spp. and Globodera spp.) cause considerable damage to agricultural crops. RKN and CN spend most of their life cycle in plant roots, in which they induce the formation of multinucleate hypertrophied feeding cells, called "giant cells" and "syncytia," respectively. The giant cells result from nuclear divisions of vascular cells without cytokinesis. They are surrounded by small dividing cells and they form a new organ within the root known as a root knot or gall. CN infection leads to the fusion of several root cells into a unique syncytium. These dramatically modified host cells act as metabolic sinks from which the nematode withdraws nutrients throughout its life, and they are thus essential for nematode development. Both RKN and CN secrete effector proteins that are synthesized in the oesophageal glands and delivered to the appropriate cell in the host plant via a syringe-like stylet, triggering the ontogenesis of the feeding structures. Within the plant cell or in the apoplast, effectors associate with specific host proteins, enabling them to hijack important processes for cell morphogenesis and physiology or immunity. Here, we review recent findings on the identification and functional characterization of plant targets of RKN and CN effectors. A better understanding of the molecular determinants of these biotrophic relationships would enable us to improve the yields of crops infected with parasitic nematodes and to expand our comprehension of root development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Michaël Quentin
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Université Côte d’Azur, Sophia Antipolis, France
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26
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Zhuo K, Naalden D, Nowak S, Xuan Huy N, Bauters L, Gheysen G. A Meloidogyne graminicola C-type lectin, Mg01965, is secreted into the host apoplast to suppress plant defence and promote parasitism. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:346-355. [PMID: 30315612 PMCID: PMC6637863 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
C-type lectins (CTLs), a class of multifunctional proteins, are numerous in nematodes. One CTL gene, Mg01965, shown to be expressed in the subventral glands, especially in the second-stage juveniles of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola, was further analysed in this study. In vitro RNA interference targeting Mg01965 in the preparasitic juveniles significantly reduced their ability to infect host plant roots. Immunolocalizations showed that Mg01965 is secreted by M. graminicola into the roots during the early parasitic stages and accumulates in the apoplast. Transient expression of Mg01965 in Nicotiana benthamiana and targeting it to the apoplast suppressed the burst of reactive oxygen species triggered by flg22. The CTL Mg01965 suppresses plant innate immunity in the host apoplast, promoting nematode parasitism in the early infection stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Zhuo
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityCoupure links 6539000GhentBelgium
| | - Diana Naalden
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityCoupure links 6539000GhentBelgium
| | - Silke Nowak
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityCoupure links 6539000GhentBelgium
| | - Nguyen Xuan Huy
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityCoupure links 6539000GhentBelgium
- Biology Department, College of EducationHue University34 Le LoiHueVietnam
| | - Lander Bauters
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityCoupure links 6539000GhentBelgium
| | - Godelieve Gheysen
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityCoupure links 6539000GhentBelgium
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27
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Barnes SN, Wram CL, Mitchum MG, Baum TJ. The plant-parasitic cyst nematode effector GLAND4 is a DNA-binding protein. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:2263-2276. [PMID: 29719112 PMCID: PMC6637993 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Cyst nematodes are plant pathogens that infect a wide range of economically important crops. One parasitic mechanism employed by cyst nematodes is the production and in planta delivery of effector proteins to modify plant cells and suppress defences to favour parasitism. This study focuses on GLAND4, an effector of Heterodera glycines and H. schachtii, the soybean and sugar beet cyst nematodes, respectively. We show that GLAND4 is recognized by the plant cellular machinery and is transported to the plant nucleus, an organelle for which little is known about plant nematode effector functions. We show that GLAND4 has DNA-binding ability and represses reporter gene expression in a plant transcriptional assay. One DNA fragment that binds to GLAND4 is localized in an Arabidopsis chromosomal region associated with the promoters of two lipid transfer protein genes (LTP). These LTPs have known defence functions and are down-regulated in the nematode feeding site. When expressed in Arabidopsis, the presence of GLAND4 causes the down-regulation of the two LTP genes in question, which is also associated with increased susceptibility to the plant-pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae. Furthermore, overexpression of one of the LTP genes reduces plant susceptibility to H. schachtii and P. syringae, confirming that LTP repression probably suppresses plant defences. This study makes GLAND4 one of a small subset of characterized plant nematode nuclear effectors and identifies GLAND4 as the first DNA-binding, plant-parasitic nematode effector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey N. Barnes
- Plant Pathology & Microbiology DepartmentIowa State UniversityAmesIA 50011USA
| | - Catherine L. Wram
- Plant Pathology & Microbiology DepartmentIowa State UniversityAmesIA 50011USA
- Present address:
Department of Botany and Plant PathologyOregon State UniversityCorvallisOR 97330USA
| | - Melissa G. Mitchum
- Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences CenterUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMO 65211USA
| | - Thomas J. Baum
- Plant Pathology & Microbiology DepartmentIowa State UniversityAmesIA 50011USA
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28
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Verma A, Lee C, Morriss S, Odu F, Kenning C, Rizzo N, Spollen WG, Lin M, McRae AG, Givan SA, Hewezi T, Hussey R, Davis EL, Baum TJ, Mitchum MG. The novel cyst nematode effector protein 30D08 targets host nuclear functions to alter gene expression in feeding sites. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 219:697-713. [PMID: 29726613 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Cyst nematodes deliver effector proteins into host cells to manipulate cellular processes and establish a metabolically hyperactive feeding site. The novel 30D08 effector protein is produced in the dorsal gland of parasitic juveniles, but its function has remained unknown. We demonstrate that expression of 30D08 contributes to nematode parasitism, the protein is packaged into secretory granules and it is targeted to the plant nucleus where it interacts with SMU2 (homolog of suppressor of mec-8 and unc-52 2), an auxiliary spliceosomal protein. We show that SMU2 is expressed in feeding sites and an smu2 mutant is less susceptible to nematode infection. In Arabidopsis expressing 30D08 under the SMU2 promoter, several genes were found to be alternatively spliced and the most abundant functional classes represented among differentially expressed genes were involved in RNA processing, transcription and binding, as well as in development, and hormone and secondary metabolism, representing key cellular processes known to be important for feeding site formation. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the 30D08 effector is secreted from the nematode and targeted to the plant nucleus where its interaction with a host auxiliary spliceosomal protein may alter the pre-mRNA splicing and expression of a subset of genes important for feeding site formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Verma
- Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Chris Lee
- Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Stephanie Morriss
- Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Fiona Odu
- Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Charlotte Kenning
- Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | | | - William G Spollen
- Informatics Research Core Facility, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Marriam Lin
- Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Amanda G McRae
- Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Scott A Givan
- Informatics Research Core Facility, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Tarek Hewezi
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Richard Hussey
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Eric L Davis
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Thomas J Baum
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Melissa G Mitchum
- Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
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29
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Ali MA, Anjam MS, Nawaz MA, Lam HM, Chung G. Signal Transduction in Plant⁻Nematode Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061648. [PMID: 29865232 PMCID: PMC6032140 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To successfully invade and infect their host plants, plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs) need to evolve molecular mechanisms to overcome the defense responses from the plants. Nematode-associated molecular patterns (NAMPs), including ascarosides and certain proteins, while instrumental in enabling the infection, can be perceived by the host plants, which then initiate a signaling cascade leading to the induction of basal defense responses. To combat host resistance, some nematodes can inject effectors into the cells of susceptible hosts to reprogram the basal resistance signaling and also modulate the hosts’ gene expression patterns to facilitate the establishment of nematode feeding sites (NFSs). In this review, we summarized all the known signaling pathways involved in plant–nematode interactions. Specifically, we placed particular focus on the effector proteins from PPNs that mimic the signaling of the defense responses in host plants. Furthermore, we gave an updated overview of the regulation by PPNs of different host defense pathways such as salicylic acid (SA)/jasmonic acid (JA), auxin, and cytokinin and reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling to facilitate their parasitic successes in plants. This review will enhance the understanding of the molecular signaling pathways involved in both compatible and incompatible plant–nematode interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Amjad Ali
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan.
- Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Shahzad Anjam
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 66000, Pakistan.
| | | | - Hon-Ming Lam
- School of Life Sciences and Centre for Soybean Research of the Partner State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Gyuhwa Chung
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, Korea.
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30
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Lilley CJ, Maqbool A, Wu D, Yusup HB, Jones LM, Birch PRJ, Banfield MJ, Urwin PE, Eves-van den Akker S. Effector gene birth in plant parasitic nematodes: Neofunctionalization of a housekeeping glutathione synthetase gene. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007310. [PMID: 29641602 PMCID: PMC5919673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogens and parasites are a major threat to global food security. Plant parasitism has arisen four times independently within the phylum Nematoda, resulting in at least one parasite of every major food crop in the world. Some species within the most economically important order (Tylenchida) secrete proteins termed effectors into their host during infection to re-programme host development and immunity. The precise detail of how nematodes evolve new effectors is not clear. Here we reconstruct the evolutionary history of a novel effector gene family. We show that during the evolution of plant parasitism in the Tylenchida, the housekeeping glutathione synthetase (GS) gene was extensively replicated. New GS paralogues acquired multiple dorsal gland promoter elements, altered spatial expression to the secretory dorsal gland, altered temporal expression to primarily parasitic stages, and gained a signal peptide for secretion. The gene products are delivered into the host plant cell during infection, giving rise to "GS-like effectors". Remarkably, by solving the structure of GS-like effectors we show that during this process they have also diversified in biochemical activity, and likely represent the founding members of a novel class of GS-like enzyme. Our results demonstrate the re-purposing of an endogenous housekeeping gene to form a family of effectors with modified functions. We anticipate that our discovery will be a blueprint to understand the evolution of other plant-parasitic nematode effectors, and the foundation to uncover a novel enzymatic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine J. Lilley
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Abbas Maqbool
- Dept. of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Duqing Wu
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Hazijah B. Yusup
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Laura M. Jones
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Paul R. J. Birch
- Cell and Molecular Sciences Group, Dundee Effector Consortium, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J. Banfield
- Dept. of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Peter E. Urwin
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Eves-van den Akker
- Dept. of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
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31
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Jaouannet M, Nguyen CN, Quentin M, Jaubert-Possamai S, Rosso MN, Favery B. In situ Hybridization (ISH) in Preparasitic and Parasitic Stages of the Plant-parasitic Nematode Meloidogyne spp. Bio Protoc 2018; 8:e2766. [PMID: 34179286 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatio-temporal expression pattern of a gene provides important indications to better understand its biological function. In situ hybridization (ISH) uses a labeled complementary single-stranded RNA or DNA probe to localize gene transcripts in a whole organism, a whole organ or a section of tissue. We adapted the ISH technique to the plant parasite Meloidogyne spp. (root-knot nematode) to visualize RNAs both in free-living preparasitic juveniles and in parasitic stages settled in the plant tissues. We describe each step of the probe synthesis, digoxigenin (DIG) labeling, nematode extraction from plant tissue, and ISH procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maëlle Jaouannet
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Chinh-Nghia Nguyen
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Michaël Quentin
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | | | - Marie-Noëlle Rosso
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Bruno Favery
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, Sophia-Antipolis, France
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Chen J, Hu L, Sun L, Lin B, Huang K, Zhuo K, Liao J. A novel Meloidogyne graminicola effector, MgMO237, interacts with multiple host defence-related proteins to manipulate plant basal immunity and promote parasitism. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:1942-1955. [PMID: 29485753 PMCID: PMC6638000 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes can secrete effector proteins into the host tissue to facilitate their parasitism. In this study, we report a novel effector protein, MgMO237, from Meloidogyne graminicola, which is exclusively expressed within the dorsal oesophageal gland cell and markedly up-regulated in parasitic third-/fourth-stage juveniles of M. graminicola. Transient expression of MgMO237 in protoplasts from rice roots showed that MgMO237 was localized in the cytoplasm and nucleus of the host cells. Rice plants overexpressing MgMO237 showed an increased susceptibility to M. graminicola. In contrast, rice plants expressing RNA interference vectors targeting MgMO237 showed an increased resistance to M. graminicola. In addition, yeast two-hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation assays showed that MgMO237 interacted specifically with three rice endogenous proteins, i.e. 1,3-β-glucan synthase component (OsGSC), cysteine-rich repeat secretory protein 55 (OsCRRSP55) and pathogenesis-related BetvI family protein (OsBetvI), which are all related to host defences. Moreover, MgMO237 can suppress host defence responses, including the expression of host defence-related genes, cell wall callose deposition and the burst of reactive oxygen species. These results demonstrate that the effector MgMO237 probably promotes the parasitism of M. graminicola by interacting with multiple host defence-related proteins and suppressing plant basal immunity in the later parasitic stages of nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansong Chen
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Lili Hu
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Longhua Sun
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Borong Lin
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Kun Huang
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Kan Zhuo
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Jinling Liao
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Department of Eco‐engineering, Guangdong Eco‐Engineering PolytechnicGuangzhou510520China
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Bournaud C, Gillet FX, Murad AM, Bresso E, Albuquerque EVS, Grossi-de-Sá MF. Meloidogyne incognita PASSE-MURAILLE (MiPM) Gene Encodes a Cell-Penetrating Protein That Interacts With the CSN5 Subunit of the COP9 Signalosome. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:904. [PMID: 29997646 PMCID: PMC6029430 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenicity of phytonematodes relies on secreted virulence factors to rewire host cellular pathways for the benefits of the nematode. In the root-knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogyne incognita, thousands of predicted secreted proteins have been identified and are expected to interact with host proteins at different developmental stages of the parasite. Identifying the host targets will provide compelling evidence about the biological significance and molecular function of the predicted proteins. Here, we have focused on the hub protein CSN5, the fifth subunit of the pleiotropic and eukaryotic conserved COP9 signalosome (CSN), which is a regulatory component of the ubiquitin/proteasome system. We used affinity purification-mass spectrometry (AP-MS) to generate the interaction network of CSN5 in M. incognita-infected roots. We identified the complete CSN complex and other known CSN5 interaction partners in addition to unknown plant and M. incognita proteins. Among these, we described M. incognita PASSE-MURAILLE (MiPM), a small pioneer protein predicted to contain a secretory peptide that is up-regulated mostly in the J2 parasitic stage. We confirmed the CSN5-MiPM interaction, which occurs in the nucleus, by bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC). Using MiPM as bait, a GST pull-down assay coupled with MS revealed some common protein partners between CSN5 and MiPM. We further showed by in silico and microscopic analyses that the recombinant purified MiPM protein enters the cells of Arabidopsis root tips in a non-infectious context. In further detail, the supercharged N-terminal tail of MiPM (NTT-MiPM) triggers an unknown host endocytosis pathway to penetrate the cell. The functional meaning of the CSN5-MiPM interaction in the M. incognita parasitism is discussed. Moreover, we propose that the cell-penetrating properties of some M. incognita secreted proteins might be a non-negligible mechanism for cell uptake, especially during the steps preceding the sedentary parasitic phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Bournaud
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Caroline Bournaud
| | | | - André M. Murad
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Emmanuel Bresso
- Université de Lorraine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Inria, Laboratoire Lorrain de Recherche en Informatique et ses Applications, Nancy, France
| | | | - Maria F. Grossi-de-Sá
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program in Genomic Science and Biotechnology, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Maria F. Grossi-de-Sá
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Nguyen CN, Perfus-Barbeoch L, Quentin M, Zhao J, Magliano M, Marteu N, Da Rocha M, Nottet N, Abad P, Favery B. A root-knot nematode small glycine and cysteine-rich secreted effector, MiSGCR1, is involved in plant parasitism. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:687-699. [PMID: 29034957 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., are obligate endoparasites that maintain a biotrophic relationship with their hosts. They infect roots as microscopic vermiform second-stage juveniles, and establish specialized feeding structures called 'giant-cells', from which they withdraw water and nutrients. The nematode effector proteins secreted in planta are key elements in the molecular dialogue of parasitism. Here, we compared Illumina RNA-seq transcriptomes for M. incognita obtained at various points in the lifecycle, and identified 31 genes more strongly expressed in parasitic stages than in preparasitic juveniles. We then selected candidate effectors for functional characterization. Quantitative real-time PCR and in situ hybridizations showed that the validated differentially expressed genes are predominantly specifically expressed in oesophageal glands of the nematode. We also soaked the nematodes in siRNA to silence these genes and to determine their role in pathogenicity. The silencing of the dorsal gland specific-Minc18876 and its paralogues resulted in a significant, reproducible decrease in the number of mature females with egg masses, demonstrating a potentially important role for the small glycine- and cysteine-rich effector MiSGCR1 in early stages of plant-nematode interaction. Finally, we report that MiSGCR1 suppresses plant cell death induced by bacterial or oomycete triggers of plant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinh-Nghia Nguyen
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, 06903, Cedex Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Laetitia Perfus-Barbeoch
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, 06903, Cedex Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Michaël Quentin
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, 06903, Cedex Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Jianlong Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Marc Magliano
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, 06903, Cedex Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Nathalie Marteu
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, 06903, Cedex Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Martine Da Rocha
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, 06903, Cedex Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Nicolas Nottet
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, 06903, Cedex Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Pierre Abad
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, 06903, Cedex Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Bruno Favery
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, 06903, Cedex Sophia-Antipolis, France
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Miyashita N, Koga H. Three-dimensional ultrastructure of feeding tubes and interconnected endoplasmic reticulum in root-knot nematode-induced giant cells in rose balsam. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:1941-1951. [PMID: 28204899 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-016-1072-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the three-dimensional ultrastructure of feeding tubes and the surrounding region in giant cells induced in rose balsam (Impatiens balsamina L.) roots by the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita, using osmium maceration coupled with field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). In the roots of 35-day-old galled rose balsam plants, adult nematodes induced the formation of giant cells containing feeding tubes and numerous organelles, including tubular endoplasmic reticulum (ER), cisternal ER, and mitochondria. The feeding tubes were surrounded by fine tubular structures (20-50 nm in diameter), which were in turn surrounded by tubular ER (approximately 120 nm in diameter). The termini of the fine tubular structures appeared to be connected to the surface of the feeding tubes, suggesting that the fine tubular structures were continuous with narrow channels in the feeding tubes. The tubular ER arose from cisternal ER. Large bundles of tubular ER were present near the feeding tube, in the centers of the giant cells, and in the peripheral regions of the giant cells, such as cell wall ingrowths, while smaller bundles of tubular ER formed networks in the giant cells. These observations suggest that tubular ER functions as vascular bundles in giant cells, facilitating the transport of nutrients. We identified capsule-shaped structures (30 μm in diameter) in the giant cells that consisted of smooth, repeatedly branched ER tubules wrapped in several layers of cisternal ER. We propose that lipids and steroids are synthesized at the smooth branched ER and stored in these capsules until needed by the nematode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Miyashita
- Bioproduction Science, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan
| | - Hironori Koga
- Bioproduction Science, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan.
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36
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Chen J, Lin B, Huang Q, Hu L, Zhuo K, Liao J. A novel Meloidogyne graminicola effector, MgGPP, is secreted into host cells and undergoes glycosylation in concert with proteolysis to suppress plant defenses and promote parasitism. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006301. [PMID: 28403192 PMCID: PMC5402989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogen effectors can recruit the host post-translational machinery to mediate their post-translational modification (PTM) and regulate their activity to facilitate parasitism, but few studies have focused on this phenomenon in the field of plant-parasitic nematodes. In this study, we show that the plant-parasitic nematode Meloidogyne graminicola has evolved a novel effector, MgGPP, that is exclusively expressed within the nematode subventral esophageal gland cells and up-regulated in the early parasitic stage of M. graminicola. The effector MgGPP plays a role in nematode parasitism. Transgenic rice lines expressing MgGPP become significantly more susceptible to M. graminicola infection than wild-type control plants, and conversely, in planta, the silencing of MgGPP through RNAi technology substantially increases the resistance of rice to M. graminicola. Significantly, we show that MgGPP is secreted into host plants and targeted to the ER, where the N-glycosylation and C-terminal proteolysis of MgGPP occur. C-terminal proteolysis promotes MgGPP to leave the ER, after which it is transported to the nucleus. In addition, N-glycosylation of MgGPP is required for suppressing the host response. The research data provide an intriguing example of in planta glycosylation in concert with proteolysis of a pathogen effector, which depict a novel mechanism by which parasitic nematodes could subjugate plant immunity and promote parasitism and may present a promising target for developing new strategies against nematode infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansong Chen
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Borong Lin
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuling Huang
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lili Hu
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kan Zhuo
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (JLL); (KZ)
| | - Jinling Liao
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Eco-Engineering Polytechnic, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (JLL); (KZ)
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Ali MA, Azeem F, Li H, Bohlmann H. Smart Parasitic Nematodes Use Multifaceted Strategies to Parasitize Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1699. [PMID: 29046680 PMCID: PMC5632807 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nematodes are omnipresent in nature including many species which are parasitic to plants and cause enormous economic losses in various crops. During the process of parasitism, sedentary phytonematodes use their stylet to secrete effector proteins into the plant cells to induce the development of specialized feeding structures. These effectors are used by the nematodes to develop compatible interactions with plants, partly by mimicking the expression of host genes. Intensive research is going on to investigate the molecular function of these effector proteins in the plants. In this review, we have summarized which physiological and molecular changes occur when endoparasitic nematodes invade the plant roots and how they develop a successful interaction with plants using the effector proteins. We have also mentioned the host genes which are induced by the nematodes for a compatible interaction. Additionally, we discuss how nematodes modulate the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and RNA silencing pathways in addition to post-translational modifications in their own favor for successful parasitism in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad A. Ali
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- *Correspondence: Muhammad A. Ali ;
| | - Farrukh Azeem
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Hongjie Li
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Holger Bohlmann
- Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Eves-van den Akker S, Birch PRJ. Opening the Effector Protein Toolbox for Plant-Parasitic Cyst Nematode Interactions. MOLECULAR PLANT 2016; 9:1451-1453. [PMID: 27693399 PMCID: PMC5106285 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Eves-van den Akker
- Division of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK; The Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
| | - Paul R J Birch
- Division of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
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Petitot AS, Dereeper A, Agbessi M, Da Silva C, Guy J, Ardisson M, Fernandez D. Dual RNA-seq reveals Meloidogyne graminicola transcriptome and candidate effectors during the interaction with rice plants. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2016; 17:860-74. [PMID: 26610268 PMCID: PMC6638361 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes secrete proteinaceous effectors into plant tissues to facilitate infection by suppressing host defences and reprogramming the host metabolism to their benefit. Meloidogyne graminicola is a major pest of rice (Oryza sativa) in Asia and Latin America, causing important crop losses. The goal of this study was to identify M. graminicola pathogenicity genes expressed during the plant-nematode interaction. Using the dual RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) strategy, we generated transcriptomic data of M. graminicola samples covering the pre-parasitic J2 stage and five parasitic stages in rice plants, from the parasitic J2 to the adult female. In the absence of a reference genome, a de novo M. graminicola transcriptome of 66 396 contigs was obtained from those reads that were not mapped on the rice genome. Gene expression profiling across the M. graminicola life cycle revealed key genes involved in nematode development and provided insights into the genes putatively associated with parasitism. The development of a 'secreted protein prediction' pipeline revealed a typical set of proteins secreted by nematodes, as well as a large number of cysteine-rich proteins and putative nuclear proteins. Combined with expression data, this pipeline enabled the identification of 15 putative effector genes, including two homologues of well-characterized effectors from cyst nematodes (CLE-like and VAP1) and a metallothionein. The localization of gene expression was assessed by in situ hybridization for a subset of candidates. All of these data represent important molecular resources for the elucidation of M. graminicola biology and for the selection of potential targets for the development of novel control strategies for this nematode species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Petitot
- IRD, UMR IRD-Cirad-UM2 Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Alexis Dereeper
- IRD, UMR IRD-Cirad-UM2 Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Mawusse Agbessi
- IRD, UMR IRD-Cirad-UM2 Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Corinne Da Silva
- CEA, Institut de Génomique, GENOSCOPE - Centre National de Séquençage, 91057, Evry Cedex, France
| | - Julie Guy
- CEA, Institut de Génomique, GENOSCOPE - Centre National de Séquençage, 91057, Evry Cedex, France
| | - Morgane Ardisson
- INRA, UMR Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes, 34060, Montpellier Cedex 1, France
| | - Diana Fernandez
- IRD, UMR IRD-Cirad-UM2 Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Xie J, Li S, Mo C, Wang G, Xiao X, Xiao Y. A Novel Meloidogyne incognita Effector Misp12 Suppresses Plant Defense Response at Latter Stages of Nematode Parasitism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:964. [PMID: 27446188 PMCID: PMC4927581 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Secreted effectors in plant root-knot nematodes (RKNs, or Meloidogyne spp.) play key roles in their parasite processes. Currently identified effectors mainly focus on the early stage of the nematode parasitism. There are only a few reports describing effectors that function in the latter stage. In this study, we identified a potential RKN effector gene, Misp12, that functioned during the latter stage of parasitism. Misp12 was unique in the Meloidogyne spp., and highly conserved in Meloidogyne incognita. It encoded a secretory protein that specifically expressed in the dorsal esophageal gland, and highly up-regulated during the female stages. Transient expression of Misp12-GUS-GFP in onion epidermal cell showed that Misp12 was localized in cytoplast. In addition, in planta RNA interference targeting Misp12 suppressed the expression of Misp12 in nematodes and attenuated parasitic ability of M. incognita. Furthermore, up-regulation of jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) pathway defense-related genes in the virus-induced silencing of Misp12 plants, and down-regulation of SA pathway defense-related genes in Misp12-expressing plants indicated the gene might be associated with the suppression of the plant defense response. These results demonstrated that the novel nematode effector Misp12 played a critical role at latter parasitism of M. incognita.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xueqiong Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Yannong Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
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Rehman S, Gupta VK, Goyal AK. Identification and functional analysis of secreted effectors from phytoparasitic nematodes. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:48. [PMID: 27001199 PMCID: PMC4802876 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0632-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant parasitic nematodes develop an intimate and long-term feeding relationship with their host plants. They induce a multi-nucleate feeding site close to the vascular bundle in the roots of their host plant and remain sessile for the rest of their life. Nematode secretions, produced in the oesophageal glands and secreted through a hollow stylet into the host plant cytoplasm, are believed to play key role in pathogenesis. To combat these persistent pathogens, the identity and functional analysis of secreted effectors can serve as a key to devise durable control measures. In this review, we will recapitulate the knowledge over the identification and functional characterization of secreted nematode effector repertoire from phytoparasitic nematodes. RESEARCH Despite considerable efforts, the identity of genes encoding nematode secreted proteins has long been severely hampered because of their microscopic size, long generation time and obligate biotrophic nature. The methodologies such as bioinformatics, protein structure modeling, in situ hybridization microscopy, and protein-protein interaction have been used to identify and to attribute functions to the effectors. In addition, RNA interference (RNAi) has been instrumental to decipher the role of the genes encoding secreted effectors necessary for parasitism and genes attributed to normal development. Recent comparative and functional genomic approaches have accelerated the identification of effectors from phytoparasitic nematodes and offers opportunities to control these pathogens. CONCLUSION Plant parasitic nematodes pose a serious threat to global food security of various economically important crops. There is a wealth of genomic and transcriptomic information available on plant parasitic nematodes and comparative genomics has identified many effectors. Bioengineering crops with dsRNA of phytonematode genes can disrupt the life cycle of parasitic nematodes and therefore holds great promise to develop resistant crops against plant-parasitic nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajid Rehman
- />International Center for Agriculture Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Rabat-Instituts-Morocco, P.O.Box 6299, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Vijai K. Gupta
- />National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Aakash K. Goyal
- />International Center for Agriculture Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Rabat-Instituts-Morocco, P.O.Box 6299, Rabat, Morocco
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Chi Y, Wang X, Le X, Ju Y, Guan T, Li H. Exposure to double-stranded RNA mediated by tobacco rattle virus leads to transcription up-regulation of effector gene Mi-vap-2 from Meloidogyne incognita and promotion of pathogenicity in progeny. Int J Parasitol 2016; 46:105-13. [PMID: 26545953 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Meloidogyne spp. are economically important plant parasites and cause enormous damage to agriculture world-wide. These nematodes use secreted effectors which modify host cells, allowing them to obtain the nutrients required for growth and development. A better understanding of the roles of effectors in nematode parasitism is critical for understanding the mechanisms of nematode-host interactions. In this study, Mi-vap-2 of Meloidogyne incognita, a gene encoding a venom allergen-like protein, was targeted by RNA interference mediated by the tobacco rattle virus. Unexpectedly, compared with a wild type line, a substantial up-regulation of Mi-vap-2 transcript was observed in juveniles collected at 7 days p.i. from Nicotiana benthamiana agroinfiltrated with TRV::vap-2. This up-regulation of the targeted transcript did not impact development of females or the production of galls, nor the number of females on the TRV::vap-2 line. In a positive control line, the transcript of Mi16D10 was knocked down in juveniles from the TRV::16D10 line at 7 days p.i., resulting in a significant inhibition of nematode development. The up-regulation of Mi-vap-2 triggered by TRV-RNAi was inherited by the progeny of the nematodes exposed to double-stranded RNA. Meanwhile, a substantial increase in Mi-VAP-2 expression in those juvenile progeny was revealed by ELISA. This caused an increase in the number of galls (71.2%) and females (84.6%) produced on seedlings of N. benthamiana compared with the numbers produced by control nematodes. Up-regulation of Mi-vap-2 and its encoded protein therefore enhanced pathogenicity of the nematodes, suggesting that Mi-vap-2 may be required for successful parasitism during the early parasitic stage of M. incognita.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuankai Chi
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Xiuhu Le
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yuliang Ju
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Tinglong Guan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Hongmei Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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Fosu-Nyarko J, Nicol P, Naz F, Gill R, Jones MGK. Analysis of the Transcriptome of the Infective Stage of the Beet Cyst Nematode, H. schachtii. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147511. [PMID: 26824923 PMCID: PMC4733053 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The beet cyst nematode, Heterodera schachtii, is a major root pest that significantly impacts the yield of sugar beet, brassicas and related species. There has been limited molecular characterisation of this important plant pathogen: to identify target genes for its control the transcriptome of the pre-parasitic J2 stage of H. schachtii was sequenced using Roche GS FLX. Ninety seven percent of reads (i.e., 387,668) with an average PHRED score > 22 were assembled with CAP3 and CLC Genomics Workbench into 37,345 and 47,263 contigs, respectively. The transcripts were annotated by comparing with gene and genomic sequences of other nematodes and annotated proteins on public databases. The annotated transcripts were much more similar to sequences of Heterodera glycines than to those of Globodera pallida and root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.). Analysis of these transcripts showed that a subset of 2,918 transcripts was common to free-living and plant parasitic nematodes suggesting that this subset is involved in general nematode metabolism and development. A set of 148 contigs and 183 singletons encoding putative homologues of effectors previously characterised for plant parasitic nematodes were also identified: these are known to be important for parasitism of host plants during migration through tissues or feeding from cells or are thought to be involved in evasion or modulation of host defences. In addition, the presence of sequences from a nematode virus is suggested. The sequencing and annotation of this transcriptome significantly adds to the genetic data available for H. schachtii, and identifies genes primed to undertake required roles in the critical pre-parasitic and early post-parasitic J2 stages. These data provide new information for identifying potential gene targets for future protection of susceptible crops against H. schachtii.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Fosu-Nyarko
- Plant Biotechnology Research Group, Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
- NemGenix Pty Ltd, Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
- * E-mail: ; (JFN); (MGKJ)
| | - Paul Nicol
- Plant Biotechnology Research Group, Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Fareeha Naz
- Plant Biotechnology Research Group, Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Reetinder Gill
- Plant Biotechnology Research Group, Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Michael G. K. Jones
- Plant Biotechnology Research Group, Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
- * E-mail: ; (JFN); (MGKJ)
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Shivakumara TN, Papolu PK, Dutta TK, Kamaraju D, Chaudhary S, Rao U. RNAi-induced silencing of an effector confers transcriptional oscillation in another group of effectors in the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. NEMATOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1163/15685411-00003003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The sophisticated parasitic tactic of sedentary endoparasitic nematodes seems to involve the simultaneous alteration of the expression of multitude of its effector genes in order to hijack the plant metabolic and developmental pathway. In concordance with this hypothesis, we have targeted some candidate effector genes of Meloidogyne incognita to understand the possible interaction among those effectors for successful infection of the host plant. In vitro RNAi strategy was used to knock down M. incognita-specific pioneer effector genes, such as msp-18, msp-20, msp-24, msp-33 and msp-16 (known to interact with plant transcription factor), to investigate their possible effect on the expression of key cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDE) and vice versa. Supported by the phenotypic data, intriguingly our study revealed that induced suppression of these pioneer genes cause transcriptional alteration of CWDE genes in M. incognita. This remarkable finding may provide some useful links for future research on nematode effector interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pradeep K. Papolu
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India, 110012
| | - Tushar K. Dutta
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India, 110012
| | - Divya Kamaraju
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India, 110012
| | - Sonam Chaudhary
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India, 110012
| | - Uma Rao
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India, 110012
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Sidonskaya E, Schweighofer A, Shubchynskyy V, Kammerhofer N, Hofmann J, Wieczorek K, Meskiene I. Plant resistance against the parasitic nematode Heterodera schachtii is mediated by MPK3 and MPK6 kinases, which are controlled by the MAPK phosphatase AP2C1 in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:107-18. [PMID: 26438412 PMCID: PMC4682428 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic cyst nematodes infect plants and form highly sophisticated feeding sites in roots. It is not known which plant cell signalling mechanisms trigger plant defence during the early stages of nematode parasitism. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are central components of protein phosphorylation cascades transducing extracellular signals to plant defence responses. MAPK phosphatases control kinase activities and the signalling outcome. The involvement and the role of MPK3 and MPK6, as well as the MAPK phosphatase AP2C1, is demonstrated during parasitism of the beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii in Arabidopsis. Our data reveal notable activation patterns of plant MAPKs and the induction of AP2C1 suggesting the attenuation of defence signalling in plant cells during early nematode infection. It is demonstrated that the ap2c1 mutant that is lacking AP2C1 is more attractive but less susceptible to nematodes compared with the AP2C1-overexpressing line. This implies that the function of AP2C1 is a negative regulator of nematode-induced defence. By contrast, the enhanced susceptibility of mpk3 and mpk6 plants indicates a positive role of stress-activated MAPKs in plant immunity against nematodes. Evidence is provided that phosphatase AP2C1, as well as AP2C1-targeted MPK3 and MPK6, are important regulators of plant-nematode interaction, where the co-ordinated action of these signalling components ensures the timely activation of plant defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Sidonskaya
- Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, A-3430 Tulln on the Danube, Austria
| | - Alois Schweighofer
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories of the University and Medical University of Vienna, Dr Bohr-Gasse 9, A-1030 Vienna, Austria Institute of Biotechnology, University of Vilnius, Graiciuno 8, LT-02242 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Volodymyr Shubchynskyy
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories of the University and Medical University of Vienna, Dr Bohr-Gasse 9, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nina Kammerhofer
- Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, A-3430 Tulln on the Danube, Austria
| | - Julia Hofmann
- Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, A-3430 Tulln on the Danube, Austria
| | - Krzysztof Wieczorek
- Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, A-3430 Tulln on the Danube, Austria
| | - Irute Meskiene
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories of the University and Medical University of Vienna, Dr Bohr-Gasse 9, A-1030 Vienna, Austria Institute of Biotechnology, University of Vilnius, Graiciuno 8, LT-02242 Vilnius, Lithuania Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Favery B, Quentin M, Jaubert-Possamai S, Abad P. Gall-forming root-knot nematodes hijack key plant cellular functions to induce multinucleate and hypertrophied feeding cells. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2016. [PMID: 26211599 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Among plant-parasitic nematodes, the root-knot nematodes (RKNs) of the Meloidogyne spp. are the most economically important genus. RKN are root parasitic worms able to infect nearly all crop species and have a wide geographic distribution. During infection, RKNs establish and maintain an intimate relationship with the host plant. This includes the creation of a specialized nutritional structure composed of multinucleate and hypertrophied giant cells, which result from the redifferentiation of vascular root cells. Giant cells constitute the sole source of nutrients for the nematode and are essential for growth and reproduction. Hyperplasia of surrounding root cells leads to the formation of the gall or root-knot, an easily recognized symptom of plant infection by RKNs. Secreted effectors produced in nematode salivary glands and injected into plant cells through a specialized feeding structure called the stylet play a critical role in the formation of giant cells. Here, we describe the complex interactions between RKNs and their host plants. We highlight progress in understanding host plant responses, focusing on how RKNs manipulate key plant processes and functions, including cell cycle, defence, hormones, cellular scaffold, metabolism and transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Favery
- INRA, UMR 1355 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia-Antipolis, France; Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, UMR 7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia-Antipolis, France; CNRS, UMR 7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Michaël Quentin
- INRA, UMR 1355 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia-Antipolis, France; Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, UMR 7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia-Antipolis, France; CNRS, UMR 7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Stéphanie Jaubert-Possamai
- INRA, UMR 1355 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia-Antipolis, France; Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, UMR 7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia-Antipolis, France; CNRS, UMR 7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Pierre Abad
- INRA, UMR 1355 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia-Antipolis, France; Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, UMR 7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia-Antipolis, France; CNRS, UMR 7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia-Antipolis, France.
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47
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Giron D, Huguet E, Stone GN, Body M. Insect-induced effects on plants and possible effectors used by galling and leaf-mining insects to manipulate their host-plant. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 84:70-89. [PMID: 26723843 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Gall-inducing insects are iconic examples in the manipulation and reprogramming of plant development, inducing spectacular morphological and physiological changes of host-plant tissues within which the insect feeds and grows. Despite decades of research, effectors involved in gall induction and basic mechanisms of gall formation remain unknown. Recent research suggests that some aspects of the plant manipulation shown by gall-inducers may be shared with other insect herbivorous life histories. Here, we illustrate similarities and contrasts by reviewing current knowledge of metabolic and morphological effects induced on plants by gall-inducing and leaf-mining insects, and ask whether leaf-miners can also be considered to be plant reprogrammers. We review key plant functions targeted by various plant reprogrammers, including plant-manipulating insects and nematodes, and functionally characterize insect herbivore-derived effectors to provide a broader understanding of possible mechanisms used in host-plant manipulation. Consequences of plant reprogramming in terms of ecology, coevolution and diversification of plant-manipulating insects are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Giron
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS/Université François-Rabelais de Tours, Parc Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France.
| | - Elisabeth Huguet
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS/Université François-Rabelais de Tours, Parc Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Graham N Stone
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, United Kingdom
| | - Mélanie Body
- Division of Plant Sciences, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, 1201 Rollins Street, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
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Panstruga R, Kuhn H. Introduction to a Virtual Special Issue on cell biology at the plant-microbe interface. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 207:931-8. [PMID: 26235485 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Panstruga
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hannah Kuhn
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
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Mei Y, Thorpe P, Guzha A, Haegeman A, Blok VC, MacKenzie K, Gheysen G, Jones JT, Mantelin S. Only a small subset of the SPRY domain gene family in Globodera pallida is likely to encode effectors, two of which suppress host defences induced by the potato resistance gene Gpa2. NEMATOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1163/15685411-00002875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of the genome sequence of the potato cyst nematode, Globodera pallida, has shown that a substantial gene family (approximately 300 sequences) of proteins containing a SPRY domain is present in this species. This is a huge expansion of the gene family as compared to other organisms, including other plant-parasitic nematodes. Some SPRY domain proteins from G. pallida and G. rostochiensis have signal peptides for secretion and are deployed as effectors. One of these SPRYSEC proteins has been shown to suppress host defence responses. We describe further analysis of this gene family in G. pallida. We show that only a minority (10%) of the SPRY domain proteins in this species have a predicted signal peptide for secretion and that the presence of a signal peptide is strongly correlated with the corresponding gene being expressed at the early stages of parasitism. The data suggest that while the gene family is greatly expanded, only a minority of SPRY domain proteins in G. pallida are SPRYSEC candidate effectors. We show that several new SPRYSECs from G. pallida are expressed in the dorsal gland cell and demonstrate that some, but not all, of the SPRYSECs can suppress the hypersensitive response induced by co-expression of the resistance gene Gpa2 and its cognate avirulence factor RBP-1 in Nicotiana benthamiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Mei
- Dundee Effector Consortium, Cell and Molecular Sciences Group, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Thorpe
- Dundee Effector Consortium, Cell and Molecular Sciences Group, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Athanas Guzha
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Annelies Haegeman
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Plant Sciences Unit, Caritasstraat 21, B-9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Vivian C. Blok
- Dundee Effector Consortium, Cell and Molecular Sciences Group, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Katrin MacKenzie
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland (BIOSS), The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Godelieve Gheysen
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - John T. Jones
- Dundee Effector Consortium, Cell and Molecular Sciences Group, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
- Biology Department, Ghent University, KL Ledeganckstraat, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sophie Mantelin
- Dundee Effector Consortium, Cell and Molecular Sciences Group, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
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50
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Davies LJ, Zhang L, Elling AA. The Arabidopsis thaliana papain-like cysteine protease RD21 interacts with a root-knot nematode effector protein. NEMATOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1163/15685411-00002897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne chitwoodi secretes effector proteins into the cells of host plants to manipulate plant-derived processes in order to achieve successful parasitism. Mc1194 is a M. chitwoodi effector that is highly expressed in pre-parasitic second-stage juvenile nematodes. Yeast two-hybrid assays revealed Mc1194 specifically interacts with a papain-like cysteine protease (PLCP), RD21A in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mc1194 interacts with both the protease and granulin domains of RD21A. PLCPs are targeted by effectors secreted by bacterial, fungal and oomycete pathogens and the hypersusceptibility of rd21-1 mutants to M. chitwoodi indicates RD21A plays a role in plant-parasitic nematode infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J. Davies
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Axel A. Elling
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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