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Chang SC, Hannaoui S, Arifin MI, Huang YH, Tang X, Wille H, Gilch S. Propagation of PrP Sc in mice reveals impact of aggregate composition on prion disease pathogenesis. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1162. [PMID: 37964018 PMCID: PMC10645910 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05541-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious prions consist of PrPSc, a misfolded, aggregation-prone isoform of the host's prion protein. PrPSc assemblies encode distinct biochemical and biological properties. They harbor a specific profile of PrPSc species, from small oligomers to fibrils in different ratios, where the highest infectivity aligns with oligomeric particles. To investigate the impact of PrPSc aggregate complexity on prion propagation, biochemical properties, and disease pathogenesis, we fractionated elk prions by sedimentation velocity centrifugation, followed by sub-passages of individual fractions in cervidized mice. Upon first passage, different fractions generated PrPSc with distinct biochemical, biophysical, and neuropathological profiles. Notably, low or high molecular weight PrPSc aggregates caused different clinical signs of hyperexcitability or lethargy, respectively, which were retained over passage, whereas other properties converged. Our findings suggest that PrPSc quaternary structure determines an initial selection of a specific replication environment, resulting in transmissible features that are independent of PrPSc biochemical and biophysical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Chun Chang
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Samia Hannaoui
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Maria Immaculata Arifin
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Yuan-Hung Huang
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Xinli Tang
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Holger Wille
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Sabine Gilch
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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Kell DB, Pretorius E. Are fibrinaloid microclots a cause of autoimmunity in Long Covid and other post-infection diseases? Biochem J 2023; 480:1217-1240. [PMID: 37584410 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20230241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
It is now well established that the blood-clotting protein fibrinogen can polymerise into an anomalous form of fibrin that is amyloid in character; the resultant clots and microclots entrap many other molecules, stain with fluorogenic amyloid stains, are rather resistant to fibrinolysis, can block up microcapillaries, are implicated in a variety of diseases including Long COVID, and have been referred to as fibrinaloids. A necessary corollary of this anomalous polymerisation is the generation of novel epitopes in proteins that would normally be seen as 'self', and otherwise immunologically silent. The precise conformation of the resulting fibrinaloid clots (that, as with prions and classical amyloid proteins, can adopt multiple, stable conformations) must depend on the existing small molecules and metal ions that the fibrinogen may (and is some cases is known to) have bound before polymerisation. Any such novel epitopes, however, are likely to lead to the generation of autoantibodies. A convergent phenomenology, including distinct conformations and seeding of the anomalous form for initiation and propagation, is emerging to link knowledge in prions, prionoids, amyloids and now fibrinaloids. We here summarise the evidence for the above reasoning, which has substantial implications for our understanding of the genesis of autoimmunity (and the possible prevention thereof) based on the primary process of fibrinaloid formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B Kell
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 200, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1 Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1 Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
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3
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Virus Infection, Genetic Mutations, and Prion Infection in Prion Protein Conversion. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212439. [PMID: 34830321 PMCID: PMC8624980 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Conformational conversion of the cellular isoform of prion protein, PrPC, into the abnormally folded, amyloidogenic isoform, PrPSc, is an underlying pathogenic mechanism in prion diseases. The diseases manifest as sporadic, hereditary, and acquired disorders. Etiological mechanisms driving the conversion of PrPC into PrPSc are unknown in sporadic prion diseases, while prion infection and specific mutations in the PrP gene are known to cause the conversion of PrPC into PrPSc in acquired and hereditary prion diseases, respectively. We recently reported that a neurotropic strain of influenza A virus (IAV) induced the conversion of PrPC into PrPSc as well as formation of infectious prions in mouse neuroblastoma cells after infection, suggesting the causative role of the neuronal infection of IAV in sporadic prion diseases. Here, we discuss the conversion mechanism of PrPC into PrPSc in different types of prion diseases, by presenting our findings of the IAV infection-induced conversion of PrPC into PrPSc and by reviewing the so far reported transgenic animal models of hereditary prion diseases and the reverse genetic studies, which have revealed the structure-function relationship for PrPC to convert into PrPSc after prion infection.
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Spagnolli G, Requena JR, Biasini E. Understanding prion structure and conversion. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2020; 175:19-30. [PMID: 32958233 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Since their original identification, prions have represented enigmatic agents that defy the classical concept of genetic inheritance. For almost four decades, the high-resolution structure of PrPSc, the infectious and misfolded counterpart of the cellular prion protein (PrPC), has remained elusive, mostly due to technical challenges posed by its high insolubility and aggregation propensity. As a result, such a lack of information has critically hampered the search for an effective therapy against prion diseases. Nevertheless, multiple attempts to get insights into the structure of PrPSc have provided important experimental constraints that, despite being at limited resolution, are paving the way for the application of computer-aided technologies to model the three-dimensional architecture of prions and their templated replication mechanism. Here, we review the most relevant studies carried out so far to elucidate the conformation of infectious PrPSc and offer an overview of the most advanced molecular models to explain prion structure and conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Spagnolli
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), Trento, TN, Italy; Dulbecco Telethon Institute, University of Trento, Trento, TN, Italy
| | - Jesús R Requena
- CIMUS Biomedical Research Institute & Department of Medical Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela-IDIS, Santiago, Spain
| | - Emiliano Biasini
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), Trento, TN, Italy; Dulbecco Telethon Institute, University of Trento, Trento, TN, Italy.
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5
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Hara H, Sakaguchi S. N-Terminal Regions of Prion Protein: Functions and Roles in Prion Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176233. [PMID: 32872280 PMCID: PMC7504422 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The normal cellular isoform of prion protein, designated PrPC, is constitutively converted to the abnormally folded, amyloidogenic isoform, PrPSc, in prion diseases, which include Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans and scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy in animals. PrPC is a membrane glycoprotein consisting of the non-structural N-terminal domain and the globular C-terminal domain. During conversion of PrPC to PrPSc, its 2/3 C-terminal region undergoes marked structural changes, forming a protease-resistant structure. In contrast, the N-terminal region remains protease-sensitive in PrPSc. Reverse genetic studies using reconstituted PrPC-knockout mice with various mutant PrP molecules have revealed that the N-terminal domain has an important role in the normal function of PrPC and the conversion of PrPC to PrPSc. The N-terminal domain includes various characteristic regions, such as the positively charged residue-rich polybasic region, the octapeptide repeat (OR) region consisting of five repeats of an octapeptide sequence, and the post-OR region with another positively charged residue-rich polybasic region followed by a stretch of hydrophobic residues. We discuss the normal functions of PrPC, the conversion of PrPC to PrPSc, and the neurotoxicity of PrPSc by focusing on the roles of the N-terminal regions in these topics.
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Kang HE, Bian J, Kane SJ, Kim S, Selwyn V, Crowell J, Bartz JC, Telling GC. Incomplete glycosylation during prion infection unmasks a prion protein epitope that facilitates prion detection and strain discrimination. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:10420-10433. [PMID: 32513872 PMCID: PMC7383396 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.012796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The causative factors underlying conformational conversion of cellular prion protein (PrPC) into its infectious counterpart (PrPSc) during prion infection remain undetermined, in part because of a lack of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that can distinguish these conformational isoforms. Here we show that the anti-PrP mAb PRC7 recognizes an epitope that is shielded from detection when glycans are attached to Asn-196. We observed that whereas PrPC is predisposed to full glycosylation and is therefore refractory to PRC7 detection, prion infection leads to diminished PrPSc glycosylation at Asn-196, resulting in an unshielded PRC7 epitope that is amenable to mAb recognition upon renaturation. Detection of PRC7-reactive PrPSc in experimental and natural infections with various mouse-adapted scrapie strains and with prions causing deer and elk chronic wasting disease and transmissible mink encephalopathy uncovered that incomplete PrPSc glycosylation is a consistent feature of prion pathogenesis. We also show that interrogating the conformational properties of the PRC7 epitope affords a direct means of distinguishing different prion strains. Because the specificity of our approach for prion detection and strain discrimination relies on the extent to which N-linked glycosylation shields or unshields PrP epitopes from antibody recognition, it dispenses with the requirement for additional standard manipulations to distinguish PrPSc from PrPC, including evaluation of protease resistance. Our findings not only highlight an innovative and facile strategy for prion detection and strain differentiation, but are also consistent with a mechanism of prion replication in which structural instability of incompletely glycosylated PrP contributes to the conformational conversion of PrPC to PrPSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae-Eun Kang
- Prion Research Center (PRC), the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Jifeng Bian
- Prion Research Center (PRC), the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Sarah J. Kane
- Prion Research Center (PRC), the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Sehun Kim
- Prion Research Center (PRC), the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Vanessa Selwyn
- Prion Research Center (PRC), the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado,Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Jenna Crowell
- Prion Research Center (PRC), the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Jason C. Bartz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Glenn C. Telling
- Prion Research Center (PRC), the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado,Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado,For correspondence: Glenn C. Telling,
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Mengel D, Hong W, Corbett GT, Liu W, DeSousa A, Solforosi L, Fang C, Frosch MP, Collinge J, Harris DA, Walsh DM. PrP-grafted antibodies bind certain amyloid β-protein aggregates, but do not prevent toxicity. Brain Res 2019; 1710:125-135. [PMID: 30593771 PMCID: PMC6431553 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prion protein (PrP) is known to bind certain soluble aggregates of the amyloid β-protein (Aβ), and two regions of PrP, one centered around residues 19-33, and the other around 87-112, are thought to be particularly important for this interaction. When either of these sequences are grafted into a human IgG the resulting antibodies react with disease-associated PrP conformers, whereas the parental b12 IgG does not. METHODS Human antibodies containing grafts of PrP 19-33 or 87-112 were prepared as before (Solforosi et al., 2007) and tested for their ability to recognize synthetic and Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain-derived Aβ. Since aqueous extracts of AD brain contain a complex mixture of active and inactive Aβ species, we also assessed whether PrP-grafted antibodies could protect against neuritotoxicity mediated by AD brain-derived Aβ. For these experiments, human iPSC-derived neurons were grown in 96-well plates at 5000 cells per well and on post-induction day 21, AD brain extracts were added +/- test antibodies. Neurons were imaged for 3 days using an IncuCyte live-cell imaging system, and neurite number and density quantified. RESULTS Grafted antibodies bound a significant portion of aggregated Aβ in aqueous AD extracts, but when these antibodies were co-incubated with neurons treated with brain extracts they did not reduce toxicity. By contrast, the PrP fragment N1 did protect against Aβ. CONCLUSIONS These results further demonstrate that not all Aβ oligomers are toxic and suggest that PrP derivatives may allow development of agents that differentially recognize toxic and innocuous Aβ aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Mengel
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wei Hong
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Grant T Corbett
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wen Liu
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexandra DeSousa
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laura Solforosi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Cheng Fang
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew P Frosch
- Massachusetts General Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - John Collinge
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases and NHS National Prion Clinic, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - David A Harris
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dominic M Walsh
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Abstract
Prion diseases are associated with the conversion of the cellular prion protein (PrPC), a glycoprotein expressed at the surface of a wide variety of cell types, into a misfolded conformer (the scrapie form of PrP, or PrPSc) that accumulates in brain tissues of affected individuals. PrPSc is a self-catalytic protein assembly capable of recruiting native conformers of PrPC, and causing their rearrangement into new PrPSc molecules. Several previous attempts to identify therapeutic agents against prion diseases have targeted PrPSc, and a number of compounds have shown potent anti-prion effects in experimental models. Unfortunately, so far, none of these molecules has successfully been translated into effective therapies for prion diseases. Moreover, mounting evidence suggests that PrPSc might be a difficult pharmacological target because of its poorly defined structure, heterogeneous composition, and ability to generate different structural conformers (known as prion strains) that can elude pharmacological intervention. In the last decade, a less intuitive strategy to overcome all these problems has emerged: targeting PrPC, the common substrate of any prion strain replication. This alternative approach possesses several technical and theoretical advantages, including the possibility of providing therapeutic effects also for other neurodegenerative disorders, based on recent observations indicating a role for PrPC in delivering neurotoxic signals of different misfolded proteins. Here, we provide an overview of compounds claimed to exert anti-prion effects by directly binding to PrPC, discussing pharmacological properties and therapeutic potentials of each chemical class.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nunzio Iraci
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Silvia Biggi
- Dulbecco Telethon Laboratory of Prions and Amyloids, Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy.
| | - Violetta Cecchetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Emiliano Biasini
- Dulbecco Telethon Laboratory of Prions and Amyloids, Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy.
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, 20156 Milan, Italy.
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9
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Stravalaci M, Tapella L, Beeg M, Rossi A, Joshi P, Pizzi E, Mazzanti M, Balducci C, Forloni G, Biasini E, Salmona M, Diomede L, Chiesa R, Gobbi M. The Anti-Prion Antibody 15B3 Detects Toxic Amyloid-β Oligomers. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 53:1485-97. [PMID: 27392850 PMCID: PMC5044783 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
15B3 is a monoclonal IgM antibody that selectively detects pathological aggregates of the prion protein (PrP). We report the unexpected finding that 15B3 also recognizes oligomeric but not monomeric forms of amyloid-β (Aβ)42, an aggregating peptide implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The 15B3 antibody: i) inhibits the binding of synthetic Aβ42 oligomers to recombinant PrP and neuronal membranes; ii) prevents oligomer-induced membrane depolarization; iii) antagonizes the inhibitory effects of oligomers on the physiological pharyngeal contractions of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans; and iv) counteracts the memory deficits induced by intracerebroventricular injection of Aβ42 oligomers in mice. Thus this antibody binds to pathologically relevant forms of Aβ, and offers a potential research, diagnostic, and therapeutic tool for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Stravalaci
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Tapella
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Marten Beeg
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rossi
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Pooja Joshi
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano (MI), Italy
| | - Erika Pizzi
- Department of Life Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Claudia Balducci
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Forloni
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Emiliano Biasini
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Salmona
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Luisa Diomede
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Chiesa
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Gobbi
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
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What Is Our Current Understanding of PrP Sc-Associated Neurotoxicity and Its Molecular Underpinnings? Pathogens 2017; 6:pathogens6040063. [PMID: 29194372 PMCID: PMC5750587 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens6040063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The prion diseases are a collection of fatal, transmissible neurodegenerative diseases that cause rapid onset dementia and ultimately death. Uniquely, the infectious agent is a misfolded form of the endogenous cellular prion protein, termed PrPSc. Despite the identity of the molecular agent remaining the same, PrPSc can cause a range of diseases with hereditary, spontaneous or iatrogenic aetiologies. However, the link between PrPSc and toxicity is complex, with subclinical cases of prion disease discovered, and prion neurodegeneration without obvious PrPSc deposition. The toxic mechanisms by which PrPSc causes the extensive neuropathology are still poorly understood, although recent advances are beginning to unravel the molecular underpinnings, including oxidative stress, disruption of proteostasis and induction of the unfolded protein response. This review will discuss the diseases caused by PrPSc toxicity, the nature of the toxicity of PrPSc, and our current understanding of the downstream toxic signaling events triggered by the presence of PrPSc.
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11
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Soutyrine A, Huang H, Andrievskaia O, Walther I, Mitchell G. A novel approach for scrapie-associated prion (PrP Sc) detection in blood using the competitive affinity of an aggregate-specific antibody and streptavidin to PrP Sc. Res Vet Sci 2017; 113:115-121. [PMID: 28942337 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Scrapie is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder affecting sheep and goats, originating from exposure to disease-associated prions (PrPSc). An ante-mortem screening test that can detect native PrPSc in body fluids remains unavailable due to insufficient sensitivity of current detection methods that involve proteinase or denaturation treatments. We adopted an approach to detect PrPSc in whole blood using a simple proteinase- and denaturation-independent immunoassay, based on the competitive affinity of an aggregate-specific monoclonal antibody and streptavidin to PrPSc. First, we demonstrated the ability of native PrPSc to bind to streptavidin and the inhibition of this interaction by 15B3 antibody (P<0.05). This led to a new two-step assay that involved capturing native prions from infected blood on a solid-state matrix and detection of PrPSc aggregates by evaluating the conformation-dependent conjugate catalytic activity ratio in samples against a pre-determined threshold. This test showed capacity for detecting scrapie prions in 500μl of sheep whole blood spiked with scrapie brain homogenate containing approximately 5ng of total brain protein, and estimated to have 500fg of PrPSc. The test also discriminated between blood samples from scrapie-negative (6 sheep, 4 goats) and scrapie-infected animals (3 experimentally infected sheep, 7 naturally infected goats). Collectively, with the proposed high-throughput sample-processing platform, these initial studies provide insights into the development of a large-scale screening test for the routine diagnosis of scrapie.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Soutyrine
- Ottawa Laboratory (Fallowfield), Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Hongsheng Huang
- Ottawa Laboratory (Fallowfield), Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Olga Andrievskaia
- Ottawa Laboratory (Fallowfield), Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ines Walther
- Ottawa Laboratory (Fallowfield), Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gordon Mitchell
- Ottawa Laboratory (Fallowfield), Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Wuttke A, Geyer A. Self-assembly of peptide boroxoles on cis
-dihydroxylated oligoamide templates in water. J Pept Sci 2017; 23:549-555. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.3007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- André Wuttke
- Institute of Chemistry; Philipps-University Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Straße 35032 Marburg Germany
| | - Armin Geyer
- Institute of Chemistry; Philipps-University Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Straße 35032 Marburg Germany
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13
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The Structure of Mammalian Prions and Their Aggregates. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 329:277-301. [PMID: 28109330 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Prion diseases, such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans, bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cattle, chronic wasting disease in cervids (i.e., deer, elk, moose, and reindeer), and sheep scrapie, are caused by the misfolding of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) into a disease-causing conformer (PrPSc). PrPC is a normal, GPI-anchored protein that is expressed on the surface of neurons and other cell types. The structure of PrPC is well understood, based on studies of recombinant PrP, which closely mimics the structure of native PrPC. In contrast, PrPSc is prone to aggregate into a variety of quaternary structures, such as oligomers, amorphous aggregates, and amyloid fibrils. The propensity of PrPSc to assemble into these diverse forms of aggregates is also responsible for our limited knowledge about its structure. Then again, the repeating nature of certain regular PrPSc aggregates has allowed (lower resolution) insights into the structure of the infectious conformer, establishing a four-rung β-solenoid structure as a key element of its architecture.
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Saijo E, Hughson AG, Raymond GJ, Suzuki A, Horiuchi M, Caughey B. PrPSc-Specific Antibody Reveals C-Terminal Conformational Differences between Prion Strains. J Virol 2016; 90:4905-4913. [PMID: 26937029 PMCID: PMC4859706 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00088-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Understanding the structure of PrP(Sc) and its strain variation has been one of the major challenges in prion disease biology. To study the strain-dependent conformations of PrP(Sc), we purified proteinase-resistant PrP(Sc) (PrP(RES)) from mouse brains with three different murine-adapted scrapie strains (Chandler, 22L, and Me7) and systematically tested the accessibility of epitopes of a wide range of anti-PrP and anti-PrP(Sc) specific antibodies by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We found that epitopes of most anti-PrP antibodies were hidden in the folded structure of PrP(RES), even though these epitopes are revealed with guanidine denaturation. However, reactivities to a PrP(Sc)-specific conformational C-terminal antibody showed significant differences among the three different prion strains. Our results provide evidence for strain-dependent conformational variation near the C termini of molecules within PrP(Sc) multimers. IMPORTANCE It has long been apparent that prion strains can have different conformations near the N terminus of the PrP(Sc) protease-resistant core. Here, we show that a C-terminal conformational PrP(Sc)-specific antibody reacts differently to three murine-adapted scrapie strains. These results suggest, in turn, that conformational differences in the C terminus of PrP(Sc) also contribute to the phenotypic distinction between prion strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Saijo
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Andrew G Hughson
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Gregory J Raymond
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Akio Suzuki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Hygiene, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Motohiro Horiuchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Hygiene, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Byron Caughey
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
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15
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N(ε)-Carboxymethyl Modification of Lysine Residues in Pathogenic Prion Isoforms. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:3102-3112. [PMID: 25983034 PMCID: PMC4902843 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9200-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The most prominent hallmark of prion diseases is prion protein conversion and the subsequent deposition of the altered prions, PrPSc, at the pathological sites of affected individuals, particularly in the brain. A previous study has demonstrated that the N-terminus of the pathogenic prion isoform (PrPSc) is modified with advanced glycation end products (AGEs), most likely at one or more of the three Lys residues (positions 23, 24, and 27) in the N-terminus (23KKRPKP28). The current study investigated whether Nε-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML), a major AGE form specific to Lys residues produced by nonenzymatic glycation, is an AGE adduct of the N-terminus of PrPSc. We show that CML is linked to at least one Lys residue at the N-terminus of PrPSc in 263K prion-infected hamster brains and at least one of the eight Lys residues (positions 101, 104, 106, 110, 185, 194, 204, and 220) in the proteinase K (PK)-resistant core region of PrPSc. The nonenzymatic glycation of the Lys residue(s) of PrPSc with CML likely occurs in the widespread prion-deposit areas within infected brains, particularly in some of the numerous tyrosine hydroxylase-positive thalamic and hypothalamic nuclei. CML glycation does not occur in PrPC but is seen in the pathologic PrPSc isoform. Furthermore, the modification of PrPSc with CML may be closely involved in prion propagation and deposition in pathological brain areas.
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16
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Bouybayoune I, Mantovani S, Del Gallo F, Bertani I, Restelli E, Comerio L, Tapella L, Baracchi F, Fernández-Borges N, Mangieri M, Bisighini C, Beznoussenko GV, Paladini A, Balducci C, Micotti E, Forloni G, Castilla J, Fiordaliso F, Tagliavini F, Imeri L, Chiesa R. Transgenic fatal familial insomnia mice indicate prion infectivity-independent mechanisms of pathogenesis and phenotypic expression of disease. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004796. [PMID: 25880443 PMCID: PMC4400166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatal familial insomnia (FFI) and a genetic form of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD178) are clinically different prion disorders linked to the D178N prion protein (PrP) mutation. The disease phenotype is determined by the 129 M/V polymorphism on the mutant allele, which is thought to influence D178N PrP misfolding, leading to the formation of distinctive prion strains with specific neurotoxic properties. However, the mechanism by which misfolded variants of mutant PrP cause different diseases is not known. We generated transgenic (Tg) mice expressing the mouse PrP homolog of the FFI mutation. These mice synthesize a misfolded form of mutant PrP in their brains and develop a neurological illness with severe sleep disruption, highly reminiscent of FFI and different from that of analogously generated Tg(CJD) mice modeling CJD178. No prion infectivity was detectable in Tg(FFI) and Tg(CJD) brains by bioassay or protein misfolding cyclic amplification, indicating that mutant PrP has disease-encoding properties that do not depend on its ability to propagate its misfolded conformation. Tg(FFI) and Tg(CJD) neurons have different patterns of intracellular PrP accumulation associated with distinct morphological abnormalities of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi, suggesting that mutation-specific alterations of secretory transport may contribute to the disease phenotype. Genetic prion diseases are degenerative brain disorders caused by mutations in the gene encoding the prion protein (PrP). Different PrP mutations cause different diseases, including Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and fatal familial insomnia (FFI). The reason for this variability is not known, but assembly of the mutant PrPs into distinct aggregates that spread in the brain by promoting PrP aggregation may contribute to the disease phenotype. We previously generated transgenic mice modeling genetic CJD, clinically identified by dementia and motor abnormalities. We have now generated transgenic mice carrying the PrP mutation associated with FFI, and found that they develop severe sleep abnormalities and other key features of the human disorder. Thus, transgenic mice recapitulate the phenotypic differences seen in humans. The mutant PrPs in FFI and CJD mice are aggregated but unable to promote PrP aggregation. They accumulate in different intracellular compartments and cause distinct morphological abnormalities of transport organelles. These results indicate that mutant PrP has disease-encoding properties that are independent of its ability to self-propagate, and suggest that the phenotypic heterogeneity may be due to different effects of aggregated PrP on intracellular transport. Our study provides new insights into the mechanisms of selective neuronal dysfunction due to protein aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihssane Bouybayoune
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS—“Mario Negri” Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Susanna Mantovani
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS—“Mario Negri” Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Del Gallo
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan Medical School, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Bertani
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS—“Mario Negri” Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Restelli
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS—“Mario Negri” Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Liliana Comerio
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS—“Mario Negri” Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Tapella
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS—“Mario Negri” Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Baracchi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan Medical School, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Michela Mangieri
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurology, IRCCS Foundation “Carlo Besta” National Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Cinzia Bisighini
- Bio-Imaging Unit, Department of Cardiovascular Research, IRCCS—“Mario Negri” Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Paladini
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS—“Mario Negri” Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Balducci
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS—“Mario Negri” Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Edoardo Micotti
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS—“Mario Negri” Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Forloni
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS—“Mario Negri” Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Joaquín Castilla
- CIC bioGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Derio, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Fabio Fiordaliso
- Bio-Imaging Unit, Department of Cardiovascular Research, IRCCS—“Mario Negri” Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Tagliavini
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurology, IRCCS Foundation “Carlo Besta” National Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Imeri
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan Medical School, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Chiesa
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS—“Mario Negri” Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail:
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17
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Abdel-Haq H. Factors intrinsic and extrinsic to blood hamper the development of a routine blood test for human prion diseases. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:479-493. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.070979-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hanin Abdel-Haq
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161-Rome, Italy
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18
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Requena JR, Wille H. The structure of the infectious prion protein: experimental data and molecular models. Prion 2015; 8:60-6. [PMID: 24583975 PMCID: PMC7030906 DOI: 10.4161/pri.28368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The structures of the infectious prion protein, PrP(Sc), and that of its proteolytically truncated variant, PrP 27-30, have evaded experimental determination due to their insolubility and propensity to aggregate. Molecular modeling has been used to fill this void and to predict their structures, but various modeling approaches have produced significantly different models. The disagreement between the different modeling solutions indicates the limitations of this method. Over the years, in absence of a three-dimensional (3D) structure, a variety of experimental techniques have been used to gain insights into the structure of this biologically, medically, and agriculturally important isoform. Here, we present an overview of experimental results that were published in recent years, and which provided new insights into the molecular architecture of PrP(Sc) and PrP 27-30. Furthermore, we evaluate all published models in light of these recent, experimental data, and come to the conclusion that none of the models can accommodate all of the experimental constraints. Moreover, this conclusion constitutes an open invitation for renewed efforts to model the structure of PrP(Sc).
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19
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Borges-Alvarez M, Benavente F, Márquez M, Barbosa J, Sanz-Nebot V. Evaluation of non-immunoaffinity methods for isolation of cellular prion protein from bovine brain. Anal Biochem 2014; 451:10-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Shirai T, Saito M, Kobayashi A, Asano M, Hizume M, Ikeda S, Teruya K, Morita M, Kitamoto T. Evaluating prion models based on comprehensive mutation data of mouse PrP. Structure 2014; 22:560-71. [PMID: 24560805 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2013.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The structural details of the essential entity of prion disease, fibril prion protein (PrP(Sc)), are still elusive despite the large body of evidence supporting the prion hypothesis. Five major working models of PrP(Sc) structure, which are not compatible with each other, have been proposed. However, no systematic evaluation has been performed on those models. We devised a method that combined systematic point mutation with threading on knowledge-based amino acid potentials. A comprehensive mutation experiment was performed on mouse prion protein, and the PrP(Sc) conversion efficiency of each mutant was examined. The models were evaluated based on the mutation data by using the threading method. Although the data turned out to be rather more consistent with the models that assumed a conversion of the N-terminal region of core PrP into a β helix than with others, substantial modifications were also required to further improve the current model based on recent experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Shirai
- Department of Computer Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan; Bioinformatics Research Division, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 5-3, Yonbancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8666 Japan.
| | - Mihoko Saito
- Department of Computer Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan; Bioinformatics Research Division, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 5-3, Yonbancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8666 Japan
| | - Atsushi Kobayashi
- Department of Neurological Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine Research, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Masahiro Asano
- Department of Neurological Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine Research, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Masaki Hizume
- Department of Neurological Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine Research, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Shino Ikeda
- Department of Neurological Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine Research, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kenta Teruya
- Department of Neurological Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine Research, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Masanori Morita
- Department of Neurological Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine Research, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; Research and Development Division, Benesis Corporation, Kitahama, Chuo-Ku, Osaka 541-850, Japan
| | - Tetsuyuki Kitamoto
- Department of Neurological Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine Research, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
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21
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Epitope scanning indicates structural differences in brain-derived monomeric and aggregated mutant prion proteins related to genetic prion diseases. Biochem J 2013; 454:417-25. [PMID: 23808898 DOI: 10.1042/bj20130563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Genetic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome, fatal familial insomnia and prion protein cerebral amyloid angiopathy are clinically and neuropathologically distinct neurodegenerative diseases linked to mutations in the PRNP gene encoding the cellular prion protein (PrPC). How sequence variants of PRNP encode the information to specify these disease phenotypes is not known. It is suggested that each mutation produces a misfolded variant of PrPC with specific neurotoxic properties. However, structural studies of recombinant PrP did not detect major differences between wild-type and mutant molecules, pointing to the importance of investigating mutant PrPs from mammalian brains. We used surface plasmon resonance and a slot-blot immunoassay to analyse the antibody-binding profiles of soluble and insoluble PrP molecules extracted from the brains of transgenic mice modelling different prion diseases. By measuring the reactivity of monoclonal antibodies against different PrP epitopes, we obtained evidence of conformational differences between wild-type and mutant PrPs, and among different mutants. We detected structural heterogeneity in both monomeric and aggregated PrP, supporting the hypothesis that the phenotype of genetic prion diseases is encoded by mutant PrP conformation and assembly state.
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22
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Dissociation of prion protein amyloid seeding from transmission of a spongiform encephalopathy. J Virol 2013; 87:12349-56. [PMID: 24027305 PMCID: PMC3807897 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00673-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Misfolding and aggregation of proteins are common pathogenic mechanisms of a group of diseases called proteinopathies. The formation and spread of proteinaceous lesions within and between individuals were first described in prion diseases and proposed as the basis of their infectious nature. Recently, a similar "prion-like" mechanism of transmission has been proposed in other neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. We investigated if misfolding and aggregation of corrupted prion protein (PrP(TSE)) are always associated with horizontal transmission of disease. Knock-in transgenic mice (101LL) expressing mutant PrP (PrP-101L) that are susceptible to disease but do not develop any spontaneous neurological phenotype were inoculated with (i) brain extracts containing PrP(TSE) from healthy 101LL mice with PrP plaques in the corpus callosum or (ii) brain extracts from mice overexpressing PrP-101L with neurological disease, severe spongiform encephalopathy, and formation of proteinase K-resistant PrP(TSE). In all instances, 101LL mice developed PrP plaques in the area of inoculation and vicinity in the absence of clinical disease or spongiform degeneration of the brain. Importantly, 101LL mice did not transmit disease on serial passage, ruling out the presence of subclinical infection. Thus, in both experimental models the formation of PrP(TSE) is not infectious. These results have implications for the interpretation of tests based on the detection of protein aggregates and suggest that de novo formation of PrP(TSE) in the host does not always result in a transmissible prion disease. In addition, these results question the validity of assuming that all diseases due to protein misfolding can be transmitted between individuals.
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23
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Wills PR. Frameshifted prion proteins as pathological agents: quantitative considerations. J Theor Biol 2013; 325:52-61. [PMID: 23454079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2013.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A quantitatively consistent explanation for the titres of infectivity found in a variety of prion-containing preparations is provided on the basis that the ætiological agents of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy comprise a very small population fraction of prion protein (PrP) variants, which contain frameshifted elements in their N-terminal octapeptide-repeat regions. A mechanism for the replication of frameshifted prions is described and calculations are performed to obtain estimates of the concentration of these PrP variants in normal and infected brain, as well as their enrichment in products of protein misfolding cyclic amplification. These calculations resolve the lack of proper quantitative correlation between measures of infectivity and the presence of conformationally-altered, protease-resistant variants of PrP. Experiments, which could confirm or eventually exclude the role of frameshifted variants in the ætiology of prion disease, are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R Wills
- Integrative Transcriptomics, Center for Bioinformatics Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Sand 14, Tübingen 72076, Germany.
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24
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Kang HE, Weng CC, Saijo E, Saylor V, Bian J, Kim S, Ramos L, Angers R, Langenfeld K, Khaychuk V, Calvi C, Bartz J, Hunter N, Telling GC. Characterization of conformation-dependent prion protein epitopes. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:37219-32. [PMID: 22948149 PMCID: PMC3481321 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.395921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Whereas prion replication involves structural rearrangement of cellular prion protein (PrP(C)), the existence of conformational epitopes remains speculative and controversial, and PrP transformation is monitored by immunoblot detection of PrP(27-30), a protease-resistant counterpart of the pathogenic scrapie form (PrP(Sc)) of PrP. We now describe the involvement of specific amino acids in conformational determinants of novel monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) raised against randomly chimeric PrP. Epitope recognition of two mAbs depended on polymorphisms controlling disease susceptibility. Detection by one, referred to as PRC5, required alanine and asparagine at discontinuous mouse PrP residues 132 and 158, which acquire proximity when residues 126-218 form a structured globular domain. The discontinuous epitope of glycosylation-dependent mAb PRC7 also mapped within this domain at residues 154 and 185. In accordance with their conformational dependence, tertiary structure perturbations compromised recognition by PRC5, PRC7, as well as previously characterized mAbs whose epitopes also reside in the globular domain, whereas conformation-independent epitopes proximal or distal to this region were refractory to such destabilizing treatments. Our studies also address the paradox of how conformational epitopes remain functional following denaturing treatments and indicate that cellular PrP and PrP(27-30) both renature to a common structure that reconstitutes the globular domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae-Eun Kang
- From the Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Chu Chun Weng
- the Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Department of Neurology, and Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Eri Saijo
- From the Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, ,the Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Department of Neurology, and Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Vicki Saylor
- the Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Department of Neurology, and Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Jifeng Bian
- From the Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Sehun Kim
- From the Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Laylaa Ramos
- From the Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Rachel Angers
- the Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Department of Neurology, and Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Katie Langenfeld
- the Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, and
| | - Vadim Khaychuk
- From the Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Carla Calvi
- From the Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Jason Bartz
- the Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, and
| | - Nora Hunter
- the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Glenn C. Telling
- From the Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, ,the Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Department of Neurology, and Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, , To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: 970-491-2968; E-mail:
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25
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Stanker LH, Scotcher MC, Lin A, McGarvey J, Prusiner SB, Hnasko R. Novel epitopes identified by anti-PrP monoclonal antibodies produced following immunization of Prnp0/0 Balb/cJ mice with purified scrapie prions. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 2012; 31:314-24. [PMID: 23098297 PMCID: PMC3482378 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.2012.0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Prions, or infectious proteins, cause a class of uniformly fatal neurodegenerative diseases. Prions are composed solely of an aberrantly folded isoform (PrP(Sc)) of a normal cellular protein (PrP(C)). Shared sequence identity of PrP(Sc) with PrP(C) has limited the detection sensitivity of immunochemical assays, as antibodies specific for the disease-causing PrP(Sc) isoform have not been developed. Here we report the generation of three new monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to PrP, which were isolated following immunization of Prnp(0/0) Balb/cJ mice with highly purified PrP(Sc) isolated from brain lipid rafts. Epitope mapping using synthetic PrP peptides revealed that the three MAbs bind different epitopes of PrP. The DRM1-31 MAb has a conformational epitope at the proposed binding site for the putative prion conversion co-factor "protein X." The DRM1-60 MAb binds a single linear epitope localized to the β2-α2 loop region of PrP, whereas DRM2-118 binds an epitope that includes sequences within the octarepeat region and near the site of N-terminal truncation of PrP(Sc) by proteinase K. Our novel anti-PrP MAbs with defined PrP epitopes may be useful in deciphering the conformational conversion of PrP(C) into PrP(Sc).
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry H. Stanker
- USDA-Agriculture Research Service, Foodborne Contaminants Research Unit, Albany California
| | - Miles C. Scotcher
- USDA-Agriculture Research Service, Foodborne Contaminants Research Unit, Albany California
| | - Alice Lin
- USDA-Agriculture Research Service, Foodborne Contaminants Research Unit, Albany California
| | - Jeffery McGarvey
- USDA-Agriculture Research Service, Foodborne Contaminants Research Unit, Albany California
| | - Stanley B. Prusiner
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco California
| | - Robert Hnasko
- USDA-Agriculture Research Service, Foodborne Contaminants Research Unit, Albany California
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Kubota T, Hamazoe Y, Hashiguchi S, Ishibashi D, Akasaka K, Nishida N, Katamine S, Sakaguchi S, Kuroki R, Nakashima T, Sugimura K. Direct evidence of generation and accumulation of β-sheet-rich prion protein in scrapie-infected neuroblastoma cells with human IgG1 antibody specific for β-form prion protein. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:14023-39. [PMID: 22356913 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.318352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We prepared β-sheet-rich recombinant full-length prion protein (β-form PrP) (Jackson, G. S., Hosszu, L. L., Power, A., Hill, A. F., Kenney, J., Saibil, H., Craven, C. J., Waltho, J. P., Clarke, A. R., and Collinge, J. (1999) Science 283, 1935-1937). Using this β-form PrP and a human single chain Fv-displaying phage library, we have established a human IgG1 antibody specific to β-form but not α-form PrP, PRB7 IgG. When prion-infected ScN2a cells were cultured with PRB7 IgG, they generated and accumulated PRB7-binding granules in the cytoplasm with time, consequently becoming apoptotic cells bearing very large PRB7-bound aggregates. The SAF32 antibody recognizing the N-terminal octarepeat region of full-length PrP stained distinct granules in these cells as determined by confocal laser microscopy observation. When the accumulation of proteinase K-resistant PrP was examined in prion-infected ScN2a cells cultured in the presence of PRB7 IgG or SAF32, it was strongly inhibited by SAF32 but not at all by PRB7 IgG. Thus, we demonstrated direct evidence of the generation and accumulation of β-sheet-rich PrP in ScN2a cells de novo. These results suggest first that PRB7-bound PrP is not responsible for the accumulation of β-form PrP aggregates, which are rather an end product resulting in the triggering of apoptotic cell death, and second that SAF32-bound PrP lacking the PRB7-recognizing β-form may represent so-called PrP(Sc) with prion propagation activity. PRB7 is the first human antibody specific to β-form PrP and has become a powerful tool for the characterization of the biochemical nature of prion and its pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiya Kubota
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
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Zou WQ, Zhou X, Yuan J, Xiao X. Insoluble cellular prion protein and its association with prion and Alzheimer diseases. Prion 2011; 5:172-8. [PMID: 21847014 DOI: 10.4161/pri.5.3.16894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The soluble cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) is best known for its association with prion disease (PrD) through its conversion to a pathogenic insoluble isoform (PrP(Sc)). However, its deleterious effects independent of PrP(Sc) have recently been observed not only in PrD but also in Alzheimer disease (AD), two diseases which mainly affect cognition. At the same time, PrP(C) itself seems to have broad physiologic functions including involvement in cognitive processes. The PrP(C) that is believed to be soluble and monomeric has so far been the only PrP conformer observed in the uninfected brain. In 2006, we identified an insoluble PrP(C) conformer (termed iPrP(C) ) in uninfected human and animal brains. Remarkably, the PrP(Sc) -like iPrPC shares the immunoreactivity behavior and fragmentation with a newly-identified PrP(Sc) species in a novel human PrD termed variably protease-sensitive prionopathy. Moreover, iPrP(C) has been observed as the major PrP species that interacts with amyloid β (Aβ) in AD. This article highlights evidence of PrP involvement in two putatively beneficial and deleterious PrP-implicated pathways in cognition, and hypothesizes first, that beneficial and deleterious effects of PrP(C) are attributable to the chameleon-like conformation of the protein and second, that the iPrP(C) conformer is associated with PrD and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Quan Zou
- Department of Pathology, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Abstract
UNLABELLED A key challenge in managing transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) or prion diseases in medicine, agriculture, and wildlife biology is the development of practical tests for prions that are at or below infectious levels. Of particular interest are tests capable of detecting prions in blood components such as plasma, but blood typically has extremely low prion concentrations and contains inhibitors of the most sensitive prion tests. One of the latter tests is quaking-induced conversion (QuIC), which can be as sensitive as in vivo bioassays, but much more rapid, higher throughput, and less expensive. Now we have integrated antibody 15B3-based immunoprecipitation with QuIC reactions to increase sensitivity and isolate prions from inhibitors such as those in plasma samples. Coupling of immunoprecipitation and an improved real-time QuIC reaction dramatically enhanced detection of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) brain tissue diluted into human plasma. Dilutions of 10(14)-fold, containing ~2 attogram (ag) per ml of proteinase K-resistant prion protein, were readily detected, indicating ~10,000-fold greater sensitivity for vCJD brain than has previously been reported. We also discriminated between plasma and serum samples from scrapie-infected and uninfected hamsters, even in early preclinical stages. This combined assay, which we call "enhanced QuIC" (eQuIC), markedly improves prospects for routine detection of low levels of prions in tissues, fluids, or environmental samples. IMPORTANCE Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are largely untreatable and are difficult to diagnose definitively prior to irreversible clinical decline or death. The transmissibility of TSEs within and between species highlights the need for practical tests for even the smallest amounts of infectivity. A few sufficiently sensitive in vitro methods have been reported, but most have major limitations that would preclude their use in routine diagnostic or screening applications. Our new assay improves the outlook for such critical applications. We focused initially on blood plasma because a practical blood test for prions would be especially valuable for TSE diagnostics and risk reduction. Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) in particular has been transmitted between humans via blood transfusions. Enhanced real-time quaking-induced conversion (eRTQ) provides by far the most sensitive detection of vCJD to date. The 15B3 antibody binds prions of multiple species, suggesting that our assay may be useful for clinical and fundamental studies of a variety of TSEs of humans and animals.
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Biological effects and use of PrPSc- and PrP-specific antibodies generated by immunization with purified full-length native mouse prions. J Virol 2011; 85:4538-46. [PMID: 21345946 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02467-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The prion agent is the infectious particle causing spongiform encephalopathies in animals and humans and is thought to consist of an altered conformation (PrP(Sc)) of the normal and ubiquitous prion protein PrP(C). The interaction of the prion agent with the immune system, particularly the humoral immune response, has remained unresolved. Here we investigated the immunogenicity of full-length native and infectious prions, as well as the specific biological effects of the resulting monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) on the binding and clearance of prions in cell culture and in in vivo therapy. Immunization of prion knockout (Prnp(0/0)) mice with phosphotungstic acid-purified mouse prions resulted in PrP-specific monoclonal antibodies with binding specificities selective for PrP(Sc) or for both PrP(C) and PrP(Sc). PrP(Sc)-specific MAb W261, of the IgG1 isotype, reacted with prions from mice, sheep with scrapie, deer with chronic wasting disease (CWD), and humans with sporadic and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in assays including a capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) system. This PrP(Sc)-specific antibody was unable to clear prions from mouse neuroblastoma cells (ScN2a) permanently infected with scrapie, whereas the high-affinity MAb W226, recognizing both isoforms, PrP(Sc) and PrP(C), did clear prions from ScN2a cells, as determined by a bioassay. However, an attempt to treat intraperitoneally prion infected mice with full-length W226 or with a recombinant variable-chain fragment (scFv) from W226 could only slightly delay the incubation time. We conclude that (i) native, full-length PrP(Sc) elicits a prion-specific antibody response in PrP knockout mice, (ii) a PrP(Sc)-specific antibody had no prion-clearing effect, and (iii) even a high-affinity MAb that clears prions in vitro (W226) may not necessarily protect against prion infection, contrary to previous reports using different antibodies.
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The hydrophobic core region governs mutant prion protein aggregation and intracellular retention. Biochem J 2010; 430:477-86. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20100615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Approx. 15% of human prion diseases have a pattern of autosomal dominant inheritance, and are linked to mutations in the gene encoding PrP (prion protein), a GPI (glycosylphosphatidylinositol)-anchored protein whose function is not clear. The cellular mechanisms by which PrP mutations cause disease are also not known. Soon after synthesis in the ER (endoplasmic reticulum), several mutant PrPs misfold and become resistant to phospholipase cleavage of their GPI anchor. The biosynthetic maturation of the misfolded molecules in the ER is delayed and, during transit in the secretory pathway, they form detergent-insoluble and protease-resistant aggregates, suggesting that intracellular PrP aggregation may play a pathogenic role. We have investigated the consequence of deleting residues 114–121 within the hydrophobic core of PrP on the aggregation and cellular localization of two pathogenic mutants that accumulate in the ER and Golgi apparatus. Compared with their full-length counterparts, the deleted molecules formed smaller protease-sensitive aggregates and were more efficiently transported to the cell surface and released by phospholipase cleavage. These results indicate that mutant PrP aggregation and intracellular retention are closely related and depend critically on the integrity of the hydrophobic core. The discovery that Δ114–121 counteracts misfolding and improves the cellular trafficking of mutant PrP provides an unprecedented model for assessing the role of intracellular aggregation in the pathogenesis of prion diseases.
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Biasini E, Tapella L, Mantovani S, Stravalaci M, Gobbi M, Harris DA, Chiesa R. Immunopurification of pathological prion protein aggregates. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7816. [PMID: 19915706 PMCID: PMC2773113 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative disorders that can arise sporadically, be genetically inherited or acquired through infection. The key event in these diseases is misfolding of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) into a pathogenic isoform that is rich in β-sheet structure. This conformational change may result in the formation of PrPSc, the prion isoform of PrP, which propagates itself by imprinting its aberrant conformation onto PrPC molecules. A great deal of effort has been devoted to developing protocols for purifying PrPSc for structural studies, and testing its biological properties. Most procedures rely on protease digestion, allowing efficient purification of PrP27-30, the protease-resistant core of PrPSc. However, protease treatment cannot be used to isolate abnormal forms of PrP lacking conventional protease resistance, such as those found in several genetic and atypical sporadic cases. Principal Findings We developed a method for purifying pathological PrP molecules based on sequential centrifugation and immunoprecipitation with a monoclonal antibody selective for aggregated PrP. With this procedure we purified full-length PrPSc and mutant PrP aggregates at electrophoretic homogeneity. PrPSc purified from prion-infected mice was able to seed misfolding of PrPC in a protein misfolding cyclic amplification reaction, and mutant PrP aggregates from transgenic mice were toxic to cultured neurons. Significance The immunopurification protocol described here isolates biologically active forms of aggregated PrP. These preparations may be useful for investigating the structural and chemico-physical properties of infectious and neurotoxic PrP aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Biasini
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Milan, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Laura Tapella
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Milan, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Susanna Mantovani
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Milan, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Stravalaci
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Gobbi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
| | - David A. Harris
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Roberto Chiesa
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Milan, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Heinig L, Mueller DA, Ramljak S, Holznagel E, Stuke AW. Inducible expression of chimpanzee prion protein (PrP) in murine PrP knock-out cells. Protein Expr Purif 2009; 70:129-36. [PMID: 19796688 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2009.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2009] [Revised: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) pathogenesis the cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) is converted into its pathogenic PrP(Sc) isoform. Prion protein gene (Prnp) deficient mice (PrP(0/0)) are resistant to PrP(Sc) infection, but following reconstitution of Prnp they regain their susceptibility to infection. Therefore, it is challenging to simulate this natural situation in a cell culture model. We have previously reported the inducible stable expression of a human PrP(C) in murine 3T3 cells. In this study, we used murine PrP(0/0) cells stably expressing exemplarily the chimpanzee Prnp under the control of inducible tetracycline (Tet) system. The Prnp was integrated using a lentiviral vector. Its expression in the engineered PrP(0/0)Chimp1/Tet-Off cell line was analyzed by Western blot (Wb) and fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) analyses. PrP(C) was partially purified by using immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC). Compared to all the other cell systems which possess an endogenous PrP(C) expression, here described cell line contains only an overexpressing species specific PrP(C) expression which is tightly regulated and can be turned-off at any time without showing any endogenous host PrP(C) expression. Consequently, a contamination of the isolated PrP(C) is impossible. This cell line potentially offers a new tool for simulation of mice bioassays widely used in TSE infection studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Heinig
- German Primate Center (DPZ), Department of Infection Biology, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Horiuchi M, Karino A, Furuoka H, Ishiguro N, Kimura K, Shinagawa M. Generation of monoclonal antibody that distinguishes PrPSc from PrPC and neutralizes prion infectivity. Virology 2009; 394:200-7. [PMID: 19766283 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Revised: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
To establish PrP(Sc)-specific mAbs, we immunized Prnp(-/-) mice with PrP(Sc) purified from prion-infected mice. Using this approach, we obtained mAb 6H10, which reacted with PrP(Sc) treated with proteinase K, but not with PrP(Sc) pretreated with more than 3 M GdnHCl. In contrast, reactivity of pan-PrP mAbs increased with increasing concentrations of GdnHCl used for pretreatment of PrP(Sc). In histoblot analysis, mAb 6H10 showed a positive reaction on a non-denatured histoblot but reactivity was lower when the histoblot was pretreated by autoclaving. Epitope analysis suggested that the extreme C-terminus of PrP is likely to be part of the epitope for mAb 6H10. MAb 6H10 immunoprecipitated PrP(Sc) from brains of mice, sheep, and cattle infected with prions. Furthermore, pretreatment of purified PrP(Sc) with mAb 6H10 reduced the infectious titer more than 1 log. Taken together, these results suggest that mAb 6H10 recognizes a conformational epitope on PrP(Sc) that is related to prion infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motohiro Horiuchi
- Laboratory of Prion Diseases, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkadio 060-0818, Japan.
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Ramos-Miguel A, García-Fuster M, Callado L, La Harpe R, Meana J, García-Sevilla J. Phosphorylation of FADD (Fas-associated death domain protein) at serine 194 is increased in the prefrontal cortex of opiate abusers: Relation to mitogen activated protein kinase, phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes of 15 kDa, and Akt signaling pathways involved in neuroplasticity. Neuroscience 2009; 161:23-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2008] [Revised: 02/27/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Report of the Working Group 'Overall Blood Supply Strategy with Regard to Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD)': Statement on the Development and Implementation of Test Systems Suitable for the Screening of Blood Donors for vCJD - Dated September 17, 2008. Transfus Med Hemother 2009; 36:79-93. [PMID: 21048823 DOI: 10.1159/000188082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Aggregated, wild-type prion protein causes neurological dysfunction and synaptic abnormalities. J Neurosci 2009; 28:13258-67. [PMID: 19052217 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3109-08.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The neurotoxic forms of the prion protein (PrP) that cause neurodegeneration in prion diseases remain to be conclusively identified. Considerable evidence points to the importance of noninfectious oligomers of PrP in the pathogenic process. In this study, we describe lines of Tg(WT) transgenic mice that over-express wild-type PrP by either approximately 5-fold or approximately 10-fold (depending on whether the transgene array is, respectively, hemizygous or homozygous). Homozygous but not hemizygous Tg(WT) mice develop a spontaneous neurodegenerative illness characterized clinically by tremor and paresis. Both kinds of mice accumulate large numbers of punctate PrP deposits in the molecular layer of the cerebellum as well as in several other brain regions, and they display abnormally enlarged synaptic terminals accompanied by a dramatic proliferation of membranous structures. The over-expressed PrP in Tg(WT) mice assembles into an insoluble form that is mildly protease-resistant and is recognizable by aggregation-specific antibodies, but that is not infectious in transmission experiments. Together, our results demonstrate that noninfectious aggregates of wild-type PrP are neurotoxic, particularly to synapses, and they suggest common pathogenic mechanisms shared by prion diseases and nontransmissible neurodegenerative disorders associated with protein misfolding.
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Godsave SF, Wille H, Kujala P, Latawiec D, DeArmond SJ, Serban A, Prusiner SB, Peters PJ. Cryo-immunogold electron microscopy for prions: toward identification of a conversion site. J Neurosci 2008; 28:12489-99. [PMID: 19020041 PMCID: PMC2796247 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4474-08.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2008] [Accepted: 10/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are caused by accumulation of an abnormally folded isoform (PrP(Sc)) of the cellular prion protein (PrP(C)). The subcellular distribution of PrP(Sc) and the site of its formation in brain are still unclear. We performed quantitative cryo-immunogold electron microscopy on hippocampal sections from mice infected with the Rocky Mountain Laboratory strain of prions. Two antibodies were used: R2, which recognizes both PrP(C) and PrP(Sc); and F4-31, which only detects PrP(C) in undenatured sections. At a late subclinical stage of prion infection, both PrP(C) and PrP(Sc) were detected principally on neuronal plasma membranes and on vesicles resembling early endocytic or recycling vesicles in the neuropil. The R2 labeling was approximately six times higher in the infected than the uninfected hippocampus and gold clusters were only evident in infected tissue. The biggest increase in labeling density (24-fold) was found on the early/recycling endosome-like vesicles of small-diameter neurites, suggesting these as possible sites of conversion. Trypsin digestion of infected hippocampal sections resulted in a reduction in R2 labeling of >85%, which suggests that a high proportion of PrP(Sc) may be oligomeric, protease-sensitive PrP(Sc).
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan F. Godsave
- Section of Tumor Biology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Holger Wille
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, and
- Departments of Neurology and
| | - Pekka Kujala
- Section of Tumor Biology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Diane Latawiec
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, and
- Departments of Neurology and
| | - Stephen J. DeArmond
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, and
- Departments of Neurology and
- Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Ana Serban
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, and
| | | | - Peter J. Peters
- Section of Tumor Biology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Mutant Prion Protein Expression Causes Motor and Memory Deficits and Abnormal Sleep Patterns in a Transgenic Mouse Model. Neuron 2008; 60:598-609. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2008] [Revised: 07/22/2008] [Accepted: 09/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Sun R, Liu Y, Zhang H, Manuelidis L. Quantitative recovery of scrapie agent with minimal protein from highly infectious cultures. Viral Immunol 2008; 21:293-302. [PMID: 18788938 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2008.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There are few reports on the isolation, quantitative recovery, and relative purification of infectious particles that cause scrapie, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and epidemic bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Because pure prion protein (PrP) has failed to show significant infectivity, it is critical to find other molecules that are integral agent components. Only complex diseased tissues such as degenerating brain have been fractionated, and agent recoveries have been quite low in concentrated abnormal prion protein (PrP-res) preparations. To simplify the purification of infectious particles, we evaluated a monotypic cell line that continuously produced high levels of the 22L scrapie agent (N2a-22L). A new rapid and accurate GT1 culture assay was used to titrate infectivity in six representative sucrose gradients. We developed a streamlined approximately 3-h procedure that yielded full recovery of starting infectivity in fractions with only a few selected protein bands (representing <1% of starting protein). Infectious particles reproducibly sedimented through >30% sucrose steps, whereas PrP and PrP-res sedimentation varied depending on the conditions used. Both normal and abnormal PrP could be largely separated from infectivity in a single short centrifugation. Because no foreign enzymes were added to achieve reasonably purified infectious particles, these preparations may be used to elicit diagnostic antibodies to foreign agent proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Sun
- Section of Neuropathology, Yale Medical School, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
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Medrano AZ, Barmada SJ, Biasini E, Harris DA. GFP-tagged mutant prion protein forms intra-axonal aggregates in transgenic mice. Neurobiol Dis 2008; 31:20-32. [PMID: 18514536 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2008.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2007] [Revised: 02/20/2008] [Accepted: 03/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A nine-octapeptide insertional mutation in the prion protein (PrP) causes a fatal neurodegenerative disorder in both humans and transgenic mice. To determine the precise cellular localization of this mutant PrP (designated PG14), we have generated transgenic mice expressing PG14-EGFP, a fluorescent fusion protein that can be directly visualized in vivo. Tg(PG14-EGFP) mice develop an ataxic neurological illness characterized by astrogliosis, PrP aggregation, and accumulation of a partially protease-resistant form of the mutant PrP. Strikingly, PG14-EGFP forms numerous fluorescent aggregates in the neuropil and white matter of multiple brain regions. These aggregates are particularly prominent along axonal tracts in both brain and peripheral nerve, and similar intracellular deposits are visible along the processes of cultured neurons. Our results reveal intra-axonal aggregates of a mutant PrP, which could contribute to the pathogenesis of familial prion disease by disrupting axonal transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Z Medrano
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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