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Nguyen TH, Nguyen HA, Tran Thi YV, Hoang Tran D, Cao H, Chu Duc T, Bui TT, Do Quang L. Concepts, electrode configuration, characterization, and data analytics of electric and electrochemical microfluidic platforms: a review. Analyst 2023; 148:1912-1929. [PMID: 36928639 DOI: 10.1039/d2an02027k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic cytometry (MC) and electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) are two important techniques in biomedical engineering. Microfluidic cytometry has been utilized in various fields such as stem cell differentiation and cancer metastasis studies, and provides a simple, label-free, real-time method for characterizing and monitoring cellular fates. The impedance microdevice, including impedance flow cytometry (IFC) and electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), is integrated into MC systems. IFC measures the impedance of individual cells as they flow through a microfluidic device, while EIS measures impedance changes during binding events on electrode regions. There have been significant efforts to improve and optimize these devices for both basic research and clinical applications, based on the concepts, electrode configurations, and cell fates. This review outlines the theoretical concepts, electrode engineering, and data analytics of these devices, and highlights future directions for development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu Hang Nguyen
- University of Engineering and Technology, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | | | - Y-Van Tran Thi
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | | | - Hung Cao
- University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Trinh Chu Duc
- University of Engineering and Technology, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Tung Thanh Bui
- University of Engineering and Technology, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Loc Do Quang
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam.
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Cardigan R, New HV, Estcourt L, Zhiburt E, Dubey R, Bengtsson J, Jöud M, Castillo C, Cid J, Lozano M, Gounder D, Flanagan P, Morley S, Clarke G, Devine D, Hindawi S, AlOtaibi A, Bub CB, Kutner JM, Ikeda T, Goto N, Okazaki H, Fontaine MJ, Pasion J, Song L, Latham T, Kerkhoffs JL, de Haas M, Zwaginga JJ, Gathof BS, Ommer K, Pirenne F, Raba M, Francois A, Daly J, Powley T, Dunbar N. International Forum on Policies and Practice for Transfusion of ABO and RhD Non-Identical Platelets: Summary. Vox Sang 2021; 117:136-144. [PMID: 34258783 DOI: 10.1111/vox.13129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Cavagnetto C, Alejo Blanco R, McKenna H, Willmott L, Aydogdu E, Akinyemi N, Standring H, Procter S, Lagerberg JW, Johansson E, Croxon H, de Korte D, Garner SF, Shirakami A, Saker J, Linssen J, Cardigan R. Residual red cells in blood components: A multisite study of fully automated enumeration using a hematology analyzer. Transfusion 2020; 61:568-578. [PMID: 33202065 PMCID: PMC7894184 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Manufacture of platelet concentrates (PCs) and plasma may fail to remove all residual red blood cells (rRBCs). Measuring rRBCs for compliance to guidelines has proven challenging, leading to an absence of a consensus methodology. Sysmex hematology analyzers with the Blood Bank mode (BB mode) analysis option offer the potential for automated rRBC counting. We therefore performed a two‐site appraisal of the system. Study Design and Methods Performance characteristics were determined using platelet and plasma samples spiked with RBCs. Sample stability (n = 47) and the impact of sample type were also assessed. Components (platelets, n = 1474; plasma, n = 77) prepared using different routine manufacturing methods were tested to assess variation in rRBC concentration. Results Linearity studies up to 19 000 RBCs/μL demonstrated good correlation between expected and observed results (R2 ≥ 0.9731), and flow cytometric results also correlated well with BB mode (R2 = 0.9400). Precision analysis gave a limit of quantitation of 6 to 7 RBCs/μL, and carryover was 0.03%. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and plain tube results were not significantly different (P ≥ 0.10), and samples were stable up to 24 hours. Apheresis PCs produced at two sites had lower rRBC concentrations (medians, 17 and 13 RBCs/μL) than those produced with the buffy coat method either manually (median, 681 RBCs/μL) or with the automated Terumo Automated Centrifuge and Separator Integration process (median, 81 RBCs/μL). All PCs failing visual inspection as having RBCs ≥4000 RBCs/μL were also detected by the BB mode. Conclusion The BB mode had acceptable performance characteristics and has the potential for integration into a fully automated process control system for rRBC enumeration in plasma and PCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Cavagnetto
- Component Development Laboratory, NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Laura Willmott
- Component Development Laboratory, NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elif Aydogdu
- Manufacturing and Product Development, NHS Blood and Transplant, UK
| | - Nicola Akinyemi
- Manufacturing and Product Development, NHS Blood and Transplant, UK
| | - Helena Standring
- Manufacturing and Product Development, NHS Blood and Transplant, UK
| | - Simon Procter
- Manufacturing and Product Development, NHS Blood and Transplant, UK
| | - Johan W Lagerberg
- Product and Process Development, Sanquin Blood Bank, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Harry Croxon
- Irish Blood Transfusion Service, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dirk de Korte
- Product and Process Development, Sanquin Blood Bank, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Stephen F Garner
- Component Development Laboratory, NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Jarob Saker
- Scientific Affairs, Sysmex Corporation, Kobe, Japan
| | | | - Rebecca Cardigan
- Component Development Laboratory, NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Red blood cell alloimmunisation after platelet transfusion (excluding ABO blood group system). Transfus Clin Biol 2020; 27:185-190. [PMID: 32544526 DOI: 10.1016/j.tracli.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Red blood cell alloimmunisation after transfusion of red blood cell concentrates carries a risk for every recipient. This risk is particularly high for patients with conditions such as sickle cell disease. However, red blood cell alloimmunisation can also occur after platelet concentrate transfusion. All blood group systems other than ABO are affected, and there are several mechanisms responsible for this alloimmunisation. The practical implications of this are a need to match red blood cell concentrates in all alloimmunised patients and, in pregnant women, recongnition of the risk of developing haemolytic disease of the foetus and newborn. Several measures can be taken to prevent alloimmunisation: in the case of the D antigen, for example, anti-RhD immunoglobulins can be infused before transfusing platelet concentrates from an RhD-positive donor in a RhD-negative recipient.
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Thibault L, de Grandmont MJ, Cayer MP, Dussault N, Jacques A, Ducas E, Beauséjour A, Lebrun A. Rhesus D Antigenic Determinants on Residual Red Blood Cells in Apheresis and Buffy Coat Platelet Concentrates. Transfus Med Hemother 2020; 47:129-134. [PMID: 32355472 PMCID: PMC7184823 DOI: 10.1159/000501106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The level of residual red blood cells (RBCs) in platelet concentrates (PCs) is of interest because of clinical concerns related to alloimmunization to RBC antigens in transfused patients. This work aims at characterizing and quantifying the levels of intact and fragmented RBCs in apheresis (AP-PCs) and buffy coat PCs (BC-PCs) to assess their potential risk for RhD antigen alloimmunization. METHODS After staining with anti-CD41 (platelets) and anti-CD235a (RBCs) antibodies, the size and density of RhD antigen on intact and fragmented RBCs were analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Residual RBC counts were 29 ± 22 × 106/unit in AP-PCs and 121 ± 54 × 106/unit in BC-PCs, which correspond to about 3 and 11 µL of RBCs by product, respectively. RhD expression was about 4 times higher on RBC particles in AP-PCs, and these particles contribute to 66 and 75% of the total antigenic load in BC-PCs and AP-PCs, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Processing methods influence the quantity and nature of contaminating residual RBCs and RBC-derived particles in PCs. The estimation of residual RBCs in these blood products is generally based on measurements of intact RBCs, which might underestimate the risk for alloim-munization in transfused patients. The question of whether these RBC-derived particles can produce an immune response and, thus, should then be taken into consideration for Rh immune prophylactic treatments, remains to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Thibault
- Héma-Québec, Medical Affairs and Innovation, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Annie Jacques
- Héma-Québec, Medical Affairs and Innovation, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Eric Ducas
- Héma-Québec, Medical Affairs and Innovation, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Annie Beauséjour
- Héma-Québec, Medical Affairs and Innovation, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - André Lebrun
- Héma-Québec, Medical Affairs and Innovation, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Doescher A, Loges U, Petershofen EK, Müller TH. Evaluation of droplet digital PCR for quantification of residual leucocytes in red blood cell concentrates. Vox Sang 2017; 112:744-750. [PMID: 28967676 DOI: 10.1111/vox.12566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Enumeration of residual white blood cells in leucoreduced blood components is essential part of quality control. Digital PCR has substantially facilitated quantitative PCR and was thus evaluated for measurements of leucocytes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Target for quantification of leucocytes by digital droplet PCR was the blood group gene RHCE. The SPEF1 gene was added as internal control for the entire assay starting with automated DNA extraction. The sensitivity of the method was determined by serial dilutions of standard samples. Quality control samples were analysed within 24 h, 7 days and 6 months after collection. Routine samples from leucodepleted red blood cell concentrates (n = 150) were evaluated in parallel by flow-cytometry (LeucoCount) and by digital PCR. RESULTS Digital PCR reliably detected at least 0·4 leucocytes per assay. The mean difference between PCR and flow-cytometric results from 150 units was -0·01 (±1·0). DNA samples were stable for up to at least six months. PCR measurement of leucocytes in samples from plasma and platelet concentrates also provided valid results in a pilot study. CONCLUSION Droplet digital PCR to enumerate leucocytes offers an alternative for quality control of leucoreduced blood products. Sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility are comparable to flow-cytometry. The option to collect samples over an extended period of time and the automatization introduce attractive features for routine quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Doescher
- DRK-Blutspendedienst NSTOB, Institut Bremen-Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - U Loges
- DRK-Blutspendedienst NSTOB, Institut Springe, Springe, Germany
| | - E K Petershofen
- DRK-Blutspendedienst NSTOB, Institut Bremen-Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - T H Müller
- DRK-Blutspendedienst NSTOB, Institut Springe, Springe, Germany
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Cid J, Lozano M, Ziman A, West KA, O'Brien KL, Murphy MF, Wendel S, Vázquez A, Ortín X, Hervig TA, Delaney M, Flegel WA, Yazer MH. Low frequency of anti-D alloimmunization following D+ platelet transfusion: the Anti-D Alloimmunization after D-incompatible Platelet Transfusions (ADAPT) study. Br J Haematol 2015; 168:598-603. [PMID: 25283094 PMCID: PMC4314459 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.13158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The reported frequency of D alloimmunization in D- recipients after transfusion of D+ platelets varies. This study was designed to determine the frequency of D alloimmunization, previously reported to be an average of 5 ± 2%. A primary anti-D immune response was defined as the detection of anti-D ≥ 28 d following the first D+ platelet transfusion. Data were collected on 485 D- recipients of D+ platelets in 11 centres between 2010 and 2012. Their median age was 60 (range 2-100) years. Diagnoses included: haematological (203/485, 42%), oncological (64/485, 13%) and other diseases (218/485, 45%). Only 7/485 (1·44%; 95% CI 0·58-2·97%) recipients had a primary anti-D response after a median serological follow-up of 77 d (range: 28-2111). There were no statistically significant differences between the primary anti-D formers and the other patients, in terms of gender, age, receipt of immunosuppressive therapy, proportion of patients with haematological/oncological diseases, transfusion of whole blood-derived or apheresis platelets or both, and total number of transfused platelet products. This is the largest study with the longest follow-up of D alloimmunization following D+ platelet transfusion. The low frequency of D alloimmunization should be considered when deciding whether to administer Rh Immune Globulin to D- males and D- females without childbearing potential after transfusion of D+ platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Cid
- Department of Haemotherapy and Haemostasis, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, UB, Barcelona, SPAIN
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Miguel Lozano
- Department of Haemotherapy and Haemostasis, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, UB, Barcelona, SPAIN
| | - Alyssa Ziman
- UCLA Division of Transfusion Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kamille A. West
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kerry L. O'Brien
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre, Boston, MA
| | | | | | - Alejandro Vázquez
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda, SPAIN
| | - Xavier Ortín
- Department of Haematology, Hospital Verge de la Cinta, Tortosa, SPAIN
| | - Tor A. Hervig
- Haukeland University Hospital and Dept. of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, NORWAY
| | - Meghan Delaney
- Puget Sound Blood Center and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Willy A. Flegel
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Mark H. Yazer
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh and the Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
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Weinstein R, Simard A, Ferschke J, Vauthrin M, Bailey JA, Greene M. Prospective surveillance of D− recipients of D+ apheresis platelets: alloimmunization against D is not detected. Transfusion 2014; 55:1327-30. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.12972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Weinstein
- Division of Transfusion Medicine; UMass Memorial Medical Center; Worcester Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine; UMass Memorial Medical Center; Worcester Massachusetts
- Department of Pathology; UMass Memorial Medical Center; Worcester Massachusetts
- Transfusion Medicine Service; UMass Memorial Medical Center; Worcester Massachusetts
- University of Massachusetts Medical School; Worcester Massachusetts
| | - Amie Simard
- Transfusion Medicine Service; UMass Memorial Medical Center; Worcester Massachusetts
| | - Jillian Ferschke
- Transfusion Medicine Service; UMass Memorial Medical Center; Worcester Massachusetts
| | - Michelle Vauthrin
- Transfusion Medicine Service; UMass Memorial Medical Center; Worcester Massachusetts
| | - Jeffrey A. Bailey
- Division of Transfusion Medicine; UMass Memorial Medical Center; Worcester Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine; UMass Memorial Medical Center; Worcester Massachusetts
- Transfusion Medicine Service; UMass Memorial Medical Center; Worcester Massachusetts
- University of Massachusetts Medical School; Worcester Massachusetts
| | - Mindy Greene
- Transfusion Medicine Service; UMass Memorial Medical Center; Worcester Massachusetts
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Keil SD, Kiser P, Sullivan JJ, Kong AS, Reddy HL, Avery A, Goodrich RP. Inactivation of Plasmodium spp. in plasma and platelet concentrates using riboflavin and ultraviolet light. Transfusion 2013; 53:2278-86. [PMID: 23320495 DOI: 10.1111/trf.12079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photochemical treatment of blood products could help prevent transfusion-transmitted malaria and reduce the need for donor deferrals. In this study we evaluated the effectiveness of riboflavin and ultraviolet (UV) light against both Plasmodium falciparum, which causes the most severe form of human malaria, and Plasmodium yoelii, an in vivo murine model for malaria. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Plasma and platelet (PLT) concentrates were inoculated with either P. falciparum- or P. yoelii-infected red blood cells (RBCs). Aliquots from each unit were collected after inoculation, after addition of riboflavin, and after treatment. In vitro P. falciparum growth was assessed using thin blood films of duplicate samples at 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours. P. yoelii parasitemia was followed in mice for 14 days postinoculation. RESULTS In the in vitro studies, the mean P. falciparum parasitemia increased 12- to 19-fold in pretreatment samples, both before and after addition of riboflavin, after 96-hour culture. Few parasites were observed in Mirasol-treated units at 24 hours; those that were observed were degenerating. Through the remainder of the 96-hour culture period, cultures of treated samples were negative. In the in vivo study, mouse plasma containing P. yoelii-infected RBCs had a mean starting titer of 4.6 log mouse infectious dose 50%/mL. No infectious parasite was detected in treated samples. CONCLUSION Treatment with riboflavin and UV light was effective at reducing viable P. falciparum in both PLT and plasma products by at least 3.2 logs. Additionally, an at least 4.4-log reduction was observed with P. yoelii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn D Keil
- Terumo BCT, LLC, Lakewood, Colorado; Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Atlanta Research and Education Foundation, Atlanta, Georgia
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Culibrk B, Stone E, Levin E, Weiss S, Serrano K, Devine DV. Application of the ADVIA cerebrospinal fluid assay to count residual red blood cells in blood components. Vox Sang 2012; 103:186-93. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2012.01601.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Schmidt M, Spengler HP, Lambrecht B, Hourfar MK, Seifried E, Tonn T. A new one-platform flow cytometric method for residual cell counting in platelet concentrates. Transfusion 2009; 49:2604-11. [PMID: 19682343 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2009.02326.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to German regulations and guidelines, residual red blood cells (rRBCs) and residual white blood cells (rWBCs) must number fewer than 3 x 10(9) cells/unit and 1 x 10(6) cells/unit in platelet concentrates (PCs), respectively. Due to low levels of residual cells in final products, there is still a need for fast, reliable, and sensitive methods of automated detection of these cell types. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS In Part A, 21 PCs were spiked with predetermined numbers of red blood cells (RBCs) and white blood cells (WBCs). The linearity, precision, and accuracy of the BD Thrombo Count assay (BD Biosciences Europe) were tested and validated according to international guidelines. Finally in Part B, 100 PCs prepared from pooled buffy coats were tested by the BD Thrombo Count assay and compared with other methods, including Nageotte (rWBCs) and Neubauer (rRBCs) counting chambers and the flow cytometric BD LeucoCOUNT (Becton Dickinson) assay (rWBCs). RESULTS The unspecific background of blank PC samples was fewer than 0.02 cells/microL for WBCs and fewer than 34 cells/microL for RBCs (mean, 21). Linear regression and precision analyses of spiked PC samples were determined for both WBCs (r(2) = 0.992; range, 0.6-6.0 WBCs/microL) and RBCs (r(2) = 0.999; 800-8000 RBCs/microL). No carryover of cells or drift in results was detected in the automated sample acquisition mode. Analysis according to statistical methods of Bland and Altman demonstrated a high correlation between BD Thrombo Count and the Neubauer manual counting chamber. CONCLUSION This novel flow cytometric test is a quick and reliable single-tube assay that has been demonstrated as a potential alternative for the existing manual microscopic counting procedures that are both time-consuming and laborious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schmidt
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, German Red Cross, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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