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Abstract
Taxonomic data analysis has benefited greatly from standardization of systematic and stratigraphic practices. In contrast, the unique features of each group of organisms and the specific nature of many workers' questions have helped make analysis of morphological data relatively less standardized and more idiosyncratic. In addition, paleobiological analysis of morphological data at larger (roughly, suprafamilial) scales seems to have lagged behind analysis, of taxonomic data because of the relative difficulty with which morphological data are collected (both from fossils themselves and from published sources). In this review, I will briefly touch upon some of the areas in which morphological analysis has contributed significantly to our understanding of life's history. Space limitations preclude a thorough treatment of all aspects of morphological analysis, and the decision to omit certain topics, such as functional morphology, is not a reflection of the importance of these fields.
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Cryptic diversity in Amazonian frogs: Integrative taxonomy of the genus Anomaloglossus (Amphibia: Anura: Aromobatidae) reveals a unique case of diversification within the Guiana Shield. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2017; 112:158-173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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3
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Foote M. PERSPECTIVE: EVOLUTIONARY PATTERNS IN THE FOSSIL RECORD. Evolution 2017; 50:1-11. [PMID: 28568887 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1996.tb04467.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/1995] [Accepted: 07/07/1995] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The study of large-scale evolutionary patterns in the fossil record has benefited from a diversity of approaches, including analysis of taxonomic data, ecology, geography, and morphology. Although genealogy is an important component of macroevolution, recent visions of phylogenetic analysis as replacing rather than supplementing other approaches are short-sighted. The ability of traditional Linnaean taxa to document evolutionary patterns is mainly an empirical rather than a theoretical issue, yet the use of these taxa has been dismissed without thorough evaluation of their empirical properties. Phylogenetic analysis can help compensate for some of the fossil record's imperfections. However, the shortcomings of the phylogenetic approach have not been adequately acknowledged, and we still lack a rigorous comparison between the phylogenetic approach and probabilistic approaches based on sampling theory. Important inferences about the history of life based on nongenealogical data have later been corroborated with genealogical and other analyses, suggesting that we risk an enormous loss of knowledge and understanding if we categorically dismiss nonphylogenetic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Foote
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60637
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Lynch M, Hill WG. PHENOTYPIC EVOLUTION BY NEUTRAL MUTATION. Evolution 2017; 40:915-935. [PMID: 28556213 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1986.tb00561.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/1985] [Revised: 04/25/1986] [Accepted: 06/03/1986] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A general model is developed for predicting the genetic variance within populations and the rate of divergence of population mean phenotypes for quantitative traits under the joint operation of random sampling drift and mutation in the absence of selection. In addition to incorporating the dominance effects of mutant alleles, the model yields some insight into the effects of linkage and the mating system on the mutational production of quantitative-genetic variation. Despite these additional and potentially serious complications, it is found that, for small populations, the simple predictions obtained by previous investigators using additive-genetic models hold reasonably well. Even after accounting for dominance and linkage, the equilibrium level of genetic variance is unlikely to be much less than 2NVm or to be more than 4NVm , where N is the effective population size and Vm is the new variance from mutation appearing each generation. The rate of increase of the between-line variance per generation ultimately equals 2Vm regardless of population size, although the time to attain the asymptotic rate is proportional to N. Expressions are presented for the rate of approach to the equilibrium level of genetic variance and for the expected variance of the within-population and between-population genetic variances. The relevance of the derived model, which amounts to a generalization of the neutral theory to the phenotypic level, is discussed in the context of the detection of natural selection, the maintenance of pure lines for biomedical and agricultural purposes, the development of genetic conservation programs, and the design of indices of morphological distance between species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lynch
- Department of Ecology, Ethology, and Evolution, University of Illinois, Shelford Vivarium, Champaign, IL, 61820
| | - William G Hill
- Institute of Animal Genetics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JN, Scotland
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Cucchi T, Barnett R, Martínková N, Renaud S, Renvoisé E, Evin A, Sheridan A, Mainland I, Wickham-Jones C, Tougard C, Quéré JP, Pascal M, Pascal M, Heckel G, O'Higgins P, Searle JB, Dobney KM. The changing pace of insular life: 5000 years of microevolution in the Orkney vole (Microtus arvalis orcadensis). Evolution 2014; 68:2804-20. [PMID: 24957579 PMCID: PMC5366975 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Island evolution may be expected to involve fast initial morphological divergence followed by stasis. We tested this model using the dental phenotype of modern and ancient common voles (Microtus arvalis), introduced onto the Orkney archipelago (Scotland) from continental Europe some 5000 years ago. First, we investigated phenotypic divergence of Orkney and continental European populations and assessed climatic influences. Second, phenotypic differentiation among Orkney populations was tested against geography, time, and neutral genetic patterns. Finally, we examined evolutionary change along a time series for the Orkney Mainland. Molar gigantism and anterior-lobe hypertrophy evolved rapidly in Orkney voles following introduction, without any transitional forms detected. Founder events and adaptation appear to explain this initial rapid evolution. Idiosyncrasy in dental features among different island populations of Orkney voles is also likely the result of local founder events following Neolithic translocation around the archipelago. However, against our initial expectations, a second marked phenotypic shift occurred between the 4th and 12th centuries AD, associated with increased pastoral farming and introduction of competitors (mice and rats) and terrestrial predators (foxes and cats). These results indicate that human agency can generate a more complex pattern of morphological evolution than might be expected in island rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Cucchi
- CNRS-Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR 7209, Archéoozoologie, histoire des sociétés humaines et de peuplements animaux, 55 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France; Department of Archaeology, University of Aberdeen, St. Mary's, Elphinstone Road, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.
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Arnegard ME, McIntyre PB, Harmon LJ, Zelditch ML, Crampton WGR, Davis JK, Sullivan JP, Lavoué S, Hopkins CD. Sexual signal evolution outpaces ecological divergence during electric fish species radiation. Am Nat 2010; 176:335-56. [PMID: 20653442 DOI: 10.1086/655221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Natural selection arising from resource competition and environmental heterogeneity can drive adaptive radiation. Ecological opportunity facilitates this process, resulting in rapid divergence of ecological traits in many celebrated radiations. In other cases, sexual selection is thought to fuel divergence in mating signals ahead of ecological divergence. Comparing divergence rates between naturally and sexually selected traits can offer insights into processes underlying species radiations, but to date such comparisons have been largely qualitative. Here, we quantitatively compare divergence rates for four traits in African mormyrid fishes, which use an electrical communication system with few extrinsic constraints on divergence. We demonstrate rapid signal evolution in the Paramormyrops species flock compared to divergence in morphology, size, and trophic ecology. This disparity in the tempo of trait evolution suggests that sexual selection is an important early driver of species radiation in these mormyrids. We also found slight divergence in ecological traits among closely related species, consistent with a supporting role for natural selection in Paramormyrops diversification. Our results highlight the potential for sexual selection to drive explosive signal divergence when innovations in communication open new opportunities in signal space, suggesting that opportunity can catalyze species radiations through sexual selection, as well as natural selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Arnegard
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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Leslie RW, Grant WS. Meristic and morphometric variation among anglerfish of the genusLophius(Lophiiformes). J Zool (1987) 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1994.tb00004.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lemos B, Meiklejohn CD, Cáceres M, Hartl DL. RATES OF DIVERGENCE IN GENE EXPRESSION PROFILES OF PRIMATES, MICE, AND FLIES: STABILIZING SELECTION AND VARIABILITY AMONG FUNCTIONAL CATEGORIES. Evolution 2005. [DOI: 10.1554/04-251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Lemos B, Meiklejohn CD, Cáceres M, Hartl DL. RATES OF DIVERGENCE IN GENE EXPRESSION PROFILES OF PRIMATES, MICE, AND FLIES: STABILIZING SELECTION AND VARIABILITY AMONG FUNCTIONAL CATEGORIES. Evolution 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2005.tb00900.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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10
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Evolutionary rates and stabilizing selection in large-bodied opossum skulls (Didelphimorphia: Didelphidae). J Zool (1987) 2001. [DOI: 10.1017/s095283690100125x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Foote
- Geophysical Sciences Department, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
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Crozier RH. PRESERVING THE INFORMATION CONTENT OF SPECIES:Genetic Diversity, Phylogeny, and Conservation Worth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.28.1.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. H. Crozier
- School of Genetics and Human Variation, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia; e-mail:
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Corruccini RS. Shape in morphometrics: Comparative analyses. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 1987. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.1330730303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Groeneveld HT, Kieser JA. An evaluation of the M-statistic in human odontomorphometric distance analyses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02442070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Krotoski DM, Reinschmidt DC, Tompkins R. Developmental mutants isolated from wild-caught Xenopus laevis by gynogenesis and inbreeding. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1985; 233:443-9. [PMID: 3973558 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402330313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Xenopus laevis obtained from indigenous African populations are a rich source of mutants affecting development. Gynogenesis and inbreeding were used to isolate mutants affecting development from wild-caught Xenopus laevis females. Fourteen mutants were recovered from eight females tested. One mutant was recovered from each of two females. This load of 1.875 developmental mutants per female is similar to that found in the axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum), a urodele amphibian, and is only slightly less than the load of mutants with major developmental effects found in Drosophila and man. These results suggest that the anuran amphibian Xenopus laevis, an ancestrally tetraploid species, has undergone extensive diploidization of developmentally important loci and that gynogenesis and inbreeding of wild-caught animals can provide adequate mutants at diploid loci for developmental genetic studies.
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Carnivore body size: Ecological and taxonomic correlates. Oecologia 1985; 67:540-554. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00790026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/1984] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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