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Letton ME, Macdonald ER, Thom JM, Ward RE. Classical Ballet for Women Aged Over 50 Years: Investigating Balance, Strength, and Range of Motion. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2024; 95:171-182. [PMID: 37036402 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2023.2169236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Background: Regular exercise can mitigate the loss of strength, balance, and flexibility that contribute to age-related decline in physical function and mobility. However, traditional exercise interventions often report poor adherence rates. There is growing interest in classical ballet as an enjoyable exercise modality for adults in middle to late age. Classical ballet requires muscular strength, coordination, and flexibility. The current study investigated a classical ballet intervention on the balance, physical function, and range of motion of women aged over 50 years. Methods: Twenty-two healthy female participants (aged 56.2 (4.5) years (mean (SD)) completed a 10-week ballet intervention. Results: This single-arm study showed significant improvements (p<.05) in lower limb strength (measured by 5 times sit-to-stand and forward leap) and high adherence rates (95% adherence for participants who completed the intervention). No adverse events were reported. Improvements in balance were reported in the left leg only (as measured by center of pressure ellipse area in the parallel retiré condition). Conclusions: These results allude to the positive effects of ballet training on strength and balance in adults aged 50 years and over. High adherence rates suggest that ballet training was enjoyed and may thus be a long-term exercise modality for this population. Although this study was a single-arm design, it suggests promising results for future research wishing to evaluate the effectiveness of classical ballet training using randomized controlled trial designs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jeanette M Thom
- University of New South Wales
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA)
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The Effect of a Resistance Training, Detraining and Retraining Cycle on Postural Stability and Estimated Fall Risk in Institutionalized Older Persons: A 40-Week Intervention. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10050776. [PMID: 35627913 PMCID: PMC9141366 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10050776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical inactivity and low levels of muscle strength can lead to the early development of sarcopenia and dynapenia, which may increase the number and risk of falls in the elderly population. Meanwhile, exercise programs can stop or even revert the loss of muscle mass, strength, power, and functional capacity and consequently decrease the risk of falls in older adults. However, there is a lack of studies investigating the effect of strengthening programs in octogenarians. The present study investigates the effects of 40 weeks of a training-detraining-retraining cycle of muscle strength exercise program on postural stability and estimated fall risk in octogenarians. Twenty-seven institutionalized participants were allocated into two groups: the muscular strength exercise group (MSEG, n = 14) and control group (CG, n = 13). After the first training period, the MSEG improved postural stability and decreased the estimated fall risk by 7.9% compared to baseline. In comparison, CG worsened their stability and increased their risk of falling by more than 17%. No significant changes were found between groups in the detraining and the retraining period. This study demonstrated that strength exercise effectively improved postural control and reduced fall risk scores. In addition, the interventions were able to reduce the forward speed of postural control deterioration in octogenarians, with great increments in the first months of exercise.
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Training Session and Detraining Duration Affect Lower Limb Muscle Strength Maintenance in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Aging Phys Act 2021; 30:552-566. [PMID: 34510028 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2020-0493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Muscle strength after detraining is still higher than the level before training, which is an important issue for middle-aged and older adults. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of detraining duration (DD), resistance training duration (RTD), and intensity on the maintenance of resistance training (RT) benefits after detraining in middle-aged and older adults. A systematic search yielded 15 randomized control trails (n = 383) eligible for inclusion. The results showed that RTD ≥ 24 weeks and DD ≥ RTD, the RT benefits were still significantly maintained even with medium and low intensity (standardized mean difference = 1.16, 95% confidence interval, CI [0.38, 1.94], p = .004). When RTD < 24 weeks and DD ≤ RTD, only the high-intensity groups maintained the RT benefits (DD, 4-6 weeks: standardized mean difference = 0.71, 95% CI [0.34, 1.08], p = .0002; DD 8-16 weeks: standardized mean difference = 1.35, 95% CI [0.66, 2.04], p = .0001). However, when DD > RTD, the RT benefits were not maintained even with high intensity. In summary, when RTD was less than 24 weeks, RTD > DD was an important factor in maintaining muscle strength.
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Kemmler W, Hettchen M, Kohl M, Murphy M, Bragonzoni L, Julin M, Risto T, von Stengel S. Detraining Effects on Musculoskeletal Parameters in Early Postmenopausal Osteopenic Women: 3-Month Follow-Up of the Randomized Controlled ACTLIFE Study. Calcif Tissue Int 2021; 109:1-11. [PMID: 33712920 PMCID: PMC7954366 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-021-00829-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Periods of absence from supervised group exercise while maintaining physical activity might be a frequent pattern in adults' exercise habits. The aim of the present study was to determine detraining effects on musculoskeletal outcomes after a 3-month detraining period in early post-menopausal, osteopenic women. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, we terminated the 18-month randomized controlled ACTLIFE exercise intervention immediately after the 13-month follow-up assessment. This put an abrupt stop to the high-intensity aerobic and resistance group exercise sessions undertaken three times per week by the exercise group (EG: n = 27) and the gentle exercise program performed once per week for the attention control group (CG: n = 27); but both groups were permitted to conduct individual outdoor activity for the 3-month lock-down period. Study endpoints were lean body mass (LBM), bone mineral density (BMD) at the lumbar spine (LS), maximum hip-/leg extension strength and power. Detraining-induced reductions of LBM, hip/leg strength and power (but not BMD-LS) were significantly greater (p < 0.001 to p = 0.044) compared with the CG. Significant exercise effects, i.e. differences between EG and CG, present after 13 months of exercise, were lost after 3 months of detraining for LBM (p = 0.157) and BMD-LS (p = 0.065), but not for strength (p < 0.001) and power (p < 0.001). Of note, self-reported individual outdoor activities and exercise increased by about 40% in both groups during the lock-down period. Three months' absence from a supervised group exercise protocol resulted in considerable detraining effects for musculoskeletal parameters. Thus, exercise programs for adults should be continuous rather than intermittent.Trial registration number: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04420806, 06.05.2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Kemmler
- Institute of Medical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestrasse 91, 91052, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Michael Hettchen
- Institute of Medical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestrasse 91, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Kohl
- Department of Medical and Life Sciences, University of Furtwangen, Schwenningen, Germany
| | - Marie Murphy
- Doctoral College, Ulster University, Newtownabbey, Co. Antrim, Northern Ireland, UK
| | | | - Mikko Julin
- Laurea University of Applied Sciences, Espoo, Finland
| | - Tapani Risto
- Laurea University of Applied Sciences, Espoo, Finland
| | - Simon von Stengel
- Institute of Medical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestrasse 91, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
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Kemmler W, Schoene D, Kohl M, von Stengel S. Changes in Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Health After Detraining in Older Men with Osteosarcopenia: 6-Month Follow-Up of the Randomized Controlled Franconian Osteopenia and Sarcopenia Trial (FrOST) Study. Clin Interv Aging 2021; 16:571-582. [PMID: 33854307 PMCID: PMC8039436 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s299867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Temporary cessation of exercise but maintenance of habitual physical activity might be a frequent situation in older people’s lives. Particularly the COVID-19 induced lockdown of exercise training facilities with individual outdoor activities still being allowed might be a blueprint for this potentially harmful scenario. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine the effects of 6 months of detraining after 18 months of high-intensity resistance exercise (HIT-RT) on body composition and cardiometabolic outcomes in predominately obese older men with osteosarcopenia. Materials and Methods Community-dwelling predominately obese men 72–91 years old with low muscle and bone mass (n=43) were randomly assigned to an 18-month HIT-RT (EG: n=21) or a non-training control group (CG, n=22). After the intervention, participants of the EG discontinued HIT-RT for 6 months, but increased their habitual physical activity. Study outcomes were group differences in detraining changes (“effects”) for lean body mass (LBM), total and abdominal body fat rate (determined by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry) and the Metabolic Syndrome Z-Score (MetSZ). We applied an intention-to-treat analysis with multiple imputation to analyze the data. Results After the 18-month HIT-RT, we observed significant positive training effects for LBM, total and abdominal body fat rate and the MetSZ (all p<0.001). Abrupt cessation of HIT-RT for 6 months resulted in significantly higher unfavorable changes in the HIT-RT compared with the CG for LBM (p=0.001), total body fat (p=0.003) and the MetSZ (p=0.003), apart from abdominal body fat (p=0.059). However, significant overall effects were still present after 24 months for LBM and body fat indices but not for the MetSZ. Conclusion The present study clearly indicates the unfavorable effects of 6 months of detraining after HIT-RT. Correspondingly, exercise protocols particularly for older people should focus on continuous exercise with short regeneration periods rather than on intermitted protocols with pronounced training breaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Kemmler
- Institute of Medical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, 91053, Germany
| | - Daniel Schoene
- Institute of Medical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, 91053, Germany
| | - Matthias Kohl
- Faculty Medical and Life Sciences, University of Furtwangen, Villingen-Schwenningen, 78054, Germany
| | - Simon von Stengel
- Institute of Medical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, 91053, Germany
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Krčmár M, Halmová N, Krajčovič J, Krčmárová B. Muscular Strength, Functional Fitness, Body Composition, and Quality of Life after 12 Weeks of Detraining in Older Females. PHYSICAL & OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY IN GERIATRICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/02703181.2020.1809602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matúš Krčmár
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education, Constantine the Philosopher University, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Nora Halmová
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education, Constantine the Philosopher University, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Jaroslav Krajčovič
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education, Constantine the Philosopher University, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Bohumila Krčmárová
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education, Constantine the Philosopher University, Nitra, Slovakia
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Kemmler W, Kohl M, Fröhlich M, Schoene D, von Stengel S. Detraining effects after 18 months of high intensity resistance training on osteosarcopenia in older men-Six-month follow-up of the randomized controlled Franconian Osteopenia and Sarcopenia Trial (FrOST). Bone 2021; 142:115772. [PMID: 33249320 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Detraining after dedicated exercise programs might be a frequent situation in older people's exercise patterns. The aim of the present study was thus to determine the effects of 6 months of detraining after 18 months of high intensity resistance exercise (HIT-RT) on musculoskeletal outcomes in older men with sarcopenia. METHODS Community-dwelling men aged 72 years and older with osteosarcopenia (n = 43) were randomly assigned to an 18-month HIT-RT (EG: n = 21) or a non-training control group (CG, n = 22). After the intervention, participants of the EG stopped HIT-RT for 6 months, but continued their habitual physical activity. Study outcomes were skeletal muscle mass index, bone mineral density (BMD) at the lumbar-spine and total-hip, maximum hip/leg-extensor strength, handgrip strength and gait velocity. We applied an intention-to-treat analysis with multiple imputation. RESULTS Changes in the HIT-RT were much more pronounced during the detraining period compared with the CG, although this effect was only significant for skeletal muscle mass index and hip-/leg-extensor strength (p = .002 and p = .013), but not for lumbar-spine BMD (p = .068), total-hip BMD (p = .069), handgrip strength (p = .066) or gait velocity (p = .067). Apart from total-hip BMD (p = .055), handgrip strength (p = .069) and gait velocity (p = .881) values of the HIT-RT group decreased significantly during detraining. However, after 24 months, overall effects (p < .001) were still observed for skeletal muscle mass index and hip-/leg-extensor strength. CONCLUSION Although unable to state from which point in time relevant detraining effects emerge, we conclude that health care providers should focus on continuous rather than intermitted exercise programs for older people. Clinical trial number: clinicalTrials.gov: NCT03453463; NCT04444661.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Kemmler
- Institute of Medical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91052 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Matthias Kohl
- Faculty Medical and Life Sciences, University of Furtwangen, 78054 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany.
| | - Michael Fröhlich
- Department of Sports Science, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
| | - Daniel Schoene
- Institute of Medical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91052 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Simon von Stengel
- Institute of Medical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91052 Erlangen, Germany.
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Freitas SP, Júdice PB, Hetherington-Rauth M, Magalhães JP, Correia IR, Lopes JM, Strong C, Matos D, Sardinha LB. The impact of 2 weeks of detraining on phase angle, BIVA patterns, and muscle strength in trained older adults. Exp Gerontol 2020; 144:111175. [PMID: 33279660 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.111175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An intermission in the training routine, in which older adults refrain from regular structured exercise, may have deleterious effects on muscle performance and bioelectric phase angle (PhA), which is a predictive marker for cellular integrity. PURPOSE To determine the effects of a 2-week detraining period on PhA and muscular strength (MS) in trained older adults. METHODS A total of 14 trained older adults (6 females) aged ≥65 years (77.2 ± 6.6) were assessed at baseline (i.e. trained condition) and after 2 weeks of detraining, where they refrained from their usual participation in structured exercise sessions. Whole-body resistance (R), reactance (Xc), and PhA were assessed using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA, single frequency, 50 kHz ± 1%, NutriLab, Akern). MS was assessed on both lower and upper limbs under isometric conditions. Differences between moments were examined using ANOVA for repeated measures, while adjusting for sex. Bioimpedance vector analysis (BIVA) was performed to evaluate changes in cellular function and body fluid content. RESULTS Detraining resulted in declines in PhA (-4.34%) (p = 0.017). There was a significant difference in the mean impedance vectors from baseline to post-detraining (p < 0.05), which were driven by decreases in reactance (Xc) relative to height (Xc/H) with little change in resistance (R) relative to height (R/H) for both males and females. No differences were found in MS for both the leg press (p = 0.992) and bench press (p = 0.166) tests. CONCLUSION A detraining period as short as 2-weeks is enough to cause alterations in the bodies bioelectrical properties, resulting in detrimental changes in PhA, due to alterations in cellular integrity, but not in MS. These results highlight the importance of maintaining structured exercise sessions in older adults, and reinforce the potential role of PhA as a sensitive predictor to detect acute changes in muscle cell integrity following alterations in exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia P Freitas
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Pedro B Júdice
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal; Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Lusofona University, Lisbon 1749-024, Portugal
| | - Megan Hetherington-Rauth
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - João P Magalhães
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Inês R Correia
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Júlia M Lopes
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | | | - Daniel Matos
- Cardiology Department, Hospital de Santa Cruz, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luís B Sardinha
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal.
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Kinney BM, Kent DE. MRI and CT Assessment of Abdominal Tissue Composition in Patients After High-Intensity Focused Electromagnetic Therapy Treatments: One-Year Follow-Up. Aesthet Surg J 2020; 40:NP686-NP693. [PMID: 32103232 DOI: 10.1093/asj/sjaa052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies investigating high-intensity focused electromagnetic (HIFEM) treatments have recently been published. However, due to the novelty of the procedure, long-term data are still missing. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in abdominal tissues on average 1 year after a series of HIFEM treatments, to determine the long-term durability of patients' original body responses. METHODS Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scanning were performed on 21 patients a mean of 332.6 [88.5] days after their original HIFEM treatment series. The scans were evaluated by a blinded radiologist for abdominal muscle thickness, subcutaneous fat changes, and abdominal separation. The results were compared with the MRI/CT-assisted measurements taken at baseline and 6-week follow-up. Correlations between collected data sets were calculated and tested. The incidence of any adverse events related to earlier treatments was monitored. RESULTS When comparing the 1-year follow-up measurements with the baseline, the MRI/CT-assisted calculations revealed mean reductions of 14.63% (2.97 [2.11] mm) in fat, 19.05% (1.89 [0.88] mm) in muscle thickening, and 10.46% (1.96 [1.71] mm) in diastasis recti. All changes were significant (P < 0.05) and not related to weight fluctuations (P > 0.05). The baseline width of diastasis positively correlated with the degree of improvement at follow-up. No adverse events were reported. CONCLUSION The HIFEM-induced muscle hypertrophy, fat reduction, and reduction in abdominal separation were maintained 1-year posttreatment. This suggests long-term durability of the original bodily response, which needs to be verified by continuing follow-up of this group and by further studies. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Kinney
- Clinical Associate Professor of Plastic Surgery, USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
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Jurik R, Stastny P. Role of Nutrition and Exercise Programs in Reducing Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2019; 8:E1393. [PMID: 31492032 PMCID: PMC6780911 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8091393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The combined effect of diet and strength training (ST) on blood pressure (BP) seems to be very important for the treatment of prehypertension and hypertension (HT). Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine whether ST alone or combined with nutrition or supplementation has an impact on the arterial pressure reduction in normotensive and hypertensive populations. A systematic computerized literature search was performed according to the PRISMA guidelines using PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar; only English language studies published from 1999 until 2018 were included. This systematic search identified the results of 303 individuals from nine studies. The ST program alone had a similar effectiveness as the nutrition program (NP) alone; however, their combination did not result in increased effectiveness in terms of a high BP reduction. The consumption of L-citrulline had a similar effect as ST on lowering BP; on the other hand, caffeine led to an increase in BP during the ST session. Our data suggest that a combination of ST 2-3 times a week at moderate intensity and a NP seems to be equally effective in terms of lowering BP (systolic and diastolic) as ST and NP alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Jurik
- Department of Sport, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, 162 52 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Stastny
- Department of Sport, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, 162 52 Prague, Czech Republic.
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Letieri RV, Teixeira AM, Furtado GE, Lamboglia CG, Rees JL, Gomes BB. Effect of 16 weeks of resistance exercise and detraining comparing two methods of blood flow restriction in muscle strength of healthy older women: A randomized controlled trial. Exp Gerontol 2018; 114:78-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Nascimento MAD, Gerage AM, Silva DRPD, Ribeiro AS, Machado DGDS, Pina FLC, Tomeleri CM, Venturini D, Barbosa DS, Mayhew JL, Cyrino ES. Effect of resistance training with different frequencies and subsequent detraining on muscle mass and appendicular lean soft tissue, IGF-1, and testosterone in older women. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 19:199-207. [PMID: 30016192 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1496145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyse the effect of resistance training (RT) frequency on muscle mass, appendicular lean soft tissue, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), testosterone, and their changes with detraining in older women. METHODS Forty-five physically independent older women (≥ 60 years) were randomly assigned to perform RT either two (G2X, n = 21) or three times/week (G3X, n = 24), during 12 weeks (8 exercises, 1 set of 10-15 repetition maximum). Muscle mass and appendicular lean soft tissue, IGF-1, testosterone, and dietary intake were measured at pre-training, post-training, and after detraining (12 weeks). RESULTS Muscle mass and appendicular lean soft tissue significantly increased post-training (G2X = +5.5% and G3X = +5.8%, P < .0001) with no differences between groups, and gains were retained after detraining (G2X = 100% and G3X = 99%, P < .0001). IGF-1 and dietary intake did not change for the groups during the study. Testosterone did not change post-training but significantly decreased after detraining (G2X = -21% and G3X = -50%, P < .0001). CONCLUSION We conclude that lower RT frequency is as effective as higher frequency to improve muscle mass and appendicular lean soft tissue, and to maintain testosterone and IGF-1. Additionally, detraining may reduce testosterone regardless of RT frequency. These results are specifically for community-dwelling older women and may not be generalized to other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Amarante Do Nascimento
- a Paranavaí Campus, Paraná State University - UNESPAR , Paranavaí , Paraná , Brazil.,b Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center , Londrina State University , Londrina , Paraná , Brazil
| | - Aline Mendes Gerage
- b Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center , Londrina State University , Londrina , Paraná , Brazil.,c Federal University of Santa Catarina , Florianópolis , Santa Catarina , Brazil
| | - Danilo Rodrigues Pereira Da Silva
- b Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center , Londrina State University , Londrina , Paraná , Brazil
| | - Alex Silva Ribeiro
- b Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center , Londrina State University , Londrina , Paraná , Brazil.,d Center for Research in Health Science , University of Northern Paraná - UNOPAR , Londrina , Paraná , Brazil
| | - Daniel Gomes Da Silva Machado
- b Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center , Londrina State University , Londrina , Paraná , Brazil.,e Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte , Natal , Rio Grande do Norte , Brazil
| | - Fábio Luiz Cheche Pina
- b Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center , Londrina State University , Londrina , Paraná , Brazil
| | - Crisieli Maria Tomeleri
- b Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center , Londrina State University , Londrina , Paraná , Brazil
| | - Danielle Venturini
- f Graduation Program in Health Sciences , Londrina State University - UEL , Londrina , Paraná , Brazil
| | - Décio Sabbatini Barbosa
- f Graduation Program in Health Sciences , Londrina State University - UEL , Londrina , Paraná , Brazil
| | - Jerry L Mayhew
- g Exercise Science Program , Truman State University , Kirksville , MO , USA
| | - Edilson Serpeloni Cyrino
- b Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center , Londrina State University , Londrina , Paraná , Brazil
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Jensen CD, Gleason D, VanNess M. Four-Week Unstructured Break Improved Athletic Performance in Collegiate Rugby Players. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:1671-1677. [PMID: 29373428 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Jensen, CD, Gleason, D, and VanNess, JM. Four-week unstructured break improved athletic performance in collegiate rugby players. J Strength Cond Res 32(6): 1671-1677, 2018-This study analyzed the changes in athletic performance and anthropometric characteristics in collegiate male club rugby athletes (n = 14) after a 4-week winter break. All measurements were collected before and after the break. Body composition was assessed by body mass index and hydrostatic weighing. Performance measurements were as follows: V[Combining Dot Above]O2max, vertical jump, 10-yard sprint, squat max, and bench press max. Before testing, each subject was acclimated to the protocols to reduce learning effects. During the 4-week break, no workouts were provided for the athletes; it was unsupervised and unstructured. Participants were required to maintain and submit self-reported nutritional and activity logs during this period. After the break, the athletes demonstrated a 5.0% improvement in V[Combining Dot Above]O2max (absolute increase of 2.25 ml·kg·min), 6.8% improvement in vertical jump (1.50 inches), and a 14.3% increase in squat max (38.64 lb). Although increases in body mass (1.0%) were not significant, the body fat percentage exhibited a relative increase of 19.3% (absolute change from 13.35 to 15.93%). A significant discriminate function analysis indicated statistical differences between groups based on these variables. Self-reported behavior logs confirmed participation in >3 days of moderate to intense physical activity per week but somewhat poor dietary habits. These results indicate that collegiate rugby athletes may not need prescribed exercise routines during seasonal breaks in the athletic schedule. However, it may be beneficial to provide structured nutritional advice during unsupervised periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney D Jensen
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California
| | - Derrick Gleason
- The WELL Fitness Center, California State University, Sacramento, California
| | - Mark VanNess
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California
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Coelho HJ, Rodrigues B, de Oliveira Gonçalves I, Uchida MC. Effects of a short-term detraining period on muscle functionality and cognition of strength-trained older women: a preliminary report. J Exerc Rehabil 2017; 13:559-567. [PMID: 29114531 PMCID: PMC5667603 DOI: 10.12965/jer.1735010.505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the impact of a 1-month detraining composed by Christmas and New Year’s Day in the functional and cognitive parameters of 12 older women who had previously participated in 22-week moderate intensity strength training program (ST; n=6) or remained performing their regular habits of life during all study period, without engaging in physical exercise programs (CG; n=6). Transfer capacity (i.e., Timed Up and Go [TUG]) and executive function (i.e., TUG with a cognitive task) were increased in the ST group after the intervention. However, the 1-month detraining period was enough to totally reverse the gains in both parameters. In conclusion, data of the present study indicate that 1 month of detraining was enough to totally reverse the beneficial effects of a 6-month ST program on physical mobility and executive function of older women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélio José Coelho
- Faculty of Physical Education, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas/SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno Rodrigues
- Faculty of Physical Education, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas/SP, Brazil
| | | | - Marco Carlos Uchida
- Faculty of Physical Education, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas/SP, Brazil
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Van Roie E, Walker S, Van Driessche S, Baggen R, Coudyzer W, Bautmans I, Delecluse C. Training load does not affect detraining's effect on muscle volume, muscle strength and functional capacity among older adults. Exp Gerontol 2017; 98:30-37. [PMID: 28778747 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Research underlines the potential of low-load resistance exercise in older adults. However, while the effects of detraining from high-load protocols have been established, it is not known whether gains from low-load training would be better/worse maintained. The current study evaluated the effects of 24weeks of detraining that followed 12weeks of high- and low-load resistance exercise in older adults. Fifty-six older adults (68.0±5.0years) were randomly assigned to leg press and leg extension training at either HIGH load (2×10-15 repetitions at 80% of one-repetition maximum (1-RM)), LOW load (1×80-100 repetitions at 20% of 1-RM), or LOW+ load (1×60 repetitions at 20% of 1-RM, immediately followed by 1×10-20 repetitions at 40% 1-RM). All protocols ended with volitional fatigue. The main outcome measures included mid-thigh muscle volume, leg press 1-RM, leg extension isometric and isokinetic strength, and functional performance. Tests were performed at baseline, post-intervention and after 24weeks of detraining. Results show no effect of load on preservation of muscle volume, which returned to baseline after detraining. Training-induced gains in functional capacity and isometric strength were maintained, independent of load. HIGH and LOW+ were more beneficial than LOW for long-lasting gains in training-specific 1-RM. To conclude, gains in muscle volume are reversed after 24weeks of detraining, independent of load. This emphasises the need for long-term resistance exercise adherence. The magnitude of detraining in neuromuscular and functional adaptations was similar between groups. These findings underline the value of low-load resistance exercise in older age. Clinical Trial Registration NCT01707017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien Van Roie
- KU Leuven, Department of Kinesiology, Physical Activity, Sports and Health Research Group, Belgium.
| | - Simon Walker
- University of Jyväskylä, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Neuromuscular Research Center, Finland
| | - Stijn Van Driessche
- KU Leuven, Department of Kinesiology, Physical Activity, Sports and Health Research Group, Belgium
| | - Remco Baggen
- KU Leuven, Department of Kinesiology, Physical Activity, Sports and Health Research Group, Belgium
| | - Walter Coudyzer
- KU Leuven, Department of Morphology and Medical Imaging, Radiology Section, Belgium
| | - Ivan Bautmans
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Gerontology Department, Frailty in Ageing Research Group, Belgium
| | - Christophe Delecluse
- KU Leuven, Department of Kinesiology, Physical Activity, Sports and Health Research Group, Belgium
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16
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Hwang PS, Andre TL, McKinley-Barnard SK, Morales Marroquín FE, Gann JJ, Song JJ, Willoughby DS. Resistance Training-Induced Elevations in Muscular Strength in Trained Men Are Maintained After 2 Weeks of Detraining and Not Differentially Affected by Whey Protein Supplementation. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:869-881. [PMID: 28328712 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hwang, PS, Andre, TL, McKinley-Barnard, SK, Morales Marroquín, FE, Gann, JJ, Song, JJ, and Willoughby, DS. Resistance training-induced elevations in muscular strength in trained men are maintained after 2 weeks of detraining and not differentially affected by whey protein supplementation. J Strength Cond Res 31(4): 869-881, 2017-Resistance training (RT) with nutritional strategies incorporating whey protein intake postexercise can stimulate muscle protein synthesis and elicit hypertrophy. The early phases of training-induced anabolic responses can be attenuated with longer-term training. It is currently unknown if short-term detraining (DT) can restore these blunted anabolic responses during a subsequent retraining (ReT) period. Twenty resistance-trained men (age 20.95 ± 1.23 years; n = 20) were randomized into one of 2 groups (PRO or CHO; 25 g) in a double-blind manner. Participants followed a 4-day per week RT program (4-week RT; 2-week DT; 4-week ReT) while consuming their respective supplement only on workout days during RT and ReT, but every day during DT. At baseline, 4 weeks after RT (post-RT), 2 weeks after DT (post-2-week DT), and after 4 weeks of ReT after DT (post-ReT), leg press strength (LPS) was assessed and rectus femoris cross-sectional area and lean mass changes were assessed by ultrasonography and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, respectively. A factorial 2 × 4 (group by time) analyses of variance with repeated measures were used with a probability level at ≤0.05. LPS was elevated throughout the 10-week training study (p = 0.003) with no decrease in LPS after DT in both groups. Although not statistically significant, both groups retained lean mass after DT. A 2-week period of DT appeared to retain muscular strength in resistance-trained men. Therefore, a short-term period of DT can potentially retain lower-body strength in young resistance-trained men irrespective of supplementing with 25 g of whey protein postexercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Hwang
- 1Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Exercise and Biochemical Nutrition Laboratory, Baylor University, Waco, Texas;2Department of Health, Kinesiology and Sport, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama; and3Department of Statistical Science, Baylor University, Waco, Texas
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17
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Müller F, Al-Nawas B, Storelli S, Quirynen M, Hicklin S, Castro-Laza J, Bassetti R, Schimmel M. Small-diameter titanium grade IV and titanium-zirconium implants in edentulous mandibles: five-year results from a double-blind, randomized controlled trial. BMC Oral Health 2015; 15:123. [PMID: 26458813 PMCID: PMC4603635 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-015-0107-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to compare the 5-year survival and success rates of 3.3 mm dental implants either made from titanium-zirconium (TiZr) alloy or from Grade IV titanium (Ti Grade IV) in mandibular implant-based removable overdentures. METHODS The core study had a follow-up period of 36 months and was designed as a randomized, controlled, double-blind, split-mouth multicenter clinical trial. Patients with edentulous mandibles received two Straumann Bone Level implants (diameter 3.3 mm, SLActive®), one of TiZr (test) and one of Ti Grade IV (control), in the interforaminal region. This follow-up study recruited patients from the core study and evaluated the plaque and sulcus bleeding indices, radiographic crestal bone level, as well as implant survival and success 60 months after implant placement. RESULTS Of the 91 patients who initially received implants, 75 completed the 36 month follow-up and 49 were available for the 60 month examination. Two patients were excluded so that a total of 47 patients with an average age of 72 ± 8 years were analysed. The characteristics and 36-month performance of the present study cohort did not differ from the non-included initial participants (p > 0.05). In the period since the 36-month follow-up examination, no implant was lost. The cumulative implant survival rate was 98.9 % for the TiZr group and 97.8 % for the Ti Grade IV group. Crestal bone level changes at 60 months were not different in the test and control group (TiZr -0.60 ± 0.69 mm and Ti Grade IV -0.61 ± 0.83 mm; p = 0.96). The cumulative implant success rate after 60 months was 95.8 and 92.6 % for TiZr and Ti Grade IV, respectively. CONCLUSIONS After 60 months, the positive outcomes of the 36 month results for TiZr and Ti Grade IV implants were confirmed, with no significant differences with regard to crestal bone level change, clinical parameters and survival or success rates. TiZr implants performed equally well compared to conventional Ti Grade IV 3.3 mm diameter-reduced implants for mandibular removable overdentures. TRIAL REGISTRATION Registered on www.clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01878331.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Müller
- Division of Gerodontology and Removable Prosthodontics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | | | - Stefano Storelli
- University of Milan, Dental Clinic, San Paolo Hospital, Milan, Italy.
| | - Marc Quirynen
- School of Dentistry, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Stefan Hicklin
- University of Bern, School of Dental Medicine, Bern, Switzerland.
| | | | - Renzo Bassetti
- Cantonal Hospital Lucerne, Clinic for Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Lucerne, Switzerland.
| | - Martin Schimmel
- Division of Gerodontology and Removable Prosthodontics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. .,University of Bern, School of Dental Medicine, Bern, Switzerland.
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Yasuda T, Fukumura K, Iida H, Nakajima T. Effects of detraining after blood flow-restricted low-load elastic band training on muscle size and arterial stiffness in older women. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:348. [PMID: 26191475 PMCID: PMC4502052 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-1132-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background We examined the effects of detraining after blood flow-restricted (BFR) low-load elastic band training on muscle size and arterial stiffness in older women. Findings Fourteen women were divided into BFR training (BFR-T) or non-BFR training (CON-T). Each group participated in 12 weeks of arm curl and press down training using an elastic band either with (BFR-T) or without BFR (CON-T). Muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) for upper arms and cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) were evaluated before and after the 12-week training period and also after 12 weeks of detraining. CSA and MVIC were higher at post and detraining (CSA: 16.3% (p < 0.01) and 6.9% (p < 0.01) for elbow flexion and 17.1% (p < 0.01) and 8.7% (p > 0.05) for elbow extension; MVIC: 7.3 and 3.9% (both p > 0.05) for elbow flexion and 17.6 and 15.1% (both p < 0.01) for elbow extension) than at pre for the BFR-T, but not for the CON-T. There was no change in CAVI for the two groups. Conclusions Increased muscle strength/size following 12 weeks of elastic band BFR-T was well maintained with a low risk of arterial stiffness after 12 weeks of detraining in older women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Yasuda
- Department of Ischemic Circulatory Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan ; School of Nursing, Seirei Christopher University, 3453, Mikatahara, Kita-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 433-8558 Japan
| | - Kazuya Fukumura
- Department of Ischemic Circulatory Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruko Iida
- Department of Ischemic Circulatory Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Nakajima
- Department of Ischemic Circulatory Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Patil R, Uusi-Rasi K, Tokola K, Karinkanta S, Kannus P, Sievänen H. Effects of a Multimodal Exercise Program on Physical Function, Falls, and Injuries in Older Women: A 2-Year Community-Based, Randomized Controlled Trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 2015; 63:1306-13. [PMID: 26115073 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.13489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the effects of multimodal supervised exercise on physical functioning, falls, and related injuries in older women. DESIGN Two-year randomized controlled trial. SETTING Tampere, Finland. PARTICIPANTS Women aged 70 to 80 who had fallen in the previous year (n = 409). INTERVENTION Participants were randomly assigned to an exercise or control group (ClinicalTrial.gov NCT00986466). Exercisers participated in group exercise classes twice a week for 12 months and once a week for the subsequent 12 months and home exercises. Controls maintained their current physical activity. MEASUREMENTS Physical functioning assessed at baseline and at 6-month intervals during the intervention. Falls and related injuries monitored with fall diaries. RESULTS Intention-to-treat analyses showed that exercise led to significant improvements in physical functioning. Leg strength differed significantly between the groups (mean change: 14.1%, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 8.0 to 20.2 in exercisers; 1.6%, 95% CI = -4.5 to 7.7 in controls; P < .001). Chair stand time also differed significantly between groups (7.4%, 95% CI 3.8 to 10.8% in exercisers; 2.4%, 95% CI = -1.6 to 6.2) in controls; P = .02). Between-group differences were significant for fast walking speed (P = .003) and probability of completing the backward walking test (P < .001), favoring exercisers. Timed Up-and-Go and grip strength did not differ between groups. There was no difference in the total falls incidence rate ratio (IRR = 1.0, 95% CI = 0.79 to 1.26), but exercisers were less likely to have medically attended injurious falls (IRR = 0.45, 95% CI = 0.27 to 0.78; P = .004). CONCLUSION Twenty-four months of multimodal exercise enhanced physical functioning in women aged 70 to 80 with a history of falls. Although the total number of falls was not lower than in controls, the rate of medically attended injurious falls was more than 50% lower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Patil
- UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kirsti Uusi-Rasi
- UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland.,Research Department, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kari Tokola
- UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Pekka Kannus
- UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Trauma, Musculoskeletal Surgery and Rehabilitation, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,Medical School, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Harri Sievänen
- UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
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Yasuda T, Loenneke JP, Thiebaud RS, Abe T. Effects of detraining after blood flow-restricted low-intensity concentric or eccentric training on muscle size and strength. J Physiol Sci 2015; 65:139-44. [PMID: 25381173 PMCID: PMC10717004 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-014-0345-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of 6 weeks of detraining on muscle size and strength in young men who had previously participated in 6 weeks (3 days/week) of 30 % of concentric one-repetition maximal (1-RM) dumbbell curl training [one arm: concentric blood flow restricted (BFR) exercise (CON-BFR); the other arm: eccentric BFR exercise (ECC-BFR)]. MRI-measured muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) at 10 cm above the elbow joint increased from pre to post (p < 0.01), and the muscle CSA following detraining remained greater than pre (p < 0.01) but was similar to that observed at post. Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) increased from pre to post (p < 0.05), and the MVC following detraining remained greater than pre (p < 0.05) but was similar to that observed at post. The ECC-BFR did not produce any changes across time. Increased muscle strength following 6 weeks of CON-BFR was well preserved at 6 weeks of detraining, which may be primarily related to muscle hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Yasuda
- Department of Ischemic Circulatory Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan,
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21
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Effects of detraining after blood flow-restricted low-intensity training on muscle size and strength in older adults. Aging Clin Exp Res 2014; 26:561-4. [PMID: 24639094 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-014-0208-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although blood flow-restricted low-intensity resistance training (BFR-RT) increases muscle size and strength in older adults, the effect of detraining on muscle adaptation is unclear. METHODS We investigated the effects of 24 weeks of detraining on thigh muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and one-repetition maximum strength (1-RM) in older adults who had previously participated in 12 weeks of training (BFR-RT, 20-30 % 1-RM, knee extension and leg press) or non-BFR training. RESULTS Both 1-RM and relative dynamic strengths (1-RM divided by quadriceps femoris (QF) muscle CSA) were higher at both post-training and detraining than at pre-training for the BFR-RT group (p < 0.05). QF muscle CSA was higher at only post-training than at pre-training for the BFR-RT group (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Increased muscle strength following 12 weeks of training with BFR-RT was well preserved at 24 weeks of detraining, which is due mainly to neural adaptation in older adults.
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22
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McMahon GE, Morse CI, Burden A, Winwood K, Onambélé GL. Impact of range of motion during ecologically valid resistance training protocols on muscle size, subcutaneous fat, and strength. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 28:245-55. [PMID: 23629583 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e318297143a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The impact of using different resistance training (RT) kinematics, which therefore alters RT mechanics, and their subsequent effect on adaptations remain largely unreported. The aim of this study was to identify the differences to training at a longer (LR) compared with a shorter (SR) range of motion (ROM) and the time course of any changes during detraining. Recreationally active participants in LR (aged 19 ± 2.6 years; n = 8) and SR (aged 19 ± 3.4 years; n = 8) groups undertook 8 weeks of RT and 4 weeks of detraining. Muscle size, architecture, subcutaneous fat, and strength were measured at weeks 0, 8, 10, and 12 (repeated measures). A control group (aged 23 ± 2.4 years; n = 10) was also monitored during this period. Significant (p > 0.05) posttraining differences existed in strength (on average 4 ± 2 vs. 18 ± 2%), distal anatomical cross-sectional area (59 ± 15 vs. 16 ± 10%), fascicle length (23 ± 5 vs. 10 ± 2%), and subcutaneous fat (22 ± 8 vs. 5 ± 2%), with LR exhibiting greater adaptations than SR. Detraining resulted in significant (p > 0.05) deteriorations in all muscle parameters measured in both groups, with the SR group experiencing a more rapid relative loss of postexercise increases in strength than that experienced by the LR group (p > 0.05). Greater morphological and architectural RT adaptations in the LR (owing to higher mechanical stress) result in a more significant increase in strength compared with that of the SR. The practical implications for this body of work follow that LR should be observed in RT where increased muscle strength and size are the objective, because we demonstrate here that ROM should not be compromised for greater external loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard E McMahon
- 1Institute for Performance Research, Department of Exercise & Sport Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Crewe, United Kingdom; and 2Sports Institute Northern Ireland, University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, Belfast, Ireland
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23
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Lim HS, Yoon S. The training and detraining effects of 8 weeks of water exercise on obstacle avoidance in gait by the elderly. J Phys Ther Sci 2014; 26:1215-8. [PMID: 25202183 PMCID: PMC4155222 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.26.1215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] This study aimed to provide useful information for fall prevention for the elderly by investigating how safely the elderly cross an obstacle after 8 weeks water exercise, and how much of the training effect remained 8 weeks after finishing the exercise. [Subjects] Eleven elderly participants participated in this study. [Methods] To identify the training and detraining effect of 8 weeks of water exercise, a 3-D motion analysis with 7 infrared cameras and one force plate, was performed. [Results] In most of all variables, statistically significant training and detraining effects at obstacle heights of 30% leg length were found. At obstacle heights of 40% leg length, statistically significant training effects were found but only improvement pattern of detraining effects were found for all variables. [Conclusion] The findings of this study indicate that 8 weeks of water exercise at the level of RPE 12-13 may help the elderly to safely cross obstacles at the most common height associated with falls (30% of leg length) for at least 8 weeks after training termination. The training effect, however, should not be expected to last for 8 weeks after the training at obstacle heights of 40% height of their leg length, which is a more difficult height for the elderly to cross.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Sung Lim
- Department of Physical Therapy, Sahmyook University, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukhoon Yoon
- Department of Community Sports, Korea National Sport University, Republic of Korea
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Yasuda T, Loenneke JP, Ogasawara R, Abe T. Effects of short-term detraining following blood flow restricted low-intensity training on muscle size and strength. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2014; 35:71-75. [PMID: 24828574 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of 3 weeks of detraining on muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and one-repetition maximum strength (1-RM) in young men who had previously participated in 6 weeks (3 days week(-1) ) of bench press training [blood flow restricted low-intensity (LI-BFR; n = 10, 20% 1-RM) or high-intensity (HI; n = 7, 75% 1-RM)]. Bench press 1-RM and muscle CSA of triceps brachii (TB) and pectoralis major (PM) were evaluated before (pre) and after training period (post) as well as after detraining period (detraining). Bench press 1-RM was higher at both post and detraining than at pre for LI-BFR (P<0·01) and the HI (P<0·01). TB and PM muscle CSA were higher at both post and detraining than at pre for the HI group (P<0·01), while the LI-BFR group only increased (P<0·01) at post. Relative dynamic strength (1-RM divided by TB muscle CSA) was higher at both post and detraining than at pre for the HI group (P<0·01), while the LI-BFR group only increased (P<0·01) at detraining. In conclusion, increased muscle strength following 6 weeks of training with LI-BFR as well as HI was well preserved at 3 weeks of detraining. HI-induced muscle strength appears to be dependent upon both neural adaptations and muscle hypertrophy with training and detraining. On the other hand, LI-BFR-induced muscle strength appears to be related primarily to muscle hypertrophy with training and to neural adaptations with detraining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Yasuda
- Department of Ischemic Circulatory Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jeremy P Loenneke
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Riki Ogasawara
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Abe
- Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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25
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Müller F. Interventions for edentate elders - what is the evidence? Gerodontology 2014; 31 Suppl 1:44-51. [DOI: 10.1111/ger.12083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Müller
- Division of Gerodontology and Removable Prosthodontics; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rehabilitation and Geriatrics; University Hospitals Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
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Nascimento DDC, Tibana RA, Benik FM, Fontana KE, Neto FR, de Santana FS, Santos-Neto L, Silva RAS, Silva AO, Farias DL, Balsamo S, Prestes J. Sustained effect of resistance training on blood pressure and hand grip strength following a detraining period in elderly hypertensive women: a pilot study. Clin Interv Aging 2014; 9:219-25. [PMID: 24477221 PMCID: PMC3901741 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s56058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypertension is the most prevalent modifiable risk factor with a high prevalence among older adults. Exercise is a nonpharmacological treatment shown to benefit all patients with hypertension. OBJECTIVE This study examined the effects of a 14-week moderate intensity resistance training program (RT) on the maintenance of blood pressure and hand grip strength during an extended detraining period in elderly hypertensive women. METHODS Twelve hypertensive sedentary elderly women completed 14 weeks of whole body RT at a moderate perceived exertion following a detraining period of 14 weeks. RESULTS Following the training period, participants demonstrated an increase in absolute hand grip strength (P=0.001), relative hand grip strength (P=0.032) and a decrease of systolic (P=0.001), diastolic (P=0.008), and mean blood pressure (P=0.002) when compared to pre-exercise values. In addition, these effects were sustained after 14 weeks of detraining. CONCLUSION Resistance training may be a valuable method to improve muscular strength and blood pressure in elderly people with benefits being maintained up to 14 weeks following training cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahan da Cunha Nascimento
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, University Center Euro American University Center, Brasilia, Brazil
- Strength Training and Health Research Group (GEPEEFS), Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Ramires Alsamir Tibana
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
- Strength Training and Health Research Group (GEPEEFS), Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Franklin M Benik
- Department of Kinesiology and Sports Studies Graduate Program, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Frederico Santos de Santana
- Department of Physical Education, University Center Euro American University Center, Brasilia, Brazil
- Strength Training and Health Research Group (GEPEEFS), Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Leopoldo Santos-Neto
- Graduate Program in Medical Sciences of the University of Brasilia, School of Medicine and Rheumatology Service, University Hospital of Brasilia (HUB), Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Renato André Sousa Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, University Center Euro American University Center, Brasilia, Brazil
- Center of Excellence in Medicine of Exercise (CEMEx), Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Oliveira Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
- Center University of Brasilia (UNICEUB), Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Darlan Lopes Farias
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
- Center University of Brasilia (UNICEUB), Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Sandor Balsamo
- Graduate Program in Medical Sciences of the University of Brasilia, School of Medicine and Rheumatology Service, University Hospital of Brasilia (HUB), Brasilia, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, University Center Euro American University Center, Brasilia, Brazil
- Strength Training and Health Research Group (GEPEEFS), Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Jonato Prestes
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
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Müller F, Duvernay E, Loup A, Vazquez L, Herrmann FR, Schimmel M. Implant-supported mandibular overdentures in very old adults: a randomized controlled trial. J Dent Res 2013; 92:154S-60S. [PMID: 24158342 DOI: 10.1177/0022034513509630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was (1) to investigate denture satisfaction following the conversion of existing mandibular complete dentures to implant overdentures (IOD) in very old edentulous patients who depend on help for activities of daily living and (2) to evaluate secondary end points, such as functional, structural, nutritional, and patient-centered aspects. For this randomized clinical trial, 2 interforaminal short implants were placed in the intervention group (n = 16, 85.0 ± 6.19 yrs) to retain mandibular IODs; the control group (n = 18, 84.1 ± 5.55 yrs) received conventional relines. During the first year, no implant was lost; however, 2 patients died. IODs proved more stable, and participants in the intervention group demonstrated significantly higher denture satisfaction as well as an increased oral health-related quality of life compared to the control group. Maximum voluntary bite force improved significantly with IODs, yet the chewing efficiency was not different between groups. Masseter muscle thickness increased with IODs, mainly on the preferred chewing side. Body mass index decreased in both groups, but the decline tended to be smaller in the intervention group; blood markers and the Mini Nutritional Assessment did not confirm this tendency. These results indicate that edentulous patients who depend on help for activities of daily living may benefit from IODs even late in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Müller
- Division of Gerodontology and Removable Prosthodontics, Medical Faculty, Dental School, University of Geneva, Switzerland
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Effects of Fitness and Vibration Training on Muscle Quality: A 1-Year Postintervention Follow-Up in Older Men. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2013; 94:910-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Osawa Y, Oguma Y. Effects of Combining Whole-Body Vibration With Exercise on the Consequences of Detraining on Muscle Performance in Untrained Adults. J Strength Cond Res 2013; 27:1074-82. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31826520af] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Crary MA, Carnaby GD, LaGorio LA, Carvajal PJ. Functional and Physiological Outcomes from an Exercise-Based Dysphagia Therapy: A Pilot Investigation of the McNeill Dysphagia Therapy Program. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2012; 93:1173-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2011.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Bickel CS, Cross JM, Bamman MM. Exercise dosing to retain resistance training adaptations in young and older adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011; 43:1177-87. [PMID: 21131862 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e318207c15d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Resistance training (RT) is a proven sarcopenia countermeasure with a high degree of potency. However, sustainability remains a major issue that could limit the appeal of RT as a therapeutic approach without well-defined dosing requirements to maintain gains. PURPOSE To test the efficacy of two maintenance prescriptions on muscle mass, myofiber size and type distribution, and strength. We hypothesized the minimum dose required to maintain RT-induced adaptations would be greater in the old (60-75 yr) versus young (20-35 yr). METHODS Seventy adults participated in a two-phase exercise trial that consisted of RT 3 d·wk for 16 wk (phase 1) followed by a 32-wk period (phase 2) with random assignment to detraining or one of two maintenance prescriptions (reducing the dose to one-third or one-ninth of that during phase 1). RESULTS Phase 1 resulted in expected gains in strength, myofiber size, and muscle mass along with the typical IIx-to-IIa shift in myofiber-type distribution. Both maintenance prescriptions preserved phase 1 muscle hypertrophy in the young but not the old. In fact, the one-third maintenance dose led to additional myofiber hypertrophy in the young. In both age groups, detraining reversed the phase 1 IIx-to-IIa myofiber-type shift, whereas a dose response was evident during maintenance training with the one-third dose better maintaining the shift. Strength gained during phase 1 was largely retained throughout detraining with only a slight reduction at the final time point. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that older adults require a higher dose of weekly loading than the young to maintain myofiber hypertrophy attained during a progressive RT program, yet gains in specific strength among older adults were well preserved and remained at or above levels of the untrained young.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Scott Bickel
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0005, USA
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