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Terreros-Roncal J, Flor-García M, Moreno-Jiménez EP, Rodríguez-Moreno CB, Márquez-Valadez B, Gallardo-Caballero M, Rábano A, Llorens-Martín M. Methods to study adult hippocampal neurogenesis in humans and across the phylogeny. Hippocampus 2023; 33:271-306. [PMID: 36259116 PMCID: PMC7614361 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus hosts the continuous addition of new neurons throughout life-a phenomenon named adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN). Here we revisit the occurrence of AHN in more than 110 mammalian species, including humans, and discuss the further validation of these data by single-cell RNAseq and other alternative techniques. In this regard, our recent studies have addressed the long-standing controversy in the field, namely whether cells positive for AHN markers are present in the adult human dentate gyrus (DG). Here we review how we developed a tightly controlled methodology, based on the use of high-quality brain samples (characterized by short postmortem delays and ≤24 h of fixation in freshly prepared 4% paraformaldehyde), to address human AHN. We review that the detection of AHN markers in samples fixed for 24 h required mild antigen retrieval and chemical elimination of autofluorescence. However, these steps were not necessary for samples subjected to shorter fixation periods. Moreover, the detection of labile epitopes (such as Nestin) in the human hippocampus required the use of mild detergents. The application of this strictly controlled methodology allowed reconstruction of the entire AHN process, thus revealing the presence of neural stem cells, proliferative progenitors, neuroblasts, and immature neurons at distinct stages of differentiation in the human DG. The data reviewed here demonstrate that methodology is of utmost importance when studying AHN by means of distinct techniques across the phylogenetic scale. In this regard, we summarize the major findings made by our group that emphasize that overlooking fundamental technical principles might have consequences for any given research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Terreros-Roncal
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Spanish Research Council (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Flor-García
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Spanish Research Council (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena P Moreno-Jiménez
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Spanish Research Council (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carla B Rodríguez-Moreno
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Spanish Research Council (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Berenice Márquez-Valadez
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Spanish Research Council (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Gallardo-Caballero
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Spanish Research Council (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Rábano
- Neuropathology Department, CIEN Foundation, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Llorens-Martín
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Spanish Research Council (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
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2
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Liu X, Zhang G, Wei P, Hao L, Zhong L, Zhong K, Liu C, Liu P, Feng Q, Wang S, Zhang J, Tian R, Zhou L. 3D-printed collagen/silk fibroin/secretome derived from bFGF-pretreated HUCMSCs scaffolds enhanced therapeutic ability in canines traumatic brain injury model. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:995099. [PMID: 36091465 PMCID: PMC9449499 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.995099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The regeneration of brain tissue poses a great challenge because of the limited self-regenerative capabilities of neurons after traumatic brain injury (TBI). For this purpose, 3D-printed collagen/silk fibroin/secretome derived from human umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells (HUCMSCs) pretreated with bFGF scaffolds (3D-CS-bFGF-ST) at a low temperature were prepared in this study. From an in vitro perspective, 3D-CS-bFGF-ST showed good biodegradation, appropriate mechanical properties, and good biocompatibility. In regard to vivo, during the tissue remodelling processes of TBI, the regeneration of brain tissues was obviously faster in the 3D-CS-bFGF-ST group than in the other two groups (3D-printed collagen/silk fibroin/secretome derived from human umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells (3D-CS-ST) group and TBI group) by motor assay, histological analysis, and immunofluorescence assay. Satisfactory regeneration was achieved in the two 3D-printed scaffold-based groups at 6 months postsurgery, while the 3D-CS-bFGF-ST group showed a better outcome than the 3D-CS-ST group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guijun Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Pan Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People’s Hospital of Long Quan yi District, Chengdu, China
| | - Lifang Hao
- Department of Radiology, Liao Cheng The Third People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, China
| | - Lin Zhong
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Kunhon Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qingbo Feng
- Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianyong Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- *Correspondence: Jianyong Zhang, ; Rui Tian, ; Liangxue Zhou,
| | - Rui Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Jianyong Zhang, ; Rui Tian, ; Liangxue Zhou,
| | - Liangxue Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Jianyong Zhang, ; Rui Tian, ; Liangxue Zhou,
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3
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Zhou XA, Blackmore DG, Zhuo J, Nasrallah FA, To X, Kurniawan ND, Carlisle A, Vien KY, Chuang KH, Jiang T, Bartlett PF. Neurogenic-dependent changes in hippocampal circuitry underlie the procognitive effect of exercise in aging mice. iScience 2021; 24:103450. [PMID: 34877505 PMCID: PMC8633984 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We have shown that the improvement in hippocampal-based learning in aged mice following physical exercise observed is dependent on neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG) and is regulated by changes in growth hormone levels. The changes in neurocircuitry, however, which may underlie this improvement, remain unclear. Using in vivo multimodal magnetic resonance imaging to track changes in aged mice exposed to exercise, we show the improved spatial learning is due to enhanced DG connectivity, particularly the strengthening of the DG-Cornu Ammonis 3 and the DG-medial entorhinal cortex connections in the dorsal hippocampus. Moreover, we provide evidence that these changes in circuitry are dependent on neurogenesis since they were abrogated by ablation of newborn neurons following exercise. These findings identify the specific changes in hippocampal circuitry that underlie the cognitive improvements resulting from physical activity and show that they are dependent on the activation of neurogenesis in aged animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Alice Zhou
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Daniel G. Blackmore
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Junjie Zhuo
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Fatima A. Nasrallah
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - XuanVinh To
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Nyoman D. Kurniawan
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Alison Carlisle
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - King-Year Vien
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Kai-Hsiang Chuang
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Tianzi Jiang
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Perry F. Bartlett
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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Nutrients, Cognitive Function, and Brain Aging: What We Have Learned from Dogs. Med Sci (Basel) 2021; 9:medsci9040072. [PMID: 34842769 PMCID: PMC8628994 DOI: 10.3390/medsci9040072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to a difference in genetics, environmental factors, and nutrition, just like in people, dogs age at different rates. Brain aging in people and dogs share similar morphological changes including irreversible cortical atrophy, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, and ventricular enlargement. Due to severe and irreversible brain atrophy, some aging dogs develop cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CDS), which is equivalent to dementia or Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in people. The risk factors and causes of CDS in dogs have not been fully investigated, but age, gender, oxidative stress, and deficiency of sex hormones appears to be associated with increased risk of accelerated brain aging and CDS in dogs. Both AD and CDS are incurable diseases at this moment, therefore more efforts should be focused on preventing or reducing brain atrophy and minimizing the risk of AD in people and CDS in dogs. Since brain atrophy leads to irreversible cognitive decline and dementia, an optimal nutritional solution should be able to not only enhance cognitive function during aging but also reduce irreversible brain atrophy. Up to now, only one nutritional intervention has demonstrated both cognition-enhancing benefits and atrophy-reducing benefits.
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Constitutive Neurogenesis in the Brain of Different Vertebrate Groups. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-021-09904-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Hossain MM, Belkadi A, Al-Haddad S, Richardson JR. Deltamethrin Exposure Inhibits Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Causes Deficits in Learning and Memory in Mice. Toxicol Sci 2021; 178:347-357. [PMID: 32976580 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficits in learning and memory are often associated with disruption of hippocampal neurogenesis, which is regulated by numerous processes, including precursor cell proliferation, survival, migration, and differentiation to mature neurons. Recent studies demonstrate that adult born neurons in the dentate gyrus (DG) in the hippocampus can functionally integrate into the existing neuronal circuitry and contribute to hippocampal-dependent learning and memory. Here, we demonstrate that relatively short-term deltamethrin exposure (3 mg/kg every 3 days for 1 month) inhibits adult hippocampal neurogenesis and causes deficits in learning and memory in mice. Hippocampal-dependent cognitive functions were evaluated using 2 independent hippocampal-dependent behavioral tests, the novel object recognition task and Morris water maze. We found that deltamethrin-treated mice exhibited profound deficits in novel object recognition and learning and memory in water maze. Deltamethrin exposure significantly decreased bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-positive cells (39%) and Ki67+ cells (47%) in the DG of the hippocampus, indicating decreased cellular proliferation. In addition, deltamethrin-treated mice exhibited a 44% decrease in nestin-expressing neural progenitor cells and a 38% reduction in the expression of doublecortin (DCX), an early neuronal differentiation marker. Furthermore, deltamethrin-exposed mice exhibited a 25% reduction in total number of granule cells in the DG. These findings indicate that relatively short-term exposure to deltamethrin causes significant deficits in hippocampal neurogenesis that is associated with impaired learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad M Hossain
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio 44272
| | - Abdelmadjid Belkadi
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio 44272
| | - Sara Al-Haddad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio 44272
| | - Jason R Richardson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio 44272
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Bagnoli S, Terzibasi Tozzini E. Age-Dependent Regulation of Notch Family Members in the Neuronal Stem Cell Niches of the Short-Lived Killifish Nothobranchius furzeri. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:640958. [PMID: 34307342 PMCID: PMC8299727 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.640958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The annual killifish Nothobranchius furzeri is a new experimental model organism in biology, since it represents the vertebrate species with the shortest captive life span and also shows the fastest maturation and senescence recorded in the laboratory. Here, we use this model to investigate the age-dependent decay of neurogenesis in the telencephalon (brain region sharing the same embryonic origin with the mammalian adult niches), focusing on the expression of the Notch pathway genes. Results: We observed that the major ligands/receptors of the pathway showed a negative correlation with age, indicating age-dependent downregulation of the Notch pathway. Moreover, expression of notch1a was clearly limited to active neurogenic niches and declined during aging, without changing its regional patterning. Expression of notch3 is not visibly influenced by aging. Conclusion: Both expression pattern and regulation differ between notch1a and notch3, with the former being limited to mitotically active regions and reduced by aging and the latter being present in all cells with a neurogenic potential, regardless of the level of their actual mitotic activity, and so is less influenced by age. This finally suggests a possible differential role of the two receptors in the regulation of the niche proliferative potential throughout the entire fish life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bagnoli
- Laboratory of Biology (BIO@SNS), Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
| | - Eva Terzibasi Tozzini
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms (BEOM), Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
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8
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Yamazaki K, Yoshimura A, Miyahara S, Sugi S, Itono M, Kondo M, Tsuji N, Shimizu M, Fukushima R, Kishimoto M. Evaluation of cerebral blood flow in the hippocampus, thalamus, and basal ganglia and the volume of the hippocampus in dogs before and during treatment with prednisolone. Am J Vet Res 2021; 82:230-236. [PMID: 33629902 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.82.3.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine whether glucocorticoid (GC) administration alters hippocampal cerebral blood flow (CBF) or volume in dogs. ANIMALS 6 clinically normal adult Beagles. PROCEDURES Each dog underwent CT and MRI to measure the CBF in the hippocampus, basal ganglia, thalamus, and cerebral cortex and the volume of the hippocampus in each hemisphere of the brain before (day 0) and during (days 7 and 21) a 21-day treatment with prednisolone (1.0 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h) and famotidine (0.5 mg/kg, PO, q 12 h). Results for hippocampal volume, anesthesia-related variables, and semiquantitative measurements of CBF (hemisphere-specific ratios of the CBF in the hippocampus, basal ganglia, and thalamus relative to the CBF in the ipsilateral cerebral cortex and the left cerebral cortex CBF-to-right cerebral cortex CBF ratio) were compared across assessment time points (days 0, 7, and 21). RESULTS The ratios of CBF in the right hippocampus and right thalamus to that in the right cerebral cortex on day 21 were significantly lower than those on day 0. No meaningful differences were detected in results for the hippocampal volume in either hemisphere or for the anesthesia-related variables across the 3 time points. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that GC administration reduced CBF in the hippocampus and thalamus in dogs of the present study, similar to that which occurs in humans. Research on GC-related brain alteration in dogs could potentially contribute to advancements in understanding Alzheimer disease in humans and neurodegenerative conditions in dogs.
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von Rüden EL, Gualtieri F, Schönhoff K, Reiber M, Wolf F, Baumgärtner W, Hansmann F, Tipold A, Potschka H. Molecular alterations of the TLR4-signaling cascade in canine epilepsy. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:18. [PMID: 31959173 PMCID: PMC6971886 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-2241-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cumulating evidence from rodent models points to a pathophysiological role of inflammatory signaling in the epileptic brain with Toll-like receptor-4 signaling acting as one key factor. However, there is an apparent lack of information about expression alterations affecting this pathway in canine patients with epilepsy. Therefore, we have analyzed the expression pattern of Toll-like receptor 4 and its ligands in brain tissue of canine patients with structural or idiopathic epilepsy in comparison with tissue from laboratory dogs or from owner-kept dogs without neurological diseases. RESULTS The analysis revealed an overexpression of Toll-like receptor-4 in the CA3 region of dogs with structural epilepsy. Further analysis provided evidence for an upregulation of Toll-like receptor-4 ligands with high mobility group box-1 exhibiting increased expression levels in the CA1 region of dogs with idiopathic and structural epilepsy, and heat shock protein 70 exhibiting increased expression levels in the piriform lobe of dogs with idiopathic epilepsy. In further brain regions, receptor and ligand expression rates proved to be either in the control range or reduced below control levels. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals complex molecular alterations affecting the Toll-like receptor signaling cascade, which differ between epilepsy types and between brain regions. Taken together, the data indicate that multi-targeting approaches modulating Toll-like receptor-4 signaling might be of interest for management of canine epilepsy. Further studies are recommended to explore respective molecular alterations in more detail in dogs with different etiologies and to confirm the role of the pro-inflammatory signaling cascade as a putative target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Lotta von Rüden
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Königinstr. 16, D-80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Fabio Gualtieri
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Königinstr. 16, D-80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Schönhoff
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Königinstr. 16, D-80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Maria Reiber
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Königinstr. 16, D-80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Fabio Wolf
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Königinstr. 16, D-80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Buenteweg 17, D-30559, Hanover, Germany
| | - Florian Hansmann
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Buenteweg 17, D-30559, Hanover, Germany
| | - Andrea Tipold
- Clinic for small animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Buenteweg 9, D-30559, Hanover, Germany
| | - Heidrun Potschka
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Königinstr. 16, D-80539, Munich, Germany.
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Bekiari C, Grivas I, Tsingotjidou A, Papadopoulos GC. Adult neurogenesis and gliogenesis in the dorsal and ventral canine hippocampus. J Comp Neurol 2019; 528:1216-1230. [PMID: 31743444 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dentate gyrus (DG) of the mammalian hippocampus gives rise to new neurons and astrocytes all through adulthood. Canine hippocampus presents many similarities in fetal development, anatomy, and physiology with human hippocampus, establishing canines as excellent animal models for the study of adult neurogenesis. In the present study, BrdU-dated cells of the structurally and functionally dissociated dorsal (dDG) and ventral (vDG) adult canine DG were comparatively examined over a period of 30 days. Each part's neurogenic potential, radial glia-like neural stem cells (NSCs) proliferation and differentiation, migration, and maturation of their progenies were evaluated at 2, 5, 14, and 30 days post BrdU administration, with the use of selected markers (glial fibrillary acidic protein, doublecortin, calretinin and calbindin). Co-staining of BrdU+ cells with NeuN or S100B permitted the parallel study of the ongoing neurogenesis and gliogenesis. Our findings reveal the comparatively higher populations of residing granule cells, proliferating NSCs and BrdU+ neurons in the dDG, whereas newborn neurons of the vDG showed a prolonged differentiation, migration, and maturation. Newborn astrocytes were found all along the dorso-ventral axis, counting however for only 11% of newborn cell population. Comparative evaluation of adult canine and rat neurogenesis revealed significant differences in the distribution of resident and newborn granule cells along the dorso-ventral axis, division pattern of adult NSCs, maturation time plan of newborn neurons, and ongoing gliogenesis. Concluding, spatial and temporal features of adult canine neurogenesis are similar to that of other gyrencephalic species, including humans, and justify the comparative examination of adult neurogenesis across mammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chryssa Bekiari
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Grivas
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasia Tsingotjidou
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios C Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Dai Y, Sun F, Zhu H, Liu Q, Xu X, Gong P, Jiang R, Jin G, Qin J, Chen J, Zhang X, Shi W. Effects and Mechanism of Action of Neonatal Versus Adult Astrocytes on Neural Stem Cell Proliferation After Traumatic Brain Injury. Stem Cells 2019; 37:1344-1356. [PMID: 31287930 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Due to the limited capacity of brain tissue to self-regenerate after traumatic brain injury (TBI), the mobilization of endogenous neural stem cells (NSCs) is a popular research topic. In the clinic, the neurogenic abilities of adults versus neonates vary greatly, which is likely related to functional differences in NSCs. Recent studies have demonstrated that the molecules secreted from astrocytes play important roles in NSC fate determination. In this study, conditioned media (CM) derived from neonatal or adult rat astrocytes, which were unstimulated or stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), were prepared to treat NSCs. Our results revealed that neonatal rat astrocytes can significantly promote the proliferation of NSCs, compared with adult rat astrocytes, regardless of whether or not they were stimulated by LPS. Furthermore, we used mass spectrometry to detect the constituents of the CM from each group. We analyzed and screened for a protein, Tenascin-C (TNC), which was highly expressed in the neonatal group but poorly expressed in the adult group. We found that TNC can bind to the NSC surface epidermal growth factor receptor and promote proliferation through the PI3K-AKT pathway in vitro. Additionally, we confirmed in vivo that TNC can promote damage repair in a rat model of TBI, through enhancing the proliferation of endogenous NSCs. We believe that these findings provide a mechanistic understanding of why neonates show better neuroregenerative abilities than adults. This also provides a potential future therapeutic target, TNC, for injury repair after TBI. Stem Cells 2019;37:1344-1356.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Dai
- Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Centre of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Feifan Sun
- Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Centre of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhu
- Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Centre of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianqian Liu
- Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Centre of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xide Xu
- Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Centre of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
| | - Peipei Gong
- Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Centre of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Jiang
- Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Centre of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
| | - Guohua Jin
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianbing Qin
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Chen
- Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Centre of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinghua Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Shi
- Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Centre of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
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12
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Gardini A, Taeymans O, Cherubini GB, de Stefani A, Targett M, Vettorato E. Linear magnetic resonance imaging measurements of the hippocampal formation differ in young versus old dogs. Vet Rec 2019; 185:306. [PMID: 31308154 PMCID: PMC6817983 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Age-related hippocampal formation (HF) atrophy has been documented on MRI studies using volumetric analysis and visual rating scales. This retrospective cross-sectional study aimed to compare linear MRI measurements of the HF between young (1–3 years) and old (>10 years) non-brachycephalic dogs, with normal brain anatomy and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis. Right and left hippocampal formation height (HFH), height of the brain (HB) and mean HFH/HB ratio were measured by two observers on a transverse T2 fluid-attenuated inversion recovery sequence containing rostral colliculi and mesencephalic aqueduct.119 MRI studies were enrolled: 75 young and 44 old dogs. Left and right HFH were greater (p<0.0001) in young, while HB was greater in old dogs (p=0.024). Mean HFH/HB ratio was 15.66 per cent and 18.30 per cent in old and young dogs (p<0.0001). No differences were found comparing measurements between epileptic and non-epileptic dogs. Old dogs have a greater HB; this may represent the different study populations or a statistical phenomenon. Ageing affects HF linear measurements. A reduction of mean HFH/HB ratio between 18.30 per cent and 15.66 per cent should be considered a physiological age-related process of the canine lifespan. The use of mean HFH/HB ratio could be considered for quantifying brain atrophy in elderly dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gardini
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Dick White Referrals, Six Mile Bottom, UK
| | - Olivier Taeymans
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Dick White Referrals, Six Mile Bottom, UK
| | | | - Alberta de Stefani
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Mike Targett
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, UK
| | - Enzo Vettorato
- Department of Anaesthesia and Analgesia, Dick White Referrals, Six Mile Bottom, UK
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Terzibasi-Tozzini E, Martinez-Nicolas A, Lucas-Sánchez A. The clock is ticking. Ageing of the circadian system: From physiology to cell cycle. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017. [PMID: 28630025 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The circadian system is the responsible to organise the internal temporal order in relation to the environment of every process of the organisms producing the circadian rhythms. These rhythms have a fixed phase relationship among them and with the environment in order to optimise the available energy and resources. From a cellular level, circadian rhythms are controlled by genetic positive and negative auto-regulated transcriptional and translational feedback loops, which generate 24h rhythms in mRNA and protein levels of the clock components. It has been described about 10% of the genome is controlled by clock genes, with special relevance, due to its implications, to the cell cycle. Ageing is a deleterious process which affects all the organisms' structures including circadian system. The circadian system's ageing may produce a disorganisation among the circadian rhythms, arrhythmicity and, even, disconnection from the environment, resulting in a detrimental situation to the organism. In addition, some environmental conditions can produce circadian disruption, also called chronodisruption, which may produce many pathologies including accelerated ageing. Finally, some strategies to prevent, palliate or counteract chronodisruption effects have been proposed to enhance the circadian system, also called chronoenhancement. This review tries to gather recent advances in the chronobiology of the ageing process, including cell cycle, neurogenesis process and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Martinez-Nicolas
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Campus Mare Nostrum, IUIE. IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain; Ciber Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Lucas-Sánchez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Campus Mare Nostrum, IUIE. IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain; Ciber Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain.
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14
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Youssef SA, Capucchio MT, Rofina JE, Chambers JK, Uchida K, Nakayama H, Head E. Pathology of the Aging Brain in Domestic and Laboratory Animals, and Animal Models of Human Neurodegenerative Diseases. Vet Pathol 2016; 53:327-48. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985815623997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
According to the WHO, the proportion of people over 60 years is increasing and expected to reach 22% of total world’s population in 2050. In parallel, recent animal demographic studies have shown that the life expectancy of pet dogs and cats is increasing. Brain aging is associated not only with molecular and morphological changes but also leads to different degrees of behavioral and cognitive dysfunction. Common age-related brain lesions in humans include brain atrophy, neuronal loss, amyloid plaques, cerebrovascular amyloid angiopathy, vascular mineralization, neurofibrillary tangles, meningeal osseous metaplasia, and accumulation of lipofuscin. In aging humans, the most common neurodegenerative disorder is Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which progressively impairs cognition, behavior, and quality of life. Pathologic changes comparable to the lesions of AD are described in several other animal species, although their clinical significance and effect on cognitive function are poorly documented. This review describes the commonly reported age-associated neurologic lesions in domestic and laboratory animals and the relationship of these lesions to cognitive dysfunction. Also described are the comparative interspecies similarities and differences to AD and other human neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson’s disease and progressive supranuclear palsy, and the spontaneous and transgenic animal models of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. A. Youssef
- Department of Pathobiology, Dutch Molecular Pathology Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - M. T. Capucchio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Torino University, Torino, Italy
| | - J. E. Rofina
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - J. K. Chambers
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K. Uchida
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H. Nakayama
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - E. Head
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, UK, USA
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15
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Liu YQ, Zhan LB, Bi TT, Liang LN, Sun XX, Sui H. Neural stem cell neural differentiation in 3D extracellular matrix and endoplasmic reticulum stress microenvironment. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra04370d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cell neural differentiation was protected by nanomatrix and extracellular matrix proteins under the endoplasmic reticulum stress condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Qiu Liu
- Academy of Integrative Medicine
- Dalian Medical University
- Dalian 116044
- China
| | - Li-Bin Zhan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
- Nanjing 210023
- China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital
| | - Ting-Ting Bi
- Academy of Integrative Medicine
- Dalian Medical University
- Dalian 116044
- China
| | - Li-Na Liang
- Academy of Integrative Medicine
- Dalian Medical University
- Dalian 116044
- China
| | - Xiao-Xin Sun
- Academy of Integrative Medicine
- Dalian Medical University
- Dalian 116044
- China
| | - Hua Sui
- Academy of Integrative Medicine
- Dalian Medical University
- Dalian 116044
- China
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16
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Oxidative Stress and Protein Quality Control Systems in the Aged Canine Brain as a Model for Human Neurodegenerative Disorders. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:940131. [PMID: 26078824 PMCID: PMC4442305 DOI: 10.1155/2015/940131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Aged dogs are considered the most suitable spontaneous animal model for studying normal aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Elderly canines naturally develop cognitive dysfunction and neuropathological hallmarks similar to those seen in humans, especially Alzheimer's disease-like pathology. Pet dogs also share similar living conditions and diets to humans. Oxidative damage accumulates in the canine brain during aging, making dogs a valid model for translational antioxidant treatment/prevention studies. Evidence suggests the presence of detective protein quality control systems, involving ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs), in the aged canine brain. Further studies on the canine model are needed to clarify the role of age-related changes in UPS activity and HSP expression in neurodegeneration in order to design novel treatment strategies, such as HSP-based therapies, aimed at improving chaperone defences against proteotoxic stress affecting brain during aging.
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17
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Takamori Y, Wakabayashi T, Mori T, Kosaka J, Yamada H. Organization and cellular arrangement of two neurogenic regions in the adult ferret (Mustela putorius furo) brain. J Comp Neurol 2014; 522:1818-38. [PMID: 24214369 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In the adult mammalian brain, two neurogenic regions have been characterized, the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricle (LV) and the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus (DG). Despite remarkable knowledge of rodents, the detailed arrangement of neurogenic regions in most mammals is poorly understood. In this study, we used immunohistochemistry and cell type-specific antibodies to investigate the organization of two germinal regions in the adult ferret, which belongs to the order Carnivora and is widely used as a model animal with a gyrencephalic brain. From the SVZ to the olfactory bulb, doublecortin-positive cells tended to organize in chain-like clusters, which are surrounded by a meshwork of astrocytes. This structure is homologous to the rostral migratory stream (RMS) described in other species. Different from rodents, the horizontal limb of the RMS emerges directly from the LV, and the anterior region of the LV extends rostrally and reached the olfactory bulb. In the DG, glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive cells with long radial processes as well as doublecortin-positive cells are oriented in the SGZ. In both regions, doublecortin-positive cells showed characteristic morphology and were positive for polysialylated-neural cell adhesion molecule, beta-III tubulin, and lamin B1 (intense staining). Proliferating cells were detected in both regions using antibodies against proliferating cell nuclear antigen and phospho-histone H3. These observations demonstrate that the two neurogenic regions in ferrets have a similar cellular composition as those of other mammalian species despite anatomical differences in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuharu Takamori
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Science, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
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18
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Baumgart M, Groth M, Priebe S, Savino A, Testa G, Dix A, Ripa R, Spallotta F, Gaetano C, Ori M, Terzibasi Tozzini E, Guthke R, Platzer M, Cellerino A. RNA-seq of the aging brain in the short-lived fish N. furzeri - conserved pathways and novel genes associated with neurogenesis. Aging Cell 2014; 13:965-74. [PMID: 25059688 PMCID: PMC4326923 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The brains of teleost fish show extensive adult neurogenesis and neuronal regeneration. The patterns of gene regulation during fish brain aging are unknown. The short-lived teleost fish Nothobranchius furzeri shows markers of brain aging including reduced learning performances, gliosis, and reduced adult neurogenesis. We used RNA-seq to quantify genome-wide transcript regulation and sampled five different time points to characterize whole-genome transcript regulation during brain aging of N. furzeri. Comparison with human datasets revealed conserved up-regulation of ribosome, lysosome, and complement activation and conserved down-regulation of synapse, mitochondrion, proteasome, and spliceosome. Down-regulated genes differ in their temporal profiles: neurogenesis and extracellular matrix genes showed rapid decay, synaptic and axonal genes a progressive decay. A substantial proportion of differentially expressed genes (∼40%) showed inversion of their temporal profiles in the last time point: spliceosome and proteasome showed initial down-regulation and stress-response genes initial up-regulation. Extensive regulation was detected for chromatin remodelers of the DNMT and CBX families as well as members of the polycomb complex and was mirrored by an up-regulation of the H3K27me3 epigenetic mark. Network analysis showed extensive coregulation of cell cycle/DNA synthesis genes with the uncharacterized zinc-finger protein ZNF367 as central hub. In situ hybridization showed that ZNF367 is expressed in neuronal stem cell niches of both embryonic zebrafish and adult N. furzeri. Other genes down-regulated with age, not previously associated with adult neurogenesis and with similar patterns of expression are AGR2, DNMT3A, KRCP, MEX3A, SCML4, and CBX1. CBX7, on the other hand, was up-regulated with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Baumgart
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute e.V. (FLI); Jena Germany
| | - Marco Groth
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute e.V. (FLI); Jena Germany
| | - Steffen Priebe
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans-Knöll-Institute e.V. (HKI); Jena Germany
| | - Aurora Savino
- Laboratory of NeuroBiology; Scuola Normale Superiore; University of Pisa; Pisa Italy
| | - Giovanna Testa
- Laboratory of NeuroBiology; Scuola Normale Superiore; University of Pisa; Pisa Italy
- Department of Biology; University of Pisa; Pisa Italy
| | - Andreas Dix
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans-Knöll-Institute e.V. (HKI); Jena Germany
| | - Roberto Ripa
- Laboratory of NeuroBiology; Scuola Normale Superiore; University of Pisa; Pisa Italy
| | | | - Carlo Gaetano
- Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität; Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Michela Ori
- Department of Biology; University of Pisa; Pisa Italy
| | - Eva Terzibasi Tozzini
- Laboratory of NeuroBiology; Scuola Normale Superiore; University of Pisa; Pisa Italy
| | - Reinhard Guthke
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans-Knöll-Institute e.V. (HKI); Jena Germany
| | - Matthias Platzer
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute e.V. (FLI); Jena Germany
| | - Alessandro Cellerino
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute e.V. (FLI); Jena Germany
- Laboratory of NeuroBiology; Scuola Normale Superiore; University of Pisa; Pisa Italy
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Abstract
Aging dogs and cats show neurodegenerative features that are similar to human aging and Alzheimer disease. Neuropathologic changes with age may be linked to signs of cognitive dysfunction both in the laboratory and in a clinic setting. Less is known about cat brain aging and cognition and this represents an area for further study. Neurodegenerative diseases such as lysosomal storage diseases in dogs and cats also show similar features of human aging, suggesting some common underlying pathogenic mechanisms and also suggesting pathways that can be modified to promote healthy brain aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles H Vite
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Section of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Studies - Philadelphia, 3900 Delancey Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Elizabeth Head
- Department of Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 800 South Limestone Street, 203 Sanders Brown Building, Lexington, KY 40515, USA.
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20
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Olude AM, Olopade JO, Ihunwo AO. Adult neurogenesis in the African giant rat (Cricetomysgambianus, waterhouse). Metab Brain Dis 2014; 29:857-66. [PMID: 24577632 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-014-9512-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
African giant rats (AGR) are large nocturnal rodents with well-developed olfactory abilities uniquely linked to cognition. The post natal proliferation of neurons (adult neurogenesis), is thought to play an important role in spatial memory and learning. Eighteen brains of the African giant rats (Cricetomys gambianus, Waterhouse) belonging to three age groups (neonates n = 6, juveniles n = 6 and adults n = 6) were examined by immunohistochemistry, using antibodies for proliferating cells (Ki-67), and immature neurons (Doublecortin, DCX). Mean brain weights were 0.40 ± 0.00 g; 4.48 ± 0.43 g and 5.48 ± 0.56 g for neonate, juvenile and adult brains respectively. Our results show positive cell proliferation in the subventricular (SVZ) zone of the lateral ventricle and in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus but at low levels in adults compared to juveniles. Estimate of the mean total proliferative Ki-67 positive cells in the SVZ and DG in the neonates was 21145 ± 8395, and 11800 ± 1230; brains from juvenile AGRs, 45530 ± 13950 and 12480 ± 7860 and from adult brains, (6880 ± 340 and 1130 ± 150) respectively. Juvenile AGR in particular, stained positively in potential sites such as the piriform and somatosensory cortices, striatum and cerebellum. This intensity of the proliferating cells within the dentate gyrus in the juvenile and adult brains could be associated with a role in the cognitive functions of landmine detection and tuberculosis diagnosis after olfactory training of the African giant rat. The juvenile rats are proposed as the most suited for experimental research and olfactory training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayo Mathew Olude
- School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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21
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Kawada K, Iekumo T, Saito R, Kaneko M, Mimori S, Nomura Y, Okuma Y. Aberrant neuronal differentiation and inhibition of dendrite outgrowth resulting from endoplasmic reticulum stress. J Neurosci Res 2014; 92:1122-33. [PMID: 24723324 PMCID: PMC4320781 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) play an essential role in development of the central nervous system. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induces neuronal death. After neuronal death, neurogenesis is generally enhanced to repair the damaged regions. However, it is unclear whether ER stress directly affects neurogenesis-related processes such as neuronal differentiation and dendrite outgrowth. We evaluated whether neuronal differentiation and dendrite outgrowth were regulated by HRD1, a ubiquitin ligase that was induced under mild conditions of tunicamycin-induced ER stress. Neurons were differentiated from mouse embryonic carcinoma P19 cells by using retinoic acid. The differentiated cells were cultured for 8 days with or without tunicamycin and HRD1 knockdown. The ER stressor led to markedly increased levels of ER stress. ER stress increased the expression levels of neuronal marker βIII-tubulin in 8-day-differentiated cells. However, the neurites of dendrite marker microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP-2)-positive cells appeared to retract in response to ER stress. Moreover, ER stress markedly reduced the dendrite length and MAP-2 expression levels, whereas it did not affect the number of surviving mature neurons. In contrast, HRD1 knockdown abolished the changes in expression of proteins such as βIII-tubulin and MAP-2. These results suggested that ER stress caused aberrant neuronal differentiation from NSCs followed by the inhibition of neurite outgrowth. These events may be mediated by increased HRD1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Kawada
- Department of Pharmacology, Chiba Institute of Science, Chiba, Japan
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22
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Terzibasi Tozzini E, Savino A, Ripa R, Battistoni G, Baumgart M, Cellerino A. Regulation of microRNA expression in the neuronal stem cell niches during aging of the short-lived annual fish Nothobranchius furzeri. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:51. [PMID: 24600353 PMCID: PMC3930850 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, our group has intensively studied the annual fish Nothobranchius furzeri as a new experimental model in Biology specifically applied to aging research. We previously studied adult neuronal stem cells of N. furzeri in vivo and we demonstrated an age-dependent decay in adult neurogenesis. More recently we identified and quantified the expression of miRNAs in the brain of N. furzeri and we detected 165 conserved miRNAs and found that brain aging in this fish is associated with coherent up-regulation of well-known tumor suppressor miRNAs, as well as down-regulation of well-known onco miRNAs~– In the present work we characterized the expression of miR-15a, miR-20a, and microRNA cluster 17–92 in the principal neurogenic niches of the brain of young and old subjects of N. furzeri, by using in situ hybridization techniques, together with proliferating-cell nuclear antigen immuno-staining for a simultaneous visualization of the neuronal progenitors. We found that: (1) the expression of miR-15a is higher in the brain of old subjects and concentrates mainly in the principal neurogenic niches of telencephalon and optic tectum, (2) the expression of miR-20a is higher in the brain of young subjects, but more widespread to the areas surrounding the neurogenic niches, (3) finally, the expression of the microRNA cluster 17–92 is higher in the brain of young subjects, concentrated mainly in the principal neurogenic niches of telencephalon and cerebellum, and with reduced intensity in the optic tectum. Taken together, our data show that these microRNAs, originally identified in whole-brain analysis, are specifically regulated in the stem cell niche during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aurora Savino
- Laboratorio di Biologia, Scuola Normale Superiore Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberto Ripa
- Laboratorio di Biologia, Scuola Normale Superiore Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Mario Baumgart
- Fritz Lipmann Institute for Age Research, Leibniz Institute Jena, Germany
| | - Alessandro Cellerino
- Laboratorio di Biologia, Scuola Normale Superiore Pisa, Italy ; Fritz Lipmann Institute for Age Research, Leibniz Institute Jena, Germany
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23
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Taylor SR, Smith C, Harris BT, Costine BA, Duhaime AC. Maturation-dependent response of neurogenesis after traumatic brain injury in children. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2013; 12:545-54. [PMID: 24053630 DOI: 10.3171/2013.8.peds13154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECT Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of acquired disability in children, yet innate repair mechanisms are incompletely understood. Given data from animal studies documenting neurogenesis in response to trauma and other insults, the authors investigated whether similar responses could be found in children of different ages after TBI. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was used to label doublecortin (DCX), a protein expressed by immature migrating neuroblasts (newborn neurons), in specimens from patients ranging in age from 3 weeks to 10 years who had died either after TBI or from other causes. Doublecortin-positive (DCX+) cells were examined in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and periventricular white matter (PWM) and were quantified within the granule cell layer (GCL) and subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus to determine if age and/or injury affect the number of DCX+ cells in these regions. RESULTS The DCX+ cells decreased in the SVZ as patient age increased and were found in abundance around a focal subacute infarct in a 1-month-old non-TBI patient, but were scarce in all other patients regardless of age or history of trauma. The DCX+ cells in the PWM and dentate gyrus demonstrated a migratory morphology and did not co-localize with markers for astrocytes, microglia, or macrophages. In addition, there were significantly more DCX+ cells in the GCL and SGZ of the dentate gyrus in children younger than 1 year old than in older children. The density of immature migrating neuroblasts in infants (under 1 year of age) was significantly greater than in young children (2-6 years of age, p = 0.006) and older children (7-10 years of age, p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS The main variable influencing the number of migrating neuroblasts observed in the SVZ, PWM, and hippocampus was patient age. Trauma had no discernible effect on the number of migrating neuroblasts in this cohort of patients in whom death typically occurred within hours to days after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina R Taylor
- Program in Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
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24
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Jafari M, Haist V, Baumgärtner W, Wagner S, Stein VM, Tipold A, Wendt H, Potschka H. Impact of Theiler's virus infection on hippocampal neuronal progenitor cells: differential effects in two mouse strains. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2013; 38:647-64. [PMID: 22288387 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2012.01256.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Disease-associated alterations in hippocampal neurogenesis are discussed as an important factor contributing to long-term consequences of central nervous system diseases. Therefore, the study aimed to determine the impact of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus infection on hippocampal cell proliferation, neuronal progenitor cells and neurogenesis as well as the influence of microglia on respective disease-associated alterations. METHODS The impact of the infection was evaluated in two mouse strains which differ in the disease course, with an acute polioencephalitis followed by virus elimination in C57BL/6 mice and a chronic demyelinating disease in SJL/J mice. RESULTS Infection with the low neurovirulent BeAn strain did not exert significant acute effects regardless of the mouse strain. In the chronic phase, the number of neuronal progenitor cells and early postmitotic neurones was significantly reduced in infected SJL/J mice, whereas no long-term alterations were observed in C57BL/6 mice. A contrasting course of microglia activation was observed in the two mouse strains, with an early increase in the number of activated microglia cells in SJL/J mice and a delayed increase in C57BL/6 mice. Quantitative analysis did not confirm a correlation between the number of activated microglia and the number of neuronal progenitor cells and early postmitotic neurones. However, flow cytometric analyses revealed alterations in the functional state of microglial cells which might have affected the generation of neuronal progenitor cells. CONCLUSIONS Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus infection can exert delayed effects on the hippocampal neuronal progenitor population with long-term alterations evident 3 months following infection. These alterations proved to depend on strain susceptibility and might contribute to detrimental consequences of virus encephalitis such as cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jafari
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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Head E. A canine model of human aging and Alzheimer's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:1384-9. [PMID: 23528711 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The aged dog naturally develops cognitive decline in many different domains (including learning and memory) but also exhibits human-like individual variability in the aging process. The neurobiological basis for cognitive dysfunction may be related to structural changes that reflect neurodegeneration. Molecular cascades that contribute to degeneration in the aging dog brain include the progressive accumulation of beta-amyloid (Aβ) in diffuse plaques and in the cerebral vasculature. In addition, neuronal dysfunction occurs as a consequence of mitochondrial dysfunction and cumulative oxidative damage. In combination, the aged dog captures key features of human aging, making them particularly useful for the development of preventive or therapeutic interventions to improve aged brain function. These interventions can then be translated into human clinical trials. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Animal Models of Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Head
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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De Nevi E, Marco-Salazar P, Fondevila D, Blasco E, Pérez L, Pumarola M. Immunohistochemical study of doublecortin and nucleostemin in canine brain. Eur J Histochem 2013; 57:e9. [PMID: 23549468 PMCID: PMC3683616 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2013.e9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Finding a marker of neural stem cells remains a medical research priority. It was reported that the proteins doublecortin and nucleostemin were related with stem/progenitor cells in central nervous system. The aim of the present immunohistochemical study was to evaluate the expression of these proteins and their pattern of distribution in canine brain, including age-related changes, and in non-nervous tissues. We found that doublecortin had a more specific expression pattern, related with neurogenesis and neuronal migration, while nucleostemin was expressed in most cells of almost every tissue studied. The immunolabeling of both proteins decreased with age. We may conclude that nucleostemin is not a specific marker of stem/progenitor cells in the dog. Doublecortin, however, is not an exclusive marker of neural stem cells, but also of neuronal precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- E De Nevi
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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27
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Lim JH, Koh S, Olby NJ, Piedrahita J, Mariani CL. Isolation and characterization of neural progenitor cells from adult canine brains. Am J Vet Res 2012; 73:1963-8. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.12.1963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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von Rüden EL, Avemary J, Zellinger C, Algermissen D, Bock P, Beineke A, Baumgärtner W, Stein VM, Tipold A, Potschka H. Distemper virus encephalitis exerts detrimental effects on hippocampal neurogenesis. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2012; 38:426-42. [PMID: 21883377 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2011.01218.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Despite knowledge about the impact of brain inflammation on hippocampal neurogenesis, data on the influence of virus encephalitis on dentate granule cell neurogenesis are so far limited. Canine distemper is considered an interesting model of virus encephalitis, which can be associated with a chronic progressing disease course and can cause symptomatic seizures. METHODS To determine the impact of canine distemper virus (CDV) infection on hippocampal neurogenesis, we compared post-mortem tissue from dogs with infection with and without seizures, from epileptic dogs with non-viral aetiology and from dogs without central nervous system diseases. RESULTS The majority of animals with infection and with epilepsy of non-viral aetiology exhibited neuronal progenitor numbers below the age average in controls. Virus infection with and without seizures significantly decreased the mean number of neuronal progenitor cells by 43% and 76% as compared to age-matched controls. Ki-67 labelling demonstrated that hippocampal cell proliferation was neither affected by infection nor by epilepsy of non-viral aetiology. Analysis of CDV infection in cells expressing caspase-3, doublecortin or Ki-67 indicated that infection of neuronal progenitor cells is extremely rare and suggests that infection might damage non-differentiated progenitor cells, hamper neuronal differentiation and promote glial differentiation. A high inter-individual variance in the number of lectin-reactive microglial cells was evident in dogs with distemper infection. Statistical analyses did not reveal a correlation between the number of lectin-reactive microglia cells and neuronal progenitor cells. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that virus encephalitis with and without seizures can exert detrimental effects on hippocampal neurogenesis, which might contribute to long-term consequences of the disease. The lack of a significant impact of distemper virus on Ki-67-labelled cells indicates that the infection affected neuronal differentiation and survival of newborn cells rather than hippocampal cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E-L von Rüden
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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Wohlsein P, Deschl U, Baumgärtner W. Nonlesions, unusual cell types, and postmortem artifacts in the central nervous system of domestic animals. Vet Pathol 2012; 50:122-43. [PMID: 22692622 DOI: 10.1177/0300985812450719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the central nervous system (CNS) of domestic animals, numerous specialized normal structures, unusual cell types, findings of uncertain or no significance, artifacts, and various postmortem alterations can be observed. They may cause confusion for inexperienced pathologists and those not specialized in neuropathology, leading to misinterpretations and wrong diagnoses. Alternatively, changes may mask underlying neuropathological processes. "Specialized structures" comprising the hippocampus and the circumventricular organs, including the vascular organ of the lamina terminalis, subfornical organ, subcommissural organ, pineal gland, median eminence/neurohypophyseal complex, choroid plexus, and area postrema, are displayed. Unusual cell types, including cerebellar external germinal cells, CNS progenitor cells, and Kolmer cells, are presented. In addition, some newly recognized cell types as of yet incompletely understood significance and functionality, such as synantocytes and aldynoglia, are introduced and described. Unusual reactive astrocytes in cats, central chromatolysis, neuronal vacuolation, spheroids, spongiosis, satellitosis, melanosis, neuromelanin, lipofuscin, polyglucosan bodies, and psammoma bodies may represent incidental findings of uncertain or no significance and should not be confused with significant microscopic changes. Auto- and heterolysis as well as handling and histotechnological processing may cause postmortem morphological changes of the CNS, including vacuolization, cerebellar conglutination, dark neurons, Buscaino bodies, freezing, and shrinkage artifacts, all of which have to be differentiated from genuine lesions. Postmortem invasion of micro-organisms should not be confused with intravital infections. Awareness of these different changes and their recognition are a prerequisite for identifying genuine lesions and may help to formulate a professional morphological and etiological diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Wohlsein
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany.
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30
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Tozzini ET, Baumgart M, Battistoni G, Cellerino A. Adult neurogenesis in the short-lived teleost Nothobranchius furzeri: localization of neurogenic niches, molecular characterization and effects of aging. Aging Cell 2012; 11:241-51. [PMID: 22171971 PMCID: PMC3437507 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2011.00781.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied adult neurogenesis in the short-lived annual fish Nothobranchius furzeri and quantified the effects of aging on the mitotic activity of the neuronal progenitors and the expression of glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) in the radial glia. The distribution of neurogenic niches is substantially similar to that of zebrafish and adult stem cells generate neurons, which persist in the adult brain. As opposed to zebrafish, however, the N. furzeri genome contains a doublecortin (DCX) gene. Doublecortin is transiently expressed by newly generated neurons in the telencephalon and optic tectum (OT). We also analyzed the expression of the microRNA miR-9 and miR-124 and found that they have complementary expression domains: miR-9 is expressed in the neurogenic niches of the telencephalon and the radial glia of the OT, while miR-124 is expressed in differentiated neurons. The main finding of this paper is the demonstration of an age-dependent decay in adult neurogenesis. Using unbiased stereological estimates of cell numbers, we detected an almost fivefold decrease in the number of mitotically active cells in the OT between young and old age. This reduced mitotic activity is paralleled by a reduction in DCX labeling. Finally, we detected a dramatic up-regulation of GFAP in the radial glia of the aged brain. This up-regulation is not paralleled by a similar up-regulation of S100B and Musashi-1, two other markers of the radial glia. In summary, the brain of N. furzeri replicates two typical hallmarks of mammalian aging: gliosis and reduced adult neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Terzibasi Tozzini
- Fritz Lipmann Institute for Age Research, Leibniz Institute, Jena, Germany
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mario Baumgart
- Fritz Lipmann Institute for Age Research, Leibniz Institute, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Alessandro Cellerino
- Fritz Lipmann Institute for Age Research, Leibniz Institute, Jena, Germany
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
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31
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Barker JM, Boonstra R, Wojtowicz JM. From pattern to purpose: how comparative studies contribute to understanding the function of adult neurogenesis. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 34:963-77. [PMID: 21929628 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07823.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The study of adult neurogenesis has had an explosion of fruitful growth. Yet numerous uncertainties and challenges persist. Our review begins with a survey of species that show evidence of adult neurogenesis. We then discuss how neurogenesis varies across brain regions and point out that regional specializations can indicate functional adaptations. Lifespan and aging are key life-history traits. Whereas 'adult neurogenesis' is the common term in the literature, it does not reflect the reality of neurogenesis being primarily a 'juvenile' phenomenon. We discuss the sharp decline with age as a universal trait of neurogenesis with inevitable functional consequences. Finally, the main body of the review focuses on the function of neurogenesis in birds and mammals. Selected examples illustrate how our understanding of avian and mammalian neurogenesis can complement each other. It is clear that although the two phyla have some common features, the function of adult neurogenesis may not be similar between them and filling the gaps will help us understand neurogenesis as an evolutionarily conserved trait to meet particular ecological pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Barker
- GIGA Neurosciences, University of Liège, 1 avenue de l'Hôpital, B-4000 Liège, Belgium.
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32
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Borschensky CM, Woolley JS, Kipar A, Herden C. Neurogenesis in a Young Dog With Epileptic Seizures. Vet Pathol 2011; 49:766-70. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985811429308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Epileptic seizures can lead to various reactions in the brain, ranging from neuronal necrosis and glial cell activation to focal structural disorganization. Furthermore, increased hippocampal neurogenesis has been documented in rodent models of acute convulsions. This is a report of hippocampal neurogenesis in a dog with spontaneous epileptic seizures. A 16-week-old epileptic German Shepherd Dog had marked neuronal cell proliferation (up to 5 mitotic figures per high-power field and increased immunohistochemical expression of proliferative cell nuclear antigen) in the dentate gyrus accompanied by microglial and astroglial activation. Some granule cells expressed doublecortin, a marker of immature neurons; mitotically active cells expressed neuronal nuclear antigen. No mitotic figures were found in the brain of age-matched control dogs. Whether increased neurogenesis represents a general reaction pattern of young epileptic dogs should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - A. Kipar
- Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - C. Herden
- Institut für Veterinär-Pathologie, Universität Gießen, Germany
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33
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Expression of Trk A and Src and their interaction with ERβ ligand binding domain show age and sex dependent alteration in mouse brain. Neurochem Res 2011; 37:448-53. [PMID: 22011838 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0631-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 10/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Following the binding of estrogen to estrogen receptor (ER)β ligand binding domain (LBD) and its interaction with the target genes, a host of nuclear proteins is recruited to regulate the expression of specific genes(s). It is not known which proteins interact with ERβLBD and whether they vary with age and sex in the brain. Therefore, using pull down assay, immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting, we report that cell signaling molecules Trk A and Src interacted with ERβLBD, and showed alteration in the level of interaction and expression in the brain of AKR strain young (6 weeks), adult (25 weeks) and old (70 weeks) mice of both sexes. Trk A showed decreasing interaction with age, and lower expression in adult as compared to young and old males, whereas female mice exhibited decline in both interaction and expression as a function of age. On the other hand, Src interaction with ERβLBD decreased, but its expression increased with age in males, whereas the interaction and expression was lower in adult but higher in old as compared to young females. These findings suggest the implication of Trk A and Src in ERβ mediated brain functions and related disorders during aging.
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34
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Head E. Neurobiology of the aging dog. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2011; 33:485-496. [PMID: 20845082 PMCID: PMC3168593 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-010-9183-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Aged canines naturally accumulate several types of neuropathology that may have links to cognitive decline. On a gross level, significant cortical atrophy occurs with age along with an increase in ventricular volume based on magnetic resonance imaging studies. Microscopically, there is evidence of select neuron loss and reduced neurogenesis in the hippocampus of aged dogs, an area critical for intact learning and memory. The cause of neuronal loss and dysfunction may be related to the progressive accumulation of toxic proteins, oxidative damage, cerebrovascular pathology, and changes in gene expression. For example, aged dogs naturally accumulate human-type beta-amyloid peptide, a protein critically involved with the development of Alzheimer's disease in humans. Further, oxidative damage to proteins, DNA/RNA and lipids occurs with age in dogs. Although less well explored in the aged canine brain, neuron loss, and cerebrovascular pathology observed with age are similar to human brain aging and may also be linked to cognitive decline. Interestingly, the prefrontal cortex appears to be particularly vulnerable early in the aging process in dogs and this may be reflected in dysfunction in specific cognitive domains with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Head
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky, 800 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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35
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Brett JO, Renault VM, Rafalski VA, Webb AE, Brunet A. The microRNA cluster miR-106b~25 regulates adult neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation. Aging (Albany NY) 2011; 3:108-24. [PMID: 21386132 PMCID: PMC3082007 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In adult mammals, neural stem cells (NSCs) generate new neurons that are important for specific types of learning and memory. Controlling adult NSC number and function is fundamental for preserving the stem cell pool and ensuring proper levels of neurogenesis throughout life. Here we study the importance of the microRNA gene cluster miR-106b~25 (miR-106b, miR-93, and miR-25) in primary cultures of neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) isolated from adult mice. We find that knocking down miR-25 decreases NSPC proliferation, whereas ectopically expressing miR-25 promotes NSPC proliferation. Expressing the entire miR-106b~25 cluster in NSPCs also increases their ability to generate new neurons. Interestingly, miR-25 has a number of potential target mRNAs involved in insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF) signaling, a pathway implicated in aging. Furthermore, the regulatory region of miR-106b~25 is bound by FoxO3, a member of the FoxO family of transcription factors that maintains adult stem cells and extends lifespan downstream of insulin/IGF signaling. These results suggest that miR-106b~25 regulates NSPC function and is part of a network involving the insulin/IGF-FoxO pathway, which may have important implications for the homeostasis of the NSC pool during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie O Brett
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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36
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Pan Y. Enhancing brain functions in senior dogs: a new nutritional approach. Top Companion Anim Med 2011; 26:10-6. [PMID: 21435621 DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Aging induces many morphological and metabolic changes in the brain, which may eventually lead to cognitive impairment and dementia called cognitive dysfunction syndrome in senior dogs. Cognitive impairment and dementia can adversely affect the quality of life in both dogs and their owners. Progress has been made over the past years to understand how aging affects brain and its functions in humans and animals including dogs. Existing data indicate that aging-induced changes in the brain are gradual and irreversible. Therefore, it is too late to effectively manage dogs with cognitive impairment and cognitive dysfunction syndrome. The best option to manage brain aging successfully is to reduce or prevent aging-induced changes in the brain by correcting early metabolic changes and eliminating risk factors associated with brain aging and dementia. This article reviews behavioral, morphological, and metabolic changes in the brain induced by aging and discusses a novel nutritional solution for the aging-induced metabolic changes in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanlong Pan
- Nestlé Purina Research, St. Louis, MO 63164, USA.
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37
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Paramanik V, Thakur MK. AIB1 shows variation in interaction with ERβTAD and expression as a function of age in mouse brain. Biogerontology 2011; 12:321-8. [PMID: 21442277 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-011-9330-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen mediates its multiple functions in the brain through the recruitment of a number of interacting proteins. In this paper, we report the identification of 160 kD interacting nuclear protein of estrogen receptor (ER)β-transactivation domain (TAD) as amplified in breast cancer 1(AIB1) by pull down assay, immunoblotting, far-western analysis and immunoprecipitation. Further we show the age dependent interaction and expression of AIB1 in the brain of young (6 weeks), adult (25 weeks) and old (70 weeks) AKR strain mice of both sexes. The immunoprecipitation data revealed higher interaction of AIB1 in young than adult and old male mice. In contrast, the interaction was low in young, increased in adult but decreased in old female. However, immunoblotting showed age related increase in the expression of AIB1 in both male and female mice. Further, the level of interaction of AIB1 with ERβTAD in young and old male was significantly higher than female of same age, whereas the expression of AIB1 in adult and old female was significantly higher than male of same age. These data suggest that such age dependent variation in the interaction of AIB1 with ERβTAD and its expression may be helpful to regulate estrogen-mediated gene functions during aging and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Paramanik
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221 005, India
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38
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Werry EL, Enjeti S, Halliday GM, Sachdev PS, Double KL. Effect of age on proliferation-regulating factors in human adult neurogenic regions. J Neurochem 2010; 115:956-64. [PMID: 20831616 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06992.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Neurogenesis, the birth of new neurons, continues throughout adulthood in the human subventricular zone (SVZ) and hippocampus. It is not known how levels of putative proliferation-regulating factors change with age in human adult neurogenic areas. The current project employed ELISAs to investigate changes in levels of putative proliferation-regulating factors in the healthy human SVZ and dentate gyrus throughout the adult lifespan (18-104 years). Levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, basic fibroblast growth factor and interleukin (IL)-1β were significantly higher in the hippocampus than in the SVZ and levels of glial-derived neurotrophic factor and transforming growth factor-α were significantly higher in the SVZ (p < 0.005), suggesting that factors with predominant influences on neurogenesis differ between the two human adult neurogenic areas. Hippocampal levels of transforming growth factor-β1 strongly increased with age (n = 9, p < 0.01), whereas hippocampal and SVZ levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, epidermal growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, glial-derived neurotrophic factor, heparin-binding epidermal growth factor, insulin-like growth factor-1, IL-1β, IL-6 and transforming growth factor-α did not change significantly with age in the SVZ or hippocampus. These findings suggest regulation of the adult neurogenic environment in the human brain may differ over time from that in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eryn L Werry
- Brain Sciences University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
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39
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Abstract
Anencephaly results from defects in neural tube closure early in gestation and, to the authors' knowledge, has not been reported in dogs. In this case, the canine fetus was stillborn at the 62nd day of gestation and had a hypoplastic calvarium, with flattened base of the skull and shallow orbits, causing protrusion of the eyes. Macroscopically, the brain was completely missing. Histologically, well-differentiated nerve fibers, fragments of cerebellar folia, and ganglia with large neurons and glial cells were detected in a loose stroma in sections through the cranial bone and adjacent soft tissue in the rudimentary cranial cavity. Immunohistochemically, single cells within the stroma expressed NeuN, consistent with mature neurons, whereas intracranial ganglion cells and nerves had mild expression of doublecortin. The presence of many immature, and only a few mature, neurons in the rudimentary nerve tissue in this case indicates a failure of physiological brain development and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Huisinga
- Institut für Veterinär-Pathologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Germany
| | - M. Reinacher
- Institut für Veterinär-Pathologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Germany
| | - S. Nagel
- Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Germany
| | - C. Herden
- Institut für Veterinär-Pathologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Germany
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40
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Paramanik V, Thakur MK. Interaction of Estrogen Receptor Associated Protein (ERAP) 140 with ER beta decreases but its expression increases in aging mouse cerebral cortex. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2010; 30:961-6. [PMID: 20446107 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-010-9526-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Following binding to cognate ligand, estrogen receptor (ER) beta interacts with specific responsive elements of the target genes and recruits a host of nuclear proteins for hormone dependent gene regulation. However, it is poorly known which proteins interact with ER beta in mouse brain and whether their interaction and expression change with age. In this report, we have used his-tag mouse ER beta for interaction with nuclear proteins of cerebral cortex of young (6 +/- 1 weeks), adult (25 +/- 2 weeks), and old (70 +/- 5 weeks) female mice. We have identified estrogen receptor-associated protein (ERAP) 140 as one of the interacting proteins and studied its interaction by pull down immunoblotting, far-Western blotting and immunoprecipitation, and expression by western blotting. The data show that ERAP 140 interacts with ER beta and its interaction decreases but its expression increases with age in mouse cerebral cortex, suggesting its role in estrogen-mediated brain functions during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Paramanik
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Centre of Advanced study, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221 005, India
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41
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Alpár A, Künzle H, Gärtner U, Popkova Y, Bauer U, Grosche J, Reichenbach A, Härtig W. Slow age-dependent decline of doublecortin expression and BrdU labeling in the forebrain from lesser hedgehog tenrecs. Brain Res 2010; 1330:9-19. [PMID: 20298680 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Revised: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In addition to synaptic remodeling, formation of new neurons is increasingly acknowledged as an important cue for plastic changes in the central nervous system. Whereas all vertebrates retain a moderate neuroproliferative capacity, phylogenetically younger mammals become dramatically impaired in this potential during aging. The present study shows that the lesser hedgehog tenrec, an insectivore with a low encephalization index, preserves its neurogenic potential surprisingly well during aging. This was shown by quantitative analysis of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) immunolabeling in the olfactory bulb, paleo-, archi-, and neocortices from 2- to 7-year-old animals. In addition to these newly born cells, a large number of previously formed immature neurons are present throughout adulthood as shown by doublecortin (DCX) immunostaining in various forebrain regions including archicortex, paleocortex, nucleus accumbens, and amygdala. Several ventricle-associated cells in olfactory bulb and hippocampus were double-labeled by BrdU and DCX immunoreactivity. However, most DCX cells in the paleocortex can be considered as persisting immature neurons that obviously do not enter a differentiation program since double fluorescence labeling does not reveal their co-occurrence with numerous neuronal markers, whereas only a small portion coexpresses the pan-neuronal marker HuC/D. Finally, the present study reveals tenrecs as suitable laboratory animals to study age-dependent brain alterations (e.g., of neurogenesis) or slow degenerative processes, particularly due to the at least doubled longevity of tenrecs in comparison to mice and rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alán Alpár
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Jahnallee 59, 04109 Leipzig, Germany
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42
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Pekcec A, Schneider EL, Baumgärtner W, Stein VM, Tipold A, Potschka H. Age-dependent decline of blood-brain barrier P-glycoprotein expression in the canine brain. Neurobiol Aging 2009; 32:1477-85. [PMID: 19836857 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2009] [Revised: 08/12/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The efflux transporter P-glycoprotein serves as a major molecular gatekeeper at the blood-brain barrier. It has been suggested that a reduction of P-glycoprotein activity with aging might enhance exposure of brain tissue to exogenous and endogenous compounds thereby contributing to the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Brain tissue from owner-kept dogs renders an excellent tool to study the impact of aging on the background of variable environmental and genetic influencing factors. Therefore, we determined expression rates of P-glycoprotein in canine post-mortem tissue from 23 non-laboratory dogs. P-glycoprotein expression in the parahippocampal cortex exhibited a negative correlation with age. Analysis of the area labeled for P-glycoprotein in dogs aged >100 months revealed a 72% drop in P-glycoprotein expression as compared to young adults aged 23-36 months. Respective data from the dentate hilus and dentate gyrus indicated an earlier drop with a reduction by 77 and 80% in dogs aged 37-99 months in comparison with younger individuals. In contrast to the decline observed with aging in dogs without plaques, P-glycoprotein expression rates rather tended to increase with further aging in dogs with plaque formation. In conclusion, the thorough analysis of P-glycoprotein expression rates in non-laboratory dogs revealed a significant decline with aging. The data strongly support the concept that age-dependent changes might predispose to neurodegenerative diseases. In the early pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease which is modelled by diffuse plaques in the canine brain, an up-regulation of P-glycoprotein might act as a compensatory mechanism to enhance Abeta efflux from the brain. Future studies are necessary to further evaluate the correlation between Abeta deposits and P-glycoprotein expression in different phases of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pekcec
- Inst. of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Koeniginstr. 16, 80539 Munich, Germany
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Recent insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in aging and the malignant transformation of adult stem/progenitor cells and their therapeutic implications. Ageing Res Rev 2009; 8:94-112. [PMID: 19114129 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2008.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2008] [Accepted: 12/04/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent advancements in tissue-resident adult stem/progenitor cell research have revealed that enhanced telomere attrition, oxidative stress, ultraviolet radiation exposure and oncogenic events leading to severe DNA damages and genomic instability may occur in these immature and regenerative cells during chronological aging. Particularly, the alterations in key signaling components controlling their self-renewal capacity and an up-regulation of tumor suppressor gene products such as p16(INK4A), p19(ARF), ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase, p53 and/or the forkhead box O (FOXOs) family of transcription factors may result in their dysfunctions, growth arrest and senescence or apoptotic death during the aging process. These molecular events may culminate in a progressive decline in the regenerative functions and the number of tissue-resident adult stem/progenitor cells, and age-related disease development. Conversely, the telomerase re-activation and accumulation of numerous genetic and/or epigenetic alterations in adult stem/progenitor cells with advancing age may result in their immortalization and malignant transformation into highly leukemic or tumorigenic cancer-initiating cells and cancer initiation. Therefore, the cell-replacement and gene therapies and molecular targeting of aged and dysfunctional adult stem/progenitor cells including their malignant counterpart, cancer-initiating cells, hold great promise for treating and even curing diverse devastating human diseases. These diseases include premature aging diseases, hematopoietic, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, pulmonary, ocular, urogenital, neurodegenerative and skin disorders and aggressive and recurrent cancers.
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Cellular localization of Y-box binding protein 1 in brain tissue of rats, macaques, and humans. BMC Neurosci 2009; 10:28. [PMID: 19323802 PMCID: PMC2666744 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-10-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 03/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Y-box binding protein 1 (YB-1) is considered to be one of the key regulators of transcription and translation. However, so far only limited knowledge exists regarding its cellular distribution in the adult brain. Results Analysis of YB-1 immunolabelling as well as double-labelling with the neuronal marker NeuN in rat brain tissue revealed a predominant neuronal expression in the dentate gyrus, the cornu ammonis pyramidal cell layer, layer III of the piriform cortex as well as throughout all layers of the parahippocampal cortex. In the hilus of the hippocampus single neurons expressed YB-1. The neuronal expression pattern was comparable in the hippocampus and parahippocampal cortex of adult macaques and humans. Double-labelling of YB-1 with the endothelial cell marker Glut-1, the multidrug transporter P-glycoprotein, and the astrocytic marker GFAP did not indicate a co-localization. Following status epilepticus in rats, no induction of YB-1 occurred in brain capillary endothelial cells and neurons. Conclusion In conclusion, our study demonstrates that YB-1 is predominantly expressed in neurons in the adult brain of rats, macaques and humans. Lack of a co-localization with Glut-1 and P-glycoprotein argues against a direct role of YB-1 in the regulation of blood-brain barrier P-glycoprotein.
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Over-expression of P-glycoprotein in the canine brain following spontaneous status epilepticus. Epilepsy Res 2009; 83:144-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2008.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2008] [Revised: 10/21/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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