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Gloria MAD, Mouro MG, Geraldini S, Higa EMS, Carvalho AB. Cbfa1 expression in vascular smooth muscle cells may be elevated by increased nitric oxide/iNOS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 42:300-306. [PMID: 32459278 PMCID: PMC7657048 DOI: 10.1590/2175-8239-jbn-2019-0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vascular calcification is a common complication of chronic kidney disease. Osteoblast differentiation factor (Cbfa1) is present in histologic sections of arteries from patients with end-stage renal disease. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) can dedifferentiate to osteoblast-like cells, possibly by up-regulation of Cbfa1. There is evidence that the production of nitric oxide (NO) may have an important role in the regulation of osteoblast metabolism. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether increased NO/iNOS expression causes an increase in cbfa1 expression in VSMC. METHODS VSMC were obtained from renal artery of Wistar male rats, treated for 72 hours with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), ß-glycerophosphate (BGF), a donor of phosphate and aminoguanidine (AG), an inhibitor of iNOS, in the following groups: CTL (control), LPS, BGF, LPS + BGF, and LPS + AG. NO synthesis was determined by chemiluminescence. Cbfa1 and iNOS mRNA expressions were analyzed by RT-PCR, Cbfa1 protein expression by immunohistochemistry and cellular viability by acridine orange. RESULTS Cbfa1 and iNOS mRNA expressions were higher in LPS and LPS+ BGF vs CTL (p < 0.05), and they were lower in LPS+AG vs LPS (p < 0.05). The Cbfa1 in the groups LPS and LPS+BGF also resulted in a higher value compared to CTL (p < 0.05), and in LPS+AG it was lower compared to LPS (p < 0.05). NO was higher in LPS and LPS+BGF compared to CTL group (p < 0.05) and lower in LPS + AG compared to LPS group (p < 0.05). Cellular viability showed no statistical difference among groups. CONCLUSION This study showed that increased NO/iNOS expression causes an increase in cbfa1 expression in VSMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Aparecida da Gloria
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Medicina, Programa de pós-graduação em Nefrologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Margaret Gori Mouro
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Medicina, Programa de pós-graduação em Nefrologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Simone Geraldini
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Medicina, Programa de pós-graduação em Nefrologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Elisa Mieko Suemitsu Higa
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Medicina, Programa de pós-graduação em Nefrologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.,Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Medicina, Programa de pós-graduação em Medicina Translational, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Aluizio Barbosa Carvalho
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Medicina, Programa de pós-graduação em Nefrologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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2
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Gilewski W, Banach J, Rogowicz D, Wołowiec Ł, Sielski S, Grześk G. Treatment of Hypertension Because of Immunosuppressive Therapy After Solid Organ Transplantation-Pharmacological Approach. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2021; 77:735-744. [PMID: 34001720 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Solid organs transplantation procedures have been performed for more than half a century. Growing knowledge of immune response and development of new immunosuppressive regimens guarantee more and more successful outcomes. However, many of the applied drugs lead to cardiovascular complications, the most frequent of which is hypertension. This article describes epidemiology, pathogenetic mechanisms, and treatment of hypertension induced by immunosuppressive medication. The main impact is focused on drugs belonging to the following groups: calcineurin inhibitors, the inhibitors of the mammalian target of rapamycin, and glucocorticosteroids. We analyze the mechanism of action of the main hypertensive drugs and their influence on the reversing hypertonic action of the immunosuppressive agents. In the absence of current guidelines addressing this problem, this article is an attempt to fill the gap, helping clinicians to choose proper medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Gilewski
- Department of Cardiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Faculty of Health Sciences
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3
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Wang QS, Liang C, Jiang S, Zhu D, Sun Y, Niu N, Yang X, Yang YC, Dong BH, Yao J, Yu CJ, Lou J, Tang LL, Wu MM, Zhang ZR, Ma HP. NaHS or Lovastatin Attenuates Cyclosporine A-Induced Hypertension in Rats by Inhibiting Epithelial Sodium Channels. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:665111. [PMID: 34122084 PMCID: PMC8187945 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.665111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of cyclosporine A (CsA) in transplant recipients is limited due to its side effects of causing severe hypertension. We have previously shown that CsA increases the activity of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) in cultured distal nephron cells. However, it remains unknown whether ENaC mediates CsA-induced hypertension and how we could prevent hypertension. Our data show that the open probability of ENaC in principal cells of split-open cortical collecting ducts was significantly increased after treatment of rats with CsA; the increase was attenuated by lovastatin. Moreover, CsA also elevated the levels of intracellular cholesterol (Cho), intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) via activation of NADPH oxidase p47phox, serum- and glucocorticoid-induced kinase isoform 1 (Sgk1), and phosphorylated neural precursor cell-expressed developmentally downregulated protein 4-2 (p-Nedd4-2) in the kidney cortex. Lovastatin also abolished CsA-induced elevation of α-, ß-, and γ-ENaC expressions. CsA elevated systolic blood pressure in rats; the elevation was completely reversed by lovastatin (an inhibitor of cholesterol synthesis), NaHS (a donor of H2S which ameliorated CsA-induced elevation of reactive oxygen species), or amiloride (a potent ENaC blocker). These results suggest that CsA elevates blood pressure by increasing ENaC activity via a signaling cascade associated with elevation of intracellular ROS, activation of Sgk1, and inactivation of Nedd4-2 in an intracellular cholesterol-dependent manner. Our data also show that NaHS ameliorates CsA-induced hypertension by inhibition of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Shi Wang
- Departments of Pharmacy and Cardiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Heilongjiang key laboratory for Metabolic disorder & cancer related cardiovascular diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Cell Transplantation, Harbin Medical University & Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, Harbin, China
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Chen Liang
- Departments of Pharmacy and Cardiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Heilongjiang key laboratory for Metabolic disorder & cancer related cardiovascular diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Cell Transplantation, Harbin Medical University & Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, Harbin, China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- Departments of Pharmacy and Cardiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Heilongjiang key laboratory for Metabolic disorder & cancer related cardiovascular diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Cell Transplantation, Harbin Medical University & Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, Harbin, China
| | - Di Zhu
- Departments of Pharmacy and Cardiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Heilongjiang key laboratory for Metabolic disorder & cancer related cardiovascular diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Cell Transplantation, Harbin Medical University & Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, Harbin, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Departments of Pharmacy and Cardiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Heilongjiang key laboratory for Metabolic disorder & cancer related cardiovascular diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Cell Transplantation, Harbin Medical University & Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, Harbin, China
| | - Na Niu
- Departments of Pharmacy and Cardiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Heilongjiang key laboratory for Metabolic disorder & cancer related cardiovascular diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Cell Transplantation, Harbin Medical University & Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, Harbin, China
| | - Xu Yang
- Departments of Pharmacy and Cardiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Heilongjiang key laboratory for Metabolic disorder & cancer related cardiovascular diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Cell Transplantation, Harbin Medical University & Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, Harbin, China
| | - Yan-Chao Yang
- Departments of Pharmacy and Cardiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Heilongjiang key laboratory for Metabolic disorder & cancer related cardiovascular diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Cell Transplantation, Harbin Medical University & Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, Harbin, China
| | - Bi-Han Dong
- Departments of Pharmacy and Cardiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Heilongjiang key laboratory for Metabolic disorder & cancer related cardiovascular diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Cell Transplantation, Harbin Medical University & Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, Harbin, China
| | - Jie Yao
- Departments of Pharmacy and Cardiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Heilongjiang key laboratory for Metabolic disorder & cancer related cardiovascular diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Cell Transplantation, Harbin Medical University & Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, Harbin, China
| | - Chang-Jiang Yu
- Departments of Pharmacy and Cardiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Heilongjiang key laboratory for Metabolic disorder & cancer related cardiovascular diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Cell Transplantation, Harbin Medical University & Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, Harbin, China
| | - Jie Lou
- Departments of Pharmacy and Cardiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Heilongjiang key laboratory for Metabolic disorder & cancer related cardiovascular diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Cell Transplantation, Harbin Medical University & Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, Harbin, China
| | - Liang-Liang Tang
- Departments of Pharmacy and Cardiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Heilongjiang key laboratory for Metabolic disorder & cancer related cardiovascular diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Cell Transplantation, Harbin Medical University & Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, Harbin, China
| | - Ming-Ming Wu
- Departments of Pharmacy and Cardiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Heilongjiang key laboratory for Metabolic disorder & cancer related cardiovascular diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Cell Transplantation, Harbin Medical University & Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, Harbin, China
| | - Zhi-Ren Zhang
- Departments of Pharmacy and Cardiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Heilongjiang key laboratory for Metabolic disorder & cancer related cardiovascular diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Cell Transplantation, Harbin Medical University & Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, Harbin, China
| | - He-Ping Ma
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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4
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Figueiredo AE, da Costa BEP, Conti A, Poitevin AA, Filho BJA, Torres E, d'Avila DO, Poli de Figueiredo CE. Peritoneal Transport Function and Endothelium-Dependent Vasodilation. ARCH ESP UROL 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/089686080702700219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bartira E. Pinheiro da Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde (Nefrologia) Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul/IPB/HSL/FAMED/FAENFI Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Adriana Conti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde (Nefrologia) Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul/IPB/HSL/FAMED/FAENFI Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - André A. Poitevin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde (Nefrologia) Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul/IPB/HSL/FAMED/FAENFI Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Breno José Acauan Filho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde (Nefrologia) Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul/IPB/HSL/FAMED/FAENFI Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Elton Torres
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde (Nefrologia) Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul/IPB/HSL/FAMED/FAENFI Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Domingos O. d'Avila
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde (Nefrologia) Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul/IPB/HSL/FAMED/FAENFI Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carlos E. Poli de Figueiredo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde (Nefrologia) Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul/IPB/HSL/FAMED/FAENFI Porto Alegre, Brazil
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5
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Jung YK, Park HR, Cho HJ, Jang JA, Lee EJ, Han MS, Kim GW, Han S. Degrading products of chondroitin sulfate can induce hypertrophy-like changes and MMP-13/ADAMTS5 production in chondrocytes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15846. [PMID: 31676809 PMCID: PMC6825126 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52358-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is the most abundant glycosaminoglycan (GAG) in articular cartilage and the loss of CS-GAG occurs early in OA. As a major component of perichondral matrix interacting directly with chondrocytes, the active turnover of CS can affect to break the homeostasis of chondrocytes. Here we employ CS-based 3-dimensional (3D) hydrogel scaffold system to investigate how the degradation products of CS affect the catabolic phenotype of chondrocytes. The breakdown of CS-based ECM by the chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) resulted in a hypertrophy-like morphologic change in chondrocytes, which was accompanied by catabolic phenotypes, including increased MMP-13 and ADAMTS5 expression, nitric oxide (NO) production and oxidative stress. The inhibition of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) or TLR4 with OxPAPC (TLR2 and TLR4 dual inhibitor) and LPS-RS (TLR4-MD2 inhibitor) ameliorated these catabolic phenotypes of chondrocytes by CS-ECM degradation, suggesting a role of CS breakdown products as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). As downstream signals of TLRs, MAP kinases, NF-kB, NO and STAT3-related signals were responsible for the catabolic phenotypes of chondrocytes associated with ECM degradation. NO in turn reinforced the activation of MAP kinases as well as NFkB signaling pathway. Thus, these results propose that the breakdown product of CS-GAG can recapitulate the catabolic phenotypes of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn-Kwan Jung
- Biomedical Research Institute, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Ri Park
- Laboratory for arthritis and bone biology, Fatima Research Institute, Daegu Fatima hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Cho
- Laboratory for arthritis and bone biology, Fatima Research Institute, Daegu Fatima hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Ae Jang
- Laboratory for arthritis and bone biology, Fatima Research Institute, Daegu Fatima hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ju Lee
- Laboratory for arthritis and bone biology, Fatima Research Institute, Daegu Fatima hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Su Han
- Laboratory for arthritis and bone biology, Fatima Research Institute, Daegu Fatima hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Gun-Woo Kim
- Laboratory for arthritis and bone biology, Fatima Research Institute, Daegu Fatima hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Department of Internal medicine, Daegu Fatima Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungwoo Han
- Laboratory for arthritis and bone biology, Fatima Research Institute, Daegu Fatima hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Internal medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Liu C, Zhu P, Fujino M, Isaka Y, Ito H, Takahashi K, Nakajima M, Tanaka T, Zhuang J, Li XK. 5-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA), enhances heme oxygenase (HO)-1 expression and attenuates tubulointerstitial fibrosis and renal apoptosis in chronic cyclosporine nephropathy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 508:583-589. [PMID: 30514440 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.11.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclosporine-A (CsA) is an immunosuppressant indicated for various immunological diseases; however, it can induce chronic kidney injury. Oxidative stress and apoptosis play a crucial role in CsA-induced nephrotoxicity. The present study evaluated the protective effect of combining 5-aminolaevulinic acid with iron (5-ALA/SFC), a precursor of heme synthesis, to enhance HO-1 activity against CsA-induced chronic nephrotoxicity. METHODS Mice were divided into three groups: the control group (using olive oil as a vehicle), CsA-only group, and CsA+5-ALA/SFC group. After 28 days, the mice were sacrificed, and blood and kidney samples were collected. In addition to histological and biochemical examination, the mRNA expression of proinflammatory and profibrotic cytokines was assessed. RESULTS Renal function in the 5-ALA/SFC treatment group as assessed by the serum creatinine and serum urea nitrogen levels was superior to that of the CsA-only treatment group, demonstrating that 5-ALA/SFC significantly attenuated CsA-induced kidney tissue inflammation, fibrosis, apoptosis, and tubular atrophy, as well as reducing the mRNA level of TNF-α, IL-6, TGF-β1, and iNOS while increasing HO-1. CONCLUSION The activity of 5-ALA/SFC has important implications for clarifying the mechanism of HO-1 activity in CsA-induced nephrotoxicity and may provide a favorable basis for clinical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Liu
- Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ping Zhu
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Masayuki Fujino
- Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan; AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Isaka
- Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Jian Zhuang
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Kang Li
- Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.
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7
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Nogueira GB, Punaro GR, Oliveira CS, Maciel FR, Fernandes TO, Lima DY, Rodrigues AM, Mouro MG, Araujo SRR, Higa EMS. N-acetylcysteine protects against diabetic nephropathy through control of oxidative and nitrosative stress by recovery of nitric oxide in rats. Nitric Oxide 2018; 78:22-31. [PMID: 29778909 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The diabetes mellitus (DM) induces several changes, with substantial increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The ROS cause damage to systemic and renal microvasculature, which could be one of the mechanisms involved in the development of diabetic nephropathy (DN). The ROS modulate other substances like the nitric oxide (NO), a vasodilator with important role in the renal function. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is an antioxidant that acts replenishing intracellular cysteine levels, which is essential for glutathione formation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of early or late NAC treatment on oxidative/nitrosative stress in DN progression. All rats were submitted to unilateral nephrectomy and diabetes was induced with streptozotocin. The animals were allocated into six groups: controls that received water (CTL) or NAC (CTL + NAC); diabetic groups that received early or late, water (DM-E; DM-L) or NAC (DM + NAC-E; DM + NAC-L), started on 5th day (early) or 4th week (late) after diabetes induction, during 8 weeks. After NAC treatment, the rats were placed in individual metabolic cages to obtain urine and blood samples for analysis of metabolic profile, renal function, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and NO. At the end of the protocol, the renal cortex was removed for TBARS, NOS evaluation, antioxidants markers and histology. The DM-E group compared to CTL showed a significant increase in glycemia and proteinuria and impaired renal function; there was a significant increase of TBARS in plasma, urine and renal tissue, and also a significant decrease in plasma NO, which were reverted after early NAC treatment. The eNOS was decreased and iNOS was increased in DM-E vs. CTL, p < 0.05. The early NAC treatment in DM rats reduced proteinuria, creatinine, urea, TBARS and iNOS and, increased creatinine clearance, NO and eNOS, increasing significantly the antioxidant defenses, promoting elevated catalase and glutathione compared to DM-E group, all p < 0.05. The late NAC treatment in diabetic rats vs.DM-E showed reduced proteinuria and TBARS excretion and higher values of creatinine clearance and NO, all statistically significant. Histological analysis of the animals in DM-E or DM-L showed significant tubular changes with degeneration and vacuolization in tubular cells, dilated tubular lumen, intense glycosidic degeneration, and discreet mesangial expansion with interstitial fibrosis area. The DM + NAC-E group showed moderate glycosidic degeneration, however, did not present tubular degeneration or fibrosis. The DM + NAC-L group showed severe glycosidic degeneration, moderate tubular cell degeneration, light and focal dilatation of the tubules, with no fibrosis. Our study showed that NAC protected the diabetic rats against renal injury, probably due to the control of oxidative stress via recovery of the NO bioavailability, showing that early NAC was more effective than late treatment. All these data suggest that NAC may be useful in the adjuvant treatment in a safe way, in the early phase of the disease. Eventually, prolonged treatment, even if it is started later, could change the natural history of the disease, delaying the complications of diabetes in renal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme B Nogueira
- Nephrology Division, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Nitric Oxide and Oxidative Stress, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giovana R Punaro
- Nephrology Division, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Nitric Oxide and Oxidative Stress, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Clemerson S Oliveira
- Translational Medicine, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Nitric Oxide and Oxidative Stress, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiane R Maciel
- Translational Medicine, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Nitric Oxide and Oxidative Stress, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thamires O Fernandes
- Nephrology Division, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Nitric Oxide and Oxidative Stress, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Deyse Y Lima
- Translational Medicine, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Nitric Oxide and Oxidative Stress, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adelson M Rodrigues
- Nephrology Division, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Nitric Oxide and Oxidative Stress, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Margaret G Mouro
- Nephrology Division, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Emergency Division, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Nitric Oxide and Oxidative Stress, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Elisa M S Higa
- Nephrology Division, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Emergency Division, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Translational Medicine, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Nitric Oxide and Oxidative Stress, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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8
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Heyman SN, Abassi Z, Rosenberger C, Yaseen H, Skarjinski G, Shina A, Mathia S, Krits N, Khamaisi M. Cyclosporine A induces endothelin-converting enzyme-1: Studies in vivo and in vitro. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2018; 223:e13033. [PMID: 29330945 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM Cyclosporine A (CsA) induces renal vasoconstriction and hypoxia and enhances the expression of endothelin-1 (ET-1) pro-hormone (pre-pro-ET-1), plausibly leading to a feed-forward loop of renal vasoconstriction, hypoxia and enhanced synthesis of the potent vasoconstrictor ET-1. Endothelin-converting enzyme (ECE)-1 cleaves big endothelin to generate endothelin (ET)-1 and is upregulated by hypoxia via hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF). We hypothesized that in addition to the direct induction of ET-1 synthesis, CsA might also intensify renal ECE-1 expression, thus contributing to enhanced ET-1 synthesis following CsA. METHODS CsA was administered to Sprague Dawley rats (120 mg/kg/SC) for 4 days, and renal HIF and ECE-1 expression were assessed with Western blots and immunostaining. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and proximal tubular cell line (HK-2) were subjected to CsA, and ECE-1 induction was evaluated using real-time mRNA PCR and Western blots. RESULTS Cyclosporine A intensified renal parenchymal ECE-1 expression in the rat kidney, particularly in distal nephron segments, along with renal hypoxia (detected by pimonidazole adducts) and HIF expression, in line with our recent observations showing episodic hypoxia in mice subjected to CsA. Furthermore, in cultured normoxic HUVEC and HK-2 cells, CsA dose-dependently induced both pre-pro-ET-1 and ECE-1 mRNA and protein expression, with enhanced ET-1 generation. CONCLUSION CsA induces ECE-1 via both hypoxic and non-hypoxic pathways. ECE-1 may contribute to increased renal ET-1 generation following CsA, participating in a feed-forward loop of renal parenchymal hypoxia and ET synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. N. Heyman
- Department of Medicine; Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Z. Abassi
- Department of Physiology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine; Technion-IIT; Haifa Israel
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Rambam Health Care Campus; Haifa Israel
| | - C. Rosenberger
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care; Charité - Universitätsmedizin; Berlin Germany
| | - H. Yaseen
- Department of Medicine D; Rambam Health Care Campus; Haifa Israel
- Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine; Technion-IIT; Haifa Israel
| | - G. Skarjinski
- Department of Medicine; Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital; Jerusalem Israel
| | - A. Shina
- Department of Medicine; Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital; Jerusalem Israel
| | - S. Mathia
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care; Charité - Universitätsmedizin; Berlin Germany
| | - N. Krits
- Department of Medicine D; Rambam Health Care Campus; Haifa Israel
- Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine; Technion-IIT; Haifa Israel
| | - M. Khamaisi
- Department of Medicine D; Rambam Health Care Campus; Haifa Israel
- Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine; Technion-IIT; Haifa Israel
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Park JS, Choi HI, Bae EH, Ma SK, Kim SW. Small heterodimer partner attenuates hydrogen peroxide-induced expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase by suppression of activator protein-1 and nuclear factor-κB in renal proximal tubule epithelial cells. Int J Mol Med 2017; 39:701-710. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.2883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Sallam MY, El-Gowilly SM, Abdel-Galil AGA, El-Mas MM. Cyclosporine counteracts endotoxemia-evoked reductions in blood pressure and cardiac autonomic dysfunction via central sGC/MAPKs signaling in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 797:143-152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Vijayaraghavan K, Rajkumar J, Bukhari SNA, Al-Sayed B, Seyed MA. Chromolaena odorata: A neglected weed with a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities (Review). Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:1007-1016. [PMID: 28112383 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of wound‑healing plants has acquired an interdisciplinary nature with a systematic investigational approach. Several biochemicals are involved in the healing process of the body, including antioxidants and cytokines. Although several pharmaceutical preparations and formulations are available for wound care and management, it remains necessary to search for efficacious treatments, as certain current formulations cause adverse effects or lack efficacy. Phytochemicals or biomarkers from numerous plants suggest they have positive effects on different stages of the wound healing process via various mechanisms. Several herbal medicines have displayed marked activity in the management of wounds and various natural compounds have verified in vivo wound healing potential, and can, therefore, be considered as potential drugs of natural origin. Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King and H. Robinson is considered a tropical weed. However, it exhibits anti‑inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and numerous other relevant medicinal properties on an appreciable scale, and is known in some parts of the world as a traditional medicine used to treat various ailments. To understand its specific role as nature's gift for healing wounds and its contribution to affordable healthcare, this plant must be scientifically assessed based on the available literature. This review aims to summarize the role of C. odorata and its biomarkers in the wound healing activities of biological systems, which are crucial to its potential future drug design, development and application for the treatment of wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Vijayaraghavan
- School of Life Sciences, B.S. Abdur Rahman University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600048, India
| | - Johanna Rajkumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 602105, India
| | | | - Badr Al-Sayed
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Ali Seyed
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
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Oliveira C, Rodrigues A, Nogueira G, Nascimento M, Punaro G, Higa E. Moderate aerobic exercise on the recovery phase of gentamicin-induced acute kidney injury in rats. Life Sci 2017; 169:37-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lee G, Hosgood SA, Patel MS, Nicholson ML. Hydrogen sulphide as a novel therapy to ameliorate cyclosporine nephrotoxicity. J Surg Res 2015; 197:419-26. [PMID: 25990693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2015.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcineurin inhibitors have significant nephrotoxic side effects, which can exacerbate ischemia-reperfusion injury in renal transplantation. Novel therapeutic agents such as hydrogen sulphide (H₂S) may reduce these harmful effects. This study investigated the effects of H₂S on cyclosporine (CsA) induced nephrotoxicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Porcine kidneys were subjected to 15 min of warm ischemia and 2 h of static cold storage. They were reperfused for 3 h with oxygenated normothermic autologous whole blood on an isolated organ reperfusion apparatus. Kidneys were treated with CsA during reperfusion (n = 6) or cyclosporine and 0.25 mmol/L of H₂S infused 10 min before and 20 min after reperfusion (n = 6). These were compared with untreated controls (n = 7). RESULTS CsA caused a significant reduction in renal blood flow during reperfusion, which was reversed by H₂S (area under the curve renal blood flow CsA 257 ± 93 versus control 477 ± 206 versus CsA + H₂S 478 ± 271 mL/min/100 g.h; P = 0.024). Urine output was higher after 2 h of reperfusion in the CsA + H₂S group (CsA + H₂S 305 ± 218 versus CsA 78 ± 180 versus control 210 ± 45 mL; P = 0.034). CsA treatment was associated with an increase in tubular injury, which was not reversed by H₂S (area under the curve fractional excretion of sodium, control 77 ± 53 versus CsA 100 ± 61 versus CsA + H2S 111 ± 57%.h; P = 0.003). Histologic evaluation showed significant vacuolation and glomerular shrinkage in the CsA group. These were significantly reduced by H₂S (P = 0.005, 0.002). CONCLUSIONS H₂S reversed the vasoconstriction changes associated with CsA treatment during reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwyn Lee
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Transplant Group, The University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom.
| | - Sarah A Hosgood
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Transplant Group, The University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Meeta S Patel
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Transplant Group, The University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Michael L Nicholson
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Transplant Group, The University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom
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Modifying Effects of Dietary Factors on (−)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate-induced Pro-matrix Metalloproteinase-7 Production in HT-29 Human Colorectal Cancer Cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 71:2442-50. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.70213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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15
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Pandith H, Zhang X, Thongpraditchote S, Wongkrajang Y, Gritsanapan W, Baek SJ. Effect of Siam weed extract and its bioactive component scutellarein tetramethyl ether on anti-inflammatory activity through NF-κB pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 147:434-441. [PMID: 23535395 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Siam weed (Chromolaena odorata (L.) King and Robinson) is a medicinal herb used for wound healing and inflammation-related diseases. AIM OF THE STUDY In this study, we evaluated the molecular mechanism by which Siam weed extract (SWE) and its bioactive components, scutellarein tetramethyl ether (scu), stigmasterol, and isosakuranetin affect anti-inflammatory activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS The expression of several inflammatory proteins in RAW 264.7 (murine) macrophages was assessed by Western blot and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Biochemical assays including prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and nitric-oxide (NO) quantification were performed. Luciferase promoter activity and immunocytochemistry of Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) were investigated. RESULTS Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) are critical pro-inflammatory proteins. The level of protein and mRNA expression of these enzymes induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was dramatically suppressed by treatment with SWE, scu, or stigmasterol compounds in a dose-dependent manner. They also reduced PGE2 and NO release. We further analyzed the NF-κB pathway and found that the scu compound suppressed IκB kinase complex alpha/beta (IKKα/β) and Inhibitory-kappa-B-alpha (IκBα), thereby suppressing COX-2 and iNOS expression. CONCLUSION This is the first report of the anti-inflammatory molecular mechanism in SWE and/or its bioactive component scu, indicating alteration NF-κB pathway and further providing potential uses in the treatment of inflammatory-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hataichanok Pandith
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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Christo JS, Rodrigues AM, Mouro MG, Cenedeze MA, Simões MDJ, Schor N, Higa EMS. Nitric oxide (NO) is associated with gentamicin (GENTA) nephrotoxicity and the renal function recovery after suspension of GENTA treatment in rats. Nitric Oxide 2011; 24:77-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Krejci K, Tichy T, Bachleda P, Zadrazil J. CALCINEURIN INHIBITOR-INDUCED RENAL ALLOGRAFT NEPHROTOXICITY. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2010; 154:297-306. [DOI: 10.5507/bp.2010.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclosporine A (CsA)-induced chronic nephrotoxicity is characterized by renal dysfunction and interstitial fibrosis. Early and progressive renal macrophage influx, correlating with latter interstitial fibrotic areas, has been associated with CsA treatment. This study investigated the role of macrophages, the nitric oxide (NO) pathway, and the oxidative stress on chronic CsA nephrotoxicity. METHODS The macrophages were depleted by clodronate liposomes. Animals were distributed into four groups: vehicle (olive oil for 21 days), CsA 7.5 mg/kg per day (21 days), CsA plus clodronate (5 mg/mL intraperitoneally on days -4, 1, 4, 11, and 18 of CsA treatment), or vehicle plus clodronate. On day 22, glomerular filtration rate, renal blood flow, renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis, CsA blood levels, serum malondialdehyde and renal tissue immunohistochemistry for macrophages, inducible NO synthase, transforming growth factor-beta, nuclear factor-kbeta, alpha-smooth muscle actin, vimentin, and nitrotyrosine were assessed. RESULTS CsA-induced increase in the macrophage was prevented by clodronate. Macrophage depletion attenuated the reductions in the glomerular filtration rate and renal blood flow, the development of tubulointerstitial fibrosis, malondialdehyde increase and increases in nuclear factor-kbeta, transforming growth factor-beta, vimentin, inducible NO synthase, and nitrotyrosine expression provoked by CsA. Clodronate did not affect alpha-smooth muscle actin expression and CsA blood levels. CONCLUSIONS Renal macrophage influx plays an important role in CsA-induced chronic nephrotoxicity. The NO pathway and oxidative stress are likely mechanisms involved in the genesis of this form of renal injury.
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Wang B, Navath RS, Romero R, Kannan S, Kannan R. Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activity of anionic dendrimer-N-acetyl cysteine conjugates in activated microglial cells. Int J Pharm 2009; 377:159-68. [PMID: 19463931 PMCID: PMC3917717 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2009] [Revised: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dendrimers are emerging as potential intracellular drug delivery vehicles. Understanding and improving the cellular efficacy of dendrimer-drug conjugates, can lead to significant in vivo benefits. This study explores efficacy of anionic polyamidoamine (PAMAM-COOH) dendrimer-N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) conjugates for applications in neuroinflammation. The anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of PAMAM-(COOH)(46)-(NAC)(18) conjugate is evaluated on microglial cells in vitro. Cell entry and localization of PAMAM-(COOH)(62)-(FITC)(2) conjugate in BV-2 microglial cells were assessed using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. ELISA assays were used to evaluate markers of oxidative stress (ROS, NO) and inflammation (TNF-alpha) after stimulation of microglial cells with lipopolysaccharides (LPS), following treatment with increasing doses of free N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) or PAMAM-(COOH)(46)-(NAC)(18) conjugate containing an equivalent molar concentration of NAC. Flow cytometry and confocal microscopy demonstrated the PAMAM-(COOH)(62)-(FITC)(2) conjugate entered BV-2 cells rapidly with significant increase in fluorescence within 15 min and localized mostly in the cytoplasm. PAMAM-(COOH)(46)-(NAC)(18) conjugate was non-toxic, and significantly reduced ROS, NO and TNF-alpha release by activated microglial cells after 24 h and 72 h stimulation of LPS following 3h pre-treatment when compared to the same concentration of free NAC (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Anionic PAMAM dendrimer-NAC conjugate was synthesized with a glutathione sensitive linker for intracellular release. The non-toxic conjugate is a more effective anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory agent when compared to free NAC in vitro. The conjugate showed significant efficacy even at the lowest dose (0.5mM NAC), where the activity was comparable or better than that of free drug at 8mM (16x higher dosage). The improved efficacy of the conjugate, when combined with the intrinsic neuroinflammation-targeting ability of the PAMAM dendrimers, may provide new opportunities for in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Wang
- Department of Pediatrics (Critical Care Medicine), Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
- Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NICHD, NIH, DHHS, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - RS Navath
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NICHD, NIH, DHHS, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - R Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NICHD, NIH, DHHS, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - S Kannan
- Department of Pediatrics (Critical Care Medicine), Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
| | - R Kannan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NICHD, NIH, DHHS, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Abstract
The use of the calcineurin inhibitors cyclosporine and tacrolimus led to major advances in the field of transplantation, with excellent short-term outcome. However, the chronic nephrotoxicity of these drugs is the Achilles' heel of current immunosuppressive regimens. In this review, the authors summarize the clinical features and histologic appearance of both acute and chronic calcineurin inhibitor nephrotoxicity in renal and nonrenal transplantation, together with the pitfalls in its diagnosis. The authors also review the available literature on the physiologic and molecular mechanisms underlying acute and chronic calcineurin inhibitor nephrotoxicity, and demonstrate that its development is related to both reversible alterations and irreversible damage to all compartments of the kidneys, including glomeruli, arterioles, and tubulo-interstitium. The main question--whether nephrotoxicity is secondary to the actions of cyclosporine and tacrolimus on the calcineurin-NFAT pathway--remains largely unanswered. The authors critically review the current evidence relating systemic blood levels of cyclosporine and tacrolimus to calcineurin inhibitor nephrotoxicity, and summarize the data suggesting that local exposure to cyclosporine or tacrolimus could be more important than systemic exposure. Finally, other local susceptibility factors for calcineurin inhibitor nephrotoxicity are reviewed, including variability in P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4/5 expression or activity, older kidney age, salt depletion, the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and genetic polymorphisms in genes like TGF-beta and ACE. Better insight into the mechanisms underlying calcineurin inhibitor nephrotoxicity might pave the way toward more targeted therapy or prevention of calcineurin inhibitor nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Naesens
- Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Intracellular nitric oxide assessment in whole blood leukocytes by flow cytometry: optimization and applicability to monitor patients with chronic graft nephropathy. J Immunol Methods 2009; 343:103-11. [PMID: 19374002 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2009.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Flow cytometry has been proposed as an alternative method for direct determination of intracellular NO by using the 4,5-diaminofluorescein-diacetate (DAF-2DA) as a fluorescent probe. In the present study, the protocol for intracellular NO determination in peripheral blood monocytes and neutrophils of by flow cytometry was optimized and applied to monitor chronic graft nephropathy patients. The optimize method consists to incubate plasma-free whole blood samples with DAF-2DA at 2.0 microM for 180 min at 37 degrees C to determine the percentage of DAF-2T+ monocytes and neutrophils. Distinct intracellular NO profiles in monocytes and neutrophils from chronic graft nephropathy patients as compared to the healthy individuals. Although the pre-incubation with LPS was able to trigger higher percentages of DAF-2T+ monocytes and neutrophils in both groups, our data demonstrated that LPS had a greater impact on monocytes as compared to neutrophils, selectively in the group of healthy individuals. Moreover, our findings demonstrated that LPS had lower impact on monocytes from chronic graft nephropathy as compared to healthy individuals. Supplementary analysis revealed that the LPS impact tends to be resorted in those patients with longer post-transplant time, as demonstrated by a significant positive correlation index. Furthermore, our results demonstrated that AG had lower inhibitory impact on neutrophils as compared to monocytes, selectively in the group of chronic graft nephropathy patients. Taken together, this study showed a new approach to monitor the immunological status of patients with chronic graft nephropathy opening new perspectives of research regarding the monocyte and neutrophil functions in patient undergoing immunosuppressive therapy.
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Nezami BG, Ghazinezami B, Rahimpour S, Gholipour T, Ghasemi M, Sadeghipour H, Mehr SE, Emami-Razavi SH, Dehpour AR. Pharmacologic Preconditioning of Random-Pattern Skin Flap in Rats Using Local Cyclosporine and FK-506. Ann Plast Surg 2007; 59:435-40. [PMID: 17901737 DOI: 10.1097/01.sap.0000258982.86308.f0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that immunophilin ligands such as cyclosporine and FK-506 (tacrolimus) affect the survival of ischemic tissues. Our objective was to show an acute effect of local cyclosporin-A (CsA) and FK-506 on ischemic protection in a random-pattern skin-flap model in rats and investigate the effect of nitric oxide (NO) pathways as a modulator of protection of these agents. Ninety male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to treatment groups. Bipedicled dorsal flaps (2 x 8 cm) were elevated at midline. Prior to cutting the cranial pedicle to induce permanent ischemia, pharmacologic preconditioning groups received local injection of CsA (0.3, 1, or 3 nmol/flap) or FK-506 (0.01, 0.03, or 0.1 pmol/flap), and the ischemic preconditioning (IPC) group underwent temporary clamping of the cranial pedicle. At the seventh day postoperatively, the survival of the flaps was measured. In other groups, nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N omega-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME) was administered with effective CsA and FK-506, and ischemic preconditioning. Nitric oxide precursor L-arginine doses were also studied, and a systemic subeffective dose (100 mg/kg) was coadministered with subeffective CsA and FK-506. Significant increase in flap survival was obtained with CsA (1 nmol/flap), FK-506 (0.1 pmol/flap), and IPC. These protections were abolished by systemic administration of L-NAME (10 mg/kg). Coadministration of subeffective doses of CsA (0.3 nmol/flap) and FK-506 (0.03 pmol/flap), with subeffective systemic l-arginine, significantly improved flap survival.Pharmacologic preconditioning with local, single, low doses of CsA or FK-506 is shown to be even more effective than IPC. Administration of the NOS substrate l-arginine potentiates these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behtash Ghazi Nezami
- Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Zhu J, Yin R, Shao H, Dong G, Luo L, Jing H. N-acetylcysteine to ameliorate acute renal injury in a rat cardiopulmonary bypass model. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2007; 133:696-703. [PMID: 17320567 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2006.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2006] [Revised: 08/24/2006] [Accepted: 09/25/2006] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oxidative stress and systemic inflammation response contribute to acute renal injury post cardiac surgery. We hypothesized that administration of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine would be beneficial to renal function after cardiopulmonary bypass in a rat model. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups (each n = 6): sham group, cardiopulmonary bypass group, and two N-acetylcysteine-treated cardiopulmonary bypass groups (bolus doses of 200 and 500 mg/kg in cardiopulmonary bypass prime). Blood samples were collected at the beginning of cardiopulmonary bypass, at the cessation of cardiopulmonary bypass, and at 2 and 12 postoperative hours. The kidneys were harvested at 12 postoperative hours. RESULTS Serum creatinine and cystatin C continuously increased in all cardiopulmonary bypass groups (P < .05 within groups). Tubular dilatation, tubular necrosis, and vacuole formation were found in epithelial cells in histomorphologic studies of the cardiopulmonary bypass groups, but N-acetylcysteine significantly reversed these effects (P < .05 between groups). Compared with the sham group, the reduced glutathione hormone content and the superoxide dismutase and catalase activities decreased in the cardiopulmonary bypass groups (P < .01). N-acetylcysteine-treated groups had higher levels of these antioxidants than the untreated bypass group (P < .05). Renal malondialdehyde, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and nuclear factor kappaB were notably increased in all cardiopulmonary bypass groups relative to the sham group (P < .01), and N-acetylcysteine attenuated these changes dose dependently. CONCLUSION Administration of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine preserved renal function after cardiopulmonary bypass dose dependently. Furthermore, oxidative stress and systemic inflammation were significantly reduced in the treated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaquan Zhu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Clinical Medicine School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
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Blanton A, Nsaif R, Hercule H, Oyekan A. Nitric oxide/cytochrome P450 interactions in cyclosporin A-induced effects in the rat. J Hypertens 2006; 24:1865-72. [PMID: 16915037 DOI: 10.1097/01.hjh.0000242412.88653.f2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The present study evaluated the contribution of 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) and its interaction with nitric oxide (NO) in cyclosporin A-induced nephrotoxicity and hypertension. METHODS AND RESULTS The treatment of rats with cyclosporin A (25 mg/kg) for 7 days increased the renal microsomal conversion of arachidonic acid (AA) to 20-HETE (93 +/- 6%, P < 0.05), increased systolic blood pressure (SBP), reduced the urinary excretion of nitrite (53 +/- 8%, P < 0.05), induced renal damage as indicated by a marked increase in protein excretion (163 +/- 14%, P < 0.05), increased renal vasoconstrictor responses to AA (82 +/- 5%, P < 0.05) but not endothelin-1 or phenylephrine, and decreased vasodilator responses to bradykinin (42 +/- 10%, P < 0.05) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP; 56 +/- 13%, P < 0.05) in the renal preglomerular vessel treated with indomethacin and NO synthase inhibitor. The pretreatment of rats with HET0016 (10 mg/kg) or 1-aminobenzotriazole (50 mg/kg), inhibitors of cytochrome P450 (CYP450) activity, attenuated or prevented cyclosporin A-induced increases in 20-HETE production, SBP, and protein excretion, as did L-arginine (4 g/l), a substrate for NO synthase. L-Arginine but not HET0016 or 1-aminobenzotriazole blunted the cyclosporin A-induced decrease in nitrite excretion. Similarly, L-arginine blunted the enhanced vasoconstriction by AA as did HET0016 or 1-aminobenzotriazole. However, cyclosporin A-blunted dilator responses to bradykinin and SNP were not affected by L-arginine, HET0016, or 1-aminobenzotriazole. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that cyclosporin A-induced nephrotoxicity can be accounted for by reduced NO production and a consequent increase in 20-HETE. The cyclosporin A-induced nephrotoxicity is thus an ideal model for evaluating NO/CYP450 interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Blanton
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas, USA
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