1
|
Dey D, Dhaka A, Pratihari HK, Hussain SA, Datta Roy A. Sensing of Gunshot Residue components from real sample using Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 319:124512. [PMID: 38823238 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
The present work represents a Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) based sensing method for detecting Gunshot Residue (GSR) components. Two laser dyes Acf and RhB have been used as donor and acceptor respectively in the FRET pair. The real sample was collected after test firing in a forensic science laboratory. On the other hand, a standard GSR solution has been prepared in the laboratory. For the preparation of standard GSR solutions, we used the water solutions of the salts BaCl2, SbCl3, and Pb(NO3)2. The FRET efficiency was measured between Acf and RhB to sense the presence of GSR components (Pb+2, Ba+2, and Sb+3) in both real sample and standard solution by mixing the salts in aqueous solution. It has been observed that the FRET efficiency systematically decreases in the presence of GSR components. To amplify the FRET efficiency of the dye pair, inorganic clay dispersion (laponite) was used. The enhancement in FRET efficiency represents a better sensitivity of the proposed sensor. The current sensor is useful for the quantification of concentrations of the GSR components in a real sample.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dibyendu Dey
- Department of Basic Science & Humanities, Techno College of Engineering Agartala, 799004 Tripura, India
| | - Aayush Dhaka
- Department of Forensic Science, National Forensic Sciences University - Tripura Campus, Agartala 799001, Tripura, India
| | - H K Pratihari
- Department of Forensic Science, National Forensic Sciences University - Tripura Campus, Agartala 799001, Tripura, India
| | - S A Hussain
- Department of Physics, Tripura University (A Central University), 799022 Tripura, India
| | - Arpan Datta Roy
- Department of Forensic Science, National Forensic Sciences University - Tripura Campus, Agartala 799001, Tripura, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kosińska A, Mrózek M, Łopyta-Mirocha M, Tomsia M. The smallest traces of crime: Trace elements in forensic science. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2024; 86:127527. [PMID: 39288558 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2024.127527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 09/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Securing the evidence in various investigative situations is often associated with trace analysis, including fingerprints or blood groups. However, when classic and conventional methods fail, trace elements, such as copper, zinc, fluorine, and many others found in exceedingly insignificant amounts in organisms, may prove useful and effective. METHODS The presented work reviews articles published between 2003 and 2023, describing the use of trace elements and the analytical methods employed for their analysis in forensic medicine and related sciences. RESULTS & CONCLUSION Trace elements can be valuable as traces collected at crime scenes and during corpse examination, aiding in determining characteristics like the sex or age of the deceased. Additionally, trace elements levels in the body can serve as alcohol or drug poisoning markers. In traumatology, trace elements enable the identification of various instruments and the injuries caused by their use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kosińska
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Medyków 18 Street, Katowice 40-752, Poland.
| | - Marcella Mrózek
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Medyków 18 Street, Katowice 40-752, Poland.
| | - Marta Łopyta-Mirocha
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Medyków 18 Street, Katowice 40-752, Poland.
| | - Marcin Tomsia
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Forensic Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Medyków 18 Street, Katowice 40-752, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Redouté Minzière V, Weyermann C. Organic and inorganic gunshot residues on the hands, forearms, face, and nostrils of shooters 30 min after a discharge. Sci Justice 2024; 64:557-571. [PMID: 39277338 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2024.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
During the investigation of firearm-related incidents, gunshot residues (GSR) can be collected on the scene and individuals (e.g., shooters or bystanders). Their analysis can give valuable information for the reconstruction of the events. Since GSR collection on persons of interest generally occurs a few minutes to hours after discharge, knowledge is needed to understand how organic (O), and inorganic (I) residues are transferred and persist. In this research, the quantities of OGSR and IGSR were assessed on the right and left hands, forearms, face, and nostrils of four shooters. Specimens were collected immediately before the discharge (shooter's blank specimens) and shortly after (30 min) using carbon adhesive stubs. Organic compounds were first extracted from the collection device and analysed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Subsequently, IGSR particles were detected on the same stub using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM/EDS). Shooter's blank specimen analysis revealed background contamination of both O and IGSR in the shooter's environment, predominantly attributed to the presence of an indoor shooting range. However, the background quantities generally remained below the associated 30-minute specimen. Thirty minutes after a discharge, higher quantities were generally detected on the shooter's right and left hands than on other collection regions for both GSR types. Forearms and face emerged as interesting collection alternatives, especially in cases where a person of interest may have washed their hands in the interval between the discharge and collection. In contrast, very low amounts of GSR were detected in the nostrils. Furthermore, the results indicated that OGSR and IGSR have different transfer and persistence mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Céline Weyermann
- Ecole des Sciences Criminelles, Université de Lausanne, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bonizzoni L, Mazzarelli D, Franceschetti L, Vitali C, Amadasi A, Cattaneo C. Investigating gunshot wounds in charred bone with XRF spectroscopy: a technical note. Int J Legal Med 2024:10.1007/s00414-024-03274-4. [PMID: 38898153 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-024-03274-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The analysis of traces of injuries can be difficult in cases of charred human remains since the alteration and fragmentation are high. The aim of this study is to explore the use of X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) technique as a screening tool for detecting and analyzing gunshot residues (GSR) on cremated and highly fragmented materials, as it is a technique that allows for fast qualitative investigations without altering the sample or requiring sample preparation. The study was carried out on two steps: firstly, on completed skeletonized bones to verify if GSR survive to burning; secondly, we considered a more realistic situation, in which soft tissues were present before the shooting. To this aim, nine adult bovine ribs, four retaining soft tissue, five completely skeletonized, were subjected to a shooting test using two types of 9 mm projectiles (jacketed and unjacketed bullets). The ribs were then burnt until complete calcination in an electric furnace. The entry wound of each rib was analyzed using XRF, revealing traces of GSR. The XRF analysis showed that all samples, except for one, contain Pb and/or Sb near the lesion. Furthermore, the samples hit by unjacketed bullets had a more significant presence of Pb in macroscopic yellow areas, which persisted when moving away from the gunshot. These findings could pave the way for the use of XRF technology, mostly when a fast and immediate scan must be done on osteologic materials by a conservative method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Bonizzoni
- Department of Physics Aldo Pontremoli, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Debora Mazzarelli
- LABANOF, Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology and Odontology, Institute of Legal Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Franceschetti
- LABANOF, Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology and Odontology, Institute of Legal Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Chiara Vitali
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Amadasi
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Turmstr21 (Haus M), 10559, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cristina Cattaneo
- LABANOF, Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology and Odontology, Institute of Legal Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Krishna S, Ahuja P. A Study on the correlation of the physico-chemical properties of Gunshot Residue (GSR) particles with distance using a 9×19 mm Indian ammunition. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2024:10.1007/s12024-024-00826-3. [PMID: 38861199 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-024-00826-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
The trio elements found in Gunshot Residue (GSR) are considered the key elements that are characteristic of GSR. To date, most forensic laboratories have mainly concentrated on employing carbon stubs analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) coupled with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) to find IGSR on the hands and clothing of a person. A little elevated from the normal practice, this work is focused on the evaluation of compositional and morphological variations of GSR collected from muzzle end, trajectory, and target obtained by firing the ammunition of choice (9×19 mm Indian ammunition). Even though there may be variations in IGSR compositions within various locations of a weapon, this hasn't been investigated or documented up to this point. To ascertain whether it is possible to identify any variation in GSR particles gathered from these three different locations, the objective of this study is to investigate the structural characteristics and elemental composition of GSR to identify the distinctive parameters that allow for comparison and to establish the composition of the primer. The study also focuses on assessing any possible surface modification that may occur to GSR upon striking the target and establishing a correlation between GSR particles and propellant powder. The collected GSR samples were analyzed using a digital microscope, SEM/EDS, and EDXRF. It was discovered that the primer type showed a strong correlation to the elemental composition and morphology of GSR. By analyzing the GSR particles collected from the various sites as mentioned above, it was possible to identify the primer mixture used in the ammunition and its diversity in elemental concentration. The obtained GSR samples were not spherical but showed an elongated structure and possessed a diameter ranging from 695.4 µm-1.640 mm, 536.2 µm-1.412 mm, and 775.8 µm-1.772 mm respectively. However, the morphology and the size distribution of the particles collected from all three different points showed slight deviation as moving from ME towards TG. The obtained results could identify the primer mixture and diversity in its elemental concentration. The morphology and size distribution of GSR collected from three different points showed deviations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sreelakshmi Krishna
- School of Doctoral Studies and Research, National Forensic Sciences University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India, 382007
| | - Pooja Ahuja
- School of Forensic Science, National Forensic Sciences University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India, 382007.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gorey B, Boyle M, O'Brien CM, O'Shaughnessy J, Daly D, Forde A. Gunshot residue (GSR): Frequency of residue types encountered in case work and background levels on control samples. Forensic Sci Int 2024; 359:112029. [PMID: 38657323 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The evaluation of criminal cases involving the discharge of a firearm requires reliable and up to date information regarding the transfer and persistence of gunshot residue (GSR). Similarly, knowledge of background levels of GSR on relevant populations and awareness of the potential for contamination/secondary transfer is essential. In this paper we build on previous work published by this laboratory and provide an update on the frequency of gunshot residue types in discharged cartridge casings (DCC) encountered in casework within the Republic of Ireland. In conjunction, an examination of the types of firearms encountered in casework and the associated residue types is undertaken. Finally, a review of levels of GSR particles detected on control samples taken from members of An Garda Síochána, the Irish police is detailed. Control samples are taken before a police officer samples a detainee suspected of involvement in an incident where a firearm was discharged and/or subsequently handled.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Gorey
- Forensic Science Ireland, Department of Justice, Backweston Campus, Stacumny Lane, Celbridge, Kildare, Ireland.
| | - Michelle Boyle
- Forensic Science Ireland, Department of Justice, Backweston Campus, Stacumny Lane, Celbridge, Kildare, Ireland
| | - Clíona M O'Brien
- Forensic Science Ireland, Department of Justice, Backweston Campus, Stacumny Lane, Celbridge, Kildare, Ireland
| | - John O'Shaughnessy
- Department of Analytical, Biopharmaceutical and Medical Sciences, School of Science and Computing, Atlantic Technological University, Galway, Ireland
| | - Dyan Daly
- Forensic Science Ireland, Department of Justice, Backweston Campus, Stacumny Lane, Celbridge, Kildare, Ireland
| | - Annette Forde
- Forensic Science Ireland, Department of Justice, Backweston Campus, Stacumny Lane, Celbridge, Kildare, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tambuzzi S, Gentile G, Boracchi M, Andreola S, Zoja R. Colorimetric Barium Detection of Gunshot Residues on Cadaveric Human Skin: A Pilot Application for Forensic Purposes. Acad Forensic Pathol 2024; 14:62-73. [PMID: 38778897 PMCID: PMC11107433 DOI: 10.1177/19253621241240162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Introduction In this study we microscopically investigated, for the first time ever, the colorimetric detectability of barium of gunshot residues (GSR) on cadaveric human skin with gunshot wounds. Methods For this purpose we used two different colorimetric techniques known in the literature, namely 0.2% sodium rhodizonate (Na-R-Ba 0.2%) and sodium rhodizonate in alcoholic environment (Na-R-Ba OH 0.2%). At the same time, we have also coupled it with scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM/EDX) analysis and the colorimetric study for the detection of lead of GSR. These techniques were applied to 16 victims who died from gunshot injuries, as well as to a control group. Results SEM/EDX demonstrated the presence of lead in all cases and barium in 11 of the 16 cases. The subsequent colorimetric technique with Na-R-Ba 0.2% did not show the barium of GSR in any case, unlike the Na-R-Ba OH 0.2% technique. This latter, in fact, has demonstrated the presence of this metal in 2 cases (18%). No microscopic case of false positive was recorded. Conclusion The evidence obtained with Na-R-Ba OH 0.2% makes this method, applied here for the first time ever, worthy of further study. Meanwhile, although this technique can certainly be applied, it cannot be separated from the contextual colorimetric investigation for lead and the use of more sophisticated techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Guendalina Gentile
- Guendalina Gentile, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Milan, Luigi Mangiagalli street, 37, 20133 Milan, Italy,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dwivedi S, Sharma P, Goel A, Khattri S, Misra S, Pant KK. Occupational and Environmental Exposure Influences the Inflammatory (Pro-and Anti-) Status in Benign Prostate Hyperplasia and Prostate Carcinoma Patients: A Retrospective Analysis. Indian J Clin Biochem 2024; 39:241-247. [PMID: 38577138 PMCID: PMC10987436 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-023-01112-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Multiple diseases and disorders are connected with occupational and environmental exposure risk. It is also well-established that chemicals and chemical mixtures have an influence on the immune cells of humans. This is an important field of research that has been pursued extensively in relation to autoimmune illnesses, allergy/asthma, and lung cancer, but Prostate Carcinoma has received rare reports. Chronic chemical exposure is known to produce inflammation, which is one of the most prominent characteristics of all malignancies. Changes in the ratio of pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory molecules are thought to be a key factor in the emergence of inflammation. Prostate gland cells express the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-18 (IL-18), which is a major facilitator of immunological responses. Conversely, interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an anti-inflammatory cytokine that is linked to immune responses and inhibits the development of an inflammatory environment. Our goal is to investigate the inflammatory status of IL-18 (pro-) and IL-10 (anti-) in a variety of occupationally exposed populations in patients with Benign Prostate Hyperplasia (BPH) and patients with Prostate Carcinoma. The present study was conducted with 664 subjects, comprising 285 Prostate Carcinoma patients, 94 BPH patients and 285 controls. The subjects of BPH and Prostate Carcinoma were screened and confirmed on the basis of Prostate Serum Antigen (PSA) and pathological biopsy. All subjects were categorized as per their occupational exposure into various groups. The pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory Interleukins (IL-18 and IL-10) and serum PSA levels were analysed by using corresponding quantitative ELISA kits. The results showed that as compared to control participants, the serum PSA levels were higher in the Prostate Carcinoma and BPH groups. When mean levels of IL-18 were compared between various occupational groups, Tanners (tanning industry), Agriculture, and Ordnance workers had significantly higher levels (P < 0.05) of IL-18 than sedentary workers. The pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-18) levels were also found to be aggravated in Prostate Carcinoma compared to BPH and controls. According to the findings of the current study, the levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-18 and IL-10) in various occupational groups of BPH, Prostate Carcinoma, and controls were altered. Long-term occupational exposure may have a negative influence on inflammation levels and the immune system; therefore, preventative measures should be explored for improved health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shailendra Dwivedi
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, 273008 India
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, 243005 India
| | - Praveen Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, 243005 India
| | - Apul Goel
- Department of Urology, King George Medical University, Lucknow, 226003 India
| | - Sanjay Khattri
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, King George Medical University, Lucknow, 226003 India
| | - Sanjeev Misra
- Department of Surgical Oncology, King George Medical University, Lucknow, India
- Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University, Lucknow, 226003 India
| | - Kamlesh Kumar Pant
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, 243005 India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kesic B, McCann N, Bowerbank SL, Standley T, Liechti J, Dean JR, Gallidabino MD. Forensic profiling of smokeless powders (SLPs) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS): a systematic investigation into injector conditions and their effect on the characterisation of samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:1907-1922. [PMID: 38332189 PMCID: PMC10901999 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05189-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Smokeless powders (SLPs) are composed of a combination of thermolabile and non-thermolabile compounds. When analysed by GC-MS, injection conditions may therefore play a fundamental role on the characterisation of forensic samples. However, no systematic investigations have ever been carried out. This casts doubt on the optimal conditions that should be adopted in advanced profiling applications (e.g. class attribution and source association), especially when a traditional split/splitless (S/SL) injector is used. Herein, a study is reported that specifically focused on the evaluation of the liner type (Ltype) and inlet temperature (Tinj). Results showed that both could affect the exhaustiveness and repeatability of the observed chemical profiles, with Ltype being particularly sensitive despite typically not being clarified in published works. Perhaps as expected, degradation effects were observed for the most thermolabile compounds (e.g. nitroglycerin) at conditions maximising the heat transfer rates (Ltype = packed and Tinj ≥ 200 °C). However, these did not seem to be as influential as, perhaps, suggested in previous studies. Indeed, the harshest injection conditions in terms of heat transfer rate (Ltype = packed and Tinj = 260 °C) were found to lead to better performances (including better overall %RSDs and LODs) compared to the mildest ones. This suggested that implementing conditions minimising heat-induced breakdowns during injection was not necessarily a good strategy for comparison purposes. The reported findings represent a concrete step forward in the field, providing a robust body of data for the development of the next generation of SLP profiling methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Blake Kesic
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Niamh McCann
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Samantha L Bowerbank
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Troy Standley
- King's Forensics, Department of Analytical, Environmental & Forensic Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Jana Liechti
- King's Forensics, Department of Analytical, Environmental & Forensic Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - John R Dean
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Matteo D Gallidabino
- King's Forensics, Department of Analytical, Environmental & Forensic Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Darago A, Klimczak M, Jurewicz J, Kucharska M, Kilanowicz A. Assessment of lead exposure in indoor shooters in central Poland. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12605. [PMID: 37537329 PMCID: PMC10400594 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39847-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A steady increase in shooting practices is observed worldwide. Potential lead exposure at shooting ranges poses a risk to their employees and users, which is not widely reported outside of the USA, especially in Poland. Exposure to lead results from the use of bullets containing lead and the main route of exposure to this metal at shooting ranges is inhalation, i.e., during shooting or cleaning. The aim of this study was to assess lead exposure of employees and users in selected indoor shooting ranges in central Poland. Airborne lead concentrations at all locations in the shooting ranges were above Polish occupational exposure limit (OEL, 0.05 mg m-3). Elevated blood and urine lead levels, and decreased 4-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity (ALA-D) were found in subjects participating in shooting even for only a few (< 10) hours per week. Lead exposure at shooting ranges in central Poland, as indicated by elevated blood lead levels and decreased ALA-D activity, could represent an elevated risk for adverse health effects. Thus, information on the possible health consequences of lead exposure should be provided at these sites, and biomonitoring appears to be reasonable for regular workers and shooters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Darago
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland
| | - Michał Klimczak
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Joanna Jurewicz
- Department of Chemical Safety, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Św. Teresy 8, 91-348, Lodz, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kucharska
- Central Laboratory, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Św. Teresy 8, 91-348, Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Kilanowicz
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Szakas SE, Menking-Hoggatt K, Trejos T, Gundlach-Graham A. Elemental Characterization of Leaded and Lead-Free Inorganic Primer Gunshot Residue Standards Using Single Particle Inductively Coupled Plasma Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 77:873-884. [PMID: 36444990 DOI: 10.1177/00037028221142624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the use of single particle inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectrometry (spICP-TOFMS) for the detection and classification of inorganic gunshot residue (IGSR) particles. To establish reliable multi-element criteria to classify IGSR particles, leaded and lead-free IGSR reference materials were analyzed, and the elemental compositions of the individual particles were quantified. The results suggest that expanded element compositions may be used to classify IGSR particles via spICP-TOFMS compared to those used in conventional IGSR analysis using scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). For spICP-TOFMS analysis of leaded IGSR particles, classification may be based on the presence of lead (Pb), antimony (Sb), and barium (Ba) just as in SEM-EDS; however, additional particle types, such as lead-copper (Pb-Cu) particles, contribute significantly (∼30%) to the leaded IGSR particle population. In lead-free IGSR particles, the dominate multi-metal particle composition found is titanium-zinc (Ti-Zn) with a conserved Zn:Ti ratio of 1.4:1, but other elements, such as copper (Cu), are also characteristic. In mixtures of the two IGSR reference materials, we were able to classify over 80% of the multi-metal particles detected with no false-positive particle-type assignments. With spICP-TOFMS, particles smaller than those typically measured by SEM-EDS are detected, with estimated median diameters for leaded and lead-free IGSR of 180 and 320 nm, respectively. Through measuring these smaller particles, up to ∼two times more particles per mL are recorded by spICP-TOFMS compared to that found by SEM-EDS. Overall, high-sensitivity and high-throughput analysis using spICP-TOFMS enables quantitative, rapid multi-elemental characterization, and classification of individual IGSR particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Szakas
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Korina Menking-Hoggatt
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Tatiana Trejos
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Serol M, Ahmad SM, Quintas A, Família C. Chemical Analysis of Gunpowder and Gunshot Residues. Molecules 2023; 28:5550. [PMID: 37513421 PMCID: PMC10386329 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of firearms is of paramount importance for investigating crimes involving firearms, as it establishes the link between a particular firearm and firearm-related elements found at a crime scene, such as projectiles and cartridge cases. This identification relies on the visual comparison of such elements against reference samples from suspect firearms or those existing in databases. Whenever this approach is not possible, the chemical analysis of the gunpowder and gunshot residue can provide additional information that may assist in establishing a link between samples retrieved at a crime scene and those from a suspect or in the identification of the corresponding model and manufacturer of the ammunition used. The most commonly used method for the chemical analysis of gunshot residue is scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray, which focuses on the inorganic elements present in ammunition formulation, particularly heavy metals. However, a change in the legal paradigm is pushing changes in these formulations to remove heavy metals due to their potential for environmental contamination and the health hazards they represent. For this reason, the importance of the analysis of organic compounds is leading to the adoption of a different set of analytical methodologies, mostly based on spectroscopy and chromatography. This manuscript reviews the constitution of primer and gunpowder formulations and the analytical methods currently used for detecting, characterising, and identifying their compounds. In addition, this contribution also explores how the information provided by these methodologies can be used in ammunition identification and how it is driving the development of novel applications within forensic ballistics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Serol
- Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Campus Universitário-Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Samir Marcos Ahmad
- Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Campus Universitário-Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
- Forensic and Psychological Sciences Laboratory Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário-Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Alexandre Quintas
- Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Campus Universitário-Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
- Forensic and Psychological Sciences Laboratory Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário-Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Carlos Família
- Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Campus Universitário-Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
- Forensic and Psychological Sciences Laboratory Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário-Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ristova M, Skenderovska M, Skulic Z, Brożek-Mucha Z. A study of dispersion of gunshot residue from a frequently used Serbian ammunition cal. 7.65 mm to support selected aspects of casework in North Macedonia. Sci Justice 2023; 63:396-405. [PMID: 37169465 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2023.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The subject of this research was the inorganic gunshot residue component collected from shooting patterns obtained on woven cotton cloth using a Pietro Beretta model 70 pistol, cal. 7.65 mm and Serbian ammunition for the following muzzle-to-target distances: 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 cm. For each distance, three rounds of shooting were performed. Particles were lifted within a 10 cm radius of the projectile entrance and automatically analyzed using a scanning electron microscope coupled with an energy dispersion X-ray spectrometry. The obtained data on the populations of particles were analyzed taking into account their numbers, chemical classes and sizes. The results showed an apparent maximum incidence within all particles containing barium at about 50 cm distance. Also, lead particles revealed a distinct behaviour, being dominant at a 25 cm distance, falling below the other chemical classes, and finally becoming dominant again at 125 cm. The analysis of the frequency of occurrence of particles sorted according to their sizes confirmed that the small particle population is the largest, and their distribution in function of the equivalent circle diameter is exponential-like. The obtained results provided knowledge on the distribution of particles in the vicinity of the tested firearm and ammunition cal. 7.65 mm which generally corroborates with similarly studied GSR distributions obtained for the use of pistols cal. 9 mm. This information, together with the examinations of gunshot damages and other types of residues such as soot or unburned propellant grains may support qualitative inferences on shooting distance estimation, especially in cases, when the firearm and cartridges are not available to perform test shooting. In such cases even roughly estimated shooting distance can be helpful, e.g. for confirming or excluding the possibility of self-inflicted injuries or suicide and infer on the mutual position of the shooting stage actors. An example of casework that illustrates intermediate shooting distance estimation is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mimoza Ristova
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University "St. Cyril and Methodius", Arhimedova 3, 1000 Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Maja Skenderovska
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University "St. Cyril and Methodius", Arhimedova 3, 1000 Skopje, Macedonia; Forensics Department, Ministry of Internal Affairs, Dimce Mircev 9, 1000 Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Zlatko Skulic
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University "St. Cyril and Methodius", Arhimedova 3, 1000 Skopje, Macedonia; Forensics Department, Ministry of Internal Affairs, Dimce Mircev 9, 1000 Skopje, Macedonia
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Khandasammy SR, Halámková L, Baudelet M, Lednev IK. Identification and highly selective differentiation of organic gunshot residues utilizing their elemental and molecular signatures. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 291:122316. [PMID: 36634494 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Firearm related evidence is of great significance to forensic science. In recent years, many researchers have focused on exploring the probative value of organic gunshot residue (OGSR) evidence, which is often bolstered by many factors including recoverability. In addition, OGSR analysis has shown the potential to achieve differentiation between OGSRs generated from various ammunition brands and/or calibers. Raman spectroscopy is a vibrational spectroscopic technique which has been used in the past for gunshot residue analysis-including OGSR specifically. Raman spectroscopy is a nondestructive, highly-selective, simple, and rapid technique which provides molecular information about samples. LIBS or Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy is a simple, robust, and rapid analytical method which requires minimal to no sample preparation and a small amount of sample for analysis. LIBS provides information on the elemental compositions of samples. In this study, Raman spectroscopy and LIBS were used together in sequence in an attempt to achieve the specific identification and characterization of OGSR particles from ammunition types which were closely related. The main goal was to determine if this method had the potential to differentiate between various ammunition types of the same caliber and produced by the same manufacturer, and generated under identical firing conditions. High-resolution optical microscopy documented the OGSR particles' morphologies and Raman spectroscopy was used to identify particles as OGSRs. Finally, LIBS analysis of the OGSR particles was carried out. Advanced chemometric techniques were shown to allow for very successful differentiation between the OGSR samples analyzed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shelby R Khandasammy
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, SUNY, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222, United States
| | - Lenka Halámková
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, 2500 Broadway, Lubbock, TX 79409, United States
| | - Matthieu Baudelet
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, 4111 Libra Drive, Physical Sciences Bld. Rm. 255, Orlando, FL 32816, United States; National Center for Forensic Science, University of Central Florida, 12354 Research Parkway #225, Orlando, FL 32826, United States; CREOL - The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, 4304 Scorpius Street, Orlando, FL 32816, United States
| | - Igor K Lednev
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, SUNY, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kihara Y, Makino Y, Yokoyama M, Chiba F, Tanaka A, Nakayama SMM, Hayama SI, Ishizuka M, Nolte KB, Iwase H. X-ray analytic microscopy with CT-guided sample extraction to analyze potential projectile fragments in a dead serow. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2023; 63:102257. [PMID: 37068342 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2023.102257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
In forensic pathology, it is important to detect and recover as evidence residual metal particles and projectiles when evaluating potential gunshot wounds. This process can be challenging when the bullets are fragmented. This report presents our experience using multiple modalities to analyze the wound of an illegally killed Japanese serow (Capricornis crispus) found in a mountainous region without its head and hind limbs. We performed postmortem computed tomography (PMCT) and necropsy that showed a distant-range gunshot wound of the neck likely created by a centerfire rifle. A postmortem cut through the neck and absent head precluded a complete evaluation. To determine the composition of the metal-like fragments in the neck, sampling and metal analysis were performed in two ways. Samples extracted from the exposed wound surface without CT guidance were analyzed directly using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Samples from the bone, muscles, and cervical cord extracted under CT guidance were analyzed using x-ray analytic microscopy (XGT-9000, HORIBA, Kyoto, Japan). In wound surface samples, silicon and iron were detected as the main components on ICP-MS, suggesting that the materials were gravel. The samples taken under CT guidance and analyzed with XGT-9000 revealed that the high-density CT areas were mainly composed of lead. Combining CT-guided sample extraction and XGT-9000 can be useful for retrieving true projectile fragments and avoiding the confusion created by erroneously sampling non-projectile surface materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Kihara
- Laboratory of Shelter Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan; Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Yohsuke Makino
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Education and Research Center of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Masaaki Yokoyama
- Analytical Technology Division, Horiba Techno Service Co, Ltd., 2-6 Awajicho, Kanda, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0063, Japan
| | - Fumiko Chiba
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Education and Research Center of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Aki Tanaka
- Laboratory of Shelter Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Shouta M M Nakayama
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Kita18, Nishi9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan; School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
| | - Shin-Ichi Hayama
- Laboratory of Shelter Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Mayumi Ishizuka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Kita18, Nishi9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Kurt B Nolte
- Departments of Pathology and Radiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Hirotaro Iwase
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Education and Research Center of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Redouté Minzière V, Robyr O, Weyermann C. Should inorganic or organic gunshot residues be analysed first? Forensic Sci Int 2023:111600. [PMID: 36801088 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Gunshot residues (GSR) collected during the investigation of firearm-related incidents can provide useful information for the reconstruction of the events. Two main types of GSR traces can be targeted by forensic scientists, the inorganic (IGSR) and the organic GSR (OGSR). Up to now, forensic laboratories have mainly focused on the detection of inorganic particles on the hands and clothes of a person of interest using carbon stubs analysed by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM/EDS). Several approaches have been proposed to also analyse the organic compounds since they might bring additional information for the investigation. However, implementing such approaches might disrupt the detection of IGSR (and vice versa depending on the applied sequence of analysis). In this work, two sequences were compared for the combined detection of both types of residues. One carbon stub was used for collection, and the analysis was performed either by targeting the IGSR or the OGSR first. The aim was to evaluate which one allows maximum recovery of both types of GSR while minimising losses that might occur at different stages of the analysis process. SEM/EDS was used for the detection of IGSR particles while an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) was used for the analysis of OGSR compounds. Extracting OGSR first required the implementation of an extraction protocol that did not interfere with the IGSR particles present on the stub. Both sequences allowed good recovery of the inorganic particles since no significant difference was observed in the detected concentrations. However, OGSR concentrations were lower after IGSR analysis than before for two compounds (ethyl and methylcentralite). Thus, it is advised to extract rapidly the OGSR before or after IGSR analysis to avoid losses during the storage and analysis processes. The data also indicated that there was a low correlation between IGSR and OGSR highlighting the potential of a combined detection and analysis of both types of GSR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Olivier Robyr
- Microscan Service SA, Chavannes-près-Renens, Switzerland
| | - Céline Weyermann
- Ecole des Sciences Criminelles, Université de Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Weber A, Hoplight B, Ogilvie R, Muro C, Khandasammy SR, Pérez-Almodóvar L, Sears S, Lednev IK. Innovative Vibrational Spectroscopy Research for Forensic Application. Anal Chem 2023; 95:167-205. [PMID: 36625116 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Weber
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, SUNY, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States.,SupreMEtric LLC, 7 University Pl. B210, Rensselaer, New York 12144, United States
| | - Bailey Hoplight
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, SUNY, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Rhilynn Ogilvie
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, SUNY, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Claire Muro
- New York State Police Forensic Investigation Center, Building #30, Campus Access Rd., Albany, New York 12203, United States
| | - Shelby R Khandasammy
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, SUNY, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Luis Pérez-Almodóvar
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, SUNY, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Samuel Sears
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, SUNY, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Igor K Lednev
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, SUNY, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States.,SupreMEtric LLC, 7 University Pl. B210, Rensselaer, New York 12144, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Vander Pyl C, Feeney W, Arroyo L, Trejos T. Capabilities and Limitations of GC-MS and LC-MS/MS for Trace Detection of Organic Gunshot Residues from Skin Specimens. Forensic Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2023.100471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
19
|
Oberenko AV, Sagalakov SA, Kachin SV. [Current approaches for sampling to study the traces of gunshot residue]. Sud Med Ekspert 2023; 66:55-58. [PMID: 38093431 DOI: 10.17116/sudmed20236606155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
An overview of researches, mainly by foreign specialists, on current available approaches for sampling to study the traces of gunshot residue (GSR) is presented. The comparative characteristics of traditional methods of samples (use of cotton and gauze tampons, blotting paper, textile fabrics, adhesive tapes, adhesives and vacuum samplers), as well as advanced technologies, including special devices and sorbents, are given. The characteristics of samplings from hands, scalp, nostrils, clothes of examined persons as well as procedures, that allow to increase the duration of GSR detection, are described in details. The importance of GSR sustainability over time is noted. On average, the most likely detection periods of particles are less than 1 hour for samples, collected from hands, more than 1 hour for samples from clothes and 2-3 hours for face. It is possible to detect the GSR particles in hair up to 24 h., and in nasal mucus after 6 h. of shot. The methods of identification and determination for analytes of inorganic and organic nature are discussed. The most common methods for determining heavy metal particles are atomic spectrometry, namely atomic absorption with electrothermal atomization and atomic emission. The combination of scanning laser ablation and mass-spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma makes it possible to detect more than 15 analytes in a single sample. Scanning electron microscopy with X-ray detectors is effective for the examination of powder particles. The described methods of sampling complement each other increasing the possibility of evidence base for court proceedings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A V Oberenko
- Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Expert-Criminalistic Center of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia for the Siberian Federal District, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | | | - S V Kachin
- Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
|
21
|
Maghin F, Antonietti A, Cerri N, Lancini LM, Maccarinelli A, Manzoni S, Restori M, Rota M, Ruffini D, Verzeletti A, Conti A. Assessment protocol of mesothelioma and relevance of SEM-EDS analysis through a case studies of legal medicine of Brescia (Italy). Leg Med (Tokyo) 2022; 57:102076. [PMID: 35472827 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2022.102076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study evaluates the assessment protocol that allows the correlation between the development of mesothelioma to a specific exposure, with particular focus on investigations with Scanning Electron Microscope with Energy Dispersion Spectroscopy. METHODS This retrospective study includes 80 subjects who died from mesothelioma in the period 2001-2019. A judicial autopsy was performed for each case to confirm cause of death and correlate the disease with specific asbestos exposure. In 28 cases investigations were carried out to determine the pulmonary load of the asbestos fibres and corpuscles in the lung tissue through microscopic investigations, in order to confirm the suspicion of occupational exposure. RESULTS Our data agree with the scientific literature reported, but it is interesting to underline how the present study uses a different systematic approach than others, which are mainly based on epidemiological and environmental studies without considering the lung content of fibres and corpuscles. CONCLUSION It would be desirable that the use of the microscopic analysis was introduced in the evaluation protocol: it should always be carried out if the suspicion of asbestos-related disease is raised and not only as a possible integration to the less expensive anamnestic evaluation, even more so if the work or personal history should be suggestive of exposure to asbestos fibres.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Maghin
- Forensic Medicine Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Anna Antonietti
- Forensic Medicine Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Cerri
- Forensic Medicine Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Liliana Maria Lancini
- Forensic Medicine Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Maccarinelli
- Forensic Medicine Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Samuele Manzoni
- Forensic Pathologist, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, via Bissolati 57, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Mario Restori
- Forensic Medicine Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Matteo Rota
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Daniela Ruffini
- Forensic Medicine Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Verzeletti
- Forensic Medicine Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, 25123 Brescia, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Specialities, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Adelaide Conti
- Forensic Medicine Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, 25123 Brescia, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Specialities, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Martin de Lagarde V, Rogez-Florent T, Cazier F, Dewaele D, Cazier-Dennin F, Ollivier A, Janona M, Achard S, André V, Monteil C, Corbière C. Oxidative potential and in vitro toxicity of particles generated by pyrotechnic smokes in human small airway epithelial cells. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 239:113637. [PMID: 35605322 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pyrotechnic smokes are widely used in civilian and military applications. The major issue arise from the release of particles after smoke combustion but the health risks related to their exposure are poorly documented whereas toxicity of airborne particles on the respiratory target are very well known. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the in vitro toxicity of the particle fraction of different pyrotechnic smokes. Particles from a red signalling smoke (RSS), an hexachloroethane-based obscuring smoke (HC-OS) and an anti-intrusion smoke (AIS) were collected from the cloud. RSS particles displayed the highest organic fraction (quinones and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) of the three samples characterized. AIS particles contained K and cholesterol derivatives. HC-OS particles were mainly metallic with very high concentrations of Al, Fe and Ca. Intrinsic oxidative potential of smoke particles was measured with two assays. Depletions of DTT by RSS particles was greater than depletion obtained with AIS and HC-OS particles but depletion of acid ascorbic (AA) was only observed with HC-OS particles. In vitro toxicity was assessed by exposing human small airway epithelial cells (SAEC) to various concentrations of particles. After 24 h of exposure, cell viability was not affected but significant modifications of mRNA expression of antioxidant (SOD-1 and -2, catalase, HO-1, NQO-1) and inflammatory markers (IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α) were observed and were dependent on smoke type. Particles rich in metal, such as HC-OS, induced a greatest depletion of AA and a greatest inflammatory response, whereas particles rich in organic compounds, such as RSS, induced a greatest DTT depletion and a greatest antioxidant response. In conclusion, the three smoke particles have an intrinsic oxidative potential and triggered a cell adaptive response. Our study improved the knowledge of particle toxicity of pyrotechnic smokes and scientific approach developed here could be used to study other type of particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fabrice Cazier
- Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, CCM - Centre Commun de Mesures, Dunkerque, France
| | - Dorothée Dewaele
- Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, CCM - Centre Commun de Mesures, Dunkerque, France
| | - Francine Cazier-Dennin
- Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, EA 4492 - UCEIV - Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 417, Dunkerque, France
| | - Alexane Ollivier
- Normandie Univ UNIROUEN, UNICAEN, ABTE, 14000 Caen, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Marion Janona
- Normandie Univ UNIROUEN, UNICAEN, ABTE, 14000 Caen, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Sophie Achard
- Univ. de Paris, Faculté de Pharmacie, Inserm UMR1153 - CRESS, HERA " Health Environmental Risk Assessment ", Paris, France
| | - Véronique André
- Normandie Univ UNIROUEN, UNICAEN, ABTE, 14000 Caen, 76000 Rouen, France
| | | | - Cécile Corbière
- Normandie Univ UNIROUEN, UNICAEN, ABTE, 14000 Caen, 76000 Rouen, France.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bailey MJ, de Puit M, Romolo FS. Surface Analysis Techniques in Forensic Science: Successes, Challenges, and Opportunities for Operational Deployment. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2022; 15:173-196. [PMID: 35167323 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061020-124221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Surface analysis techniques have rapidly evolved in the last decade. Some of these are already routinely used in forensics, such as for the detection of gunshot residue or for glass analysis. Some surface analysis approaches are attractive for their portability to the crime scene. Others can be very helpful in forensic laboratories owing to their high spatial resolution, analyte coverage, speed, and specificity. Despite this, many proposed applications of the techniques have not yet led to operational deployment. Here, we explore the application of these techniques to the most important traces commonly found in forensic casework. We highlight where there is potential to add value and outline the progress that is needed to achieve operational deployment. We consider within the scope of this review surface mass spectrometry, surface spectroscopy, and surface X-ray spectrometry. We show how these tools show great promise for the analysis of fingerprints, hair, drugs, explosives, and microtraces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J Bailey
- Department of Chemistry, Stag Hill Campus, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom;
| | - Marcel de Puit
- Netherlands Forensic Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands
- Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Gallidabino MD, Bylenga K, Elliott S, Irlam RC, Weyermann C. Comparison of four commercial solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) fibres for the headspace characterisation and profiling of gunshot exhausts in spent cartridge casings. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:4987-4998. [PMID: 35608670 PMCID: PMC9234032 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04129-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Headspace solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) is a promising technique for the characterisation and profiling of gunshot exhausts in spent cartridge casings, especially for health and environmental risk assessments, as well as forensic purposes. To date, however, no comprehensive investigation has been carried out to objectively assess the kinds of compound released during a discharge that can be recovered by this approach, the selectivity of the main commercially available fibres, and their relative performances for the analysis of gunshot exhausts and the discrimination of different ammunition types. This study aimed to fill this gap. Gunshot exhausts in spent cartridge casings from four different ammunition types were analysed by GC–MS, after extraction with four different commercial fibres: 100 μm polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), 85 μm polyacrylate (PA), 65 μm polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene (DVB), and 85 μm carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (CAR). Results showed that, overall, a total of 120 analytes could be observed across the cartridges, but the different tested fibres also displayed distinct performances, which were, to some extent, complementary for the characterisation of gunshot exhausts. DVB, in particular, recovered the most compounds simultaneously. On the other hand, the observed variability between measurements was also high, making it a poor candidate for (semi-)quantitative applications (e.g. estimation of time since discharge and/or source profiling). In this regard, PA demonstrated the highest potential for broad use and implementation in multi-purpose methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo D Gallidabino
- Centre for Forensic Science, Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
| | - Kelsey Bylenga
- King's Forensics, Department of Analytical, Environmental & Forensic Sciences, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK.,National Forensic Laboratory Services, Royal Canadian Mounted Police, 14200 Green Timbers Way, Surrey, V3T 6P3, Canada
| | - Stephanie Elliott
- King's Forensics, Department of Analytical, Environmental & Forensic Sciences, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Rachel C Irlam
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Céline Weyermann
- Ecole des Sciences Criminelles, Faculté de Droit, des Sciences Criminelles et d'Administration Publique, Université de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne-Dorigny, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Menking-Hoggatt K, Ott C, Vander Pyl C, Dalzell K, Curran J, Arroyo L, Trejos T. Prevalence and Probabilistic Assessment of Organic and Inorganic Gunshot Residue and Background Profiles using LIBS, Electrochemistry, and SEM-EDS. Forensic Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2022.100429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
26
|
Dalzell KA, Ott CE, Trejos T, Arroyo LE. Comparison of portable and benchtop electrochemical instruments for detection of inorganic and organic gunshot residues in authentic shooter samples. J Forensic Sci 2022; 67:1450-1460. [PMID: 35490301 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of gunshot residue currently lacks effective screening methods that can be implemented in real time at the crime scene. Historically, SEM-EDS has been the standard for analysis; however, advances in technology have brought portable instrumentation to the forefront of forensic science disciplines, including the screening of GSR. This study proposes electrochemical methods with disposable screen-printed carbon electrodes for GSR screening at the laboratory and points of care due to their rapid, cost-efficient, and compact platform. GSR residues were extracted from typical aluminum/carbon adhesive collection stubs and analyzed via square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry. Benchtop and portable electrochemical instruments were compared for the assessment and classification of authentic shooter samples by monitoring a panel of inorganic and organic GSR elements and compounds including lead, antimony, copper, 2,4-dinitrotoluene, diphenylamine, nitroglycerin, and ethyl centralite. The evaluation included the assessment of figures of merit and performance measures from quality controls, nonshooter, and shooter data sets. Samples collected from the hands of 200 background individuals (nonshooters), and shooters who fired leaded ammunition (100) and lead-free ammunition (50) were analyzed by the benchtop and portable systems with accuracies of 95.7% and 96.5%, respectively. The findings indicate that electrochemical methods are fast, sensitive, and specific for the identification of inorganic and organic gunshot residues. The portable potentiostat provided results comparable with the benchtop system, serving as a proof-of-concept to transition this methodology to crime scenes for a practical and inexpensive GSR screening that could reduce backlogs, improve investigative leads, and increase the impact of gunshot residues in forensic science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kourtney A Dalzell
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Colby E Ott
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Tatiana Trejos
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Luis E Arroyo
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Charles S, Jonckheere A. The use and understanding of forensic reports by judicial actors-The field of gunshot residue expertise as an example. Forensic Sci Int 2022; 335:111312. [PMID: 35468575 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2022.111312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive review was conducted on 42 closed court cases for which at least one gunshot residue (GSR) expertise had been requested. The aim of this study is to examine the use and understanding of the GSR findings by criminal justice professionals, the contribution to/relationship with other (forensic) elements of the case, and ultimately to assess the place of the GSR expertise in judicial decisions. The study shows that, in the vast majority of cases, the court appeared to interpret and use the GSR findings correctly, although some minor misuses were identified, mainly when the court incorrectly mentioned the expert's words, using the prosecutor's fallacy. In the end, a higher percentage of conviction rate (+23% points) was observed when incriminating GSR findings were obtained. Surprisingly, in half of the cases examined in which a guilty verdict was reached, GSR evidence was the only forensic evidence in the file.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Charles
- National Institute of Criminalistics and Criminology, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Alexia Jonckheere
- National Institute of Criminalistics and Criminology, Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Brünjes R, Schüürman J, Kammer FVD, Hofmann T. Rapid analysis of gunshot residues with single-particle inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Forensic Sci Int 2022; 332:111202. [PMID: 35074710 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2022.111202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Gunshot residues (GSRs) from different types of ammunition have been characterized using a new method based on single-particle inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectrometry (sp-ICP-TOF-MS). This method can analyze thousands of particles per minute enabling rapid sample screening for GSR detection with minimal sample preparation. GSR particles are multi-elemental nanoparticles that are mainly defined by the elements lead, barium, and antimony. Sp-ICP-TOF-MS was also used to identify other elements contained in GSR particles while standard particle classification protocols do not consider the complexities of GSR compositions and can therefore miss out on valuable information. The proposed method can be used to support existing GSR detection methods, especially when lead-free, antimony-free, or tagged ammunition has been used; it also provides a possibility for multi-elemental fingerprinting of GSR particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Brünjes
- University of Vienna, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Environmental Geosciences, Althanstraße 14, UZA2, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Jan Schüürman
- University of Vienna, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Environmental Geosciences, Althanstraße 14, UZA2, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Frank von der Kammer
- University of Vienna, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Environmental Geosciences, Althanstraße 14, UZA2, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Thilo Hofmann
- University of Vienna, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Environmental Geosciences, Althanstraße 14, UZA2, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Maitre M, Horder M, Kirkbride KP, Gassner AL, Weyermann C, Gupta A, Beavis A, Roux C. An application example of the likelihood ratio approach to the evaluation of organic gunshot residues using a fictional scenario and recently published data. Forensic Sci Int 2022; 335:111267. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2022.111267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
30
|
McKeever C, Callan S, Warren S, Dempsey E. Magnetic nanoparticle modified electrodes for voltammetric determination of propellant stabiliser diphenylamine. Talanta 2022; 238:123039. [PMID: 34801896 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.123039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The overall aim of the work was to advance electrochemical devices capable of analysis of forensically relevant residues using rapid electrochemical sensor technology. In order to achieve this, electrochemical detection of the propellant stabiliser diphenylamine (DPA) was achieved via voltammetry with signal enhancement realised in the presence of iron oxide nanoparticle modified transducers. This allowed both mechanistic and analytical evaluation with the aim to achieve the required selectivity and sensitivity for reliable detection. DPA electrochemistry was examined at glassy carbon electrodes in aqueous (3:7 methanol: sodium acetate pH 4.3) electrolyte via potential sweeping, with an irreversible wave at Ep = 0.67 V vs. Ag/AgCl. The diffusion coefficient (D) for the oxidation process was calculated as 1.43 × 10-6 cm2 s-1 with αna = 0.7. DPA electrochemistry in a non aqueous methanol/acetonitrile electrolyte resulted in a D value of 5.47 × 10-8 cm2 s-1 with αna = 0.5. Electrochemical preparation of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles was achieved via electrooxidation of an iron anode in the presence of an amine surfactant followed by characterisation with SEM/EDX, XRD, FTIR and thermal analysis. A surface confined layer of these magnetic nanoparticles served to positively influence the response to DPA while impeding formation of surface confined oxidation products, with generation of an improved analytical signal - sensitivity 1.13× 10-3 A cm-2 mM-1 relative to bare electrode response (9.80 × 10-4 A cm-2 mM-1) over the range 0.5-50 μM DPA using differential pulse voltammetry, with LOD 3.51 × 10-6 M and LOQ 1.17 × 10-5 M. Real sample analysis involved recovery and differential pulse voltammetry of unburnt and burnt gunshot residue with DPA qualitative and quantitative analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colm McKeever
- Department of Chemistry, Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Sarah Callan
- Department of Chemistry, Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Susan Warren
- CREST Technology Gateway, FOCUS Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, Kevin St., Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eithne Dempsey
- Department of Chemistry, Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Gong SA, Homburger N, Huang L. Elemental profiling of total gunshot residue using total reflection X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry. J Forensic Sci 2022; 67:1198-1207. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ling Huang
- Chemistry Department Hofstra University Hempstead New York USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Efficacy study of non-lanthanide small luminescent molecules as gunshot residue indicators. Forensic Sci Int 2022; 331:111169. [PMID: 34992010 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.111169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The efficiency of using small, non-lanthanide and readily available molecules was tested as luminescent markers for gunshot residue (GSR) analysis. Three luminophores, namely pyrene (Py), fluorescein (Fl) and a Pt-CNN complex (Pt-C) were used in the present study by using their 5 wt% additives to gunpowder filled in a cartridge followed by firing with a 9 mm pistol. The easy visualization of GSR location, collection of GSR samples followed by their identification through various characterization techniques and the possibility of strategically using these markers as a cost-effective alternative compared to any lanthanide material were evaluated through this work. The comparison of physical mixture of marker and gunpowder and surface soaked gunpowder with the same marker (Py) was also evaluated. Spectroscopic (Optical, Luminescence and Raman), Microscopic, Spectrometric (Mass) and thermal analysis (Differential Scanning Calorimetry, DSC) of the marker, gunpowder and GSR residues implies that both the dyes and gunpowder retains their individual properties and those are merely a physical mixture. Overall, the present study clearly demonstrates that these small organic/metal complex based luminophores are cost effective luminescent marker as compared to lanthanide materials for GSR detection / collection and can be strategically use to track the illegal / unauthorized use of gunpowder.
Collapse
|
33
|
Brożek-Mucha Z, Wąs-Gubała J. Effects of the interaction of gunshot residue plume and cotton fabrics—an empirical study towards extensive assessment of close-range shooting distance. Analyst 2022; 147:2141-2155. [DOI: 10.1039/d1an02001c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study is focused on the distribution of gunshot residue as well as changes in the textiles to support forensic investigations of suicides and homicides committed by means of a firearm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jolanta Wąs-Gubała
- Institute of Forensic Research, Westerplatte St. 9, 31-033 Krakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Boseley RE, Howard DL, Hackett MJ, Lewis SW. The transfer and persistence of metals in latent fingermarks. Analyst 2022; 147:387-397. [DOI: 10.1039/d1an01951a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Transfer and persistence of metals in latent fingermarks derived from objects of forensic interest explored using synchrotron sourced X-ray fluorescence microscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon E. Boseley
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Australia
| | - Daryl L. Howard
- ANSTO, Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark J. Hackett
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Australia
| | - Simon W. Lewis
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Palchikova IG, Latyshov IV, Smirnov ES, Vasiliev VA, Kondakov AV, Budaeva IA. Computer Vision in Analyzing the Propagation of a Gas-Gunpowder Jet. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 22:6. [PMID: 35009548 PMCID: PMC8747569 DOI: 10.3390/s22010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A method of mathematically processing the digital images of targets is developed. The theoretical and mathematical justification and the experimental validation of the possibility of estimating the amount of gunshot residue (GSR) and determining the GSR distribution over the target on the basis of its digital image is provided. The analysis of the optical density in selected concentric rings in the images reveals the radial dependence of soot distribution in the cross section of a gas-gunpowder jet. The analysis of the optical density in selected sectors of the circle reveals the angular dependence of the soot distribution in the gas-gunpowder jet cross section. It is shown that the integral optical density averaged over a selected area in the target image characterizes the mass of GSP deposited on it. It is possible to quantify the differences in the radial and angular distributions of the thickness of the GSR layer on various targets obtained both with the help of weapons of different types at the same distances and with the help of weapons of the same type at different distances, by calculating the distribution of optical density on their digital images.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina G. Palchikova
- Technological Design Institute of Scientific Instrument Engineering of the Siberian Branch of the RAS, 630058 Novosibirsk, Russia; (E.S.S.); (I.A.B.)
| | - Igor V. Latyshov
- Saint Petersburg University of the Ministry of the Interior of Russia, 198206 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Evgenii S. Smirnov
- Technological Design Institute of Scientific Instrument Engineering of the Siberian Branch of the RAS, 630058 Novosibirsk, Russia; (E.S.S.); (I.A.B.)
| | - Vasilii A. Vasiliev
- Volgograd Academy of the Ministry of Interior of Russia, 400089 Volgograd, Russia;
| | - Alexander V. Kondakov
- Federal State Institution of Higher Education, Saint Petersburg Academy of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation, 190068 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Irina A. Budaeva
- Technological Design Institute of Scientific Instrument Engineering of the Siberian Branch of the RAS, 630058 Novosibirsk, Russia; (E.S.S.); (I.A.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Husak J. Noninvasive, visual examination for the presence of gunshot residue on human skin. J Forensic Sci 2021; 67:1191-1197. [PMID: 34908161 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
When a firearm is discharged, the highest concentration of gunshot residue (GSR) is located on a shooter's hands, forearms, and clothing. Currently, collecting GSR from an individual's hands is accomplished with a carbon disk that is submitted for confirmatory analysis in a forensic laboratory. Presumptive chemical tests can be performed in the field, but these tests consume a portion of the GSR particles leaving a reduced amount of evidence available to be collected and sent to a forensic laboratory. An abundance of research exists for detecting GSR particles instantly on different fabrics using an alternate light source (ALS). This study expanded on that research and developed a noninvasive, visual examination to detect GSR on a suspected shooter's hands without destroying or removing any particles prior to collection. The hands of individuals who recently discharged a firearm were examined under a light source between 475 and 530 nm and an infrared (IR) camera. The fluorescent particles observed on a shooter's hands under 520 nm were similar in size and appearance to GSR particles observed on fabrics under an ALS. The fluorescent particles were collected and analyzed for GSR, and the results indicated that GSR particles were present. More testing needs to be conducted to determine if the fluorescent particles observed are inorganic or organic GSR particles. There is also potential to detect GSR under IR light; however, more research needs to be conducted to determine the composition of the particles observed after image enhancement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Husak
- Crime Scene Unit, Waco Police Department, Crime Scene Investigator, Waco, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Lee CJ, Scurr DJ, Jiang L, Kenton A, Beebe SRT, Sharp JS. Imaging mass spectrometry of fingermarks on brass bullet casings using sample rotation. Analyst 2021; 146:7563-7572. [PMID: 34779802 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01768c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A rotation stage was developed to allow the surface of bullet casings to be imaged under ultra-high vacuum (UHV) conditions using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). Experiments were performed over a period of seven months to determine how fingermarks deposited on the surface of Webley MkII revolver rounds change over time. Stitching software written in Python was used to combine image strips that were collected by performing ToF-SIMS analysis along the length of the revolver rounds. The ToF-SIMS analysis was performed by analysing a thin strip along the length of the casings, before rotating them through a few degrees and analysing a new strip. This process was repeated until the entire casing had been imaged. The resulting secondary ion images of the fingermarks were compared to optical images obtained from the same and similar rounds that had been exposed to cyanoacrylate fumes and subsequently stained using Basic Yellow 40 (BY40) dye. ToF-SIMS images were shown to display evidence of ridge and sweat pore level detail on samples that displayed no evidence of fingermarks when developed with cyanoacrylate and BY40. The effects of the curvature of the round casings on the morphology of fingermarks were also assessed. ToF SIMS images were compared to marks that had been deposited onto flat paper surfaces using ink. The distortions caused by differences in surface curvature and the deposition methods were found to be within acceptable limits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Lee
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - David J Scurr
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Long Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Andrew Kenton
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Shaun R T Beebe
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - James S Sharp
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Séguin K, Falardeau M, Mousseau V, Ducharme N, Cadola L, Crispino F. First lessons regarding the data analysis of gunshot residue traces at activity level in TTADB. CANADIAN SOCIETY OF FORENSIC SCIENCE JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00085030.2021.2007666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karelle Séguin
- Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Criminalistique, Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Mylène Falardeau
- Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Criminalistique, Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
- Laboratoire de Sciences Judiciaires et de Médecine Légale, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Vincent Mousseau
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Criminalistique, Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
- École de Criminologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre Interuniversitaire de Criminologie Comparée (CICC), Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Nadia Ducharme
- Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Criminalistique, Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Liv Cadola
- Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Criminalistique, Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Frank Crispino
- Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Criminalistique, Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
- Centre Interuniversitaire de Criminologie Comparée (CICC), Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abedi M, Bonsu DOM, Badu IK, Afoakwah R, Ahuja P. Spectroscopic (analytical) approach to gunshot residue analysis for shooting distance estimation: a systematic review. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s41935-021-00253-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The determination of the shooting distance using gunshot residue (GSR) analysis is crucial in the investigation and reconstruction of firearm-related crimes. However, the conventional chemographic method for GSR analysis is destructive and has limited sensitivity and selectivity. While the spectroscopic method has potential in GSR analysis for crime investigation, there is a current lack of consistency in the spectroscopic results obtained for shooting distance estimation via GSR analysis. Addressing such limitations will enhance the forensic capabilities of law enforcement and provide an added advantage to crime laboratories during an investigation. It will also reinforce the use of such spectroscopic data in a criminal investigation.
Main text
We obtained all peer-reviewed articles relevant to shooting distance estimation from searching Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases. We specifically searched the databases using the keywords “shooting distance,” “range of fire,” “gunshot residue,” “firearm discharge residue,” and “firearm-related crime” and obtained 3811 records. We further filtered these records using a combination of two basic keywords “gunshot residue” and “shooting distance estimations” yielding 108 papers. Following a careful evaluation of the titles, abstracts, and full texts, 40 original peer-reviewed articles on shooting distance estimation via GSR analysis were included in the study. The forgoing included additional sources (n = 5) we obtained from looking through the reference lists of the forensic articles we found.
Short conclusion
This paper discusses the current scope of research concerning the chemographic and spectroscopic analysis of GSR for shooting distance estimation. It also examines the challenges of these techniques and provides recommendations for future research.
Collapse
|
40
|
Langford JB, Lurie IS. Use of micro, capillary, and nano liquid chromatography for forensic analysis. J Sep Sci 2021; 45:38-50. [PMID: 34626162 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The use of micro, capillary, and nano liquid chromatography systems for forensic analysis has excellent potential. In a field where sample size is often limited, several studies have presented the viability of capillary columns with microflow and nanoflow, and when using mass spectrometric analysis limits of detection can be improved. Reduction in flow rates result in significant reduction in operating costs. Recent advances in miniaturized liquid chromatography systems also aim at in-laboratory and on-site detection, which have already been applied to forensic drug cases. This critical review will discuss the advantages, disadvantages, and applicability of microflow and nano liquid chromatography. In this regard, included in this article is a discussion of some promising areas not yet applied to forensic research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel B Langford
- Department of Forensic Science, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
| | - Ira S Lurie
- Department of Forensic Science, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Rosengarten H, Israelsohn O, Sirota N, Mero O. Finding GSR evidence on used towels. Forensic Sci Int 2021; 328:111032. [PMID: 34619559 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.111032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
When a firearm is discharged, gunshot residue (GSR) is produced and may be deposited on a shooter's body and his close vicinity. The tendency of GSR to drop off easily from the shooter may hinder forensic detection; this well-known phenomenon is accelerated by various common physical activities so that the number of particles detected on a suspect decreases over time. After shooting incidents, suspects will often try to cover their tracks by taking a shower. In these cases, it was assumed that no GSR will be detected upon examining the suspect's hand and hair. In the present study, we provide a way to overcome this loss of evidence by taking advantage of another occurrence, namely secondary transfer. Our participants were asked to take a shower after shooting a firearm. Samples were thereafter collected from the used bath towels and were found to contain up to a few dozen particles characteristic of GSR, including very large particles (>45 µm). The detection of GSR on a suspect's towel may provide significant forensic evidence aiding an investigation. When a shooter tries to remove evidence by taking a shower, sampling the towels that he may have used can preserve important evidence and connect a suspect to a shooting incident.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hila Rosengarten
- Toolmark and Materials laboratory, Division of Identification and Forensic Science, Israel Police, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Osnat Israelsohn
- Toolmark and Materials laboratory, Division of Identification and Forensic Science, Israel Police, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Noam Sirota
- Scientific officers at the portable laboratory, Division of Identification and Forensic Science, Israel Police, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - On Mero
- Scientific officers at the portable laboratory, Division of Identification and Forensic Science, Israel Police, Jerusalem, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Shrivastava P, Singh BP, Jain SK, Jain VK, Nagpal S. A novel approach to detect barium in gunshot residue using a handheld device: a forensic application. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:4379-4389. [PMID: 34523624 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay01272j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The present manuscript describes an innovative handheld device for the rapid detection of barium (Ba2+) in Gunshot Residue (GSR) based on the use of gold nanomaterials capped with sodium malonate. The method depends on a shift in the Light Scattering Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) peak of malonate capped gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) from 526 nm to 610.5 nm, due to the carboxylate ion aggregation between the metal and the nanoparticles leading to a change in the color. Qualitative detection was realized by the change in the color, while for quantitative analysis a handheld device has been fabricated in-house. The results were then correlated with those of standard known methods such as UV-Vis Spectroscopy and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The results showed better correlation between the fabricated device and standard methods with R2 = 0.98. It shows a linearity range from 0.01 mg mL-1 to 5 mg mL-1 with a Limit of Detection (LOD) of 0.2 mg mL-1. Furthermore, GSR samples were collected from cloth piece set at different range of shooting (i.e. 1 ft to 16.40 ft) using different ammunition to detect the presence of Ba2+ with the help of the developed device and results were found similar to those of the known methods. The hand-held device was found to be unaffected by other interfering agents (i.e. Pb2+, Sb3+, Ca2+, Cu2+, Hg2+, Mg2+, As3+, Cr3+, etc.). The results demonstrated here shows high selectivity, sensitivity and rapid method for Ba2+ detection in GSR, showing its greater potentiality in future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priya Shrivastava
- Amity Institute for Advanced Research and Studies (Materials & Devices), Amity University, Noida, UP 201303, India
| | | | | | - Vinod Kumar Jain
- Amity Institute for Advanced Research and Studies (Materials & Devices), Amity University, Noida, UP 201303, India
| | - Suman Nagpal
- Department of Environmental Science, Indira Gandhi University, Meerpur, Rewari, Haryana, India.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Vander Pyl C, Martinez-Lopez C, Menking Hoggatt K, Trejos T. Analysis of primer gunshot residue particles by laser induced breakdown spectroscopy and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Analyst 2021; 146:5389-5402. [PMID: 34346415 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00689d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This study reports novel approaches for the detection of gunshot residues (GSR) from the hands of individuals using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) and Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). The methods' performance was evaluated using 159 GSR standard and authentic samples. Forty specimens generated from characterized microparticles were used as matrix-matched primer gunshot residue (pGSR) standards to examine the elemental profiles of leaded and lead-free residues, compared to SEM-EDS and solution-ICP-MS. Also, 119 authentic skin samples were analyzed to estimate error rates. Shooter samples were correctly classified into three categories based on their elemental composition (leaded, lead-free, or mixed pGSR). A total of 60 non-shooter samples were used to establish background thresholds and estimate specificity (93.4% for LA-ICP-MS and 100% for LIBS). All the authentic leaded items resulted in the detection of particle(s) with composition characteristic of pGSR (Pb-Ba-Sb), as observed by simultaneous elemental identification of target analytes at the exact ablation times and locations. When considering the pre-characterized elemental composition of these primers as the "ground truth", LA-ICP-MS resulted in 91.8% sensitivity (true positive rate), while LIBS resulted in 89.2% sensitivity. Particles containing Ba, Bi, Bi-Cu-K, and Cu-Ti-Zn were found in the lead-free residues. Identification of lead-free GSR proved more challenging as some of these elements are common in the environment, resulting in 85.2% sensitivity for LA-ICP-MS and 44.4% for LIBS. Overall accuracies of 94.9% and 88.2% were obtained for the LA-ICP-MS and LIBS sets, respectively. LA-ICP-MS provided an additional level of confidence in the results by its superior analytical capabilities, complementing the LIBS chemical profiles. The laser-based methods provide rapid chemical profiling and micro-spatial information of gunshot residue particles, with minimal destruction of the sample and high accuracy. Chemical mapping of 25 micro-regions per sample is possible in 2-10 minutes by LIBS and LA-ICP-MS, offering new tools for more comprehensive forensic case management and quick GSR screening in environmental and occupational sciences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Vander Pyl
- West Virginia University, Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, 208 Oglebay Hall, Morgantown, WV 26506-6121, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Nunziata F, Romolo FS, Burnett B, Manna L, Orsenigo S, Donghi M. Molybdenum in Gunshot Residue: Experimental Evidences and Detection Challenges in the Presence of Lead and Sulfur. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2021; 27:666-677. [PMID: 33960287 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927621000453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic gunshot residue (GSR) analysis is carried out by scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) in many forensic laboratories. Characteristic GSR often consists of lead–barium–antimony, commonly associated with sulfur. The strength of forensic GSR evidence increases when unusual elements are found in residues collected both from the suspect and from the discharged firearm. The presence of molybdenum in GSR, due to the use of MoS2 lubricants in firearms, is experimentally demonstrated here for the first time. The most intense molybdenum X-ray emissions are MoL peaks at 2.3 keV which overlap with PbM and SK families due to the poor resolution of EDS detectors. When Pb, S, and Mo are allegedly present in the same particle, the reliability of automatic EDS routines is at risk. Missing identifications or false detections and exclusions may then occur. Molybdenum should be considered as detected only if MoK emissions meet the peak-to-background ratio minimum requirements. A strategy to spot Mo-containing residues is described, based on the automated search of MoS2, using a new “Sulfur only” class added to the classification scheme, followed by careful manual review of all GSR particles at an acceleration voltage of 30 kV. Our proposal improves commonly adopted forensic procedures currently followed in casework.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felice Nunziata
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università degli studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, viale Lincoln 5, 81100Caserta, Italy
| | - Francesco Saverio Romolo
- Dipartimento di Giurisprudenza, Università degli studi di Bergamo, via Moroni 255, 24127Bergamo, Italy
| | - Bryan Burnett
- Meixa Tech, 1624 Debann Road, Cardiff-by-the-Sea, CA92007, USA
| | - Luigi Manna
- Arma dei Carabinieri, Reparto Investigazioni Scientifiche di Parma, Parco Ducale 3, 43125Parma, Italy
| | - Stefano Orsenigo
- Arma dei Carabinieri, Reparto Investigazioni Scientifiche di Parma, Parco Ducale 3, 43125Parma, Italy
| | - Matteo Donghi
- Arma dei Carabinieri, Reparto Investigazioni Scientifiche di Parma, Parco Ducale 3, 43125Parma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Feeney W, Menking-Hoggatt K, Vander Pyl C, Ott CE, Bell S, Arroyo L, Trejos T. Detection of organic and inorganic gunshot residues from hands using complexing agents and LC-MS/MS. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:3024-3039. [PMID: 34159965 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00778e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Gunshot residue (GSR) refers to a conglomerate consisting of both organic molecules (OGSR) and inorganic species (IGSR). Historically, forensic examiners have focused only on identifying the IGSR particles by their morphology and elemental composition. Nonetheless, modern ammunition formulations and challenges with the GSR transference (such as secondary and tertiary transfer) have driven research efforts for more comprehensive examinations, requiring alternative analytical techniques. This study proposes the use of LC-MS/MS for chromatographic separation and dual detection of inorganic and organic residues. The detection of both target species in the same sample increases the confidence that chemical profiles came from a gun's discharge instead of non-firearm-related sources. This strategy implements supramolecular molecules that complex with the IGSR species, allowing them to elute from the column towards the mass spectrometer while retaining isotopic ratios for quick and unambiguous identification. The macrocycle (18-crown-6-ether) complexes with lead and barium, while antimony complexes with a chelating agent (tartaric acid). The total analysis time for OGSR and IGSR in one sample is under 20 minutes. This manuscript expands from a previous proof-of-concept publication by improving figures of merit, increasing the target analytes, testing the method's feasibility through a more extensive set of authentic specimens collected from the hands of both shooters and non-shooters, and comparing performance with other analytical techniques such as ICP-MS, electrochemical methods and LIBS. The linear dynamic ranges (LDR) spread across the low ppb range for OGSR (0.3-200 ppb) and low ppm range (0.1-6.0 ppm) for IGSR. The method's accuracy increased overall when both organic and inorganic profiles were combined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William Feeney
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, 1600 University Ave, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Şener H, Anilanmert B, Mavis ME, Gursu GG, Cengiz S. LC-MS/MS monitoring for explosives residues and OGSR with diverse ionization temperatures in soil & hands: 30 minutes for extraction + elution. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2021. [DOI: 10.1556/1326.2021.00930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractA fast LC-APCI-MS/MS screening/confirmation method was developed and validated for trace analyses of 18 analytes which are explosives and organic gun shot residues including the challenging ones with diverse ionization conditions, in soil and on hands. (+) and (−) ionization modes were used after a single-step, low-volume solvent extraction procedure developed using methanol. Tape-lifting, stub, alcohol wipes, cotton bud were compared for collecting the residues from hands of a shooter. Tape-lifting and stub gave the highest recoveries and tape-lifting was chosen. Gradient elution system using ammonium chloride:methanol was developed. Whole procedure lasted approximately 30 min, was validated in both matrices, applied to real samples as post-blast residues, smokeless powder and the hands of a shooter, after shooting. Most of the recoveries were >80% and since all the precisions were <15%, quantitation was possible for all. Limit of Detection (LOD) and Limit of Quantification (LOQ) values were: 0.2–54.1 and 0.3–190.0 ngg−1 in soil, and 0.2–132.3 and 1.1–355.0 ngg−1 in tape-lift.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harun Şener
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Kutahya Health Sciences University, Kutahya, Turkey
| | - Beril Anilanmert
- Institute of Forensic Sciences & Legal Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Emrah Mavis
- R & D Center of SEM Laboratuar Cihazları Pazarlama San. ve Tic. Inc., Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gokce Goksu Gursu
- R & D Center of SEM Laboratuar Cihazları Pazarlama San. ve Tic. Inc., Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Salih Cengiz
- Rumeli University, Vocational School of Health Services, Mehmet Balci Campus, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Vibrational spectroscopy and chemometrics in GSR: review and current trend. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s41935-021-00229-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
This review represents many significant methods of chemometrics applied as data assessment methods originated by many hyphenated analytical techniques containing their application since its origin to today.
Main body of the abstract
The study has been divided into many parts, which contain many multivariate regression methods. The main aim of this study is to investigate the chemometrics tools used in GSR (gunshot residue) or forensic ballistics.
Short conclusion
As a final point, the end of part of this review deals with the applicability of chemometric methods in forensic ballistics. We select to give an elaborate description of many significant tools established with their algorithm in admire of utilizing and accepting them by researchers not very aware with chemometrics.
Collapse
|
48
|
A Simple and Rapid Spectrophotometric Method for Nitrite Detection in Small Sample Volumes. CHEMOSENSORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors9070161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A simple, rapid, and environmentally-friendly spectrophotometric method for nitrite detection was developed. Detection was based on a redox reaction with iodide ions in an acidic condition. The reaction was evaluated by detecting the increase in absorbance of the colored product of iodine at 362 nm wavelength. To obtain a good spectrophotometric performance, the iodide ions concentration, hydrochloric acid concentration, and reaction time were optimized. In the optimal condition, the developed spectrophotometric method provided a linear range of 0.0625 to 4.00 mg L−1 (r = 0.9985), reaction time for 10 min, a limit of detection of 25 µg L−1, and a limit of quantitation of 85 µg L−1. This method showed good repeatability (RSD < 9.21%), high sample throughput (9 samples min−1), and good accuracy (recovery = 88 ± 2 to 99.5 ± 0.4%). The method has the potential to be used in crime scene investigations as a rapid screening test for gunshot residue detection via nitrite detection.
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Gunshot residue (GSR) is a shred of important trace evidence which helps forensic scientists solve a huge range of incidents related to firearms. The identification of the shooter to bullet identification from a gunshot wound help reconstruct a scene of the crime.
Main body
The review of this scientific paper is based on gunshot residue, its composition, and the growing advanced technology which allow us to study about how GSR analysis help to identify and detect residues. Various methods are acquired to identify and analyze organic and inorganic residues present when ammunition is fired. The review highlights the composition of GSR, its collection methods, and analysis part which emphasize on all the methods developed so far. The use of conventional methods including colorimetric and instrumentation-based analysis and advanced technology including electrochemical technique for detecting residues from the last 50 years. Spot tests or chemical tests were performed but they degrade the sample and can sometimes cause hindrance with some other nearby material present at the crime scene. Instrumentation techniques including AAS, ICP-MS, SEM, SEM-EDX, GC, HPLC, etc. are discussed in detail. Mostly advanced electrochemical methods developed are for inorganic gunshot residues (IGSR), but some researchers worked on both residues. Also, the fabricated electrochemical cells are replaced by a single strip-based technique for easy detection. So, to combat these issues, various scientists are moving towards sensor-based methods for rapid and reliable detection. These methods are more user-friendly, sensitive, and cost-effective and provide rapid detection results.
Conclusions
This review results in the composition of GSR, its collection methods, and analysis using sophisticated methods that emphasize all the methods developed so far and it also culminates the merits and demerits of all detection methods.
Collapse
|
50
|
Bender R, Neimke D, Niewöhner L, Barth M, Ebert M. Discrimination of SINTOX® GSR against environmental particles and its automated investigation by SEM/EDS. Forensic Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2021.100338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|