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Raman D, Filho E. The relationship between T7-Fz alpha coherence and peak performance in self-paced sports: a meta-analytical review. Exp Brain Res 2024; 242:1253-1265. [PMID: 38691137 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-024-06833-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
We examined whether the alpha-band coherence between the T7-Fz (verbal analytical-motor planning) brain areas were related to superior performance in sports. We searched for related papers across eight databases: ProQuest Central, ProQuest Psychology Journals, PsycARTICLES, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus, MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science using relevant keywords (i.e., EEG AND sports AND coherence). Seven studies, with a total of 194 participants, met our inclusion criteria and were shortlisted for statistical analysis. We compared EEG coherence data for both within-subject and between-subject experimental designs. Our analysis revealed that athletes had lower coherence in the T7-Fz brain pathway for alpha- band activation (Hedges' g = - 0.54; p = 0.03) when performing better. Theoretically, these results corroborate the notion that athletes become more "neurally efficient" as the verbal and motor areas of their brains function more independently, i.e., the neural efficiency hypothesis. Accordingly, athletes who can limit verbal interference are more likely to perform a sporting task successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruv Raman
- Performance Recovery and Optimization Lab, Wheelock College of Education and Human Development, Boston University, 2 Silber Way, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Edson Filho
- Performance Recovery and Optimization Lab, Wheelock College of Education and Human Development, Boston University, 2 Silber Way, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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2
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Henderson J, Kavussanu M, Gallicchio G, Ring C. Effects of task difficulty on performance and event-related bradycardia during preparation for action. PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2024; 70:102548. [PMID: 37813271 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
The slowing of heart rate prior to movement onset has been presented as a marker of task-related cognitive processing and linked with performance accuracy. Here we examined this event-related bradycardia and task performance as a function of task difficulty. Forty experienced golfers completed a series of golf putting conditions that manipulated task difficulty by varying target distance, target size, and surface contour. Performance was measured by the number of holed putts and finishing distance from the hole. Physiological activity was recorded throughout. Analyses confirmed that performance varied as a function of task difficulty, worsening with longer distances to target, smaller targets, and sloping paths to target. Task difficulty also impacted the cardiac response, including the rate of heart rate deceleration, change in heart rate, and heart rate at impact. These heart rate metrics were found to correlate with performance strongly, moderately, and weakly, respectively. In conclusion, heart rate deceleration in the moments preceding movement onset was affected by task difficulty. Features of this cardiac deceleration pattern were characteristic of successful performance. Our findings are discussed in terms of the role of cognitive and motor processes during the execution of complex motor skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Henderson
- School of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Maria Kavussanu
- School of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Germano Gallicchio
- School of Sport, Health & Exercise Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Christopher Ring
- School of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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3
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Keshvari F, Farsi A, Abdoli B. Investigating the EEG Profile of Elite and Non-Elite Players in the Basketball Free Throw Task. J Mot Behav 2023; 56:91-102. [PMID: 37927235 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2023.2251912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the electroencephalographic profile of elite and non-elite basketball players seconds before and during the basketball free throw. Sixteen male subjects in the elite group (national team/premier league players with an average age of 22.06 ± 1.56) and 16 male non-elite subjects (university players with an average age of 22.37 ± 1.45) voluntarily participated in this research. Electroencephalographic data were measured from 28 cortical areas using a mobile wireless device. ANOVA with repeated measures were also performed to investigate the characteristics of theta, alpha, and beta frequency bands. The findings showed the higher cortical activity of the elite group. Different frequency bands exhibited similar asymmetry patterns, suggesting the higher activity of the left hemisphere in most of the homologous sites. Moreover, the activity of frequency bands in the left hemisphere rose by approaching the moment of throw. Furthermore, the activity of a limited number of right hemisphere sites increased by getting closer to the moment of action. In general, hemispheric asymmetry in favor of the left hemisphere has a cortical pattern, reflecting high-performance activities. In addition, the characteristics of different frequency bands of hemispheres are directed toward increasing cognitive processing, attention focusing, and inhibiting irrelevant information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Keshvari
- Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Science and Technology in Sport, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Farsi
- Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Science and Technology in Sport, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behrooz Abdoli
- Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Science and Technology in Sport, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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4
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Studnicki A, Seidler RD, Ferris DP. A table tennis serve versus rally hit elicits differential hemispheric electrocortical power fluctuations. J Neurophysiol 2023; 130:1444-1456. [PMID: 37964746 PMCID: PMC10994643 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00091.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Human visuomotor control requires coordinated interhemispheric interactions to exploit the brain's functional lateralization. In right-handed individuals, the left hemisphere (right arm) is better for dynamic control and the right hemisphere (left arm) is better for impedance control. Table tennis is a game that requires precise movements of the paddle, whole body coordination, and cognitive engagement, providing an ecologically valid way to study visuomotor integration. The sport has many different types of strokes (e.g., serve, return, and rally shots), which should provide unique cortical dynamics given differences in the sensorimotor demands. The goal of this study was to determine the hemispheric specialization of table tennis serving - a sequential, self-paced, bimanual maneuver. We used time-frequency analysis, event-related potentials, and functional connectivity measures of source-localized electrocortical clusters and compared serves with other types of shots, which varied in the types of movement required, attentional focus, and other task demands. We found greater alpha (8-12 Hz) and beta (13-30 Hz) power in the right sensorimotor cortex than in the left sensorimotor cortex, and we found a greater magnitude of spectral power fluctuations in the right sensorimotor cortex for serve hits than return or rally hits, in all right-handed participants. Surprisingly, we did not find a difference in interhemispheric functional connectivity between a table tennis serve and return or rally hits, even though a serve could arguably be a more complex maneuver. Studying real-world brain dynamics of table tennis provides insight into bilateral sensorimotor integration.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We found different spectral power fluctuations in the left and right sensorimotor cortices during table tennis serves, returns, and rallies. Our findings contribute to the basic science understanding of hemispheric specialization in a real-world context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Studnicki
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Rachael D Seidler
- Department of Applied Physiology & Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Daniel P Ferris
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
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Xiang M, Li G, Ye J, Wu M, Xu R, Hu M. Effects of combined physical and cognitive training on executive function of adolescent shooting athletes: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy study. SPORTS MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2023; 5:220-228. [PMID: 37753422 PMCID: PMC10518801 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Individual executive function improvement through physical and cognitive training is a research hotspot in physical education and cognitive science. However, few studies have evaluated whether combined physical and cognitive training (CPCT) has greater benefits for executive function performance and cerebral oxygenation in adolescent athletes than cognitive training alone. This study randomly assigned 33 adolescent shooting athletes to a CPCT (n = 17) or computerized cognitive training (CCT, n = 16) group and compared their executive function after six weeks of training. All subjects were assessed using the 2-back, task-switching, and Stroop tests before and after training. The prefrontal cortex oxygenated hemoglobin (Oxy-Hb) activation level was monitored while executing the three tasks using functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Our results showed that the CPCT and CCT groups similarly improved their updating function as indicated by the 2-back task accuracy. The CPCT group significantly improved the switching function in the task-switching test accuracy, while the CCT group did not. However, both groups did not improve in behavioral performance as indicated by the inhibition function in the Stroop task. Cerebral oxygenation, indicated by the oxy-Hb activation level in the frontal pole area of the prefrontal lobe, significantly improved in the CPCT group during the three cognitive tasks, whereas the CCT group showed no change. These findings indicated that CPCT endowed greater advantages in task-switching in the behavioral performance of the executive function than CCT. Moreover, CPCT was superior to CCT in increasing task-efficient cerebral oxygenation during the activation of the prefrontal cortex in adolescent shooting athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqiang Xiang
- School of Sport and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, 510500, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, 510500, China
| | - Guanru Li
- Graduate School, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzho, 510500, China
| | - Jianuo Ye
- Graduate School, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzho, 510500, China
| | - Meng Wu
- Guangzhou Institute of Sports Science, Guangzhou, 510500, China
| | - Ruiping Xu
- Guangzhou Institute of Sports Science, Guangzhou, 510500, China
| | - Min Hu
- School of Sport and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, 510500, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, 510500, China
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Tso ITH, Law JCL, Wong TWL. Music-Assisted Training for Dart Throwing Novices: Post-Training Effects on Heart Rate and Performance Accuracy. Percept Mot Skills 2021; 129:120-133. [PMID: 34670456 DOI: 10.1177/00315125211050629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
While previous research has suggested that lowering athletes' heart rates can enhance sports performance, it is unknown whether slow-paced music might induce a lower heart rate and thereby improve some types of motor performance. In this study, we investigated the effects of different types of music during dart-throw training on both heart rate and dart-throwing performance in 45 (M age = 19.7, SD = 0.31 years) novice dart throwers who were randomly assigned to either a Slow Music Group (SMG), a Fast Music Group (FMG), or a Control Group (CG). All participants completed three dart-throwing blocks - Pre-Test, Practice, and Post-Test. During the Practice block, participants practiced dart-throwing with either slow-paced, fast-paced or no music according to their assigned group. We recorded the participants' heart rates and total dart-throwing accuracy scores during Pre-Test and Post-Test. Music-assisted dart-throw training with slow-paced music was effective in significantly inhibiting a performance-related increase in heart rate and was associated with the greatest dart throwing improvement after training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivor T H Tso
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, 25809University of Hong Kong, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - James C L Law
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, 25809University of Hong Kong, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Thomson W L Wong
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, 26680The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Tsai YH, Wu SY, Hu WL, Lai YR, Tsao Y, Yen KT, Lin CH, Kuo CEA. Immediate effect of non-invasive auricular acupoint stimulation on the performance and meridian activities of archery athletes: A protocol for randomized controlled trial. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e24753. [PMID: 33663090 PMCID: PMC7909231 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000024753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Archery has existed in human history for millenniums. Being a unique exercise and precision sport, the keys to performance are emotional control, attention, and concentration rather than explosive force, muscle power, and endurance. During the execution of archery, attention is the key to performance in elite players, especially in the initial period while drawing the bow. Auricular acupoint stimulation is one of the therapeutic methods of traditional Chinese medicine and has been reported for its use in amplifying the anesthesia effect, weight reduction, cessation of substance abuse, and autonomic nervous modulation. METHODS The study will recruit archery players in school teams among junior and senior high schools and colleges. The subjects will be randomly assigned to the ear and sham acupressure groups. This is a randomized controlled trial with crossover design. The outcome measures will be obtained, including the meridian activities and balance index with Ryodoraku device, the movement stability with WIMU tracking system, the continuous heart rate record, and the scores of the 2 sections as the performance. The subjects will rate their attention and fatigue levels through self-reported questionnaires. OBJECTIVES This study aims to investigate the immediate effect of non-invasive auricular acupoint stimulation on the performance and meridian activities of archery athletes. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04637607.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsun Tsai
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung
| | - Szu-Ying Wu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung
- Department of Nursing, Meiho University, Pingtung
- Department of Sports Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University
| | - Wen-Long Hu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung
- College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung
- Fooyin University College of Nursing
| | - Yun-Ru Lai
- Department of Biological Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University
- Department of Neurology Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine
| | - Yu Tsao
- Department of Leisure and Sports Management, Cheng Shiu University
- College of Management, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung
| | - Ke-Tien Yen
- College of Management, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung
| | - Cheng-Hsien Lin
- Department of Sports Training Science-Athletics, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-En Aurea Kuo
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung
- Department of Nursing, Meiho University, Pingtung
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Rao HM, Smalt CJ, Rodriguez A, Wright HM, Mehta DD, Brattain LJ, Edwards HM, Lammert A, Heaton KJ, Quatieri TF. Predicting Cognitive Load and Operational Performance in a Simulated Marksmanship Task. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:222. [PMID: 32719593 PMCID: PMC7350508 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern operational environments can place significant demands on a service member's cognitive resources, increasing the risk of errors or mishaps due to overburden. The ability to monitor cognitive burden and associated performance within operational environments is critical to improving mission readiness. As a key step toward a field-ready system, we developed a simulated marksmanship scenario with an embedded working memory task in an immersive virtual reality environment. As participants performed the marksmanship task, they were instructed to remember numbered targets and recall the sequence of those targets at the end of the trial. Low and high cognitive load conditions were defined as the recall of three- and six-digit strings, respectively. Physiological and behavioral signals recorded included speech, heart rate, breathing rate, and body movement. These features were input into a random forest classifier that significantly discriminated between the low- and high-cognitive load conditions (AUC = 0.94). Behavioral features of gait were the most informative, followed by features of speech. We also showed the capability to predict performance on the digit recall (AUC = 0.71) and marksmanship (AUC = 0.58) tasks. The experimental framework can be leveraged in future studies to quantify the interaction of other types of stressors and their impact on operational cognitive and physical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hrishikesh M Rao
- Human Health and Performance Systems Group, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Christopher J Smalt
- Human Health and Performance Systems Group, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Aaron Rodriguez
- Human Health and Performance Systems Group, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Hannah M Wright
- Human Health and Performance Systems Group, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Daryush D Mehta
- Human Health and Performance Systems Group, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Laura J Brattain
- Human Health and Performance Systems Group, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Harvey M Edwards
- Human Health and Performance Systems Group, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Adam Lammert
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Kristin J Heaton
- Military Performance Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Thomas F Quatieri
- Human Health and Performance Systems Group, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, United States
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Petro NM, Thigpen NN, Garcia S, Boylan MR, Keil A. Pre-target alpha power predicts the speed of cued target discrimination. Neuroimage 2019; 189:878-885. [PMID: 30703522 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The human visual system selects information from dense and complex streams of spatiotemporal input. This selection process is aided by prior knowledge of the features, location, and temporal proximity of an upcoming stimulus. In the laboratory, this knowledge is often conveyed by cues, preceding a task-relevant target stimulus. Response speed in cued selection tasks varies within and across participants and is often thought to index efficient selection of a cued feature, location, or moment in time. The present study used a reverse correlation approach to identify neural predictors of efficient target discrimination: Participants identified the orientation of a sinusoidal grating, which was presented in one hemifield following the presentation of bilateral visual cues that carried temporal but not spatial information about the target. Across different analytic approaches, faster target responses were predicted by larger alpha power preceding the target. These results suggest that heightened pre-target alpha power during a cue period may index a state that is beneficial for subsequent target processing. Our findings are broadly consistent with models that emphasize capacity sharing across time, as well as models that link alpha oscillations to temporal predictions regarding upcoming events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan M Petro
- Center for Brain, Biology, and Behavior, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, B76 East Stadium, Lincoln, NE 68588-2056, USA.
| | | | - Steven Garcia
- Center for the Study of Emotion & Attention, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Maeve R Boylan
- Center for the Study of Emotion & Attention, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Andreas Keil
- Center for the Study of Emotion & Attention, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Laaksonen MS, Finkenzeller T, Holmberg HC, Sattlecker G. The influence of physiobiomechanical parameters, technical aspects of shooting, and psychophysiological factors on biathlon performance: A review. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2018; 7:394-404. [PMID: 30450247 PMCID: PMC6234024 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The biathlon, an Olympic sporting discipline that combines cross-country skiing with rifle marksmanship, entails considerable physiological demands, as well as fine motor control while shooting after intense exercise and under mental pressure. Although much of our knowledge about cross-country skiing is probably also applicable to the biathlon, carrying the rifle and shooting under stress make this discipline somewhat unique. The present review summarizes and examines the scientific literature related to biathlon performance, with a focus on physiological and biomechanical factors and shooting technique, as well as psychophysiological aspects of shooting performance. We conclude with suggestions for future research designed to extend our knowledge about the biathlon, which is presently quite limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko S. Laaksonen
- Department of Health Sciences, Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Mid Sweden University, Östersund 83125, Sweden
| | - Thomas Finkenzeller
- Department of Sport Science and Kinesiology, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg 5020, Austria
| | - Hans-Christer Holmberg
- Department of Health Sciences, Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Mid Sweden University, Östersund 83125, Sweden
- School of Sport Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø 9019, Norway
| | - Gerold Sattlecker
- Department of Sport Science and Kinesiology, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg 5020, Austria
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11
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Guillot A, Collet C, Molinaro C, Dittmar A. Expertise and Peripheral Autonomic Activity during the Preparation Phase in Shooting Events. Percept Mot Skills 2016; 98:371-81. [PMID: 15141900 DOI: 10.2466/pms.98.2.371-381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study compared effectiveness of the concentration period in two groups of shooters to evaluate the influence of their expertise while concentrating on the target. Marksmen (pistol shooters, 10 men and 5 women) and pentathletes (6 men and 7 women) took part in a shooting competition in keeping with the rules of each event. Participants were then asked to imagine themselves shooting, at the laboratory. Five variables representing the activity of the autonomic nervous system were continuously recorded (skin resistance and potential, skin blood flow, skin temperature, instantaneous heart rate). Autonomic responses recorded during concentration, actual shooting, and mental imagery were compared by calculating the ratios concentration/shooting and imagery/shooting. The resultant mean ratio was used to characterize each participant. The same autonomic nervous system pattern was observed during concentrating on the target, mental imagery, and actual shooting. However, marksmen showed ratios closer to 1.0 than pentathletes, absolute mean differences being .06 and .3, respectively. Shorter duration and weakest amplitude responses were recorded during the concentration phase in the Pentathlete group, suggesting that they have more difficulty in using mental imagery during competition than marksmen. When subjects performed well, a specific response pattern was observed in the Marksman group, but not in the Pentathlete group, except in skin potential. In both Marksman and Pentathlete groups, a majority of negative skin potential responses were found in the concentration and shooting phases for the best shots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymeric Guillot
- Centre de Recherche et d'Innovation sur le Sport Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
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12
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Johnson RR, Stone BT, Miranda CM, Vila B, James L, James SM, Rubio RF, Berka C. Identifying psychophysiological indices of expert vs. novice performance in deadly force judgment and decision making. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:512. [PMID: 25100966 PMCID: PMC4107851 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To demonstrate that psychophysiology may have applications for objective assessment of expertise development in deadly force judgment and decision making (DFJDM). BACKGROUND Modern training techniques focus on improving decision-making skills with participative assessment between trainees and subject matter experts primarily through subjective observation. OBJECTIVE metrics need to be developed. The current proof of concept study explored the potential for psychophysiological metrics in deadly force judgment contexts. METHOD Twenty-four participants (novice, expert) were recruited. All wore a wireless Electroencephalography (EEG) device to collect psychophysiological data during high-fidelity simulated deadly force judgment and decision-making simulations using a modified Glock firearm. Participants were exposed to 27 video scenarios, one-third of which would have justified use of deadly force. Pass/fail was determined by whether the participant used deadly force appropriately. RESULTS Experts had a significantly higher pass rate compared to novices (p < 0.05). Multiple metrics were shown to distinguish novices from experts. Hierarchical regression analyses indicate that psychophysiological variables are able to explain 72% of the variability in expert performance, but only 37% in novices. Discriminant function analysis (DFA) using psychophysiological metrics was able to discern between experts and novices with 72.6% accuracy. CONCLUSION While limited due to small sample size, the results suggest that psychophysiology may be developed for use as an objective measure of expertise in DFDJM. Specifically, discriminant function measures may have the potential to objectively identify expert skill acquisition. APPLICATION Psychophysiological metrics may create a performance model with the potential to optimize simulator-based DFJDM training. These performance models could be used for trainee feedback, and/or by the instructor to assess performance objectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin R. Johnson
- Advanced Brain Monitoring, Inc.Carlsbad, CA, USA,*Correspondence: Robin R. Johnson, Advanced Brain Monitoring, Inc., 2237 Faraday Ave., Ste 100, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA e-mail:
| | | | | | - Bryan Vila
- Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Washington State UniversitySpokane, WA, USA
| | - Lois James
- Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Washington State UniversitySpokane, WA, USA
| | - Stephen M. James
- Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Washington State UniversitySpokane, WA, USA
| | | | - Chris Berka
- Advanced Brain Monitoring, Inc.Carlsbad, CA, USA
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13
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Bertollo M, Bortoli L, Gramaccioni G, Hanin Y, Comani S, Robazza C. Behavioural and psychophysiological correlates of athletic performance: a test of the multi-action plan model. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2013; 38:91-9. [PMID: 23483293 DOI: 10.1007/s10484-013-9211-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The main purposes of the present study were to substantiate the existence of the four types of performance categories (i.e., optimal-automatic, optimal-controlled, suboptimal-controlled, and suboptimal-automatic) as hypothesised in the multi-action plan (MAP) model, and to investigate whether some specific affective, behavioural, psychophysiological, and postural trends may typify each type of performance. A 20-year-old athlete of the Italian shooting team, and a 46-year-old athlete of the Italian dart-throwing team participated in the study. Athletes were asked to identify the core components of the action and then to execute a large number of shots/flights. A 2 × 2 (optimal/suboptimal × automated/controlled) within subjects multivariate analysis of variance was performed to test the differences among the four types of performance. Findings provided preliminary evidence of psychophysiological and postural differences among four performance categories as conceptualized within the MAP model. Monitoring the entire spectrum of psychophysiological and behavioural features related to the different types of performance is important to develop and implement biofeedback and neurofeedback techniques aimed at helping athletes to identify individual zones of optimal functioning and to enhance their performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Bertollo
- BIND-Behavioral Imaging and Neural Dynamics Center, G. d'Annunzio University, Viale dei Vestini, 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
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14
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Lauber B, Keller M. Improving motor performance: Selected aspects of augmented feedback in exercise and health. Eur J Sport Sci 2012; 14:36-43. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2012.725104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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15
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Performance Processes Within Affect-Related Performance Zones: A Multi-modal Investigation of Golf Performance. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2012; 37:229-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s10484-012-9195-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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An Integrated Biofeedback and Psychological Skills Training Program for Canada’s Olympic Short-Track Speedskating Team. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL SPORT PSYCHOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1123/jcsp.6.1.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The present article outlines the development and implementation of a multifaceted psychological skills training program for the Canadian National Short Track Speedskating team over a 3-year period leading up to the Vancouver 2010 Olympic Games. A program approach was used emphasizing a seven-phase model in an effort to enhance sport performance (Thomas, 1990) in which psychological skills training was integrated with biofeedback training to optimize self-regulation for performance on demand and under pressure. The biofeedback training protocols were adapted from general guidelines described by Wilson, Peper, and Moss (2006) who built on the work of DeMichelis (2007) and the “Mind Room” program approach for enhancing athletic performance. The goal of the program was to prepare the athletes for their best performance under the pressure of the Olympic Games. While causation cannot be implied due to the lack of a control group, the team demonstrated success on both team and individual levels.
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Chung GKWK, Delacruz GC, de Vries LF, Bewley WL, Baker EL. New Directions in Rifle Marksmanship Research. MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1207/s15327876mp1802_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory K. W. K. Chung
- National Center for Research on Evaluation, Standards, and Student Testing, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Girlie C. Delacruz
- National Center for Research on Evaluation, Standards, and Student Testing, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Linda F. de Vries
- National Center for Research on Evaluation, Standards, and Student Testing, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - William L. Bewley
- National Center for Research on Evaluation, Standards, and Student Testing, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Eva L. Baker
- National Center for Research on Evaluation, Standards, and Student Testing, University of California, Los Angeles
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Neumann DL, Thomas PR. The relationship between skill level and patterns in cardiac and respiratory activity during golf putting. Int J Psychophysiol 2009; 72:276-82. [PMID: 19168099 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2009.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2008] [Revised: 01/08/2009] [Accepted: 01/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Individual differences in skill level during sport-related motor tasks, such as golf putting, can be related to not only performance, but also patterns in psychophysiological activity. The present study examined the similarities and differences in cardiac and respiratory activity among elite, experienced, and novice golfers. Participants attempted flat putts 2.4 m from the hole. Performance was better in elite and experienced golfers than in novice golfers. Compared to novice golfers, the experienced and elite golfers showed a pronounced phasic deceleration in heart rate immediately prior to the putt, greater heart rate variability in the very low frequency band, and a greater tendency to show a respiratory pattern of exhaling immediately prior to the putt. The psychophysiological patterns may be related to differences in attentional processes or task familiarity between the groups. The implications of the results for the assessment and training of athletes in precision sports are discussed.
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Mierau A, Schneider S, Abel T, Askew C, Werner S, Strüder HK. Improved sensorimotor adaptation after exhaustive exercise is accompanied by altered brain activity. Physiol Behav 2008; 96:115-21. [PMID: 18822308 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2008] [Revised: 08/11/2008] [Accepted: 09/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Acute exercise has been shown to exhibit different effects on human sensorimotor behavior; however, the causes and mechanisms of the responses are often not clear. The primary aim of the present study was to determine the effects of incremental running until exhaustion on sensorimotor performance and adaptation in a tracking task. Subjects were randomly assigned to a running group (RG), a tracking group (TG), or a running followed by tracking group (RTG), with 10 subjects assigned to each group. Treadmill running velocity was initially set at 2.0 m s(-1), increasing by 0.5 m s(-1) every 5 min until exhaustion. Tracking consisted of 35 episodes (each 40 s) where the subjects' task was to track a visual target on a computer screen while the visual feedback was veridical (performance) or left-right reversed (adaptation). Resting electroencephalographic (EEG) activity was recorded before and after each experimental condition (running, tracking, rest). Tracking performance and the final amount of adaptation did not differ between groups. However, task adaptation was significantly faster in RTG compared to TG. In addition, increased alpha and beta power were observed following tracking in TG but not RTG although exhaustive running failed to induce significant changes in these frequency bands. Our results suggest that exhaustive running can facilitate adaptation processes in a manual tracking task. Attenuated cortical activation following tracking in the exercise condition was interpreted to indicate cortical efficiency and exercise-induced facilitation of selective central processes during actual task demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Mierau
- Institute of Motor Control and Movement Technique, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany.
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20
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Hung TM, Haufler AJ, Lo LC, Mayer-Kress G, Hatfield BD. Visuomotor expertise and dimensional complexity of cerebral cortical activity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008; 40:752-9. [PMID: 18317368 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e318162c49d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study employed the correlation dimension (D2) to examine whether visuomotor expertise was inversely related to the complexity of cerebral cortical activity. METHOD Expert rifle shooters (N = 15) and novices (N = 21) completed 40 shots in the standing position during which the electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded at 10 sites (F3, F4, C3, C4, T3, T4, P3, P4, O1, and O2) during a 5-s aiming period prior to trigger pull. D2 was derived for each trial and averaged across shots. A 2 x 2 x 5 (group x cerebral hemisphere x region) ANOVA was employed to contrast D2, while correlation analyses were used to determine the relationship between D2 and target shooting accuracy as well as variability of shot placement. RESULTS As predicted, experts exhibited lower D2 (5.02 +/- 0.16 vs 5.49 +/- 0.13, respectively) and greater accuracy of shot placement ((339.8 +/- 44.7 vs 90.7 +/- 38.9 points out of 400 possible, respectively). Experts also exhibited an inverse relationship between D2 and shooting accuracy, while, in contrast, novices revealed a positive relationship. DISCUSSION The results suggest that refinement and efficiency of cerebral cortical activity facilitates visuomotor performance. Lower complexity may be associated with less neuromotor "noise" in the brain, thus reducing interference with intended action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Min Hung
- Graduate Institute of Exercise and Sport Science, Taipei Physical Education College, Taipei, Taiwan
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21
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Janelle CM, Hatfield BD. Visual Attention and Brain Processes That Underlie Expert Performance: Implications for Sport and Military Psychology. MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/08995600701804798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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Burkett LN, Todd MA, Adams T. Yoga and distractibility. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2005.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Hatfield BD, Haufler AJ, Hung TM, Spalding TW. Electroencephalographic Studies of Skilled Psychomotor Performance. J Clin Neurophysiol 2004; 21:144-56. [PMID: 15375345 DOI: 10.1097/00004691-200405000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Measurements based on the EEG have featured prominently in shaping present-day concepts of the neurocognitive aspects of skilled performance. The techniques include measurements of spectral power, interelectrode coherence, event-related potential components such as the P300, slow potentials, and the method of cognitive inference. The advantages offered by EEG-based approaches lies in their spatiotemporal resolution (potentially 1 mm and less than 1 millisecond, respectively) and the potential to preserve ecological validity, i.e., to obtain measurements of cortical function under the same conditions that the task is normally performed. These studies indicate that activity is reduced in specific regions of the cerebral cortex of experts relative to that observed in novices. These changes occur over time as a result of practice. The authors argue that such cortical change results in less attentional demand and less cognitive interference with motor planning and execution. The findings attest to the plasticity of the central nervous system when one is engaged in goal-directed learning, and hold implications for understanding how the nervous system acquires voluntary skills, whether in the context of the training of an athlete or the rehabilitation of a patient who has lost motor skills due to a disease of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley D Hatfield
- Department of Kinesiology and Center for Neural and Cognitive Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-2611, USA.
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Kerick SE, Douglass LW, Hatfield BD. Cerebral Cortical Adaptations Associated with Visuomotor Practice. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004; 36:118-29. [PMID: 14707777 DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000106176.31784.d4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings were examined at the temporal (T3, T4) regions of the cerebral cortex in novice pistol shooters (N = 11) over a training period of 12-14 wk to determine changes in activation. Mean alpha power and its rate of change were hypothesized to increase in the left temporal region during aiming from early to late season as participants improved their accuracy and reduced cognitive effort. METHODS Event-related alpha II power (ERAP; 11-13 Hz) was examined over a 5-s period preceding the trigger pull during shooting (SH) and two control conditions (resting baseline, BL; and postural simulation, PS) at early (time 1), middle (time 2), and late (time 3) practice. RESULTS Mean levels of ERAP increased at T3 from the beginning to the end of the training period during both SH and PS, but not BL, whereas no such change in mean level of ERAP was noted at T4 during any of the three conditions. The practice-related cortical adaptation during SH covaried with an increase in shooting percentage over the season. A higher rate of increase in ERAP during the 5-s aiming period of SH relative to that at PS and BL was also observed throughout training at both T3 and T4. Exploratory analysis of global power (sites F3, Fz, F4, C3, Cz, C4, P3, Pz, and P4) revealed that ERAP increased during SH from time 1 to time 3 at all sites except Fz and Pz, whereas only one site (C4) revealed an increase during BL. CONCLUSIONS The reduction in cortical activity is likely due to sensorimotor integration and less cognitive effort due to automaticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott E Kerick
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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25
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Konttinen N, Mets T, Lyytinen H, Paananen M. Timing of triggering in relation to the cardiac cycle in nonelite rifle shooters. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2003; 74:395-400. [PMID: 14768841 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2003.10609110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the timing of the trigger pull in relation to the cardiac cycle during air rifle shooting. Electrocardiogram) was recorded from 20 male nonelite rifle shooters in two separate testing sessions. The testing was conducted at an indoor shooting range using an optoelectronic shooting system. Each participant fired a shot in the standing position at a distance of 10 m from the target. The results showed that compared to random triggering, the shooters fired more often during the phase of 10-50% of the R wave-to-R wave (R-R) interval and less often during the phase of 50-90%. With regard to performance accuracy, the participants exhibited average or above average performance, when the shot occurred in the beginning (0-50%) and in the end (70-99%) of the R-R interval. The less optimal range for the triggering was located within the 50-70% phase of the R-R interval. The length of R-R interval (i.e., heart rate) did not affect the relation of shot placement within the cardiac cycle to the accuracy of shooting performance. The present results extend previous findings by showing that in air rile shooting the optimum firing time within the cardiac cycle may be located in the systolic phase. It is argued that the systole-diastole dichotomy is not a sufficiently accurate way to investigate the effects of shot placement in the cardiac cycle. Further research is needed to examine the extent to which the relationship between the timing of triggering within the cardiac cycle and shooting performance depends a shooter's skill level.
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26
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Guillot A, Collet C, Dittmar A, Delhomme G, Delemer C, Vernet-Maury E. The Physiological Activation Effect on Performance in Shooting. J PSYCHOPHYSIOL 2003. [DOI: 10.1027/0269-8803.17.4.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract The present study was devised to analyze the relationship between sporting performance and physiological activation. Fourteen subjects participated in a modern pentathlon shooting competition. Six autonomic nervous system (ANS) parameters were simultaneously recorded in real time: Skin Potential, Skin resistance, Instantaneous Heart Rate and Respiratory Frequency, Skin Temperature, and Skin Blood Flow. The duration of concentration was considered the time lapse between the “start” order and the shot. Subjects tried to keep their arm and pistol stable during this phase. Results showed a complex relationship between activation, relaxation, and performance. ANS activity indicated an increase in physiological activation and at the same time, relaxation: activation was observed through electrodermal activity, while thermovascular indices indicated relaxation. Tonic level variations were, thus, a reliable indicator of the contrasting requirements of this sporting activity. Finally, the results challenge theories that have suggested that autonomic activity is undifferentiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Guillot
- C.R.I.S., Processus mentaux et performance motrice, UFR STAPS de Lyon, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - C. Collet
- C.R.I.S., Processus mentaux et performance motrice, UFR STAPS de Lyon, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - A. Dittmar
- Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière, INSA CNRS UMR 5511, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - G. Delhomme
- Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière, INSA CNRS UMR 5511, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - C. Delemer
- Fédération Française de Pentathlon Moderne, Paris Cedex 1, France
| | - E. Vernet-Maury
- Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière, INSA CNRS UMR 5511, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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27
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Hassmén P, Koivula N. Cardiac deceleration in elite golfers as modified by noise and anxiety during putting. Percept Mot Skills 2001; 92:947-57. [PMID: 11565938 DOI: 10.2466/pms.2001.92.3c.947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between attention and performance in sports has been investigated in numerous studies, often by using indirect measurements such as self reports. Alternatives for studying attentional processes during an event are pro vided by psychophysiological methods. In the present study, cardiac patterns of highly skilled golfers were monitored during the performance of a putting task in both the presence and absence of noise. As a group, the golfers putted as well when noise was present as when it was absent. However, those who scored high on a trait anxiety test showed greater intraindividual variation between putts when noise occurred. More importantly, the players with higher trait anxiety did not show, as expected, pronounced cardiac deceleration prior to putting, as did the players with low trait anxiety scores. Consequently, the present result calls into question the view that cardiac deceleration is associated with superior athletic performance. Furthermore, cardiac deceleration cannot be used as a general measure of attentional processes because interindividual differences in traits, such as anxiety. are probably also important factors to consider.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hassmén
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Sweden.
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28
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Abstract
This study examined patterns of physiological activity in elite pistol shooters and compared them with novice shooters. Heart rate and electrodermal activity were recorded for three 150-s epochs. Participants performed part of the Standard Pistol Shooting Protocol, firing five rounds at a target 25 m distant within the first 150 s epoch. In the second epoch, baseline data were recorded with the participant standing at rest. The third epoch was a repetition of the first epoch. For each shot, values of heart rate and skin conductance were calculated at half-second intervals from 20 s before to 10 s after the shot. In experts there was a slow reduction in skin conductance and heart rate levels prior to the shot, and a 'rebound' increase immediately following the shot, which were not apparent in the novice shooters. Pre-shot electrodermal levels for the expert shooters were lower for the best compared with the worst shots, and the duration of the pre-shot cardiac deceleration was longer and more systematic for best than for worst shots. The physiological profiles supported interpretation in terms of two separate state processes, arousal and vigilance, rather than a single construct. These physiological differences are discussed in terms of differential engagement with the task and its associated attentional narrowing in expert pistol shooters.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Tremayne
- Department of Sport Studies, University of Western Sydney Macarthur, Bankstown, P.O. Box 555, Campbelltown 2560, Australia.
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29
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HASSMEN PETER. CARDIAC DECELERATION IN ELITE GOLFERS AS MODIFIED BY NOISE AND ANXIETY DURING PUTTING. Percept Mot Skills 2001. [DOI: 10.2466/pms.92.3.947-957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Singer RN. Performance and human factors: considerations about cognition and attention for self-paced and externally-paced events. ERGONOMICS 2000; 43:1661-1680. [PMID: 11083145 DOI: 10.1080/001401300750004078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The cognitive psychology school of thought has spawned models of sequential stages or phases of information processing associated with various tasks. It has encouraged the study of cognitions and attention as related to learning, performance and high levels of achievement in goal-directed complex activities in which movement is the medium of expression. Although more recently proposed dynamical systems models challenge the simplicity of this approach, there is little doubt that the ability to learn as well as to excel in performing movement skills depends to a great degree on the effective self-regulation of cognitive processes in a variety of situations. What to think about (or not think about) prior to, during and even after an event can have great consequences on present and subsequent performance. Relevant externally-provided and self-generated strategies should enable these processes to function at an optimal level, and are the subject of an increasing amount of research. For such purposes, it is convenient to categorize events as self-paced (closed) and externally-paced (open). Examples of both types of events exist in sport as well as in various occupations and recreational activities, with different information processing demands associated with each one. Any breakdown in a particular stage of processing will potentially lead to poorer performance. Special training techniques and strategies are evolving from the cognitive and psychophysiological research literature that might improve the level of functioning at each stage for either self-paced or externally-paced skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Singer
- Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611, USA
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Haufler AJ, Spalding TW, Santa Maria DL, Hatfield BD. Neuro-cognitive activity during a self-paced visuospatial task: comparative EEG profiles in marksmen and novice shooters. Biol Psychol 2000; 53:131-60. [PMID: 10967230 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-0511(00)00047-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Log-transformed EEG power spectral estimates (6-7, 9,10-11,18-22, and 36-44 Hz), obtained from skilled marksmen and novice shooters at sites F3, F4, C3, C4,T3, T4, P3, P4, O1, and O2 during the aiming period (6 s) of a target shooting task for each of 40 trials up to the moment of trigger pull, were contrasted to determine regional differences in cortical activation. The EEG power obtained from both groups during the preparatory aiming period was also compared to that observed for a similar time period during the processing of standard verbal and spatial tasks. The marksmen exhibited less activation than the novice shooters at all sites during the aiming period with a pronounced difference in the left central-temporal-parietal area. Fewer group differences in cortical activation were observed during the comparative verbal and spatial tasks with which the groups held equal experience. Additionally, the novice shooters exhibited a cortical activation pattern during target shooting that was similar to that observed during the processing of the comparative verbal and spatial tasks. In contrast, marksmen generally exhibited less cortical activation during the aiming period when contrasted to that during the novel comparative tasks. These results are consistent with the notion of relative economy in the cortical processes of marksmen, relative to controls, during the specific challenge with which they are highly practiced.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Haufler
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Maryland, College Park 20782, USA
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De Pascalis V, Strelau J, Zawadzki B. The effect of temperamental traits on event-related potentials, heart rate and reaction time. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0191-8869(98)00151-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
A comprehensive battery of standardised visual tests was administered to 11 skilled and 12 novice clay target shooters in an attempt to determine the distinctive visual characteristics of expert performers in this sport. The static and dynamic visual acuity, ocular muscle balance, ocular dominance, depth perception and colour vision of each of the subjects was measured in addition to their performance on simple and choice reaction time, peripheral response time, rapid tachistoscopic detection, coincidence timing and eye movement skills tasks. Expert superiority was observed on the simple reaction time measure only, and the novices actually outperformed the skilled subjects on a number of the other visual measures (viz., static acuity at near distance, dynamic acuity, vertical ocular muscle balance, choice reaction time and rapid target detection discriminability). Scores on all measures for both groups were within the expected normal range indicating that normal and not necessarily above-average basic visual functioning is sufficient to support skilled clay target shooting. An important implication of the finding that skilled shooters are not characterised by supranormal levels of basic visual functioning is the recognition that any attempt to improve shooting performance through training of general attributes of vision to supranormal levels is likely to be unproductive.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Abernethy
- Department of Human Movement Studies, The University of Queensland, Australia
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34
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Palomba D, Angrilli A, Mini A. Visual evoked potentials, heart rate responses and memory to emotional pictorial stimuli. Int J Psychophysiol 1997; 27:55-67. [PMID: 9161892 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8760(97)00751-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Although the effects of emotional stimuli on event-related cortical potentials, heart rate, and memory have been extensively studied, the association of these variables in a single study has been neglected. The influence of pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral photographic slides on visual evoked potentials (VEPs), heart rate responses, and free recall, was investigated in 20 normal subjects. VEPs were recorded from Cz and Pz locations, and analyses were performed on both amplitudes and latencies of identifiable endogenous peaks (P2, N2 and P3), and mean amplitude in the 100-200-ms, 400-600-ms, and 600-900-ms latency ranges. An emotional effect was present on VEPs starting from about 282 ms on, as revealed by the N2, P3, and late components. Both pleasant and unpleasant slides yielded larger cortical positivity as compared to neutral ones. Peak latencies did not show any emotional effect. Heart rate data showed a deceleratory response that was larger to unpleasant slides. Free recall of the projected slides showed a better performance for emotional slides compared to neutral ones. VEPs and memory data showed the same pattern: both pleasant and unpleasant slides induced larger positivity in the event-related potentials and were better remembered than neutral slides. Positive correlations were found between the late negative VEPs component (600-900 ms), recorded from Cz, and heart rate deceleration (r = 0.62), and between P3 (at Pz location) and the number of remembered slides (r = 0.53).
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Affiliation(s)
- D Palomba
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Italy.
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35
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Abstract
Many studies of alpha-rhythm reactivity conclude that alpha is selectively attenuated by attention accompanying mental activity. The topography of this attenuation is assumed to match the relevant functional topography of the cortex. But there are reports of apparent increased attention resulting in no change, or even enhanced alpha - the paradoxical response. It is proposed that in this case, alpha amplitude may be dependent on an intention component of behaviour. Some conflicting reports of alpha reactivity to mental processes may then be resolved. It is argued that the classical attention model of alpha is untenable, except for simple sensori-motor responses. Reasons are given to support this and the concept of intention as a neuropsychological variable is introduced. Evidence is presented for a generalisation of an oculomotor model of alpha activity proposed by Wertheim who demonstrated that alpha reduces during attentive, but not during intentive visual behaviour. The generalisation follows from reports of enhanced alpha in the few seconds prior to a skilled action in sport, and by neurophysiological evidence for a separate cortical organisation for perception and action. Varying proportions of attention and intention then add a dimension to the factors influencing alpha blocking which may explain its inconsistent response.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Shaw
- Division of Sport Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Alsager, UK.
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36
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Abstract
According to previous findings (Konttinen and Lyytinen, 1992), the slow brain negativity preceding the trigger pull in rifle-shooting tends to be decreased in successful shots among experienced marksmen, whereas no such pattern is found among inexperienced subjects. This effect was interpreted as resulting mainly from optimal arousal. However, another explanation is examined here. The aim of the experiment was to investigate slow electrocortical changes associated with motor regulation and visual aiming related to shooting performance. Four variations on a shooting task were used, in which the visual and motor components were contrasted. Motor activity related to gun stabilization was found to be associated with slow-wave positivity, whereas visual aiming was manifested as slow negativity. The results offer some basis for interpreting the individual slow brain wave patterns that predict shooting performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Konttinen
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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37
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Sandman CA, Vigor-Zierk CS, Isenhart R, Wu J, Zetin M. Cardiovascular phase relationships to the cortical event-related potential of schizophrenic, depressed, and normal subjects. Biol Psychiatry 1992; 32:778-89. [PMID: 1450292 DOI: 10.1016/0006-3223(92)90081-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular phase, especially diastole, influences attention and the event-related potential (ERP) of the right hemisphere of the brain. Depression and schizophrenia are characterized by attentional deficits, unique lateralization of brain function, and deviant phase relationships of biological oscillators. In the present study, the ERP was recorded during stimulation triggered by diastole and systole in control (n = 16), depressed (n = 16), and schizophrenic (n = 9) subjects. Fifty tones were presented and subjects were instructed to count them silently. Previous findings were supported of delayed latencies and increased amplitude in depressed patients and decreased amplitudes and delayed latencies in schizophrenics. An exaggerated effect of diastole on the ERP in the right hemisphere was observed in depressed patients, however, no cardiovascular effect on the ERP was apparent in schizophrenic patients. Results suggested that heart/brain networks are tightly coupled in normal controls, perhaps "overdriven" in depressed patients, and uncoupled in schizophrenics.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Sandman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange
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Abstract
This study examined the relationships between postural sway, aiming time, the cardiac cycle time and the placement of the first finger movement within the electrocardiac cycle, with the quality of the arrow shot. A small group of elite male and female archers who shot either the recurve or the compound bow, freestyle or bare bow was used in this study. A total of 240 arrows were shot, classified as being of good, average or bad quality and analysed in detail. The analyses were undertaken over two occasions up to 100 days apart. The area of postural sway, as measured by the movement of the centre of pressure coordinates, varied significantly (P less than 0.05-0.001) both within and between trials for all archers and for all quality of arrows shot. There was a tendency for the area of postural sway to increase as the quality of the arrow shot decreased. This increase in postural sway exceeded, for arrows of bad quality, that exhibited as normal postural sway when standing relaxed and addressing the target with the hands at the side. Aiming time was variable within the quality of arrow shot, although it was consistent for each archer. In some cases the aiming time increased as the quality of the arrow decreased, whereas in the case of bare bow archery the aiming time tended to decrease as the quality of the arrow deteriorated. The cardiac cycle time increased significantly (P less than 0.05-0.01) as the archers approached the loose of the good quality arrows but there was no significant increase in cardiac cycle time when arrows of average or bad quality were shot. The most consistent parameter related to the quality of the shot was the placement of the first finger movement within the ST phase or the mid-cycle phase of the electrocardiogram for arrows of good quality (P less than 0.0001).
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Affiliation(s)
- D Keast
- Department of Microbiology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands
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39
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Abstract
This article discusses a theory and method for classifying psychophysiological phenomena as processes prior to considering them as experimental responses. The initial aim then is to construe experimental units as continuous subject-centered processes whose beginning and end depends on the individuals' actions. Boundaries of such processes are systematically defined by first identifying the process as a dimension. Activities are then classified relative to this dimension. Process units are specified by considering two classes of activity which form opposite ends of the dimension of process. The two classes are equivalent in all respects save along the one dimension. These two classes are termed 'pro'- and 'null'-equivalence and are the process methods version of familiar H1 and H0 of hypothetico-deductive procedures. Proportional presence or absence of a parameter value during pro- and null-equivalence of a process is the basis for inferring that a particular measure does or does not typify the process. Actual parameter values of a measure can then form credible limits by which to classify other processes as equivalent or not. These limits can indicate for example whether two experimental effects are dealing with the same or a different process. There are some difficulties in applying this process method, but the general conclusion is that classifying psychophysiological responses at the outset in terms of process clarifies technical and inferential issues in experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K O'Connor
- Hôpital Louis-H. Lafontaine, University of Montreal, Que., Canada
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