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Sayehmiri F, Khodagholi F, Pourbadie HG, Naderi N, Aliakbarzadeh F, Hashemi R, Naderi S, Motamedi F. Phosphonate analog of 2-oxoglutarate regulates glutamate-glutamine homeostasis and counteracts amyloid beta induced learning and memory deficits in rats. Exp Gerontol 2022; 168:111944. [PMID: 36064157 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2022.111944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic alteration is a mainstream concept underlying the cognitive decline in neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Mitochondrial enzyme α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (α-KGDHC) seems to play a dual-edged sword role in cytotoxic insult. Here, using succinyl phosphonate (SP), a specific α-KGDHC inhibitor, we aimed to examine its potential action on AD progression. METHODS Male Wistar rats were assigned to two separate experiments. First, they were bilaterally microinjected into the dorsal CA1 area by amyloid-beta (Aβ)25-35 for four consecutive days. Seven days after the last injection, they were trained to acquire Morris Water Maze (MWM) task for three successive days when they were treated with SP after each training session. In the second experiment, SP was administered 30 min after the first Aβ microinjection and behavioral tests were performed one week after the last Aβ administration. The activity of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), and glutamine synthetase (GS), as key enzymes involved in glutamate-glutamine homeostasis and histological assays were evaluated in the hippocampi. RESULTS Our behavioral results indicated that post-training SP treatment enhanced task acquisition but did not change memory performance in Aβ-treated rats. However, administration of SP at the time of Aβ injection precludes the deteriorative effect of Aβ and neuronal injury on both spatial learning and memory performances indicating its preventive action against Aβ pathology at its early stages. Measurement of enzymes activity shows that α-KGDHC activity was reduced in the Aβ treated group, and SP administration restored its activity; also, GDH and GS activities were increased and decreased respectively due to Aβ, and SP reversed the action of Aβ on these enzymes. CONCLUSIONS This study proposes that SP possibly a promising therapeutic approach to improve memory impairment in AD, especially in the early phases of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Sayehmiri
- School of Medicine, Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Khodagholi
- Neurobilogy Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Nima Naderi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faezeh Aliakbarzadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Hashemi
- School of Medicine, Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soudabeh Naderi
- School of Medicine, Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Motamedi
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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2
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Dobolyi A, Bago A, Palkovits M, Nemeria NS, Jordan F, Doczi J, Ambrus A, Adam-Vizi V, Chinopoulos C. Exclusive neuronal detection of KGDHC-specific subunits in the adult human brain cortex despite pancellular protein lysine succinylation. Brain Struct Funct 2020; 225:639-667. [PMID: 31982949 PMCID: PMC7046601 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-020-02026-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (KGDHC) consists of three different subunits encoded by OGDH (or OGDHL), DLST, and DLD, combined in different stoichiometries. DLD subunit is shared between KGDHC and pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex, and the glycine cleavage system. Despite KGDHC's implication in neurodegenerative diseases, cell-specific localization of its subunits in the adult human brain has never been investigated. Here, we show that immunoreactivity of all known isoforms of OGDHL, OGDH, and DLST was detected exclusively in neurons of surgical human cortical tissue samples identified by their morphology and visualized by double labeling with fluorescent Nissl, while being absent from glia expressing GFAP, Aldhl1, myelin basic protein, Olig2, or IBA1. In contrast, DLD immunoreactivity was evident in both neurons and glia. Specificity of anti-KGDHC subunits antisera was verified by a decrease in staining of siRNA-treated human cancer cell lines directed against the respective coding gene products; furthermore, immunoreactivity of KGDHC subunits in human fibroblasts co-localized > 99% with mitotracker orange, while western blotting of 63 post-mortem brain samples and purified recombinant proteins afforded further assurance regarding antisera monospecificity. KGDHC subunit immunoreactivity correlated with data from the Human Protein Atlas as well as RNA-Seq data from the Allen Brain Atlas corresponding to genes coding for KGDHC components. Protein lysine succinylation, however, was immunohistochemically evident in all cortical cells; this was unexpected, because this posttranslational modification requires succinyl-CoA, the product of KGDHC. In view of the fact that glia of the human brain cortex lack succinate-CoA ligase, an enzyme producing succinyl-CoA when operating in reverse, protein lysine succinylation in these cells must exclusively rely on propionate and/or ketone body metabolism or some other yet to be discovered pathway encompassing succinyl-CoA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpad Dobolyi
- MTA-ELTE Laboratory of Molecular and Systems Neurobiology, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
| | - Attila Bago
- National Institute of Neurosurgery, Budapest, 1145, Hungary
| | - Miklos Palkovits
- MTA-ELTE Laboratory of Molecular and Systems Neurobiology, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Natalia S Nemeria
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07102-1811, USA
| | - Frank Jordan
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07102-1811, USA
| | - Judit Doczi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Tuzolto st. 37-47, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
| | - Attila Ambrus
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Tuzolto st. 37-47, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
- MTA-SE Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
| | - Vera Adam-Vizi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Tuzolto st. 37-47, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
- MTA-SE Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
| | - Christos Chinopoulos
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Tuzolto st. 37-47, Budapest, 1094, Hungary.
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3
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Chen H, Denton TT, Xu H, Calingasan N, Beal MF, Gibson GE. Reductions in the mitochondrial enzyme α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex in neurodegenerative disease - beneficial or detrimental? J Neurochem 2017; 139:823-838. [PMID: 27580471 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Reductions in metabolism and excess oxidative stress are prevalent in multiple neurodegenerative diseases. The activity of the mitochondrial enzyme α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (KGDHC) appears central to these abnormalities. KGDHC is diminished in multiple neurodegenerative diseases. KGDHC can not only be rate limiting for NADH production and for substrate level phosphorylation, but is also a source of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The goal of these studies was to determine how changes in KGDHC modify baseline ROS, the ability to buffer ROS, baseline glutathionylation, calcium modulation and cell death in response to external oxidants. In vivo, reducing KGDHC with adeno virus diminished neurogenesis and increased oxidative stress. In vitro, treatments of short duration increased ROS and glutathionylation and enhanced the ability of the cells to diminish the ROS from added oxidants. However, long-term reductions lessened the ability to diminish ROS, diminished glutathionylation and exaggerated oxidant-induced changes in calcium and cell death. Increasing KGDHC enhanced the ability of the cells to diminish externally added ROS and protected against oxidant-induced changes in calcium and cell death. The results suggest that brief periods of diminished KGDHC are protective, while prolonged reductions are harmful. Furthermore, elevated KGDHC activities are protective. Thus, mitogenic therapies that increase KGDHC may be beneficial in neurodegenerative diseases. Read the Editorial Highlight for this article on Page 689.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanlian Chen
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, New York, USA
| | - Travis T Denton
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, College of Pharmacy, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - Hui Xu
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, New York, USA
| | - Noel Calingasan
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, York Avenue, New York, USA
| | - M Flint Beal
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, York Avenue, New York, USA
| | - Gary E Gibson
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, New York, USA
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4
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Fernandez E, Bolaños JP. α-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex moonlighting: ROS signalling added to the list: An Editorial highlight for 'Reductions in the mitochondrial enzyme α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex in neurodegenerative disease - beneficial or detrimental?'. J Neurochem 2017; 139:689-690. [PMID: 27882614 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Read the highlighted article 'Reductions in the mitochondrial enzyme α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex in neurodegenerative disease - beneficial or detrimental?' on page 823.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Fernandez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Institute of Functional Biology and Genomics (IBFG), CSIC-University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Juan P Bolaños
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Institute of Functional Biology and Genomics (IBFG), CSIC-University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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5
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Artiukhov AV, Graf AV, Bunik VI. Directed regulation of multienzyme complexes of 2-oxo acid dehydrogenases using phosphonate and phosphinate analogs of 2-oxo acids. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2016; 81:1498-1521. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297916120129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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6
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Arunagiri P, Balamurugan E. Omega-3 fatty acids combined with aripiprazole and lithium modulates activity of mitochondrial enzymes and acetylcholinesterase in methylphenidate-induced animal model of mania. PHARMANUTRITION 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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7
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Banerjee K, Munshi S, Xu H, Frank DE, Chen HL, Chu CT, Yang J, Cho S, Kagan VE, Denton TT, Tyurina YY, Jiang JF, Gibson GE. Mild mitochondrial metabolic deficits by α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase inhibition cause prominent changes in intracellular autophagic signaling: Potential role in the pathobiology of Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem Int 2016; 96:32-45. [PMID: 26923918 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Brain activities of the mitochondrial enzyme α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (KGDHC) are reduced in Alzheimer's disease and other age-related neurodegenerative disorders. The goal of the present study was to test the consequences of mild impairment of KGDHC on the structure, protein signaling and dynamics (mitophagy, fusion, fission, biogenesis) of the mitochondria. Inhibition of KGDHC reduced its in situ activity by 23-53% in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, but neither altered the mitochondrial membrane potential nor the ATP levels at any tested time-points. The attenuated KGDHC activity increased translocation of dynamin-related protein-1 (Drp1) and microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3) from the cytosol to the mitochondria, and promoted mitochondrial cytochrome c release. Inhibition of KGDHC also increased the negative surface charges (anionic phospholipids as assessed by Annexin V binding) on the mitochondria. Morphological assessments of the mitochondria revealed increased fission and mitophagy. Taken together, our results suggest the existence of the regulation of the mitochondrial dynamism including fission and fusion by the mitochondrial KGDHC activity via the involvement of the cytosolic and mitochondrial protein signaling molecules. A better understanding of the link among mild impairment of metabolism, induction of mitophagy/autophagy and altered protein signaling will help to identify new mechanisms of neurodegeneration and reveal potential new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpita Banerjee
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY 10605, USA
| | - Soumyabrata Munshi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Department of Neuroscience, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Hui Xu
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY 10605, USA
| | - David E Frank
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY 10605, USA
| | - Huan-Lian Chen
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY 10605, USA
| | - Charleen T Chu
- Department of Pathology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jiwon Yang
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY 10605, USA
| | - Sunghee Cho
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY 10605, USA
| | - Valerian E Kagan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Travis T Denton
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, College of Pharmacy, Spokane, WA 99210, USA
| | - Yulia Y Tyurina
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Jian Fei Jiang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Gary E Gibson
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY 10605, USA.
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8
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Salminen A, Jouhten P, Sarajärvi T, Haapasalo A, Hiltunen M. Hypoxia and GABA shunt activation in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem Int 2015; 92:13-24. [PMID: 26617286 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We have previously observed that the conversion of mild cognitive impairment to definitive Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with a significant increase in the serum level of 2,4-dihydroxybutyrate (2,4-DHBA). The metabolic generation of 2,4-DHBA is linked to the activation of the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) shunt, an alternative energy production pathway activated during cellular stress, when the function of Krebs cycle is compromised. The GABA shunt can be triggered by local hypoperfusion and subsequent hypoxia in AD brains caused by cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) is a key enzyme in the GABA shunt, converting succinic semialdehyde (SSA) into succinate, a Krebs cycle intermediate. A deficiency of SSADH activity stimulates the conversion of SSA into γ-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), an alternative route from the GABA shunt. GHB can exert not only acute neuroprotective activities but unfortunately also chronic detrimental effects which may lead to cognitive impairment. Subsequently, GHB can be metabolized to 2,4-DHBA and secreted from the brain. Thus, the activation of the GABA shunt and the generation of GHB and 2,4-DHBA can have an important role in the early phase of AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antero Salminen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Paula Jouhten
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland; EMBL European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Timo Sarajärvi
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Annakaisa Haapasalo
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Neulaniementie 2, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, FI-70029 KYS, Finland
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, FI-70029 KYS, Finland; Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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9
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Abnormal Glucose Metabolism in Alzheimer's Disease: Relation to Autophagy/Mitophagy and Therapeutic Approaches. Neurochem Res 2015; 40:2557-69. [PMID: 26077923 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1631-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Diminished glucose metabolism accompanies many neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease. An understanding of the relation of these metabolic changes to the disease will enable development of novel therapeutic strategies. Following a metabolic challenge, cells generally conserve energy to preserve viability. This requires activation of many cellular repair/regenerative processes such as mitophagy/autophagy and fusion/fission. These responses may diminish cell function in the long term. Prolonged fission induces mitophagy/autophagy which promotes repair but if prolonged progresses to mitochondrial degradation. Abnormal glucose metabolism alters protein signaling including the release of proteins from the mitochondria or migration of proteins from the cytosol to the mitochondria or nucleus. This overview provides an insight into the different mechanisms of autophagy/mitophagy and mitochondrial dynamics in response to the diminished metabolism that occurs with diseases, especially neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. The review discusses multiple aspects of mitochondrial responses including different signaling proteins and pathways of mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis. Improving cellular bioenergetics and mitochondrial dynamics will alter protein signaling and improve cellular/mitochondrial repair and regeneration. An understanding of these changes will suggest new therapeutic strategies.
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10
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Araújo WL, Martins AO, Fernie AR, Tohge T. 2-Oxoglutarate: linking TCA cycle function with amino acid, glucosinolate, flavonoid, alkaloid, and gibberellin biosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:552. [PMID: 25360142 PMCID: PMC4197682 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediate 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) is used as an obligatory substrate in a range of oxidative reactions catalyzed by 2-OG-dependent dioxygenases. These enzymes are widespread in nature being involved in several important biochemical processes. We have recently demonstrated that tomato plants in which the TCA cycle enzyme 2-OG dehydrogenase (2-ODD) was antisense inhibited were characterized by early senescence and modified fruit ripening associated with differences in the levels of bioactive gibberellin (GA). Accordingly, there is now compelling evidence that the TCA cycle plays an important role in modulating the rate of flux from 2-OG to amino acid metabolism. Here we discuss recent advances in the biochemistry and molecular biology of 2-OG metabolism occurring in different biological systems indicating the importance of 2-OG and 2-OG dependent dioxygenases not only in glucosinolate, flavonoid and alkaloid metabolism but also in GA and amino acid metabolism. We additionally summarize recent findings regarding the impact of modification of 2-OG metabolism on biosynthetic pathways involving 2-ODDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wagner L. Araújo
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de ViçosaViçosa, Brazil
- Max-Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de ViçosaViçosa, Brazil
| | | | - Alisdair R. Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekular PflanzenphysiologiePotsdam-Golm, Germany
- *Correspondence: Alisdair R. Fernie, Max-Planck-Institut für Molekular Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Brandenburg, Germany e-mail:
| | - Takayuki Tohge
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekular PflanzenphysiologiePotsdam-Golm, Germany
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Bunik VI, Tylicki A, Lukashev NV. Thiamin diphosphate-dependent enzymes: from enzymology to metabolic regulation, drug design and disease models. FEBS J 2013; 280:6412-42. [PMID: 24004353 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bringing a knowledge of enzymology into research in vivo and in situ is of great importance in understanding systems biology and metabolic regulation. The central metabolic significance of thiamin (vitamin B1 ) and its diphosphorylated derivative (thiamin diphosphate; ThDP), and the fundamental differences in the ThDP-dependent enzymes of metabolic networks in mammals versus plants, fungi and bacteria, or in health versus disease, suggest that these enzymes are promising targets for biotechnological and medical applications. Here, the in vivo action of known regulators of ThDP-dependent enzymes, such as synthetic structural analogs of the enzyme substrates and thiamin, is analyzed in light of the enzymological data accumulated during half a century of research. Mimicking the enzyme-specific catalytic intermediates, the phosphonate analogs of 2-oxo acids selectively inhibit particular ThDP-dependent enzymes. Because of their selectivity, use of these compounds in cellular and animal models of ThDP-dependent enzyme malfunctions improves the validity of the model and its predictive power when compared with the nonselective and enzymatically less characterized oxythiamin and pyrithiamin. In vitro studies of the interaction of thiamin analogs and their biological derivatives with potential in vivo targets are necessary to identify and attenuate the analog selectivity. For both the substrate and thiamin synthetic analogs, in vitro reactivities with potential targets are highly relevant in vivo. However, effective concentrations in vivo are often higher than in vitro studies would suggest. The significance of specific inihibition of the ThDP-dependent enzymes for the development of herbicides, antibiotics, anticancer and neuroprotective strategies is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria I Bunik
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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12
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Kiss G, Konrad C, Doczi J, Starkov AA, Kawamata H, Manfredi G, Zhang SF, Gibson GE, Beal MF, Adam-Vizi V, Chinopoulos C. The negative impact of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex deficiency on matrix substrate-level phosphorylation. FASEB J 2013; 27:2392-406. [PMID: 23475850 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-220202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A decline in α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (KGDHC) activity has been associated with neurodegeneration. Provision of succinyl-CoA by KGDHC is essential for generation of matrix ATP (or GTP) by substrate-level phosphorylation catalyzed by succinyl-CoA ligase. Here, we demonstrate ATP consumption in respiration-impaired isolated and in situ neuronal somal mitochondria from transgenic mice with a deficiency of either dihydrolipoyl succinyltransferase (DLST) or dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (DLD) that exhibit a 20-48% decrease in KGDHC activity. Import of ATP into the mitochondrial matrix of transgenic mice was attributed to a shift in the reversal potential of the adenine nucleotide translocase toward more negative values due to diminished matrix substrate-level phosphorylation, which causes the translocase to reverse prematurely. Immunoreactivity of all three subunits of succinyl-CoA ligase and maximal enzymatic activity were unaffected in transgenic mice as compared to wild-type littermates. Therefore, decreased matrix substrate-level phosphorylation was due to diminished provision of succinyl-CoA. These results were corroborated further by the finding that mitochondria from wild-type mice respiring on substrates supporting substrate-level phosphorylation exhibited ~30% higher ADP-ATP exchange rates compared to those obtained from DLST(+/-) or DLD(+/-) littermates. We propose that KGDHC-associated pathologies are a consequence of the inability of respiration-impaired mitochondria to rely on "in-house" mitochondrial ATP reserves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Kiss
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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13
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Araújo WL, Trofimova L, Mkrtchyan G, Steinhauser D, Krall L, Graf A, Fernie AR, Bunik VI. On the role of the mitochondrial 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex in amino acid metabolism. Amino Acids 2012; 44:683-700. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-012-1392-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Gibson GE, Chen HL, Xu H, Qiu L, Xu Z, Denton TT, Shi Q. Deficits in the mitochondrial enzyme α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase lead to Alzheimer's disease-like calcium dysregulation. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 33:1121.e13-24. [PMID: 22169199 PMCID: PMC3321099 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the molecular sequence of events that culminate in multiple abnormalities in brains from patients that died with Alzheimer's disease (AD) will help to reveal the mechanisms of the disease and identify upstream events as therapeutic targets. The activity of the mitochondrial α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (KGDHC) in homogenates from autopsy brain declines with AD. Experimental reductions in KGDHC in mouse models of AD promote plaque and tangle formation, the hallmark pathologies of AD. We hypothesize that deficits in KGDHC also lead to the abnormalities in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium stores and cytosolic calcium following K(+) depolarization that occurs in cells from AD patients and transgenic models of AD. The activity of the mitochondrial enzyme KGDHC was diminished acutely (minutes), long-term (days), or chronically (weeks). Acute inhibition of KGDHC produced effects on calcium opposite to those in AD, while the chronic or long-term inhibition of KGDHC mimicked the AD-related changes in calcium. Divergent changes in proteins released from the mitochondria that affect endoplasmic reticulum calcium channels may underlie the selective cellular consequences of acute versus longer term inhibition of KGDHC. The results suggest that the mitochondrial abnormalities in AD can be upstream of those in calcium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary E Gibson
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY 10605, USA.
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Nilsen LH, Shi Q, Gibson GE, Sonnewald U. Brain [U-13 C]glucose metabolism in mice with decreased α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex activity. J Neurosci Res 2011; 89:1997-2007. [PMID: 21374701 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Revised: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 01/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The activity of the α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (KGDHC), a mitochondrial enzyme complex that mediates the oxidative decarboxylation of α-ketoglutarate in the TCA cycle, is reduced in Alzheimer's disease. We investigated the metabolic effects of a partial KGDHC activity reduction on brain glucose metabolism using mice with disrupted expression of dihydrolipoyl succinyltransferase (DLST; gene encoding the E2k subunit of KGDHC). Brain tissue extracts from cortex and cerebellum of 6-week-old heterozygote DLST knockout mice (DLST+/-) and corresponding wild-type mice injected with [U-(13) C]glucose and decapitated 15 min later were analyzed. An increase in the concentration of glucose in cortex suggested a decrease in the cortical utilization of glucose in DLST+/- mice. Furthermore, the concentration and (13) C labelling of aspartate in cortex were reduced in DLST+/- mice. This decline was likely caused by a decrease in the pool of oxaloacetate. In contrast to results from cell culture studies, no indications of altered glycolysis or GABA shunt activity were found. Glucose metabolism in the cerebellum was unaffected by the decrease in KGDHC activity. Among metabolites not related to glucose metabolism, the concentration of taurine was decreased in the cortex, and that of tyrosine was increased in the cerebellum. These results imply that diminished KGDHC activity has the potential to induce the reduction in glucose utilization that is seen in several neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linn Hege Nilsen
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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16
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Bubber P, Hartounian V, Gibson GE, Blass JP. Abnormalities in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in the brains of schizophrenia patients. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2011; 21:254-60. [PMID: 21123035 PMCID: PMC3033969 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2010.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Revised: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Images of brain metabolism and measurements of activities of components of the electron transport chain support earlier studies that suggest that brain glucose oxidation is inherently abnormal in a significant proportion of persons with schizophrenia. Therefore, we measured the activities of enzymes of the tricarboxylic (TCA) cycle in dorsolateral-prefrontal-cortex from schizophrenia patients (N=13) and non-psychiatric disease controls (N=13): the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC), citrate synthase (CS), aconitase, isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (KGDHC), succinate thiokinase (STH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), fumarase and malate dehydrogenase (MDH). Activities of aconitase (18.4%, p<0.05), KGDHC (26%) and STH (28.2%, p<0.05), enzymes in the first half of the TCA cycle, were lower, but SDH (18.3%, p<0.05) and MDH (34%, p<0.005), enzymes in the second half, were higher than controls. PDHC, CS, ICDH and fumarase activities were unchanged. There were no significant correlations between enzymes of TCA cycle and cognitive function, age or choline acetyl transferase activity, except for aconitase activity which decreased slightly with age (r=0.55, p=003). The increased activities of dehydrogenases in the second half of the TCA cycle may reflect a compensatory response to reduced activities of enzymes in the first half. Such alterations in the components of TCA cycle are adequate to alter the rate of brain metabolism. These results are consistent with the imaging studies of hypometabolism in schizophrenia. They suggest that deficiencies in mitochondrial enzymes can be associated with mental disease that takes the form of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bubber
- Burke Medical Research Institute of Weill-Cornell Medical School, White Plains, NY 10605, United States
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17
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Gibson GE, Starkov A, Blass JP, Ratan RR, Beal MF. Cause and consequence: mitochondrial dysfunction initiates and propagates neuronal dysfunction, neuronal death and behavioral abnormalities in age-associated neurodegenerative diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2009; 1802:122-34. [PMID: 19715758 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2009.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Revised: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 08/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Age-related neurodegenerative diseases are associated with mild impairment of oxidative metabolism and accumulation of abnormal proteins. Within the cell, the mitochondria appears to be a dominant site for initiation and propagation of disease processes. Shifts in metabolism in response to mild metabolic perturbations may decrease the threshold for irreversible injury in response to ordinarily sublethal metabolic insults. Mild impairment of metabolism accrue from and lead to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS). Increased ROS change cell signaling via post-transcriptional and transcriptional changes. The cause and consequences of mild impairment of mitochondrial metabolism is one focus of this review. Many experiments in tissues from humans support the notion that oxidative modification of the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (KGDHC) compromises neuronal energy metabolism and enhances ROS production in Alzheimer's Disease (AD). These data suggest that cognitive decline in AD derives from the selective tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle abnormalities. By contrast in Huntington's Disease (HD), a movement disorder with cognitive features distinct form AD, complex II+III abnormalities may dominate. These distinct mitochondrial abnormalities culminate in oxidative stress, energy dysfunction, and aberrant homeostasis of cytosolic calcium. Cytosolic calcium, elevations even only transiently, leads to hyperactivity of a number of enzymes. One calcium-activated enzyme with demonstrated pathophysiological import in HD and AD is transglutaminase (TGase). TGase is a crosslinking enzymes that can modulate transcription, inactivate metabolic enzymes, and cause aggregation of critical proteins. Recent data indicate that TGase can silence expression of genes involved in compensating for metabolic stress. Altogether, our results suggest that increasing KGDHC via inhibition of TGase or via a host of other strategies to be described would be effective therapeutic approaches in age-associated neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary E Gibson
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University at Burke Medical Research Institute, 785 Mamaroneck Avenue, White Plains, NY 10605, USA.
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