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Yang C, Zhen Y, Hou J, Mi T. Development of a Rapid Detection Method to Prorocentrum lima by Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification with Hydroxy Naphthol Blue. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 26:475-487. [PMID: 38602600 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-024-10310-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Prorocentrum lima, a widely distributed dinoflagellate known for its production of harmful biotoxins, poses a significant threat to humans, aquaculture, and marine ecosystems. As a result, the detection of this toxic alga in coastal waters has become an urgent research focus. In this study, a rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective detection method based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) was developed to identify P. lima. In this method, cell extracts of P. lima were diluted and used directly as templates for amplification, eliminating the need for nucleic acid purification and simplifying the detection process. Hydroxy naphthol blue (HNB) was incorporated into the reaction mix to facilitate result interpretation, enabling visual determination of the amplification outcome with the naked eye. The entire detection process, from DNA extraction to template amplification and product detection, could be completed within 80 min using a simple constant temperature-control device. This LAMP-based detection method demonstrated excellent reliability, specificity, and a low detection limit of 5.87 cells/mL for DNA crude extract. The assay offered an efficient alternative to PCR for rapid detection of P. lima. By streamlining the detection process and offering a visual readout, this technique holds promise for efficient and routine monitoring of harmful algal species, benefitting both research efforts and environmental management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Yu Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266100, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, China.
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
| | - Jialin Hou
- Weifang Bangmao Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Weifang, 261000, China
| | - Tiezhu Mi
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266100, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
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Zheng D, Zou L, Zou J, Li Q, Lu S. Refining taxonomic identification of microalgae through molecular and genetic evolution: a case study of Prorocentrum lima and Prorocentrum arenarium. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0236723. [PMID: 38572997 PMCID: PMC11064606 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02367-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Species delimitation based on lineage definition has become increasingly popular. However, these methods have been limited, especially for species that lack genomic data and are morphologically similar. The trickiest part for the species identification is that the interspecific and intraspecific boundaries are vague. Taking Prorocentrum (Dinophyta) as an example, analysis of cell morphology, growth, and toxin synthesis in both species of P. lima and P. arenarium does not provide a reliable basis for species delineation. However, through phylogenetic and genetic distance analyses of their ITS and LSU sequences, establishment of evolutionary tree based on orthologous gene sequences, and combining the results of automatic barcode gap discovery and Poisson tree processes models, it was sustained that P. arenarium does not belong to the P. lima complex and should be considered as an independent species. Interspecies genetic evolution analysis revealed that P. lima and P. arenarium may contribute to evolutionary direction that favors combating reverse environmental factors. In P. lima, viral invasion may be one of the reasons for its large genome size. In the study, P. lima complex has been selected as an example to enhance the taxonomic identification of microalgae through molecular and genetic evolution, offering valuable insights into refining taxonomic identification and promoting microbial biodiversity research in other species.IMPORTANCEMicroalgae, especially the species known as Prorocentrum, have received significant attention due to their ability to trigger harmful algal blooms and produce toxins. However, the boundaries between species and within species are ambiguous. Clear and comprehensive species delineation indicates that Prorocentrum arenarium should be considered as an independent species, separate from the Prorocentrum lima complex. Improving the classification and identification of microalgae through molecular and genetic evolution will provide reference points for other cryptic species. Prorocentrum occupy multiple ecological niches in marine environments, and studying their evolutionary direction contributes to understanding their ecological adaptations and community succession.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danlin Zheng
- College of Life Science and Technology, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ligong Zou
- College of Life Science and Technology, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Zou
- College of Life Science and Technology, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qun Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Songhui Lu
- College of Life Science and Technology, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Grigoriyan A, Lorini ML, Figueiredo MDSL, Corrêa Almada EV, Nascimento SM. Effects of culture conditions on the growth of the benthic dinoflagellates Ostreopsis cf. ovata, Prorocentrum lima and Coolia malayensis (Dinophyceae): A global review. HARMFUL ALGAE 2024; 132:102565. [PMID: 38331537 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Benthic dinoflagellates produce potent toxins that may negatively affect humans and the marine biota. Understanding the factors that stimulate their growth is important for management strategies and to reduce their potential negative impacts. Laboratory cultures have been extensively used to study microalgae physiology and characterize life cycles, nutrition, growth rates, among other processes. A systematic review of the literature on the growth parameters of the benthic dinoflagellates Ostreopsis cf. ovata, Prorocentrum lima species complex and Coolia malayensis obtained in laboratory cultures of strains isolated from all over the world was performed. The effects of temperature, light intensity, photoperiod, salinity and culture media on the growth rate of these species were evaluated using multiple regressions and a model selection approach, based on the Akaike Information Criteria (AIC). The potential effects of the initial culture abundance and the media volume used on the growth of the species were also assessed. Data from 50 articles (25 for O. cf. ovata, 21 for P. lima and 6 for C. malayensis), resulting in 399 growth parameter values (growth rate, doubling time and maximum yield) were compiled in a database. The genetic clades of O. cf. ovata and P. lima species complex were also noted. Growth rate was the most frequently reported growth parameter for the three species, and 127 values were retrieved for O. cf. ovata, 90 for P. lima and 56 for C. malayensis. Temperature was the factor that best explained the growth response of P. lima and C. malayensis, whereas for O. cf. ovata, temperature and salinity were equally important. Light intensity and photoperiod were included among the six best models for the studied species but presented a weaker effect on growth. Given the observed and future projected climate change, increasing ocean temperature will promote the growth of these species, likely leading to an expansion of their impacts on ecosystems and human health. The use of common garden experiments using multiple strains from different geographic domains, particularly addressing underrepresented lineages is recommended, as they will provide more balanced insight regarding the species physiological responses to environmental drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Grigoriyan
- Laboratório de Microalgas Marinhas, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - UNIRIO, Av. Pasteur, 458, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, 22290-240, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Lucia Lorini
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Biogeografia, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - UNIRIO, Av. Pasteur, 458, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, 22290-240, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcos de Souza Lima Figueiredo
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Biogeografia, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - UNIRIO, Av. Pasteur, 458, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, 22290-240, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Silvia M Nascimento
- Laboratório de Microalgas Marinhas, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - UNIRIO, Av. Pasteur, 458, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, 22290-240, RJ, Brazil.
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Ibghi M, Rijal Leblad B, L’Bachir El Kbiach M, Aboualaalaa H, Daoudi M, Masseret E, Le Floc’h E, Hervé F, Bilien G, Chomerat N, Amzil Z, Laabir M. Molecular Phylogeny, Morphology, Growth and Toxicity of Three Benthic Dinoflagellates Ostreopsis sp. 9, Prorocentrum lima and Coolia monotis Developing in Strait of Gibraltar, Southwestern Mediterranean. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:49. [PMID: 38251265 PMCID: PMC10819257 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Few works have been carried out on benthic harmful algal blooms (BHAB) species in the southern Mediterranean and no data are available for the highly dynamic Strait of Gibraltar (western Mediterranean waters). For the first time, Ostreopsis sp. 9, Prorocentrum lima and Coolia monotis were isolated in this key region in terms of exchanges between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean and subject to intense maritime traffic. Ribotyping confirmed the morphological identification of these three dinoflagellates species. Monoclonal cultures were established and the maximum growth rate and cell yield were measured at a temperature of 24 °C and an irradiance of 90 µmol photons m-2 s-1, for each species: 0.26 ± 0.02 d-1 (8.75 × 103 cell mL-1 after 28 days) for Ostreopsis sp. 9, 0.21 ± 0.01 d-1 (49 × 103 cell mL-1 after 145 days) for P. lima and 0.21 ± 0.01 d-1 (10.02 × 103 cell mL-1 after 28 days) for C. monotis. Only P. lima was toxic with concentrations of okadaic acid and dinophysistoxin-1 measured in optimal growth conditions ranging from 6.4 pg cell-1 to 26.97 pg cell-1 and from 5.19 to 25.27 pg cell-1, respectively. The toxin content of this species varied in function of the growth phase. Temperature influenced the growth and toxin content of P. lima. Results suggest that future warming of Mediterranean coastal waters may lead to higher growth rates and to increases in cellular toxin levels in P. lima. Nitrate and ammonia affected the toxin content of P. lima but no clear trend was noted. In further studies, we have to isolate other BHAB species and strains from Strait of Gibraltar waters to obtain more insight into their diversity and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha Ibghi
- Marine Environment Monitoring Laboratory, INRH (Moroccan Institute of Fisheries Research), Tangier 90000, Morocco; (M.I.); (H.A.); (M.D.)
- Equipe de Biotechnologie Végétale, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University Tetouan, Tetouan 93000, Morocco;
- MARBEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, 34095 Montpellier, France; (E.M.); (E.L.F.)
| | - Benlahcen Rijal Leblad
- Marine Environment Monitoring Laboratory, INRH (Moroccan Institute of Fisheries Research), Tangier 90000, Morocco; (M.I.); (H.A.); (M.D.)
| | - Mohammed L’Bachir El Kbiach
- Equipe de Biotechnologie Végétale, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University Tetouan, Tetouan 93000, Morocco;
| | - Hicham Aboualaalaa
- Marine Environment Monitoring Laboratory, INRH (Moroccan Institute of Fisheries Research), Tangier 90000, Morocco; (M.I.); (H.A.); (M.D.)
- Equipe de Biotechnologie Végétale, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University Tetouan, Tetouan 93000, Morocco;
- MARBEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, 34095 Montpellier, France; (E.M.); (E.L.F.)
| | - Mouna Daoudi
- Marine Environment Monitoring Laboratory, INRH (Moroccan Institute of Fisheries Research), Tangier 90000, Morocco; (M.I.); (H.A.); (M.D.)
| | - Estelle Masseret
- MARBEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, 34095 Montpellier, France; (E.M.); (E.L.F.)
| | - Emilie Le Floc’h
- MARBEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, 34095 Montpellier, France; (E.M.); (E.L.F.)
| | - Fabienne Hervé
- Laboratoire Phycotoxines, IFREMER (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea)/PHYTOX/METALG, 44311 Nantes, France; (F.H.); (Z.A.)
| | - Gwenael Bilien
- IFREMER, Unité Littoral, Station de Biologie Marine, Place de la Croix, 29185 Concarneau, France; (G.B.); (N.C.)
| | - Nicolas Chomerat
- IFREMER, Unité Littoral, Station de Biologie Marine, Place de la Croix, 29185 Concarneau, France; (G.B.); (N.C.)
| | - Zouher Amzil
- Laboratoire Phycotoxines, IFREMER (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea)/PHYTOX/METALG, 44311 Nantes, France; (F.H.); (Z.A.)
| | - Mohamed Laabir
- MARBEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, 34095 Montpellier, France; (E.M.); (E.L.F.)
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Wan X, Yao G, Wang K, Liu Y, Wang F, Jiang H. Transcriptomic Analysis of the Response of the Toxic Dinoflagellate Prorocentrum lima to Phosphorous Limitation. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2216. [PMID: 37764060 PMCID: PMC10535992 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Some dinoflagellates cause harmful algal blooms, releasing toxic secondary metabolites, to the detriment of marine ecosystems and human health. Phosphorus (P) is a limiting macronutrient for dinoflagellate growth in the ocean. Previous studies have been focused on the physiological response of dinoflagellates to ambient P changes. However, the whole-genome's molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, RNA-Seq was utilized to compare the global gene expression patterns of a marine diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxin-producing dinoflagellate, Prorocentrum lima, grown in inorganic P-replete and P-deficient conditions. A total of 148 unigenes were significantly up-regulated, and 30 unigenes were down-regulated under 1/4 P-limited conditions, while 2708 unigenes were significantly up-regulated, and 284 unigenes were down-regulated under 1/16 P-limited conditions. KEGG enrichment analysis of the differentially expressed genes shows that genes related to ribosomal proteins, glycolysis, fatty acid biosynthesis, phagosome formation, and ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis are found to be up-regulated, while most of the genes related to photosynthesis are down-regulated. Further analysis shows that genes encoding P transporters, organic P utilization, and endocytosis are significantly up-regulated in the P-limited cells, indicating a strong ability of P. lima to utilize dissolved inorganic P as well as intracellular organic P. These transcriptomic data are further corroborated by biochemical and physiological analyses, which reveals that under P deficiency, cellular contents of starch, lipid, and toxin increase, while photosynthetic efficiency declines. Our results indicate that has P. lima evolved diverse strategies to acclimatize to low P environments. The accumulation of carbon sources and DSP toxins could provide protection for P. lima to cope with adverse environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China; (X.W.); (G.Y.); (K.W.); (Y.L.); (F.W.)
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Borsato GT, Salgueiro F, De'Carli GAL, Morais AM, Goulart AS, de Paula JC, Nascimento SM. Taxonomy and abundance of epibenthic Prorocentrum (Dinophyceae) species from the tropical and subtropical Southwest Atlantic Ocean including a review of their global diversity and distribution. HARMFUL ALGAE 2023; 127:102470. [PMID: 37544670 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
In the tropical and subtropical South Atlantic Ocean, studies on the taxonomy and abundance of benthic harmful algae are scarce and the region has been largely under investigated. In this study, morphological descriptions, molecular (LSU rDNA and ITS region) and abundance data of benthic Prorocentrum species from the tropical and subtropical Southwest Atlantic and three oceanic islands are presented. Moreover, a review of global benthic Prorocentrum species richness and distribution is presented. Eleven benthic Prorocentrum species were found in Brazil. Morphological and molecular data on P. borbonicum, P. hoffmannianum, P. lima species complex and P. rhathymum were provided. Prorocentrum panamense, P. cf. caipirignum, P. cf. concavum, P. cf. norrisianum, P. emarginatum/fukuyoi/sculptile complex and two not identified species were observed using scanning electron and/or light microscopy, and morphological descriptions are presented. Prorocentrum lima species complex was found at all investigated sites, in abundances up to 2 × 104 cells g-1 FW at the Northeast Brazil, while maximum abundance of all the remaining species did not exceed 1 × 103 cells g-1 FW. The Fernando de Noronha archipelago can be considered a hotspot of benthic Prorocentrum species diversity, with ten species registered. Data compiled in the literature review shows a clear latitudinal gradient with higher species richness in tropical and subtropical regions relative to temperate areas. It is also evident that there is a bias caused by taxonomic impediment and an uneven sampling effort, with many regions still to be investigated using a combined morphological and molecular effort. Therefore, the current knowledge on the global distribution of benthic Prorocentrum species is likely underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geovanna Theobald Borsato
- Laboratório de Microalgas Marinhas, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - UNIRIO, Av. Pasteur, 458, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, 22290-240, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Salgueiro
- Laboratório de Biodiversidade e Evolução Molecular, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - UNIRIO, Av. Pasteur, 458, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, 22290-240, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gabriela A L De'Carli
- Laboratório de Microalgas Marinhas, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - UNIRIO, Av. Pasteur, 458, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, 22290-240, RJ, Brazil
| | - Agatha M Morais
- Laboratório de Microalgas Marinhas, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - UNIRIO, Av. Pasteur, 458, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, 22290-240, RJ, Brazil
| | - Amanda S Goulart
- Laboratório de Biodiversidade e Evolução Molecular, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - UNIRIO, Av. Pasteur, 458, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, 22290-240, RJ, Brazil
| | - Joel C de Paula
- Laboratório de Biologia e Taxonomia Algal, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - UNIRIO, Av. Pasteur, 458, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, 22290-240, RJ, Brazil
| | - Silvia M Nascimento
- Laboratório de Microalgas Marinhas, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - UNIRIO, Av. Pasteur, 458, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, 22290-240, RJ, Brazil.
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Mussai P, Larsen J, Alrefaei AF, Jeewon R. Ribosomal DNA Sequence-Based Taxonomy and Antimicrobial Activity of Prorocentrum spp. (Dinophyceae) from Mauritius Coastal Waters, South-West Indian Ocean. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21040216. [PMID: 37103354 PMCID: PMC10143094 DOI: 10.3390/md21040216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Microalgae are unicellular organisms and commonly present in the euphotic zone of marine ecosystems. From the western coast of Mauritius, three strains of Prorocentrum species were isolated from macrophytes and cultured under standard laboratory conditions. Morphologies were examined by light, fluorescence, and scanning electron microscopy, and phylogenetic analyses were based on partial large subunit LSU rDNA (D1-D2) and ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS) regions. Three Prorocentrum species, including the P. fukuyoi complex, P. rhathymum, and P. lima complex, were identified. The antimicrobial activities were assayed against potential human pathogenic bacterial strains. The highest zone of inhibition was recorded for intracellular and extracellular protein extracts of Prorocentrum rhathymum against Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The polysaccharide extracts of the Prorocentrum fukuyoi complex had a higher zone of inhibition (24 ± 0.4 mm) against MRSA at a minimum concentration of 0.625 μg/mL. The extracts from the three Prorocentrum species had different levels of activity against the pathogens used, and this can be of scientific interest in the search for antibiotics from natural marine sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Mussai
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Mauritius, Reduit 80837, Mauritius
| | - Jacob Larsen
- IOC Science and Communication Centre on Harmful Algae, Biological Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Abdulwahed Fahad Alrefaei
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rajesh Jeewon
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Mauritius, Reduit 80837, Mauritius
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
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Arteaga-Sogamoso E, Rodríguez F, Amato A, Ben-Gigirey B, Fraga S, Mafra LL, Fernandes LF, de Azevedo Tibiriçá CEJ, Chomérat N, Nishimura T, Homma C, Adachi M, Mancera-Pineda JE. Morphology and phylogeny of Prorocentrum porosum sp. nov. (Dinophyceae): A new benthic toxic dinoflagellate from the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. HARMFUL ALGAE 2023; 121:102356. [PMID: 36639183 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A new marine benthic toxic Prorocentrum species is described from the tropical/subtropical regions of the Atlantic (Colombian Caribbean Sea and Northeast Brazil) and Pacific (Southern Japan) oceans. Morphological cell structures were examined using light (LM) and scanning electron (SEM) microscopy. Prorocentrum porosum sp. nov. was characterized by 35.9-50.2 μm long and 25.4-45.7 μm deep cells, covered by broadly ovoid symmetric thecal plates. The surface of both thecal plates is smooth and covered by randomly scattered kidney-shaped pores (n = 102-149), rounder towards the center, absent in the central part, and surrounded by a conspicuous marginal ring of about 69-92 evenly spaced pores. Broad V-shaped periflagellar area exhibiting flagellar and accessory pores. The molecular phylogenetic position of P. porosum sp. nov. was inferred using partial LSU rRNA gene (rDNA) and rDNA ITS sequences. This new species branched with high support in a Prorocentrum clade including P. caipirignum, P. hoffmannianum and P. cf. lima (P. lima morphotype 5 sensuZhang et al., 2015). Pairwise comparison of ITS1 and ITS2 transcripts with these closest relatives revealed the presence of compensatory base changes (CBCs), with the exception of P. cf. lima (P. lima morphotype 5), which only showed in ITS2 a hemi-CBC (HCBC) and two base changes that possibly induce a structural modification. Toxin analyses performed in two Colombian and Brazilian strains in the present study detected the presence of low amounts of okadaic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Arteaga-Sogamoso
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras José Benito Vives de Andréis, INVEMAR, Santa Marta, Colombia. Calle 25 No. 2-55, Playa Salguero, Rodadero, Santa Marta, Colombia; Universidad Nacional de Colombia, sede Caribe, Santa Marta, Colombia. Calle 25 No. 2-55, Playa Salguero, Rodadero, Santa Marta, Colombia.
| | - Francisco Rodríguez
- Centro Nacional Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO-CSIC), Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo. Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain; European Union Reference Laboratory for Monitoring of Marine Biotoxins, Citexvi Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - Alberto Amato
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble-Alpes CEA CNRS INRA IRIG-CEA Grenoble, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Begoña Ben-Gigirey
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Monitoring of Marine Biotoxins, Citexvi Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | | | - Luiz Laureno Mafra
- Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, P.O. Box 61, 83255-976, Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil
| | - Luciano Felício Fernandes
- Departamento de Botânica, SCB, Centro Politécnico, Universidade Federal do Paraná, P.O. Box 19031, 81531-990, Curitiba, Paraná CEP Brazil
| | | | - Nicolas Chomérat
- Station de Biologie Marine, IFREMER, Littoral, LER BO, Place de la Croix, F-29900, Concarneau, France
| | - Tomohiro Nishimura
- Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, 7010 Nelson, New Zealand; Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Science (LAQUES), Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, 200 Otsu, Monobe, Nankoku, 783-8502, Kochi Japan
| | - Chiho Homma
- Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Science (LAQUES), Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, 200 Otsu, Monobe, Nankoku, 783-8502, Kochi Japan
| | - Masao Adachi
- Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Science (LAQUES), Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, 200 Otsu, Monobe, Nankoku, 783-8502, Kochi Japan
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Álvarez EA, Klemm K, Hoppenrath M, Cembella A, John U, Karlson B. Temporal and spatial distribution of epibenthic dinoflagellates in the Kattegat-Skagerrak, NE Atlantic-Focus on Prorocentrum lima and Coolia monotis. HARMFUL ALGAE 2022; 118:102318. [PMID: 36195412 PMCID: PMC9580043 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Epibenthic dinoflagellates occur globally and include many toxin-producing species of concern to human health and benthic ecosystem function. Such benthic harmful algal blooms (BHABs) have been well described from tropical and sub-tropical coastal environments, but assessments from north temperate waters, e.g., northern Europe, and polar regions are scarce. The present study addressed the biodiversity and distribution of potentially toxic epibenthic dinoflagellate populations along the west coast of Sweden (Kattegat-Skagerrak) by morphological and molecular criteria. Morphological analysis conducted by light- and electron-microscopy was then linked by DNA barcoding of the V4 region of 18S rRNA gene sequences to interpret taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships. The presence of two potentially toxigenic epibenthic dinoflagellates, Prorocentrum lima (Ehrenberg) F.Stein and Coolia monotis Meunier was confirmed, along with a description of their spatial and temporal distribution. For P. lima, one third of the cell abundance values exceeded official alarm thresholds for potentially toxic BHAB events (>1000 cells gr-1 of macroalgae fresh weight). The same species were recorded consecutively for two summers, but without significant temporal variation in cell densities. SEM analyses confirmed the presence of other benthic Prorocentrum species: P. fukuyoi complex, P. cf. foraminosum and P. cf. hoffmannianum. Analyses of the V4 region of the 18S rRNA gene also indicated the presence P. compressum, P. hoffmannianum, P. foraminosum, P. fukuyoi, and P. nanum. These findings provide the first biogeographical evidence of toxigenic benthic dinoflagellates along the west coast of Sweden, in the absence of ongoing monitoring to include epibenthic dinoflagellates. Harmful events due to the presence of Coolia at shellfish aquaculture sites along the Kattegat-Skagerrak are likely to be rather marginal because C. monotis is not known to be toxigenic. In any case, as a preliminary assessment, the results highlight the risk of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) events caused by P. lima, which may affect the development and sustainability of shellfish aquaculture in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Alabarces Álvarez
- Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Research and Development, Oceanography, Sven Källfelts gata 15, 426 71 Västra Frölunda, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Klemm
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Mona Hoppenrath
- Senckenberg am Meer, Deutsches Zentrum für Marine Biodiversitätsforschung (DZMB) Südstrand 44, D-26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Allan Cembella
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Uwe John
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity, Ammerländer Heersstraße 231, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Bengt Karlson
- Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Research and Development, Oceanography, Sven Källfelts gata 15, 426 71 Västra Frölunda, Sweden.
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10
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Oyeku OG, Mandal SK. Taxonomy and okadaic acid production of a strain of Prorocentrum lima (Dinophyceae) isolated from the Bay of Bengal, North Indian Ocean. Toxicon 2021; 196:32-43. [PMID: 33781795 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Prorocentrum lima (CSIRCSMCRI005) was isolated from the coastal seawater of Thonithurai, Tamil Nadu, India. Morphology of the isolate was studied using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) while phylogenetic analyses of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1-5.8s-ITS2), 18S rDNA, and large subunit (LSU) rDNA were also carried out. Growth of the isolate was studied, and okadaic acid (OA) production was examined using liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization and quadrupole time of flight mass spectroscopy (LC-ESI-Q-ToF-MS). Morphological features observed including oval cell shape with a broad middle region, narrow anterior and round posterior end, large central pyrenoid with starch sheath, smooth thecal surface, and V-shaped periflagellar area consisting of eight platelets matched with the description of the type species and those reported elsewhere. The ITS, 18S, and LSU sequence phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolate was closely related to other strains reported from the pacific. The growth rate (μ) was 0.05 div. day-1. P. lima CSIRCSMCRI005 produced okadaic acid and related esters. The production of free and total OA was 20.12 ± 4.77 and 22.30 fg cell-1, respectively. The findings of this study contribute useful information concerning the regional risk of diarrheic shellfish poisoning in the North East Indian Ocean and the global distribution and toxic potential of Prorocentrum lima. Further studies on the ecophysiology of this strain will be helpful. This manuscript reports the detailed morphological, phylogenetic, and toxicological characterization of this species from the Bay of Bengal and the North Indian Ocean as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyeshina Gideon Oyeku
- Division of Applied Phycology and Biotechnology, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar, 364002, Gujarat, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India; Bowen University, P. M. B 284, Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria.
| | - Subir Kumar Mandal
- Division of Applied Phycology and Biotechnology, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar, 364002, Gujarat, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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11
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Wu H, Chen J, Peng J, Zhong Y, Zheng G, Guo M, Tan Z, Zhai Y, Lu S. Nontarget Screening and Toxicity Evaluation of Diol Esters of Okadaic Acid and Dinophysistoxins Reveal Intraspecies Difference of Prorocentrum lima. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:12366-12375. [PMID: 32902972 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c03691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) analysis with the assistance of molecular networking was used to investigate intracellular toxin profiles of five Prorocentrum lima (P. lima) strains sampled from the north Yellow Sea and South China Sea. Mice were used as a model species for testing the acute toxicity of intracellular okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxins (DTXs) in free and esterified states. Results showed that OA and DTX1 esterified derivatives were detected in all P. lima samples, accounting for 55%-96% of total toxins in five strains. A total of 24 esters and 1 stereoisomer of DTX1 (35S DTX1) were identified based on molecular networking and MS data analysis, 15 esters of which have been reported first. All P. lima strains displayed specific toxin profiles, and preliminary analysis suggested that toxin profiles of the five P. lima strains might be region-related. Moreover, acute toxicity in mice suggested higher toxicity of esters compared with free toxins, which highlights the importance and urgency of attention to esterified toxins in P. lima.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jiaqi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jixing Peng
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yun Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Guanchao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Mengmeng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhijun Tan
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yuxiu Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Songhui Lu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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12
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Nishimura T, Uchida H, Noguchi R, Oikawa H, Suzuki T, Funaki H, Ihara C, Hagino K, Arimitsu S, Tanii Y, Abe S, Hashimoto K, Mimura K, Tanaka K, Yanagida I, Adachi M. Abundance of the benthic dinoflagellate Prorocentrum and the diversity, distribution, and diarrhetic shellfish toxin production of Prorocentrum lima complex and P. caipirignum in Japan. HARMFUL ALGAE 2020; 96:101687. [PMID: 32560839 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.101687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the abundance of Prorocentrum and the molecular phylogeny, distribution, and DST production of P. lima complex and P. caipirignum in Japan were investigated. First, the cell densities of Prorocentrum were assessed from the temperate to subtropical zones in Japan between 2014 and 2018. The cell density in the subtropical zone [19.0 ± 40.2 cells/g wet weight (ww) algae] was significantly higher than that in the temperate zone (1.4 ± 3.4 cells/g ww algae). A total of 244 clonal strains were established from the temperate and subtropical zones. Phylogenetic analyses based on the large-subunit ribosomal DNA D1/D2 revealed that the strains were separated into four species/species complex/phylotypes (P. lima complex, P. caipirignum, and new phylotypes Prorocentrum spp. types 1 and 2). The strains of P. lima complex could be separated into two clades (1 and 3). Furthermore, the strains of clades 1 and 3 could be separated into nine subclades (1a, 1c, 1d, 1e, 1f, 1g, 1h, 1i, and 1j) and three subclades (3a, 3b, and 3c), respectively. The strains of P. caipirignum were separated into two subclades (b and e). Each phylotype/subclade showed a unique distribution pattern in Japan: P. lima complex subclades 1a, 1c, and 3a and P. caipirignum subclades b and e were widespread from the temperate to subtropical zones. On the other hand, P. lima complex subclades 1e and 1i were restricted to the temperate zone, and P. lima complex subclades 1d, 1f, 1g, 1h, 1j, 3b, and 3c and Prorocentrum spp. types 1 and 2 were restricted to the subtropical zone. Furthermore, the DST production of the 243 clonal strains was assessed by LC/MS/MS analysis. The results revealed that all strains produced okadaic acid (OA) and that the OA contents of P. lima complex subclades 1d and 1f, P. caipirignum subclades b and e, and Prorocentrum sp. type 2 tended to be higher than those of the other subclades. While P. lima complex subclades 1a, 1e, 1f, and 1i produced DTX1, the other phylotype/subclades produced either no or low quantities of DTX1. A strain of P. lima complex subclade 1e showed the highest OA and DTX1 contents (55.27 and 70.73 pg/cell, respectively) in the world. These results suggest that there are potential risks for DST accumulation in benthic animals in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Nishimura
- Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Science (LAQUES), Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, 200 Otsu, Monobe, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8502, Japan.
| | - Hajime Uchida
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science (NRIFS), Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-8648, Japan.
| | - Ryoko Noguchi
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science (NRIFS), Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-8648, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Oikawa
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science (NRIFS), Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-8648, Japan.
| | - Toshiyuki Suzuki
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science (NRIFS), Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-8648, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Funaki
- Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Science (LAQUES), Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, 200 Otsu, Monobe, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8502, Japan; The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8566, Japan.
| | - Chiho Ihara
- Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Science (LAQUES), Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, 200 Otsu, Monobe, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8502, Japan.
| | - Kyoko Hagino
- Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Science (LAQUES), Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, 200 Otsu, Monobe, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8502, Japan.
| | - Shingo Arimitsu
- Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Science (LAQUES), Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, 200 Otsu, Monobe, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8502, Japan.
| | - Yuta Tanii
- Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Science (LAQUES), Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, 200 Otsu, Monobe, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8502, Japan.
| | - Shota Abe
- Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Science (LAQUES), Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, 200 Otsu, Monobe, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8502, Japan.
| | - Kana Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Science (LAQUES), Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, 200 Otsu, Monobe, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8502, Japan.
| | - Katsuya Mimura
- Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Science (LAQUES), Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, 200 Otsu, Monobe, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8502, Japan.
| | - Kouki Tanaka
- Usa Marine Biological Institute, Kochi University, 194 Inoshiri, Usa, Tosa, Kochi, 781-1164, Japan.
| | | | - Masao Adachi
- Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Science (LAQUES), Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, 200 Otsu, Monobe, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8502, Japan.
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13
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Lee SM, Kim NH, Jeong EJ, Rho JR. Cytotoxic 4-Hydroxyprorocentrolide and Prorocentrolide C from Cultured Dinoflagellate Prorocentrum lima Induce Human Cancer Cell Death through Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12050304. [PMID: 32392799 PMCID: PMC7290926 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12050304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prorocentrolide and its analogs, the novel naturally derived antitumor agents, have recently been identified in the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum lima. In the current study, the underlying inhibitory mechanisms of 4-hydroxyprorocentrolide (1) and prorocentrolide C (2) on the proliferation of human carcinoma cells were determined. 1 and 2 arrested the cell cycle at the S phase in A549 cells and G2/M phase in HT-29 cells, leading to apoptotic cell death, as determined using fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis with Annexin V/PI double staining. Apoptosis induced by these compounds was associated with alterations in the expression of cell cycle-regulating proteins (cyclin D1, cyclin E1, CDK2, and CDK4), as well as alterations in the levels of apoptosis-related proteins (PPAR, Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, and survivin). These findings provide new insights into the antitumor mechanisms of 4-hydroxyprorocentrolide and prorocentrolide C and a basis for future investigations assessing prorocentrolide analogs as prospective therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Min Lee
- Gyeongnam Department of Environment & Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 17 Jegok-gil, Munsan-eup 52834, Korea; (S.M.L.); (N.-H.K.)
| | - Na-Hyun Kim
- Gyeongnam Department of Environment & Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 17 Jegok-gil, Munsan-eup 52834, Korea; (S.M.L.); (N.-H.K.)
| | - Eun Ju Jeong
- Department of Agronomy and Medicinal Plant Resources, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 52725, Korea
- Correspondence: (E.J.J.); (J.-R.R.); Tel.: +82-55 751 3224 (E.J.J.); +82-63 469 4606 (J.-R.R.)
| | - Jung-Rae Rho
- Department of Oceanography, Kunsan National University, Gunsan 54150, Korea
- Correspondence: (E.J.J.); (J.-R.R.); Tel.: +82-55 751 3224 (E.J.J.); +82-63 469 4606 (J.-R.R.)
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14
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Verma A, Kazandjian A, Sarowar C, Harwood DT, Murray JS, Pargmann I, Hoppenrath M, Murray SA. Morphology and Phylogenetics of Benthic Prorocentrum Species (Dinophyceae) from Tropical Northwestern Australia. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11100571. [PMID: 31574958 PMCID: PMC6833055 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11100571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 70 species of Prorocentrum are known, of which around 30 species are associated with benthic habitats. Some produce okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin (DTX) and their derivatives, which are involved in diarrhetic shellfish poisoning. In this study, we isolated and characterized Prorocentrum concavum and P. malayense from Broome in north Western Australia using light and scanning electron microscopy as well as molecular sequences of large subunit regions of ribosomal DNA, marking the first record of these species from Australian waters. The morphology of the motile cells of P. malayense was similar to P. concavum in the light microscopy, but differed by the smooth thecal surface, the pore pattern and the production of mucous stalk-like structures and a hyaline sheath around the non-motile cells. P. malayense could also be differentiated from other closely related species, P. leve and P. foraminosum, despite the similarity in thecal surface and pore pattern, by its platelet formula and morphologies. We tested the production of OA and DTXs from both species, but found that they did not produce detectable levels of these toxins in the given culturing conditions. This study aids in establishing more effective monitoring of potential harmful algal taxa in Australian waters for aquaculture and recreational purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Verma
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Aniuska Kazandjian
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia.
- Laboratorio de Sistemática Molecular, Centro de Biodiversidad Marina, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Caracas 89000, Venezuela.
| | | | - D Tim Harwood
- Seafood Safety Research Programme, Cawthron Institute, Nelson 7010, New Zealand.
| | - J Sam Murray
- Seafood Safety Research Programme, Cawthron Institute, Nelson 7010, New Zealand.
| | - Insa Pargmann
- Institut für Biologie und Umweltwissenschaften, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, D-26129 Oldenburg; Germany.
| | - Mona Hoppenrath
- Institut für Biologie und Umweltwissenschaften, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, D-26129 Oldenburg; Germany.
- Senckenberg am Meer, German Centre for Marine Biodiversity Research (DZMB), D-26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany.
| | - Shauna A Murray
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia.
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15
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Lim ZF, Luo Z, Lee LK, Hii KS, Teng ST, Chan LL, Chomérat N, Krock B, Gu H, Lim PT, Leaw CP. Taxonomy and toxicity of Prorocentrum from Perhentian Islands (Malaysia), with a description of a non-toxigenic species Prorocentrum malayense sp. nov. (Dinophyceae). HARMFUL ALGAE 2019; 83:95-108. [PMID: 31097256 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Thirteen isolates of Prorocentrum species were established from the coral reefs of Perhentian Islands Marine Park, Malaysia and underwent morphological observations and molecular characterization. Six species were found: P. caipirignum, P. concavum, P. cf. emarginatum, P. lima, P. mexicanum and a new morphotype, herein designated as P. malayense sp. nov. Prorocentrum malayense, a species closely related to P. leve, P. cf. foraminosum, P. sp. aff. foraminossum, and P. concavum (Clade A sensu Chomérat et al. 2018), is distinguished from its congeners as having larger thecal pore size and a more deeply excavated V-shaped periflagellar area. Platelet arrangement in the periflagellar area of P. malayense is unique, with the presence of platelet 1a and 1b, platelet 2 being the most anterior platelet, and a broad calabash-shaped platelet 3. The species exhibits consistent genetic sequence divergences for the nuclear-encoded large subunit ribosomal RNA gene (LSU rDNA) and the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2). The phylogenetic inferences further confirmed that it represents an independent lineage, closely related to species in Clade A sensu Chomérat et al. Pairwise comparison of ITS2 transcripts with its closest relatives revealed the presence of compensatory base changes (CBCs). Toxicity analysis showed detectable levels of okadaic acid in P. lima (1.0-1.6 pg cell-1) and P. caipirignum (3.1 pg cell-1); this is the first report of toxigenic P. caipirignum in the Southeast Asian region. Other Prorocentrum species tested, including the new species, however, were below the detection limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Fei Lim
- Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 16310 Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Zhaohe Luo
- Third Institute of Oceanography, SOA, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Li Keat Lee
- Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 16310 Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Kieng Soon Hii
- Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 16310 Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Sing Tung Teng
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Leo Lai Chan
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Nicolas Chomérat
- IFREMER, Department ODE, Laboratory Environment and Resources Bretagne Occidentale, Station de Biologie Marine, Place de la Croix, 29900, Concarneau, France
| | - Bernd Krock
- Alfred Wegener Institut-Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Haifeng Gu
- Third Institute of Oceanography, SOA, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Po Teen Lim
- Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 16310 Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Chui Pin Leaw
- Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 16310 Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia.
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Rodríguez F, Riobó P, Crespín GD, Daranas AH, de Vera CR, Norte M, Fernández JJ, Fraga S. The toxic benthic dinoflagellate Prorocentrum maculosum Faust is a synonym of Prorocentrum hoffmannianum Faust. HARMFUL ALGAE 2018; 78:1-8. [PMID: 30196917 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Three strains of the toxic benthic dinoflagellate Prorocentrum hoffmannianum were isolated in the Canary Islands (north-east Atlantic Ocean, Spain). The identity of the strains was determined by phylogenetic analyses of partial LSU rDNA (D1-D2 regions) but their morphology based on SEM images corresponded to P. maculosum. Their toxin profiles were analyzed by liquid chromatography and high resolution mass spectrometry analysis (LC-HRMS) on cell extracts and culture media. Okadaic acid and three analogs were detected in all strains. Rather, in culture media the detected compounds were variable among strains, two of them being okadaic acid analogs not found on cell extracts. As a result, the taxonomy of the species was revised and P. maculosum is proposed as a junior synonym of P. hoffmannianum whose description is emended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Rodríguez
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Pilar Riobó
- Instituto de Investigacións Mariñas (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Guillermo D Crespín
- Institute for Bio-Organic Chemistry "Antonio González" (IUBO-AG), University of La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, 38206 La Laguna, Spain.
| | - Antonio H Daranas
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC), Avda Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206 La Laguna, Spain.
| | - Caterina R de Vera
- Institute for Bio-Organic Chemistry "Antonio González" (IUBO-AG), University of La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, 38206 La Laguna, Spain.
| | - Manuel Norte
- Institute for Bio-Organic Chemistry "Antonio González" (IUBO-AG), University of La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, 38206 La Laguna, Spain.
| | - José Javier Fernández
- Institute for Bio-Organic Chemistry "Antonio González" (IUBO-AG), University of La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, 38206 La Laguna, Spain.
| | - Santiago Fraga
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain.
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Systems-level analysis of metabolic mechanism following nitrogen limitation in benthic dinoflagellate Prorocentrum lima. ALGAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Prorocentrolide-A from Cultured Prorocentrum lima Dinoflagellates Collected in Japan Blocks Sub-Types of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10030097. [PMID: 29495549 PMCID: PMC5869385 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10030097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Prorocentrolides are members of the cyclic imine phycotoxins family. Their chemical structure includes a 26-membered carbo-macrocycle and a 28-membered macrocyclic lactone arranged around a hexahydroisoquinoline that incorporates the characteristic cyclic imine group. Six prorocentrolides are already known. However, their mode of action remains undetermined. The aim of the present work was to explore whether prorocentrolide-A acts on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), using competition-binding assays and electrophysiological techniques. Prorocentrolide-A displaced [125I]α-bungarotoxin binding to Torpedo membranes, expressing the muscle-type (α12β1γδ) nAChR, and in HEK-293 cells, expressing the chimeric chick neuronal α7-5HT3 nAChR. Functional studies revealed that prorocentrolide-A had no agonist action on nAChRs, but inhibited ACh-induced currents in Xenopus oocytes that had incorporated the muscle-type α12β1γδ nAChR to their membranes, or that expressed the human α7 nAChR, as revealed by voltage-clamp recordings. Molecular docking calculations showed the absence of the characteristic hydrogen bond between the iminium group of prorocentrolide-A and the backbone carbonyl group of Trp147 in the receptor, explaining its weaker affinity as compared to all other cyclic imine toxins. In conclusion, this is the first study to show that prorocentrolide-A acts on both muscle and neuronal nAChRs, but with higher affinity on the muscle-type nAChR.
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David H, Laza-Martínez A, Kromkamp JC, Orive E. Physiological response of Prorocentrum lima (Dinophyceae) to varying light intensities. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2017; 94:4705884. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fix166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Helena David
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Aitor Laza-Martínez
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Jacco C Kromkamp
- Department of Estuarine and Delta Systems and Utrecht University, NIOZ Royal Institute for Sea Research, P.O. Box 140, 4401 NT Yerseke, The Netherlands
| | - Emma Orive
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
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Nascimento SM, Mendes MCQ, Menezes M, Rodríguez F, Alves-de-Souza C, Branco S, Riobó P, Franco J, Nunes JMC, Huk M, Morris S, Fraga S. Morphology and phylogeny of Prorocentrum caipirignum sp. nov. (Dinophyceae), a new tropical toxic benthic dinoflagellate. HARMFUL ALGAE 2017; 70:73-89. [PMID: 29169570 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A new species of toxic benthic dinoflagellate is described based on laboratory cultures isolated from two locations from Brazil, Rio de Janeiro and Bahia. The morphology was studied with SEM and LM. Cells are elliptical in right thecal view and flat. They are 37-44μm long and 29-36μm wide. The right thecal plate has a V shaped indentation where six platelets can be identified. The thecal surface of both thecal plates is smooth and has round or kidney shaped and uniformly distributed pores except in the central area of the cell, and a line of marginal pores. Some cells present an elongated depression on the central area of the apical part of the right thecal plate. Prorocentrum caipirignum is similar to Prorocentrum lima in its morphology, but can be differentiated by the general cell shape, being elliptical while P. lima is ovoid. In the phylogenetic trees based on ITS and LSU rDNA sequences, the P. caipirignum clade appears close to the clades of P. lima and Prorocentrum hoffmannianum. The Brazilian strains of P. caipirignum formed a clade with strains from Cuba, Hainan Island and Malaysia and it is therefore likely that this new species has a broad tropical distribution. Prorocentrum caipirignum is a toxic species that produces okadaic acid and the fast acting toxin prorocentrolide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia M Nascimento
- Laboratório de Microalgas Marinhas, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Av. Pasteur, 458, 314-B, 22.290-240 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - M Cristina Q Mendes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Biomonitoramento-IB/UFBA, Av. Barão de Geremoabo s/n°, Campus Ondina, 40170-115, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Mariângela Menezes
- Laboratório de Ficologia, Museu Nacional, UFRJ, 20940-040 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Francisco Rodríguez
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain.
| | | | - Suema Branco
- Laboratório de Ficologia, Museu Nacional, UFRJ, 20940-040 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Pilar Riobó
- Instituto de Investigacións Mariñas (IIM-CSIC) Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain.
| | - José Franco
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain.
| | - José Marcos C Nunes
- Laboratório de Algas Marinhas, IB/UFBA, Av. Barão de Geremoabo s/n°, Campus Ondina, 40170-115, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Mariusz Huk
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, United Kingdom.
| | - Steven Morris
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, United Kingdom.
| | - Santiago Fraga
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain.
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Anglès S, Reñé A, Garcés E, Lugliè A, Sechi N, Camp J, Satta CT. Morphological and molecular characterization of Bysmatrum subsalsum (Dinophyceae) from the western Mediterranean Sea reveals the existence of cryptic species. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2017; 53:833-847. [PMID: 28509342 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bysmatrum subsalsum is a cosmopolitan dinoflagellate species that inhabits marine and transitional habitats. Despite its wide distribution, information on the morphological variability, phylogeny and ecology of B. subsalsum is scarce. In this study, we provide morphological and molecular data on B. subsalsum strains and wild cells from different locations in the Mediterranean Basin. The dynamics of cell abundances and the associated environmental conditions during a field bloom are also described. Genetic sequences of B. subsalsum obtained in this study showed large intraspecific differences, clustering in two well-differentiated clades. Despite a certain degree of variation with respect to cell size, apical pore complex (APC) morphology and size, and cingulum displacement, cells from the two clades showed similar morphological traits. These findings indicated the occurrence of cryptic species. Comparisons of the morphology of our B. subsalsum specimens with the few descriptions available in the literature revealed larger than previously known intraspecific morphological variability. Phylogenetic trees inferred from the concatenated SSU, 5.8S-ITS, and LSU rRNA and the individual 5.8S-ITS regions suggested the inclusion of Bysmatrum in the Peridiniales and a close phylogenetic relationship with Peridinium sensu stricto. However, the low statistical support prevented the assignment of Bysmatrum to a particular family of Peridiniales. Ecological data obtained from a bloom in La Pletera salt marshes (Catalan Coast, Spain) suggested the species reaches high cell abundances at water temperatures >20°C and salinity levels >30. Our results add new information regarding the morphology, phylogeny, and ecology of B. subsalsum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Anglès
- Departament d'Ecologia i Recursos Marins, Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats, IMEDEA (UIB-CSIC), Miquel Marquès 21, 07190, Esporles, Spain
| | - Albert Reñé
- Departament de Biologia Marina i Oceanografia, Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Garcés
- Departament de Biologia Marina i Oceanografia, Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonella Lugliè
- Dipartimento di Architettura, Design e Urbanistica, University of Sassari, Via Piandanna 4, 090064, Sassari, Italy
| | - Nicola Sechi
- Dipartimento di Architettura, Design e Urbanistica, University of Sassari, Via Piandanna 4, 090064, Sassari, Italy
| | - Jordi Camp
- Departament de Biologia Marina i Oceanografia, Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cecilia Teodora Satta
- Dipartimento di Architettura, Design e Urbanistica, University of Sassari, Via Piandanna 4, 090064, Sassari, Italy
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Luo Z, Zhang H, Krock B, Lu S, Yang W, Gu H. Morphology, molecular phylogeny and okadaic acid production of epibenthic Prorocentrum (Dinophyceae) species from the northern South China Sea. ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2016.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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23
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Toxicity and Growth Assessments of Three Thermophilic Benthic Dinoflagellates (Ostreopsis cf. ovata, Prorocentrum lima and Coolia monotis) Developing in the Southern Mediterranean Basin. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8100297. [PMID: 27754462 PMCID: PMC5086657 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8100297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Harmful benthic dinoflagellates, usually developing in tropical areas, are expanding to temperate ecosystems facing water warming. Reports on harmful benthic species are particularly scarce in the Southern Mediterranean Sea. For the first time, three thermophilic benthic dinoflagellates (Ostreopsis cf. ovata, Prorocentrum lima and Coolia monotis) were isolated from Bizerte Bay (Tunisia, Mediterranean) and monoclonal cultures established. The ribotyping confirmed the morphological identification of the three species. Maximum growth rates were 0.59 ± 0.08 d−1 for O. cf. ovata, 0.35 ± 0.01 d−1 for C. monotis and 0.33 ± 0.04 d−1 for P. lima. Toxin analyses revealed the presence of ovatoxin-a and ovatoxin-b in O. cf. ovata cells. Okadaic acid and dinophysistoxin-1 were detected in P. lima cultures. For C. monotis, a chromatographic peak at 5.6 min with a mass m/z = 1061.768 was observed, but did not correspond to a mono-sulfated analogue of the yessotoxin. A comparison of the toxicity and growth characteristics of these dinoflagellates, distributed worldwide, is proposed.
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24
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Quantitative Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Based on PULCON Methodology: Application to Quantification of Invaluable Marine Toxin, Okadaic Acid. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8100294. [PMID: 27754382 PMCID: PMC5086654 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8100294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
ERETIC2 (Electronic Reference To access In vivo Concentrations 2) based on PULCON (Pulse Length–based Concentration determination) methodology is a quantitative NMR (qNMR) using an external standard. The performance of the PULCON method was assessed using maleic acid (MA). Quantification of the diarrhetic shellfish toxin and okadaic acid by PULCON was successfully consistent with that obtained by a conventional internal standard method, demonstrating that the PULCON method is useful for the quantification of invaluable marine toxins without any contaminations by an internal standard.
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Nascimento SM, Salgueiro F, Menezes M, Oliveira FDA, Magalhães VCP, De Paula JC, Morris S. Prorocentrum lima from the South Atlantic: Morphological, molecular and toxicological characterization. HARMFUL ALGAE 2016; 57:39-48. [PMID: 30170720 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Morphological descriptions using light and scanning electron microscopy and molecular characterization of two Prorocentrum lima strains (UNR-01 and UNR-09) isolated from Armação dos Búzios, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil are provided. Okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1) and DTX2 production by strain UNR-01 was investigated using liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. Toxins were extracted from heat-treated (boiled) and non-boiled cell pellets to obtain respective quantities of free and total OA and DTX1. Growth parameters (growth rate and mean generation time) were determined for strain UNR-01. Prorocentrum lima cells were oblong-to-ovate in shape, broad in the middle region, and narrow at the anterior end. The periflagellar area was triangular, set into a V-shaped depression and was composed of eight periflagellar platelets of different sizes. The morphology fits well the characterization of the species isolated from elsewhere. Phylogenetic analysis based on internal transcribed spacer - ITS - and D1-D3 large subunit - LSU - of ribosomal RNA gene sequences revealed that both strains were identical and closely related to P. lima isolates from the Caribbean Sea and USA. The growth rate of strain UNR-01 was 0.24divday-1. OA concentrations were on average 15.2 and 38.5pg[OA]cell-1 for heat-treated and non-treated cells respectively, while DTX1 mean concentration was 0.5pg[DTX1]cell-1 for both heat-treated and non-treated cells. DTX2 was not detected. To date, these are the first strains of P. lima from the south Atlantic that have been characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia M Nascimento
- Laboratório de Microalgas Marinhas, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Av. Pasteur, 458, 314-B, 22.290-240 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Fabiano Salgueiro
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Biodiversidade Molecular Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Av. Pasteur, 458, 512, 22.290-240 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Mariângela Menezes
- Laboratório de Ficologia, Museu Nacional, UFRJ, 20940-040 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda de Andréa Oliveira
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Biodiversidade Molecular Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Av. Pasteur, 458, 512, 22.290-240 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Chiapetta Portella Magalhães
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Biodiversidade Molecular Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Av. Pasteur, 458, 512, 22.290-240 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Joel Campos De Paula
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Biodiversidade Molecular Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Av. Pasteur, 458, 512, 22.290-240 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Steven Morris
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, United Kingdom.
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Taxonomic Clarification of the Unusual Dinophyte Gymnodinium limneticum W ołosz . (Gymnodiniaceae) from the Tatra Mountains. Protist 2015; 166:621-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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27
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Konoki K, Okada K, Kohama M, Matsuura H, Saito K, Cho Y, Nishitani G, Miyamoto T, Fukuzawa S, Tachibana K, Yotsu-Yamashita M. Identification of okadaic acid binding protein 2 in reconstituted sponge cell clusters from Halichondria okadai and its contribution to the detoxification of okadaic acid. Toxicon 2015; 108:38-45. [PMID: 26424103 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Okadaic acid (OA) and OA binding protein 2 (OABP2) were previously isolated from the marine sponge Halichondria okadai. Because the amino acid sequence of OABP2 is completely different from that of protein phosphatase 2A, a well-known target of OA, we have been investigating the production and function of OABP2. In the present study, we hypothesized that OABP2 plays a role in the detoxification of OA in H. okadai and that the OA concentrations are in proportional to the OABP2 concentrations in the sponge specimens. Based on the OA concentrations and the OABP2 concentrations in the sponge specimens collected in various places and in different seasons, however, we could not determine a positive correlation between OA and OABP2. We then attempted to determine distribution of OA and OABP2 in the sponge specimen. When the mixture of dissociated sponge cells and symbiotic species were separated with various pore-sized nylon meshes, most of the OA and OABP2 was detected from the same 0-10 μm fraction. Next, when sponge cell clusters were prepared from a mixture of dissociated sponge cells and symbiotic species in the presence of penicillin and streptomycin, we identified the 18S rDNA of H. okadai and the gene of OABP2 in the analysis of genomic DNA but could not detect OA by LC-MS/MS. We thus concluded that the sponge cells express OABP2, and that OA was not apparently present in the sponge cells but could be colocalized with OABP2 in the sponge cells at a concentration less than the limit of detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Konoki
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8555, Japan.
| | - Kayo Okada
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8555, Japan
| | - Mami Kohama
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroki Matsuura
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8555, Japan
| | - Kaori Saito
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8555, Japan
| | - Yuko Cho
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8555, Japan
| | - Goh Nishitani
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8555, Japan
| | - Tomofumi Miyamoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Seketsu Fukuzawa
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tachibana
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Mari Yotsu-Yamashita
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8555, Japan
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28
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Herrera-Sepúlveda A, Medlin LK, Murugan G, Sierra-Beltrán AP, Cruz-Villacorta AA, Hernández-Saavedra NY. Are Prorocentrum hoffmannianum and Prorocentrum belizeanum (DINOPHYCEAE, PROROCENTRALES), the same species? An integration of morphological and molecular data. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2015; 51:173-188. [PMID: 26986267 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The taxonomic assignment of Prorocentrum species is based on morphological characteristics; however, morphological variability has been found for several taxa isolated from different geographical regions. In this study, we evaluated species boundaries of Prorocentrum hoffmannianum and Prorocentrum belizeanum based on morphological and molecular data. A detailed morphological analysis was done, concentrating on the periflagellar architecture. Molecular analyses were performed on partial Small Sub-Unit (SSU) rDNA, partial Large Sub-Unit (LSU) rDNA, complete Internal Transcribed Spacer Regions (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2), and partial cytochrome b (cob) sequences. We concatenated the SSU-ITS-LSU fragments and constructed a phylogenetic tree using Bayesian Inference (BI) and maximum likelihood (ML) methods. Morphological analyses indicated that the main characters, such as cell size and number of depressions per valve, normally used to distinguish P. hoffmannianum from P. belizeanum, overlapped. No clear differences were found in the periflagellar area architecture. Prorocentrum hoffmannianum and P. belizeanum were a highly supported monophyletic clade separated into three subclades, which broadly corresponded to the sample collection regions. Subtle morphological overlaps found in cell shape, size, and ornamentation lead us to conclude that P. hoffmanianum and P. belizeanum might be considered conspecific. The molecular data analyses did not separate P. hoffmannianum and P. belizeanum into two morphospecies, and thus, we considered them to be the P. hoffmannianum species complex because their clades are separated by their geographic origin. These geographic and genetically distinct clades could be referred to as ribotypes: (A) Belize, (B) Florida-Cuba, (C1) India, and (C2) Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Herrera-Sepúlveda
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste S. C., Avenida Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, La Paz, BCS 23090, México
| | - Linda K Medlin
- Marine Biological Association of the UK, The Citadel, Plymouth, PL1 2BP, UK
| | - Gopal Murugan
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste S. C., Avenida Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, La Paz, BCS 23090, México
| | - Arturo P Sierra-Beltrán
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste S. C., Avenida Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, La Paz, BCS 23090, México
| | - Ariel A Cruz-Villacorta
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste S. C., Avenida Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, La Paz, BCS 23090, México
| | - Norma Y Hernández-Saavedra
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste S. C., Avenida Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, La Paz, BCS 23090, México
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Boopathi T, Faria DG, Cheon JY, Youn SH, Ki JS. Implications of High Molecular Divergence of Nuclear rRNA and Phylogenetic Structure for the Dinoflagellate Prorocentrum (Dinophyceae, Prorocentrales). J Eukaryot Microbiol 2015; 62:519-31. [PMID: 25594436 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The small and large nuclear subunit molecular phylogeny of the genus Prorocentrum demonstrated that the species are dichotomized into two clades. These two clades were significantly different (one-factor ANOVA, p < 0.01) with patterns compatible for both small and large subunit Bayesian phylogenetic trees, and for a larger taxon sampled dinoflagellate phylogeny. Evaluation of the molecular divergence levels showed that intraspecies genetic variations were significantly low (t-test, p < 0.05), than those for interspecies variations (> 2.9% and > 26.8% dissimilarity in the small and large subunit [D1/D2], respectively). Based on the calculated molecular divergence, the genus comprises two genetically distinct groups that should be considered as two separate genera, thereby setting the pace for major systematic changes for the genus Prorocentrum sensu Dodge. Moreover, the information presented in this study would be useful for improving species identification, detection of novel clades from environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ju-Yong Cheon
- Department of Life Science, Sangmyung University, Seoul, 110-743, Korea
| | - Seok Hyun Youn
- Fishery and Ocean Information Division, National Fisheries Research & Development Institute, Busan, 619-705, Korea
| | - Jang-Seu Ki
- Department of Life Science, Sangmyung University, Seoul, 110-743, Korea
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The diversity of Coolia spp. (Dinophyceae Ostreopsidaceae) in the central great barrier reef region. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79278. [PMID: 24194962 PMCID: PMC3806851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dinoflagellates are important primary producers, crucial in marine food webs. Toxic strains, however, are the main causative agents of non-bacterial seafood poisoning, a major concern for public health worldwide. Despite their importance, taxonomic uncertainty within many genera of dinoflagellates is still high. The genus Coolia includes potentially harmful species and the diversity within the genus is just starting to become apparent. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In the current study, cultures were established from strains of Coolia spp. isolated from the central Great Barrier Reef (GBR). Cultures were identified based on thecal plate morphology and analyses of sequences (18S, ITS and 28S) from the nuclear rRNA operon. We report that the central GBR harbors a high diversity of Coolia species, including two species known to be capable of toxin production (C. tropicalis and C. malayensis), as well as the non-toxic C. canariensis. The strain of C. canariensis isolated from the GBR may in fact be a cryptic species, closely related but nevertheless phylogenetically distinct from the strain on which the holotype of C. canariensis was based. We also found evidence of the occurrence of a cryptic species morphologically very similar to both C. malayensis and C. monotis. The consequences of taxonomic confusion within the genus are discussed. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE The central GBR region harbors a previously unreported high diversity of Coolia spp., including two species known to potentially produce toxins. The presence of a cryptic species of unknown toxicity highlights the importance of cryptic diversity within dinoflagellates.
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Kohli GS, Neilan BA, Brown MV, Hoppenrath M, Murray SA. Cobgene pyrosequencing enables characterization of benthic dinoflagellate diversity and biogeography. Environ Microbiol 2013; 16:467-85. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gurjeet S. Kohli
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences; University of New South Wales; Sydney New South Wales 2052 Australia
- Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster (C3); University of Technology Sydney; Sydney New South Wales 2007 Australia
| | - Brett A. Neilan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences; University of New South Wales; Sydney New South Wales 2052 Australia
- Australian Centre for Astrobiology; University of New South Wales; Sydney New South Wales 2052 Australia
| | - Mark V. Brown
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences; University of New South Wales; Sydney New South Wales 2052 Australia
- Australian Centre for Astrobiology; University of New South Wales; Sydney New South Wales 2052 Australia
| | - Mona Hoppenrath
- Senckenberg am Meer; Deutsches Zentrum für Marine Biodiversitätsforschung (DZMB); Wilhelmshaven 32689 Germany
| | - Shauna A. Murray
- Sydney Institute of Marine Sciences; Sydney New South Wales 2088 Australia
- Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster (C3); University of Technology Sydney; Sydney New South Wales 2007 Australia
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Henrichs DW, Scott PS, Steidinger KA, Errera RM, Abraham A, Campbell L. Morphology and Phylogeny of Prorocentrum texanum sp. nov. (Dinophyceae): A New Toxic Dinoflagellate from the Gulf of Mexico Coastal Waters Exhibiting Two Distinct Morphologies. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2013; 49:143-155. [PMID: 27008396 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A new planktonic species of Prorocentrum is described from the Gulf of Mexico. First observed with the Imaging FlowCytobot, Prorocentrum texanum sp. nov. was characterized using LM, SEM, and TEM along with sequencing of the SSU, LSU, and ITS ribosomal regions and the mitochondrial cob and cox1 regions. P. texanum sp. nov. is a round to oval bivalvate dinoflagellate, with a prominent anterior, serrated solid flange on periflagellar a platelet and an opposing short, flat flange on the h platelet. The periflagellar area consists of 10 platelets. Both left and right valves have shallow round depressions and two-sized valve pores. The anterior ejectosome pore pattern differs between the left and right valve in relation to the periflagellar area and margins. Ten to eleven rows of tangential ejectosome pores are present on each valve. P. texanum sp. nov. has two varieties which exhibit distinct morphotypes, one round to oval (var. texanum) and the other pointed (var. cuspidatum). P. texanum var. cuspidatum is morphologically similar to P. micans in surface markings, but is smaller, and has a serrated periflagellar flange, and is genetically distinct from P. micans. Cytologically, P. texanum has two parietal chlo-roplasts, each with a compound, interlamellar pyrenoid, trichocysts, fibrous vesicles that resemble mucocysts, pusules, V- to U-shaped posterior nucleus, golgi, and tubular mitochondria. No genetic difference was found between the two varieties in the five genes examined. Phylogenetic analysis of the SSU, LSU, and ITS ribosomal regions place P. texanum sp. nov. as a sister group to P. micans. One isolate of P. texanum var. texanum produces okadaic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren W Henrichs
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
| | - Paula S Scott
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, St. Petersburg, Florida, 33701, USA
| | - Karen A Steidinger
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, St. Petersburg, Florida, 33701, USA
| | - Reagan M Errera
- Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
| | - Ann Abraham
- Division of Seafood Science and Technology, Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, FDA, Dauphin Island, Alabama, 36528, USA
| | - Lisa Campbell
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
- Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
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Murray SA, Garby T, Hoppenrath M, Neilan BA. Genetic diversity, morphological uniformity and polyketide production in dinoflagellates (Amphidinium, Dinoflagellata). PLoS One 2012; 7:e38253. [PMID: 22675531 PMCID: PMC3366924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dinoflagellates are an intriguing group of eukaryotes, showing many unusual morphological and genetic features. Some groups of dinoflagellates are morphologically highly uniform, despite indications of genetic diversity. The species Amphidinium carterae is abundant and cosmopolitan in marine environments, grows easily in culture, and has therefore been used as a 'model' dinoflagellate in research into dinoflagellate genetics, polyketide production and photosynthesis. We have investigated the diversity of 'cryptic' species of Amphidinium that are morphologically similar to A. carterae, including the very similar species Amphidinium massartii, based on light and electron microscopy, two nuclear gene regions (LSU rDNA and ITS rDNA) and one mitochondrial gene region (cytochrome b). We found that six genetically distinct cryptic species (clades) exist within the species A. massartii and four within A. carterae, and that these clades differ from one another in molecular sequences at levels comparable to other dinoflagellate species, genera or even families. Using primers based on an alignment of alveolate ketosynthase sequences, we isolated partial ketosynthase genes from several Amphidinium species. We compared these genes to known dinoflagellate ketosynthase genes and investigated the evolution and diversity of the strains of Amphidinium that produce them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shauna A Murray
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences and Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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Chomérat N, Saburova M, Bilien G, Al-Yamani F. PROROCENTRUM BIMACULATUM SP. NOV. (DINOPHYCEAE, PROROCENTRALES), A NEW BENTHIC DINOFLAGELLATE SPECIES FROM KUWAIT (ARABIAN GULF)(1). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2012; 48:211-221. [PMID: 27009665 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2011.01102.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A new benthic dinoflagellate species, Prorocentrum bimaculatum sp. nov., is studied from Kuwait's marine sediments, based on detailed morphological and molecular data. Cells are large, oblong oval in shape. They are 49.9-55.3 μm long and 38.4-43.2 μm wide. The ornamentation of this new species is peculiar, and characterized by smooth valves with large pores (0.32-0.50 μm) scattered on their surface, except in two circular patches of ∼15 μm in diameter, devoid of ornamentation and located on both sides of the valve centers. The periflagellar area is widely triangular, located in a moderate excavation of the right valve, and comprises nine platelets. The intercalary band of P. bimaculatum is smooth. The molecular phylogenetic position of this new taxon was inferred from SSU and LSU rDNA genes. In both phylogenetic analyses, P. bimaculatum branched with high support with Prorocentrum consutum and formed a clade sister to the one including P. lima and related species such as P. arenarium, P. belizeanum, P. hoffmannianum, and P. maculosum. From the phylogenetic study, since most species related to P. bimaculatum are known for their toxic effects and production of okadaic acid, this new species can be considered as a potential toxin producer, but this has to be analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Chomérat
- IFREMER, Station de Concarneau, place de la Croix, 29900 Concarneau, France Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas, Pr. Nakhimova, 2, 99011, Sevastopol, Ukraine Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR), Oceanography and Fisheries Research Program, Aquaculture, Fisheries and Marine Environment Dept., P.O. Box 1638, 22017 Salmiya, KuwaitIFREMER, Station de Concarneau, place de la Croix, 29900 Concarneau, FranceKuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR), Oceanography and Fisheries Research Program, Aquaculture, Fisheries and Marine Environment Dept., P.O. Box 1638, 22017 Salmiya, Kuwait
| | - Maria Saburova
- IFREMER, Station de Concarneau, place de la Croix, 29900 Concarneau, France Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas, Pr. Nakhimova, 2, 99011, Sevastopol, Ukraine Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR), Oceanography and Fisheries Research Program, Aquaculture, Fisheries and Marine Environment Dept., P.O. Box 1638, 22017 Salmiya, KuwaitIFREMER, Station de Concarneau, place de la Croix, 29900 Concarneau, FranceKuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR), Oceanography and Fisheries Research Program, Aquaculture, Fisheries and Marine Environment Dept., P.O. Box 1638, 22017 Salmiya, Kuwait
| | - Gwenaël Bilien
- IFREMER, Station de Concarneau, place de la Croix, 29900 Concarneau, France Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas, Pr. Nakhimova, 2, 99011, Sevastopol, Ukraine Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR), Oceanography and Fisheries Research Program, Aquaculture, Fisheries and Marine Environment Dept., P.O. Box 1638, 22017 Salmiya, KuwaitIFREMER, Station de Concarneau, place de la Croix, 29900 Concarneau, FranceKuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR), Oceanography and Fisheries Research Program, Aquaculture, Fisheries and Marine Environment Dept., P.O. Box 1638, 22017 Salmiya, Kuwait
| | - Faiza Al-Yamani
- IFREMER, Station de Concarneau, place de la Croix, 29900 Concarneau, France Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas, Pr. Nakhimova, 2, 99011, Sevastopol, Ukraine Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR), Oceanography and Fisheries Research Program, Aquaculture, Fisheries and Marine Environment Dept., P.O. Box 1638, 22017 Salmiya, KuwaitIFREMER, Station de Concarneau, place de la Croix, 29900 Concarneau, FranceKuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR), Oceanography and Fisheries Research Program, Aquaculture, Fisheries and Marine Environment Dept., P.O. Box 1638, 22017 Salmiya, Kuwait
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