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Ujszegi J, Ujhegyi N, Balogh E, Mikó Z, Kásler A, Hettyey A, Bókony V. No sex-dependent mortality in an amphibian upon infection with the chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e70219. [PMID: 39219568 PMCID: PMC11362217 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.70219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the major factors driving the currently ongoing biodiversity crisis is the anthropogenic spread of infectious diseases. Diseases can have conspicuous consequences, such as mass mortality events, but may also exert covert but similarly severe effects, such as sex ratio distortion via sex-biased mortality. Chytridiomycosis, caused by the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) is among the most important threats to amphibian biodiversity. Yet, whether Bd infection can skew sex ratios in amphibians is currently unknown, although such a hidden effect may cause the already dwindling amphibian populations to collapse. To investigate this possibility, we collected common toad (Bufo bufo) tadpoles from a natural habitat in Hungary and continuously treated them until metamorphosis with sterile Bd culture medium (control), or a liquid culture of a Hungarian or a Spanish Bd isolate. Bd prevalence was high in animals that died during the experiment but was almost zero in individuals that survived until the end of the experiment. Both Bd treatments significantly reduced survival after metamorphosis, but we did not observe sex-dependent mortality in either treatment. However, a small number of genotypically female individuals developed male phenotype (testes) in the Spanish Bd isolate treatment. Therefore, future research is needed to ascertain if larval Bd infection can affect sex ratio in common toads through female-to-male sex reversal.
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Affiliation(s)
- János Ujszegi
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, HUN‐REN Centre for Agricultural ResearchPlant Protection InstituteBudapestHungary
- Department of Systematic Zoology and EcologyELTE Eötvös Loránd UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Nikolett Ujhegyi
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, HUN‐REN Centre for Agricultural ResearchPlant Protection InstituteBudapestHungary
| | - Emese Balogh
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, HUN‐REN Centre for Agricultural ResearchPlant Protection InstituteBudapestHungary
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of Veterinary Medicine BudapestBudapestHungary
| | - Zsanett Mikó
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, HUN‐REN Centre for Agricultural ResearchPlant Protection InstituteBudapestHungary
| | - Andrea Kásler
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, HUN‐REN Centre for Agricultural ResearchPlant Protection InstituteBudapestHungary
- Department of Systematic Zoology and EcologyELTE Eötvös Loránd UniversityBudapestHungary
- Doctoral School of Biology, Institute of BiologyELTE Eötvös Loránd UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Attila Hettyey
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, HUN‐REN Centre for Agricultural ResearchPlant Protection InstituteBudapestHungary
- Department of Systematic Zoology and EcologyELTE Eötvös Loránd UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Veronika Bókony
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, HUN‐REN Centre for Agricultural ResearchPlant Protection InstituteBudapestHungary
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2
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Bókony V, Kalina C, Ujhegyi N, Mikó Z, Lefler KK, Vili N, Gál Z, Gabor CR, Hoffmann OI. Does stress make males? An experiment on the role of glucocorticoids in anuran sex reversal. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 341:172-181. [PMID: 38155497 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Environmentally sensitive sex determination may help organisms adapt to environmental change but also makes them vulnerable to anthropogenic stressors, with diverse consequences for population dynamics and evolution. The mechanisms translating environmental stimuli to sex are controversial: although several fish experiments supported the mediator role of glucocorticoid hormones, results on some reptiles challenged it. We tested this hypothesis in amphibians by investigating the effect of corticosterone on sex determination in agile frogs (Rana dalmatina). This species is liable to environmental sex reversal whereby genetic females develop into phenotypic males. After exposing tadpoles during sex determination to waterborne corticosterone, the proportion of genetic females with testes or ovotestes increased from 11% to up to 32% at 3 out of 4 concentrations. These differences were not statistically significant except for the group treated with 10 nM corticosterone, and there was no monotonous dose-effect relationship. These findings suggest that corticosterone is unlikely to mediate sex reversal in frogs. Unexpectedly, animals originating from urban habitats had higher sex-reversal and corticosterone-release rates, reduced body mass and development speed, and lower survival compared to individuals collected from woodland habitats. Thus, anthropogenic environments may affect both sex and fitness, and the underlying mechanisms may vary across ectothermic vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Bókony
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Plant Protection Institute, HUN-REN Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csenge Kalina
- Department of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nikolett Ujhegyi
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Plant Protection Institute, HUN-REN Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsanett Mikó
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Plant Protection Institute, HUN-REN Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kinga Katalin Lefler
- Department of Aquaculture, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Science, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Nóra Vili
- Department of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Gál
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Science, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Caitlin R Gabor
- Department of Biology, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, USA
| | - Orsolya Ivett Hoffmann
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Science, Gödöllő, Hungary
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3
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Kitano J, Ansai S, Takehana Y, Yamamoto Y. Diversity and Convergence of Sex-Determination Mechanisms in Teleost Fish. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2024; 12:233-259. [PMID: 37863090 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-021122-113935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Sexual reproduction is prevalent across diverse taxa. However, sex-determination mechanisms are so diverse that even closely related species often differ in sex-determination systems. Teleost fish is a taxonomic group with frequent turnovers of sex-determining mechanisms and thus provides us with great opportunities to investigate the molecular and evolutionary mechanisms underlying the turnover of sex-determining systems. Here, we compile recent studies on the diversity of sex-determination mechanisms in fish. We demonstrate that genes in the TGF-β signaling pathway are frequently used for master sex-determining (MSD) genes. MSD genes arise via two main mechanisms, duplication-and-transposition and allelic mutations, with a few exceptions. We also demonstrate that temperature influences sex determination in many fish species, even those with sex chromosomes, with higher temperatures inducing differentiation into males in most cases. Finally, we review theoretical models for the turnover of sex-determining mechanisms and discuss what questions remain elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kitano
- Ecological Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan;
| | - Satoshi Ansai
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan;
| | - Yusuke Takehana
- Faculty of Bio-Science, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga, Japan;
| | - Yoji Yamamoto
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan;
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4
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Smith SH, Hsiung K, Böhne A. Evaluating the role of sexual antagonism in the evolution of sex chromosomes: new data from fish. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2023; 81:102078. [PMID: 37379742 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2023.102078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
The recent increase in available molecular and genomic data for diverse taxa helps to shed new light on long-standing theories. Research into sex chromosome evolution has particularly benefited from a growing number of studies of fish, motivated by their highly diverse mechanisms of sex determination. Sexual antagonism is regularly cited as an influential force in sex chromosome emergence; however, this so far proves difficult to demonstrate. In this review, we highlight recent developments in the investigation of sexual antagonism in sex chromosome research in fish. We find strong emphasis placed on study-organism specific genomic features and patterns of recombination, rather than evidence for a comprehensive role of sexual antagonism. In this light, we discuss the alternative models of sex chromosome evolution. We conclude that fish represents a key resource for further research, provided attention is given to species-specific effects while simultaneously integrating comparative studies across taxa for a vital and comprehensive understanding of sex chromosome evolution and investigation of proposed models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Helen Smith
- Centre for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Museum Koenig Bonn, Adenauerallee 127, 53113 Bonn, Germany. https://twitter.com/@shg_smith
| | - Kevin Hsiung
- Centre for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Museum Koenig Bonn, Adenauerallee 127, 53113 Bonn, Germany. https://twitter.com/@KevinKHsiung
| | - Astrid Böhne
- Centre for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Museum Koenig Bonn, Adenauerallee 127, 53113 Bonn, Germany.
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5
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Kitano J, Ansai S, Fujimoto S, Kakioka R, Sato M, Mandagi IF, Sumarto BKA, Yamahira K. A Cryptic Sex-Linked Locus Revealed by the Elimination of a Master Sex-Determining Locus in Medaka Fish. Am Nat 2023; 202:231-240. [PMID: 37531272 DOI: 10.1086/724840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
AbstractSex chromosomes rapidly turn over in several taxonomic groups. Sex chromosome turnover is generally thought to start with the appearance of a new sex-determining gene on an autosome while an old sex-determining gene still exists, followed by the fixation of the new one. However, we do not know how prevalent the transient state is, where multiple sex-determining loci coexist within natural populations. Here, we removed a Y chromosome with a master male-determining gene DMY from medaka fish using high temperature-induced sex-reversed males. After four generations, the genomic characteristics of a sex chromosome were found on one chromosome, which was an autosome in the original population. Thus, the elimination of a master sex-determining locus can reveal a cryptic locus with a possible sex-determining effect, which can be the seed for sex chromosome turnover. Our results suggest that populations that seem to have a single-locus XY system may have other chromosomal regions with sex-determining effects. In conclusion, the coexistence of multiple sex-determining genes in a natural population may be more prevalent than previously thought. Experimental elimination of a master sex-determining locus may serve as a promising method for finding a locus that can be a protosex chromosome.
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6
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Wild KH, Roe JH, Schwanz L, Rodgers E, Dissanayake DSB, Georges A, Sarre SD, Noble DWA. Metabolic consequences of sex reversal in two lizard species: a test of the like-genotype and like-phenotype hypotheses. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb245657. [PMID: 37309620 PMCID: PMC10357012 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Vertebrate sex is typically determined genetically, but in many ectotherms sex can be determined by genes (genetic sex determination, GSD), temperature (temperature-dependent sex determination, TSD), or interactions between genes and temperature during development. TSD may involve GSD systems with either male or female heterogamety (XX/XY or ZZ/ZW) where temperature overrides chromosomal sex determination to cause a mismatch between genetic sex and phenotypic sex (sex reversal). In these temperature-sensitive lineages, phylogenetic investigations point to recurrent evolutionary shifts between genotypic and temperature-dependent sex determination. These evolutionary transitions in sex determination can occur rapidly if selection favours the reversed sex over the concordant phenotypic sex. To investigate the consequences of sex reversal on offspring phenotypes, we measured two energy-driven traits (metabolism and growth) and 6 month survival in two species of reptile with different patterns of temperature-induced sex reversal. Male sex reversal occurs in Bassiana duperreyi when chromosomal females (female XX) develop male phenotypes (maleSR XX), while female sex reversal occurs in Pogona vitticeps when chromosomal males (male ZZ) develop female phenotypes (femaleSR ZZ). We show metabolism in maleSR XX was like that of male XY; that is, reflective of phenotypic sex and lower than genotypic sex. In contrast, for Pogona vitticeps, femaleSR ZZ metabolism was intermediate between male ZZ and female ZW metabolic rate. For both species, our data indicate that differences in metabolism become more apparent as individuals become larger. Our findings provide some evidence for an energetic advantage from sex reversal in both species but do not exclude energetic processes as a constraint on the distribution of sex reversal in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristoffer H. Wild
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, AUS
- Centre for Conservation Ecology and Genomics, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2617, AUS
| | - John H. Roe
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Pembroke, Pembroke, NC 28372-1510, USA
| | - Lisa Schwanz
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Essie Rodgers
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Duminda S. B. Dissanayake
- Centre for Conservation Ecology and Genomics, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2617, AUS
| | - Arthur Georges
- Centre for Conservation Ecology and Genomics, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2617, AUS
| | - Stephen D. Sarre
- Centre for Conservation Ecology and Genomics, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2617, AUS
| | - Daniel W. A. Noble
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, AUS
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7
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Triay C, Courcelle M, Caminade P, Bezault E, Baroiller JF, Kocher TD, D'Cotta H. Polymorphism of Sex Determination Amongst Wild Populations Suggests its Rapid Turnover Within the Nile Tilapia Species. Front Genet 2022; 13:820772. [PMID: 35656328 PMCID: PMC9152217 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.820772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex-determining regions have been identified in the Nile tilapia on linkage groups (LG) 1, 20 and 23, depending on the domesticated strains used. Sex determining studies on wild populations of this species are scarce. Previous work on two wild populations, from Lake Volta (Ghana) and from Lake Koka (Ethiopia), found the sex-determining region on LG23. These populations have a Y-specific tandem duplication containing two copies of the Anti-Müllerian Hormone amh gene (named amhY and amhΔY). Here, we performed a whole-genome short-reads analysis using male and female pools on a third wild population from Lake Hora (Ethiopia). We found no association of sex with LG23, and no duplication of the amh gene. Furthermore, we found no evidence of sex linkage on LG1 or on any other LGs. Long read whole genome sequencing of a male from each population confirmed the absence of a duplicated region on LG23 in the Lake Hora male. In contrast, long reads established the structure of the Y haplotype in Koka and Kpandu males and the order of the genes in the duplicated region. Phylogenies constructed on the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes, showed a closer relationship between the two Ethiopian populations compared to the Ghanaian population, implying an absence of the LG23Y sex-determination region in Lake Hora males. Our study supports the hypothesis that the amh region is not the sex-determining region in Hora males. The absence of the Y amh duplication in the Lake Hora population reflects a rapid change in sex determination within Nile tilapia populations. The genetic basis of sex determination in the Lake Hora population remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Triay
- UMR116-Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Campus International Baillarguet, Montpellier, France.,UMR-Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Maxime Courcelle
- UMR-Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Caminade
- UMR-Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Etienne Bezault
- UMR BOREA, CNRS-7208/MNHN/UPMC/IRD-207/UCN/UA, Université des Antilles, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Jean-François Baroiller
- UMR116-Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Campus International Baillarguet, Montpellier, France.,UMR-Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Thomas D Kocher
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Helena D'Cotta
- UMR116-Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Campus International Baillarguet, Montpellier, France.,UMR-Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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8
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Nemesházi E, Bókony V. Asymmetrical sex reversal: Does the type of heterogamety predict propensity for sex reversal? Bioessays 2022; 44:e2200039. [PMID: 35543235 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202200039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Sex reversal, a mismatch between phenotypic and genetic sex, can be induced by chemical and thermal insults in ectotherms. Therefore, climate change and environmental pollution may increase sex-reversal frequency in wild populations, with wide-ranging implications for sex ratios, population dynamics, and the evolution of sex determination. We propose that reconsidering the half-century old theory "Witschi's rule" should facilitate understanding the differences between species in sex-reversal propensity and thereby predicting their vulnerability to anthropogenic environmental change. The idea is that sex reversal should be asymmetrical: more likely to occur in the homogametic sex, assuming that sex-reversed heterogametic individuals would produce new genotypes with reduced fitness. A review of the existing evidence shows that while sex reversal can be induced in both homogametic and heterogametic individuals, the latter seem to require stronger stimuli in several cases. We provide guidelines for future studies on sex reversal to facilitate data comparability and reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edina Nemesházi
- Conservation Genetics Research Group, Department of Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Veronika Bókony
- Conservation Genetics Research Group, Department of Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, Hungary.,Lendület Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
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9
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Wild KH, Roe JH, Schwanz L, Georges A, Sarre SD. Evolutionary stability inferred for a free ranging lizard with sex-reversal. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:2281-2292. [PMID: 35178809 PMCID: PMC9303591 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The sex of vertebrates is typically determined genetically, but reptile sex can also be determined by developmental temperature. In some reptiles, temperature interacts with genotype to reverse sex, potentially leading to transitions from a chromosomal to a temperature‐dependent sex determining system. Transitions between such systems in nature are accelerated depending on the frequency and fitness of sex‐reversed individuals. The Central Bearded Dragon, Pogona vitticeps, exhibits female heterogamety (ZZ/ZW) but can have its sex reversed from ZZ male to ZZ female by high incubation temperatures. The species exhibits sex‐reversal in the wild and it has been suggested that climate change and fitness of sex‐reversed individuals could be increasing the frequency of reversal within the species range. Transitions to temperature‐dependent sex determination require low levels of dispersal and high (>50%) rates of sex‐reversal. Here, we combine genotype‐by‐sequencing, identification of phenotypic and chromosomal sex, exhaustive field surveys, and radio telemetry to examine levels of genetic structure, rates of sex‐reversal, movement, space use, and survival of P. vitticeps in a location previously identified as a hot spot for sex‐reversal. We find that the species exhibits low levels of population structure (FST ~0.001) and a modest (~17%) rate of sex‐reversal, and that sex‐reversed and nonsex‐reversed females have similar survival and behavioural characteristics to each other. Overall, our data indicate this system is evolutionary stable, although we do not rule out the prospect of a more gradual transition in sex‐determining mechanisms in the future in a more fragmented landscape and as global temperatures increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristoffer H Wild
- Centre for Conservation Ecology and Genomics, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - John H Roe
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Pembroke, Pembroke, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lisa Schwanz
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Arthur Georges
- Centre for Conservation Ecology and Genomics, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Stephen D Sarre
- Centre for Conservation Ecology and Genomics, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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10
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Nemesházi E, Sramkó G, Laczkó L, Balogh E, Szatmári L, Vili N, Ujhegyi N, Üveges B, Bókony V. Novel genetic sex markers reveal unexpected lack of, and similar susceptibility to, sex reversal in free-living common toads in both natural and anthropogenic habitats. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:2032-2043. [PMID: 35146823 PMCID: PMC9544883 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Anthropogenic environmental changes are affecting biodiversity and microevolution worldwide. Ectothermic vertebrates are especially vulnerable, since environmental changes can disrupt their sexual development and cause sex reversal, a mismatch between genetic and phenotypic sex. This can potentially lead to sex-ratio distortion and population decline. Despite these implications, we have scarce empirical knowledge on the incidence of sex reversal in nature. Populations in anthropogenic environments may be exposed to sex-reversing stimuli more frequently, which may lead to higher sex-reversal rate, or alternatively, these populations may adapt to resist sex reversal. We developed PCR-based genetic sex markers for the common toad (Bufo bufo) to assess the prevalence of sex reversal in wild populations living in natural, agricultural and urban habitats, and the susceptibility of the same populations to two ubiquitous estrogenic pollutants in a common-garden experiment. We found negligible sex-reversal frequency in free-living adults despite the presence of various endocrine-disrupting pollutants in their breeding ponds. Individuals from different habitat types showed similar susceptibility to sex reversal in the laboratory: all genetic males developed female phenotype when exposed to 1 µg/L 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) during larval development, whereas no sex reversal occurred in response to 1 ng/L EE2 and a glyphosate-based herbicide with 3 µg/L or 3 mg/L glyphosate. The latter results do not support that populations in anthropogenic habitats would have either increased propensity for or higher tolerance to chemically induced sex reversal. Thus, the extremely low sex-reversal frequency in wild toads compared to other ectothermic vertebrates studied before might indicate idiosyncratic, potentially species-specific resistance to sex reversal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edina Nemesházi
- Conservation Genetics Research Group, Department of Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, István u. 2, 1078, Budapest, Hungary.,Lendület Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Herman Ottó u. 15, 1022, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Sramkó
- MTA-DE Lendület Evolutionary Phylogenomics Research Group, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Levente Laczkó
- MTA-DE Lendület Evolutionary Phylogenomics Research Group, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Emese Balogh
- Conservation Genetics Research Group, Department of Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, István u. 2, 1078, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lajos Szatmári
- MTA-DE Lendület Evolutionary Phylogenomics Research Group, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Nóra Vili
- Conservation Genetics Research Group, Department of Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, István u. 2, 1078, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nikolett Ujhegyi
- Lendület Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Herman Ottó u. 15, 1022, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bálint Üveges
- Lendület Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Herman Ottó u. 15, 1022, Budapest, Hungary.,Molecular Ecology and Evolution at Bangor, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2UW, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Veronika Bókony
- Conservation Genetics Research Group, Department of Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, István u. 2, 1078, Budapest, Hungary.,Lendület Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Herman Ottó u. 15, 1022, Budapest, Hungary
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11
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Reid JM, Acker P. Properties of phenotypic plasticity in discrete threshold traits. Evolution 2021; 76:190-206. [PMID: 34874068 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Forms of phenotypic plasticity in key traits, and forms of selection on and genetic variation in such plasticity, fundamentally underpin phenotypic, population dynamic, and evolutionary responses to environmental variation and directional change. Accordingly, numerous theoretical and empirical studies have examined properties and consequences of plasticity, primarily considering traits that are continuously distributed on observed phenotypic scales with linear reaction norms. However, many environmentally sensitive traits are expressed as discrete alternative phenotypes and are appropriately characterized as quantitative genetic threshold traits. Here, we highlight that forms of phenotypic plasticity, genetic variation, and inheritance in plasticity, and outcomes of selection on plasticity, could differ substantially between threshold traits and continuously distributed traits (as are typically considered). We thereby highlight theoretical developments that are required to rationalize and predict phenotypic and microevolutionary dynamics involving plastic threshold traits, and outline how intrinsic properties of such traits could provide relatively straightforward explanations for apparently idiosyncratic observed patterns of phenotypic variation. We summarize how key quantitative genetic parameters underlying threshold traits can be estimated, and thereby set the scene for embedding dynamic discrete traits into theoretical and empirical understanding of the role of plasticity in driving phenotypic, population, and evolutionary responses to environmental variation and change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane M Reid
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Institutt for Biologi, NTNU, Trondheim, 7034, Norway.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Acker
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Institutt for Biologi, NTNU, Trondheim, 7034, Norway
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12
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Bókony V, Ujhegyi N, Mikó Z, Erös R, Hettyey A, Vili N, Gál Z, Hoffmann OI, Nemesházi E. Sex Reversal and Performance in Fitness-Related Traits During Early Life in Agile Frogs. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.745752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex reversal is a mismatch between genetic sex (sex chromosomes) and phenotypic sex (reproductive organs and secondary sexual traits). It can be induced in various ectothermic vertebrates by environmental perturbations, such as extreme temperatures or chemical pollution, experienced during embryonic or larval development. Theoretical studies and recent empirical evidence suggest that sex reversal may be widespread in nature and may impact individual fitness and population dynamics. So far, however, little is known about the performance of sex-reversed individuals in fitness-related traits compared to conspecifics whose phenotypic sex is concordant with their genetic sex. Using a novel molecular marker set for diagnosing genetic sex in agile frogs (Rana dalmatina), we investigated fitness-related traits in larvae and juveniles that underwent spontaneous female-to-male sex reversal in the laboratory. We found only a few differences in early life growth, development, and larval behavior between sex-reversed and sex-concordant individuals, and altogether these differences did not clearly support either higher or lower fitness prospects for sex-reversed individuals. Putting these results together with earlier findings suggesting that sex reversal triggered by heat stress may be associated with low fitness in agile frogs, we propose the hypothesis that the fitness consequences of sex reversal may depend on its etiology.
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13
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Kratochvíl L, Gamble T, Rovatsos M. Sex chromosome evolution among amniotes: is the origin of sex chromosomes non-random? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200108. [PMID: 34304592 PMCID: PMC8310715 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex chromosomes are a great example of a convergent evolution at the genomic level, having evolved dozens of times just within amniotes. An intriguing question is whether this repeated evolution was random, or whether some ancestral syntenic blocks have significantly higher chance to be co-opted for the role of sex chromosomes owing to their gene content related to gonad development. Here, we summarize current knowledge on the evolutionary history of sex determination and sex chromosomes in amniotes and evaluate the hypothesis of non-random emergence of sex chromosomes. The current data on the origin of sex chromosomes in amniotes suggest that their evolution is indeed non-random. However, this non-random pattern is not very strong, and many syntenic blocks representing putatively independently evolved sex chromosomes are unique. Still, repeatedly co-opted chromosomes are an excellent model system, as independent co-option of the same genomic region for the role of sex chromosome offers a great opportunity for testing evolutionary scenarios on the sex chromosome evolution under the explicit control for the genomic background and gene identity. Future studies should use these systems more to explore the convergent/divergent evolution of sex chromosomes. This article is part of the theme issue 'Challenging the paradigm in sex chromosome evolution: empirical and theoretical insights with a focus on vertebrates (Part II)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukáš Kratochvíl
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tony Gamble
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Bell Museum of Natural History, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
- Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Michail Rovatsos
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague, Czech Republic
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14
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Perrin N. Sex-chromosome evolution in frogs: what role for sex-antagonistic genes? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200094. [PMID: 34247502 PMCID: PMC8273499 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex-antagonistic (SA) genes are widely considered to be crucial players in the evolution of sex chromosomes, being instrumental in the arrest of recombination and degeneration of Y chromosomes, as well as important drivers of sex-chromosome turnovers. To test such claims, one needs to focus on systems at the early stages of differentiation, ideally with a high turnover rate. Here, I review recent work on two families of amphibians, Ranidae (true frogs) and Hylidae (tree frogs), to show that results gathered so far from these groups provide no support for a significant role of SA genes in the evolutionary dynamics of their sex chromosomes. The findings support instead a central role for neutral processes and deleterious mutations. This article is part of the theme issue 'Challenging the paradigm in sex chromosome evolution: empirical and theoretical insights with a focus on vertebrates (Part I)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Perrin
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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15
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Schwanz LE, Georges A. Sexual Development and the Environment: Conclusions from 40 Years of Theory. Sex Dev 2021; 15:7-22. [PMID: 34130303 DOI: 10.1159/000515221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we consider the insight that has been gained through theoretical examination of environmental sex determination (ESD) and thermolability - how theory has progressed our understanding of the ecological and evolutionary dynamics associated with ESD, the transitional pathways between different modes of sex determination, and the underlying mechanisms. Following decades of theory on the adaptive benefits of ESD, several hypotheses seem promising. These hypotheses focus on the importance of differential fitness (sex-specific effects of temperature on fitness) in generating selection for ESD, but highlight alternative ways differential fitness arises: seasonal impacts on growth, sex-specific ages of maturation, and sex-biased dispersal. ESD has the potential to generate biased sex ratios quite easily, leading to complex feedbacks between the ecology and evolution of ESD. Frequency-dependent selection on sex acts on ESD-related traits, driving local adaptation or plasticity to restore equilibrium sex ratio. However, migration and overlapping generations ("mixing") diminish local adaptation and leave each cohort/population with the potential for biased sex ratios. Incorporating mechanism into ecology and evolution models reveals similarities between different sex-determining systems. Dosage and gene regulatory network models of sexual development are beginning to shed light on how temperature sensitivity and thresholds may arise. The unavoidable temperature sensitivity in sex-determining systems inherent to these models suggests that evolutionary transitions between genotypic sex determination (GSD) and temperature-dependent sex determination, and between different forms of GSD, are simple and elegant. Theoretical models are often best-served by considering a single piece of a puzzle; however, there is much to gain from reflecting on all of the pieces together in one integrative picture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa E Schwanz
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Arthur Georges
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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16
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Valenzuela N. Podocnemis expansa Turtles Hint to a Unifying Explanation for the Evolution of Temperature-Dependent Sex Determination in Long-Lived and Short-Lived Vertebrates. Sex Dev 2021; 15:23-37. [PMID: 34004596 DOI: 10.1159/000515208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptive significance of temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) remains elusive for many long-lived reptiles. Various hypotheses proposed potential ecological drivers of TSD. The Charnov-Bull'77 model remains the most robust and explains the maintenance of TSD in short-lived vertebrates, where sex ratios correlate with seasonal temperatures within years that confer sex-specific fitness (colder springs produce females who grow larger and gain in fecundity, whereas warmer summers produce males who mature at smaller size). Yet, evidence of fitness differentials correlated with incubation temperature is scarce for long-lived taxa. Here, it is proposed that the Charnov-Bull'77 model applies similarly to long-lived taxa, but at a longer temporal scale, by revisiting ecological and genetic data from the long-lived turtle Podocnemis expansa. After ruling out multiple alternatives, it is hypothesized that warmer-drier years overproduce females and correlate with optimal resource availability in the flood plains, benefitting daughters more than sons, whereas resources are scarcer (due to reduced flowering/fruiting) during colder-rainier years that overproduce males, whose fitness is less impacted by slower growth rates. New technical advances and collaborative interdisciplinary efforts are delineated that should facilitate testing this hypothesis directly, illuminating the understanding of TSD evolution in P. expansa and other long-lived TSD reptiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Valenzuela
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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17
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High elevation increases the risk of Y chromosome loss in Alpine skink populations with sex reversal. Heredity (Edinb) 2021; 126:805-816. [PMID: 33526811 PMCID: PMC8102603 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-021-00406-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The view that has genotypic sex determination and environmental sex determination as mutually exclusive states in fishes and reptiles has been contradicted by the discovery that chromosomal sex and environmental influences can co-exist within the same species, hinting at a continuum of intermediate states. Systems where genes and the environment interact to determine sex present the opportunity for sex reversal to occur, where the phenotypic sex is the opposite of that predicted by their sex chromosome complement. The skink Bassiana duperreyi has XX/XY sex chromosomes with sex reversal of the XX genotype to a male phenotype, in laboratory experiments, and in field nests, in response to exposure to cold incubation temperatures. Here we studied the frequency of sex reversal in adult populations of B. duperreyi in response to climatic variation, using elevation as a surrogate for environmental temperatures. We demonstrate sex reversal in the wild for the first time in adults of a reptile species with XX/XY sex determination. The highest frequency of sex reversal occurred at the highest coolest elevation location, Mt Ginini (18.46%) and decreased in frequency to zero with decreasing elevation. We model the impact of this under Fisher's frequency-dependent selection to show that, at the highest elevations, populations risk the loss of the Y chromosome and a transition to temperature-dependent sex determination. This study contributes to our understanding of the risks of extinction from climate change in species subject to sex reversal by temperature, and will provide focus for future research to test on-the-ground management strategies to mitigate the effects of climate in local populations.
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18
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Einfeldt AL, Kess T, Messmer A, Duffy S, Wringe BF, Fisher J, den Heyer C, Bradbury IR, Ruzzante DE, Bentzen P. Chromosome level reference of Atlantic halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus provides insight into the evolution of sexual determination systems. Mol Ecol Resour 2021; 21:1686-1696. [PMID: 33655659 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the genetic mechanisms that control sexual determination have occurred independently across the tree of life, and with exceptional frequency in teleost fishes. To investigate the genomic changes underlying the evolution of sexual determination, we sequenced a chromosome-level genome, multitissue transcriptomes, and reduced representation population data for the Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus), which has an XY/XX sex determination mechanism and has recently diverged (0.9-3.8 Ma) from the Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis), which has a ZZ/ZW system. We used frequency and coverage-based population approaches to identify a putative sex-determining factor, GSDF. We characterized regions with elevated heterozygosity and linkage disequilibrium indicating suppression of recombination across a nascent sex chromosome. We detected testis-specific expression of GSDF, the sequence of which is highly conserved across flatfishes. Based on evidence from genome-wide association, coverage, linkage disequilibrium, testis and brain transcriptomes, and sequence conservation with other flatfishes, we propose a mechanism for the recent evolution of an XY sex-determination mechanism in Atlantic halibut. Changes to the ancestral sex-determining gene DMRT1 in regulating the downstream gene GSDF probably coincided with GSDF, or a proximal regulatory element of it, becoming the primary sex-determining factor. Our results suggest changes to a small number of elements can have drastic repercussions for the genomic substrate available to sex-specific evolutionary forces, providing insight into how certain elements repeatedly evolve to control sex across taxa. Our chromosome-level assembly, multitissue transcriptomes, and population genomic data provide a valuable resource and understanding of the evolution of sexual systems in fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tony Kess
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Dartmouth, NS, Canada
| | | | - Steven Duffy
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | | | - Jonathan Fisher
- Fisheries and Marine Institute of Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Paul Bentzen
- Biology Department, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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19
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Edmands S. Sex Ratios in a Warming World: Thermal Effects on Sex-Biased Survival, Sex Determination, and Sex Reversal. J Hered 2021; 112:155-164. [PMID: 33585893 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esab006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rising global temperatures threaten to disrupt population sex ratios, which can in turn cause mate shortages, reduce population growth and adaptive potential, and increase extinction risk, particularly when ratios are male biased. Sex ratio distortion can then have cascading effects across other species and even ecosystems. Our understanding of the problem is limited by how often studies measure temperature effects in both sexes. To address this, the current review surveyed 194 published studies of heat tolerance, finding that the majority did not even mention the sex of the individuals used, with <10% reporting results for males and females separately. Although the data are incomplete, this review assessed phylogenetic patterns of thermally induced sex ratio bias for 3 different mechanisms: sex-biased heat tolerance, temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD), and temperature-induced sex reversal. For sex-biased heat tolerance, documented examples span a large taxonomic range including arthropods, chordates, protists, and plants. Here, superior heat tolerance is more common in females than males, but the direction of tolerance appears to be phylogenetically fluid, perhaps due to the large number of contributing factors. For TSD, well-documented examples are limited to reptiles, where high temperature usually favors females, and fishes, where high temperature consistently favors males. For temperature-induced sex reversal, unambiguous cases are again limited to vertebrates, and high temperature usually favors males in fishes and amphibians, with mixed effects in reptiles. There is urgent need for further work on the full taxonomic extent of temperature-induced sex ratio distortion, including joint effects of the multiple contributing mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Edmands
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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20
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Evolutionary and demographic consequences of temperature-induced masculinization under climate warming: the effects of mate choice. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:16. [PMID: 33541263 PMCID: PMC7860201 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01747-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background One of the dangers of global climate change to wildlife is distorting sex ratios by temperature-induced sex reversals in populations where sex determination is not exclusively genetic, potentially leading to population collapse and/or sex-determination system transformation. Here we introduce a new concept on how these outcomes may be altered by mate choice if sex-chromosome-linked phenotypic traits allow females to choose between normal and sex-reversed (genetically female) males. Results We developed a theoretical model to investigate if an already existing autosomal allele encoding preference for sex-reversed males would spread and affect demographic and evolutionary processes under climate warming. We found that preference for sex-reversed males (1) more likely spread in ZW/ZZ than in XX/XY sex-determination systems, (2) in populations starting with ZW/ZZ system, it significantly hastened the transitions between different sex-determination systems and maintained more balanced adult sex ratio for longer compared to populations where all females preferred normal males; and (3) in ZW/ZZ systems with low but non-zero viability of WW individuals, a widespread preference for sex-reversed males saved the populations from early extinction. Conclusions Our results suggest that climate change may affect the evolution of mate choice, which in turn may influence the evolution of sex-determination systems, sex ratios, and thereby adaptive potential and population persistence. These findings show that preferences for sex-linked traits have special implications in species with sex reversal, highlighting the need for empirical research on the role of sex reversal in mate choice.
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21
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Kostmann A, Kratochvíl L, Rovatsos M. Poorly differentiated XX/XY sex chromosomes are widely shared across skink radiation. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20202139. [PMID: 33468012 PMCID: PMC7893288 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiated sex chromosomes are believed to be evolutionarily stable, while poorly differentiated sex chromosomes are considered to be prone to turnovers. With around 1700 currently known species forming ca 15% of reptile species diversity, skinks (family Scincidae) are a very diverse group of squamates known for their large ecological and morphological variability. Skinks generally have poorly differentiated and cytogenetically indistinguishable sex chromosomes, and their sex determination was suggested to be highly variable. Here, we determined X-linked genes in the common sandfish (Scincus scincus) and demonstrate that skinks have shared the same homologous XX/XY sex chromosomes across their wide phylogenetic spectrum for at least 85 million years, approaching the age of the highly differentiated ZZ/ZW sex chromosomes of birds and advanced snakes. Skinks thus demonstrate that even poorly differentiated sex chromosomes can be evolutionarily stable. The conservation of sex chromosomes across skinks allows us to introduce the first molecular sexing method widely applicable in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michail Rovatsos
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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22
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Dufresnes C, Brelsford A, Baier F, Perrin N. When Sex Chromosomes Recombine Only in the Heterogametic Sex: Heterochiasmy and Heterogamety in Hyla Tree Frogs. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:192-200. [PMID: 32761205 PMCID: PMC7782862 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex chromosomes are classically predicted to stop recombining in the heterogametic sex, thereby enforcing linkage between sex-determining (SD) and sex-antagonistic (SA) genes. With the same rationale, a pre-existing sex asymmetry in recombination is expected to affect the evolution of heterogamety, for example, a low rate of male recombination might favor transitions to XY systems, by generating immediate linkage between SD and SA genes. Furthermore, the accumulation of deleterious mutations on nonrecombining Y chromosomes should favor XY-to-XY transitions (which discard the decayed Y), but disfavor XY-to-ZW transitions (which fix the decayed Y as an autosome). Like many anuran amphibians, Hyla tree frogs have been shown to display drastic heterochiasmy (males only recombine at chromosome tips) and are typically XY, which seems to fit the above expectations. Instead, here we demonstrate that two species, H. sarda and H. savignyi, share a common ZW system since at least 11 Ma. Surprisingly, the typical pattern of restricted male recombination has been maintained since then, despite female heterogamety. Hence, sex chromosomes recombine freely in ZW females, not in ZZ males. This suggests that heterochiasmy does not constrain heterogamety (and vice versa), and that the role of SA genes in the evolution of sex chromosomes might have been overemphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Dufresnes
- LASER, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alan Brelsford
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA
| | - Felix Baier
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Nicolas Perrin
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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23
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Geffroy B, Wedekind C. Effects of global warming on sex ratios in fishes. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2020; 97:596-606. [PMID: 32524610 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In fishes, sex is determined by genetics, the environment or an interaction of both. Temperature is among the most important environmental factors that can affect sex determination. As a consequence, changes in temperature at critical developmental stages can induce biases in primary sex ratios in some species. However, early sex ratios can also be biased by sex-specific tolerances to environmental stresses that may, in some cases, be amplified by changes in water temperature. Sex-specific reactions to environmental stress have been observed at early larval stages before gonad formation starts. It is therefore necessary to distinguish between temperature effects on sex determination, generally acting through the stress axis or epigenetic mechanisms, and temperature effects on sex-specific mortality. Both are likely to affect sex ratios and hence population dynamics. Moreover, in cases where temperature effects on sex determination lead to genotype-phenotype mismatches, long-term effects on population dynamics are possible, for example temperature-induced masculinization potentially leading to the loss of Y chromosomes or feminization to male-biased operational sex ratios in future generations. To date, most studies under controlled conditions conclude that if temperature affects sex ratios, elevated temperatures mostly lead to a male bias. The few studies that have been performed on wild populations seem to confirm this general trend. Recent findings suggest that transgenerational plasticity could mitigate the effects of warming on sex ratios in some populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Geffroy
- MARBEC, University of Montpellier, Ifremer, IRD, CNRS, Palavas-les-Flots, France
| | - Claus Wedekind
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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24
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Cornejo-Páramo P, Lira-Noriega A, Ramírez-Suástegui C, Méndez-de-la-Cruz FR, Székely T, Urrutia AO, Cortez D. Sex determination systems in reptiles are related to ambient temperature but not to the level of climatic fluctuation. BMC Evol Biol 2020; 20:103. [PMID: 32807071 PMCID: PMC7433102 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-020-01671-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vertebrates exhibit diverse sex determination systems and reptiles stand out by having highly variable sex determinations that include temperature-dependent and genotypic sex determination (TSD and GSD, respectively). Theory predicts that populations living in either highly variable or cold climatic conditions should evolve genotypic sex determination to buffer the populations from extreme sex ratios, yet these fundamental predictions have not been tested across a wide range of taxa. Results Here, we use phylogenetic analyses of 213 reptile species representing 38 families (TSD = 101 species, GSD = 112 species) and climatic data to compare breeding environments between reptiles with GSD versus TSD. We show that GSD and TSD are confronted with the same level of climatic fluctuation during breeding seasons. However, TSD reptiles are significantly associated with warmer climates. We found a strong selection on the breeding season length that minimises exposure to cold and fluctuating climate. Phylogenetic path analyses comparing competing evolutionary hypotheses support that transitions in sex determination systems influenced the ambient temperature at which the species reproduces and nests. In turn, this interaction affects other variables such as the duration of the breeding season and life-history traits. Conclusions Taken together, our results challenge long-standing hypotheses about the association between sex determination and climate variability. We also show that ambient temperature is important during breeding seasons and it helps explain the effects of sex determination systems on the geographic distribution of extant reptile species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Cornejo-Páramo
- Center for Genomics Sciences, UNAM, CP62210, Cuernavaca, Mexico.,Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Andrés Lira-Noriega
- CONACYT Research Fellow, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología, A.C. Carretera antigua a Coatepec 351, Col. El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Ciro Ramírez-Suástegui
- Center for Genomics Sciences, UNAM, CP62210, Cuernavaca, Mexico.,Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | | | - Tamás Székely
- Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.,Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
| | - Araxi O Urrutia
- Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK. .,Institute of Ecology, UNAM, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Diego Cortez
- Center for Genomics Sciences, UNAM, CP62210, Cuernavaca, Mexico.
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25
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Restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) analysis in Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas based on observation of individual sex changes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9873. [PMID: 32555506 PMCID: PMC7303127 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The diverse modes of sexual reproduction in Bivalvia make it an excellent clade to understand the evolution of sex and sex determination. The cosmopolitan Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas is an ideal model for bivalve sex determination studies because of its complicated sexuality, including dioecy, sex change and rare hermaphroditism. A major barrier to C. gigas sex determination study has been the lack of information on the type of sex determination. To identify its sex-determining system, sex observation by following the same individual in two consecutive years was conducted on 760 oysters from distinct populations. Stable sexuality and sex reversal in both directions were observed, which provides a case against the protandry of C. gigas. Restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) based on 26 samples with unchanged and converted sexualities was carried out for identifying sex-linked marker. One SNP Cgsl-40 was proved to be sex-related, but sex-biased heterozygosity varied between populations for RAD-seq and validation, showing no evidence for sex chromosomes or single-locus models for C. gigas primary sex determination. Information obtained in our study provides novel insight into sex determination mechanism in C. gigas.
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Schwanz LE, Georges A, Holleley CE, Sarre SD. Climate change, sex reversal and lability of sex‐determining systems. J Evol Biol 2020; 33:270-281. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa E. Schwanz
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences UNSW Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Arthur Georges
- Institute for Applied Ecology University of Canberra Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Clare E. Holleley
- Australian National Wildlife Collection CSIRO National Research Collections Australia Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Stephen D. Sarre
- Institute for Applied Ecology University of Canberra Canberra ACT Australia
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Van Dyke JU, Thompson MB, Burridge CP, Castelli MA, Clulow S, Dissanayake DSB, Dong CM, Doody JS, Edwards DL, Ezaz T, Friesen CR, Gardner MG, Georges A, Higgie M, Hill PL, Holleley CE, Hoops D, Hoskin CJ, Merry DL, Riley JL, Wapstra E, While GM, Whiteley SL, Whiting MJ, Zozaya SM, Whittington CM. Australian lizards are outstanding models for reproductive biology research. AUST J ZOOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1071/zo21017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Australian lizards are a diverse group distributed across the continent and inhabiting a wide range of environments. Together, they exhibit a remarkable diversity of reproductive morphologies, physiologies, and behaviours that is broadly representative of vertebrates in general. Many reproductive traits exhibited by Australian lizards have evolved independently in multiple lizard lineages, including sociality, complex signalling and mating systems, viviparity, and temperature-dependent sex determination. Australian lizards are thus outstanding model organisms for testing hypotheses about how reproductive traits function and evolve, and they provide an important basis of comparison with other animals that exhibit similar traits. We review how research on Australian lizard reproduction has contributed to answering broader evolutionary and ecological questions that apply to animals in general. We focus on reproductive traits, processes, and strategies that are important areas of current research, including behaviours and signalling involved in courtship; mechanisms involved in mating, egg production, and sperm competition; nesting and gestation; sex determination; and finally, birth in viviparous species. We use our review to identify important questions that emerge from an understanding of this body of research when considered holistically. Finally, we identify additional research questions within each topic that Australian lizards are well suited for reproductive biologists to address.
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28
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Phillips BC, Rodrigues N, Jansen van Rensburg A, Perrin N. Phylogeography, more than elevation, accounts for sex chromosome differentiation in Swiss populations of the common frog (Rana temporaria). Evolution 2019; 74:644-654. [PMID: 31596503 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Sex chromosomes in vertebrates range from highly heteromorphic (as in most birds and mammals) to strictly homomorphic (as in many fishes, amphibians, and nonavian reptiles). Reasons for these contrasted evolutionary trajectories remain unclear, but species such as common frogs with polymorphism in the extent of sex chromosome differentiation may potentially deliver important clues. By investigating 92 common frog populations from a wide range of elevations throughout Switzerland, we show that sex chromosome differentiation strongly correlates with alleles at the candidate sex-determining gene Dmrt1. Y-specific Dmrt1 haplotypes cluster into two main haplogroups, YA and YB , with a phylogeographic signal that parallels mtDNA haplotypes: YA populations, with mostly well-differentiated sex chromosomes, occur primarily south of the main alpine ridge that bisects Switzerland, whereas YB populations, with mostly undifferentiated (proto-)sex chromosomes, occur north of this ridge. Elevation has only a marginal effect, opposing previous suggestions of a major role for climate on sex chromosome differentiation. The Y-haplotype effect might result from differences in the penetrance of alleles at the sex-determining locus (such that sex reversal and ensuing X-Y recombination are more frequent in YB populations), and/or fixation of an inversion on YA (as supported by the empirical observation that YA haplotypes might not recombine in XYA females).
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Affiliation(s)
- Barret C Phillips
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Rodrigues
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Nicolas Perrin
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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29
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Bókony V, Milne G, Pipoly I, Székely T, Liker A. Sex ratios and bimaturism differ between temperature-dependent and genetic sex-determination systems in reptiles. BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:57. [PMID: 30777013 PMCID: PMC6378719 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1386-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex-determining systems may profoundly influence the ecology, behaviour and demography of animals, yet these relationships are poorly understood. Here we investigate whether species with temperature-dependent (TSD) and genetic sex determination (GSD) differ in key demographic traits, using data from 181 species representing all major phylogenetic lineages of extant reptiles. RESULTS We show that species with TSD exhibit significantly higher within-species variance in sex ratios than GSD species in three major life stages: birth or hatching, juvenility and adulthood. In contrast, sex differences in adult mortality rates do not differ between GSD and TSD species. However, TSD species exhibit significantly greater sex differences in maturation ages than GSD species. CONCLUSION These results support the recent theoretical model that evolution of TSD is facilitated by sex-specific fitness benefits of developmental temperatures due to bimaturism. Our findings suggest that different sex-determination systems are associated with different demographic characteristics that may influence population viability and social evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Bókony
- Lendület Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Herman Ottó út 15, Budapest, 1022 Hungary
| | - Gregory Milne
- Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY UK
| | - Ivett Pipoly
- MTA-PE Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, University of Pannonia, Pf. 158, Veszprém, 8201 Hungary
| | - Tamás Székely
- Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY UK
- Department of Evolutionary Zoology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, 4032 Hungary
| | - András Liker
- MTA-PE Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, University of Pannonia, Pf. 158, Veszprém, 8201 Hungary
- Department of Limnology, University of Pannonia, Pf. 158, Veszprém, 8201 Hungary
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30
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Lambert MR, Tran T, Kilian A, Ezaz T, Skelly DK. Molecular evidence for sex reversal in wild populations of green frogs ( Rana clamitans). PeerJ 2019; 7:e6449. [PMID: 30775188 PMCID: PMC6369831 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, sex determination occurs along a continuum from strictly genotypic (GSD), where sex is entirely guided by genes, to strictly environmental (ESD), where rearing conditions, like temperature, determine phenotypic sex. Along this continuum are taxa which have combined genetic and environmental contributions to sex determination (GSD + EE), where some individuals experience environmental effects which cause them to sex reverse and develop their phenotypic sex opposite their genotypic sex. Amphibians are often assumed to be strictly GSD with sex reversal typically considered abnormal. Despite calls to understand the relative natural and anthropogenic causes of amphibian sex reversal, sex reversal has not been closely studied across populations of any wild amphibian, particularly in contrasting environmental conditions. Here, we use sex-linked molecular markers to discover sex reversal in wild populations of green frogs (Rana clamitans) inhabiting ponds in either undeveloped, forested landscapes or in suburban neighborhoods. Our work here begins to suggest that sex reversal may be common within and across green frog populations, occurring in 12 of 16 populations and with frequencies of 2–16% of individuals sampled within populations. Additionally, our results also suggest that intersex phenotypic males and sex reversal are not correlated with each other and are also not correlated with suburban land use. While sex reversal and intersex are often considered aberrant responses to human activities and associated pollution, we found no such associations here. Our data perhaps begin to suggest that, relative to what is often suggested, sex reversal may be a relatively natural process in amphibians. Future research should focus on assessing interactions between genes and the environment to understand the molecular and exogenous basis of sex determination in green frogs and in other amphibians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max R Lambert
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Tien Tran
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Tariq Ezaz
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia
| | - David K Skelly
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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31
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Bókony V, Kövér S, Nemesházi E, Liker A, Székely T. Climate-driven shifts in adult sex ratios via sex reversals: the type of sex determination matters. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 372:rstb.2016.0325. [PMID: 28760766 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex reversals whereby individuals of one genetic sex develop the phenotype of the opposite sex occur in ectothermic vertebrates with genetic sex-determination systems that are sensitive to extreme temperatures during sexual differentiation. Recent rises in global temperatures have led researchers to predict that sex reversals will become more common, resulting in the distortion of many populations' sex ratios. However, it is unclear whether susceptibility to climate-driven sex-ratio shifts depends on the type of sex determination that varies across species. First, we show here using individual-based theoretical models that XX/XY (male-heterogametic) and ZZ/ZW (female-heterogametic) sex-determination systems can respond differentially to temperature-induced sex reversals. Interestingly, the impacts of climate warming on adult sex ratio (ASR) depend on the effects of both genotypic and phenotypic sex on survival and reproduction. Second, we analyse the temporal changes of ASR in natural amphibian populations using data from the literature, and find that ASR shifted towards males in ZZ/ZW species over the past 60 years, but did not change significantly in XX/XY species. Our results highlight the fact that we need a better understanding of the interactions between genetic and environmental sex-determining mechanisms to predict the responses of ectotherms to climate change and the associated extinction risks.This article is part of the themed issue 'Adult sex ratios and reproductive decisions: a critical re-examination of sex differences in human and animal societies'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Bókony
- Lendület Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Herman Ottó út 15, 1022 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Kövér
- Department of Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Rottenbiller u. 50, 1077 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Edina Nemesházi
- Lendület Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Herman Ottó út 15, 1022 Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Rottenbiller u. 50, 1077 Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Liker
- Department of Limnology, University of Pannonia, Pf. 158, 8201 Veszprém, Hungary.,MTA-PE Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, University of Pannonia, Pf. 158, 8201 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Tamás Székely
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Milner Centre for Evolution, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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32
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Cavoto E, Neuenschwander S, Goudet J, Perrin N. Sex-antagonistic genes, XY recombination and feminized Y chromosomes. J Evol Biol 2018; 31:416-427. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Cavoto
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - S. Neuenschwander
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
- Vital-IT; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - J. Goudet
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - N. Perrin
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
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33
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Sexual antagonism and the instability of environmental sex determination. Nat Ecol Evol 2018; 2:343-351. [PMID: 29335574 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-017-0427-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The sex of an organism can be determined by its genetics or its early environment. Across the animal kingdom, genetic sex determination (GSD) is far more common than environmental sex determination (ESD). Here, we propose an explanation for this pattern: the coupling of genes that bias offspring sex ratios towards one sex with genes that are beneficial in that sex but costly in the other. Gradual strengthening of the sex-specific tendency of this association eventuates in a neo-sex chromosome; that is, GSD. Our model predicts to which system of heterogamety ESD will evolve when nesting behaviour is an important determinant of brood sex ratios. It explains the puzzling observation in some GSD species of sex reversal induced by extreme environments. The model also suggests an approach to discovering sex-determining genes in ESD species.
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34
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Wedekind C. Demographic and genetic consequences of disturbed sex determination. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:20160326. [PMID: 28760767 PMCID: PMC5540866 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During sex determination, genetic and/or environmental factors determine the cascade of processes of gonad development. Many organisms, therefore, have a developmental window in which their sex determination can be sensitive to, for example, unusual temperatures or chemical pollutants. Disturbed environments can distort population sex ratios and may even cause sex reversal in species with genetic sex determination. The resulting genotype-phenotype mismatches can have long-lasting effects on population demography and genetics. I review the theoretical and empirical work in this context and explore in a simple population model the role of the fitness vyy of chromosomally aberrant YY genotypes that are a consequence of environmentally induced feminization. Low vyy is mostly beneficial for population growth. During feminization, low vyy reduces the proportion of genetic males and hence accelerates population growth, especially at low rates of feminization and at high fitness costs of the feminization itself (i.e. when feminization would otherwise not affect population dynamics much). When sex reversal ceases, low vyy mitigates the negative effects of feminization and can even prevent population extinction. Little is known about vyy in natural populations. The available models now need to be parametrized in order to better predict the long-term consequences of disturbed sex determination.This article is part of the themed issue 'Adult sex ratios and reproductive decisions: a critical re-examination of sex differences in human and animal societies'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Wedekind
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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35
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Bateman AW, Anholt BR. Maintenance of polygenic sex determination in a fluctuating environment: an individual-based model. J Evol Biol 2017; 30:915-925. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. W. Bateman
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB Canada
- Department of Biology; University of Victoria; Victoria BC Canada
| | - B. R. Anholt
- Department of Biology; University of Victoria; Victoria BC Canada
- Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre; Bamfield BC Canada
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36
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Rovatsos M, Kratochvíl L. Molecular sexing applicable in 4000 species of lizards and snakes? From dream to real possibility. Methods Ecol Evol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michail Rovatsos
- Department of Ecology Faculty of Science Charles University in Prague Viničná 7 12844 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Kratochvíl
- Department of Ecology Faculty of Science Charles University in Prague Viničná 7 12844 Prague Czech Republic
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37
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Baroiller JF, D'Cotta H. The Reversible Sex of Gonochoristic Fish: Insights and Consequences. Sex Dev 2016; 10:242-266. [PMID: 27907925 DOI: 10.1159/000452362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish sex reversal is a means to understand sex determination and differentiation, but it is also used to control sex in aquaculture. This review discusses sex reversal in gonochoristic fish, with the coexistence of genetic and environmental influences. The different periods of fish sensitivity to sex reversal treatments are presented with the mechanisms implicated. The old players of sex differentiation are revisited with transcriptome data and loss of function studies following hormone- or temperature-induced sex reversal. We also discuss whether cortisol is the universal mediator of sex reversal in fish due to its implication in ovarian meiosis and 11KT increase. The large plasticity in fish for sex reversal is also evident in the brain, with a reversibility existing even in adulthood. Studies on epigenetics are presented, since it links the environment, gene expression, and sex reversal, notably the association of DNA methylation in sex reversal. Manipulations with exogenous factors reverse the primary sex in many fish species under controlled conditions, but several questions arise on whether this can occur under wild conditions and what is the ecological significance. Cases of sex reversal in wild fish populations are shown and their fitness and future perspectives are discussed.
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38
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Shen ZG, Wang HP, Yao H, O'Bryant P, Rapp D, Zhu KQ. Sex Determination in Bluegill Sunfish Lepomis macrochirus: Effect of Temperature on Sex Ratio of Four Geographic Strains. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2016; 230:197-208. [PMID: 27365415 DOI: 10.1086/bblv230n3p197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that temperature effects on sex ratio in fish species are ubiquitous. Temperature effects on sex ratio could be influenced by parent, strain, and population, whether in fish species with temperature-dependent sex determination or genetic sex determination plus temperature effects. In the present study, effects of genotype-temperature interactions on sex determination in bluegill sunfish were further investigated, based on our previous results, using four geographic strains: Hebron, Jones, Hocking, and Missouri. In the Hebron strain, the two higher-temperature treatment groups (24 °C and 32 °C) produced more males than the low-temperature treatment group (17 °C) from 6 days post-hatching (dph) to 90 dph. In contrast, the low-temperature treatment produced more males than the other two higher-temperature treatments in the Jones strain. No significant effects of temperature on sex ratio were detected in the other two strains. Our results from sex ratio variance in different treatment times suggest that the thermosensitive period of sex differentiation occurs prior to 40 dph. Our results further confirmed that genotype-temperature interactions influence sex determination in bluegill. Therefore, to significantly increase the proportion of males, which grow faster and larger than females, a consumer- and environment-friendly approach may be achieved through selection of temperature sensitivity in bluegill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Gang Shen
- Aquaculture Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, The Ohio State University South Centers, 1864 Shyville Road, Piketon, Ohio, 45661
| | - Han-Ping Wang
- Aquaculture Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, The Ohio State University South Centers, 1864 Shyville Road, Piketon, Ohio, 45661
| | - Hong Yao
- Aquaculture Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, The Ohio State University South Centers, 1864 Shyville Road, Piketon, Ohio, 45661
| | - Paul O'Bryant
- Aquaculture Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, The Ohio State University South Centers, 1864 Shyville Road, Piketon, Ohio, 45661
| | - Dean Rapp
- Aquaculture Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, The Ohio State University South Centers, 1864 Shyville Road, Piketon, Ohio, 45661
| | - Kun-Qian Zhu
- Aquaculture Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, The Ohio State University South Centers, 1864 Shyville Road, Piketon, Ohio, 45661
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39
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Ma WJ, Rodrigues N, Sermier R, Brelsford A, Perrin N. Dmrt1 polymorphism covaries with sex-determination patterns in Rana temporaria. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:5107-17. [PMID: 27551369 PMCID: PMC4891206 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Patterns of sex-chromosome differentiation and gonadal development have been shown to vary among populations of Rana temporaria along a latitudinal transect in Sweden. Frogs from the northern-boreal population of Ammarnäs displayed well-differentiated X and Y haplotypes, early gonadal differentiation, and a perfect match between phenotypic and genotypic sex. In contrast, no differentiated Y haplotypes could be detected in the southern population of Tvedöra, where juveniles furthermore showed delayed gonadal differentiation. Here, we show that Dmrt1, a gene that plays a key role in sex determination and sexual development across all metazoans, displays significant sex differentiation in Tvedöra, with a Y-specific haplotype distinct from Ammarnäs. The differential segment is not only much shorter in Tvedöra than in Ammarnäs, it is also less differentiated and associates with both delayed gonadal differentiation and imperfect match between phenotypic and genotypic sex. Whereas Tvedöra juveniles with a local Y haplotype tend to ultimately develop as males, those without it may nevertheless become functional XX males, but with strongly female-biased progeny. Our findings suggest that the variance in patterns of sex determination documented in common frogs might result from a genetic polymorphism within a small genomic region that contains Dmrt1. They also substantiate the view that recurrent convergences of sex determination toward a limited set of chromosome pairs may result from the co-option of small genomic regions that harbor key genes from the sex-determination pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Juan Ma
- Department of Ecology and Evolution University of Lausanne CH 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Rodrigues
- Department of Ecology and Evolution University of Lausanne CH 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Roberto Sermier
- Department of Ecology and Evolution University of Lausanne CH 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Alan Brelsford
- Department of Ecology and Evolution University of Lausanne CH 1015 Lausanne Switzerland; Present address: Department of Biology University of California at Riverside California 92521
| | - Nicolas Perrin
- Department of Ecology and Evolution University of Lausanne CH 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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40
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Rovatsos M, Vukić J, Altmanová M, Johnson Pokorná M, Moravec J, Kratochvíl L. Conservation of sex chromosomes in lacertid lizards. Mol Ecol 2016; 25:3120-6. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michail Rovatsos
- Department of Ecology; Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Viničná 7 128 44 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Jasna Vukić
- Department of Ecology; Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Viničná 7 128 44 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Marie Altmanová
- Department of Ecology; Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Viničná 7 128 44 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Martina Johnson Pokorná
- Department of Ecology; Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Viničná 7 128 44 Prague Czech Republic
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics; The Czech Academy of Sciences; Liběchov Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Moravec
- Department of Zoology; National Museum; Václavské nám. 68 115 79 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Kratochvíl
- Department of Ecology; Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Viničná 7 128 44 Prague Czech Republic
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41
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Rodrigues N, Vuille Y, Brelsford A, Merilä J, Perrin N. The genetic contribution to sex determination and number of sex chromosomes vary among populations of common frogs (Rana temporaria). Heredity (Edinb) 2016; 117:25-32. [PMID: 27071845 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2016.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The patterns of sex determination and sex differentiation have been shown to differ among geographic populations of common frogs. Notably, the association between phenotypic sex and linkage group 2 (LG2) has been found to be perfect in a northern Swedish population, but weak and variable among families in a southern one. By analyzing these populations with markers from other linkage groups, we bring two new insights: (1) the variance in phenotypic sex not accounted for by LG2 in the southern population could not be assigned to genetic factors on other linkage groups, suggesting an epigenetic component to sex determination; (2) a second linkage group (LG7) was found to co-segregate with sex and LG2 in the northern population. Given the very short timeframe since post-glacial colonization (in the order of 1000 generations) and its seemingly localized distribution, this neo-sex chromosome system might be the youngest one described so far. It does not result from a fusion, but more likely from a reciprocal translocation between the original Y chromosome (LG2) and an autosome (LG7), causing their co-segregation during male meiosis. By generating a strict linkage between several important genes from the sex-determination cascade (Dmrt1, Amh and Amhr2), this neo-sex chromosome possibly contributes to the 'differentiated sex race' syndrome (strictly genetic sex determination and early gonadal development) that characterizes this northern population.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Rodrigues
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Y Vuille
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A Brelsford
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - J Merilä
- Ecological Genetics Research Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - N Perrin
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Rodrigues N, Vuille Y, Loman J, Perrin N. Sex-chromosome differentiation and 'sex races' in the common frog (Rana temporaria). Proc Biol Sci 2016; 282:20142726. [PMID: 25833852 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.2726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex-chromosome differentiation was recently shown to vary among common frog populations in Fennoscandia, suggesting a trend of increased differentiation with latitude. By rearing families from two contrasted populations (respectively, from northern and southern Sweden), we show this disparity to stem from differences in sex-determination mechanisms rather than in XY-recombination patterns. Offspring from the northern population display equal sex ratios at metamorphosis, with phenotypic sexes that correlate strongly with paternal LG2 haplotypes (the sex chromosome); accordingly, Y haplotypes are markedly differentiated, with male-specific alleles and depressed diversity testifying to their smaller effective population size. In the southern population, by contrast, a majority of juveniles present ovaries at metamorphosis; only later in development do sex ratios return to equilibrium. Even at these later stages, phenotypic sexes correlate only mildly with paternal LG2 haplotypes; accordingly, there are no recognizable Y haplotypes. These distinct patterns of gonadal development fit the concept of 'sex races' proposed in the 1930s, with our two populations assigned to the 'differentiated' and 'semi-differentiated' races, respectively. Our results support the suggestion that 'sex races' differ in the genetic versus epigenetic components of sex determination. Analysing populations from the 'undifferentiated race' with high-density genetic maps should help to further test this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Rodrigues
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Yvan Vuille
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Jon Loman
- Rana Konsult, Sjöstorp 332, Dalby 247 94, Sweden
| | - Nicolas Perrin
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
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Schwanz LE, Cordero GA, Charnov EL, Janzen FJ. Sex-specific survival to maturity and the evolution of environmental sex determination. Evolution 2016; 70:329-41. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa E. Schwanz
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
- Research School of Biology; Australian National University; Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Gerardo A. Cordero
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology; Iowa State University; Ames Iowa 50011
| | - Eric L. Charnov
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife; Oregon State University; Corvallis Oregon 97331
| | - Fredric J. Janzen
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology; Iowa State University; Ames Iowa 50011
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Mcnair A, Lokman PM, Closs GP, Nakagawa S. ECOLOGICAL AND EVOLUTIONARY APPLICATIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SEX REVERSAL OF FISH. QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY 2015; 90:23-44. [PMID: 26434164 DOI: 10.1086/679762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Environmental sex reversal (ESR), which results in a mismatch between genotypic and phenotypic sex, is well documented in numerous fish species and may be induced by chemical exposure. Historically, research involving piscine ESR has been carried out with a view to improving profitability in aquaculture or to elucidate the processes governing sex determination and sexual differentiation. However, recent studies in evolution and ecology suggest research on ESR now has much wider applications and ramifications. We begin with an overview of ESR in fish and a brief review of the traditional applications thereof. We then discuss ESR and its potential demographic consequences in wild populations. Theory even suggests sex-reversed fish may be purposefully released to manipulate population dynamics. We suggest new research directions that may prove fruitful in understanding how ESR at the individual level translates to population-level processes. In the latter portion of the review we focus on evolutionary applications of ESR. Sex-reversal studies from the aquaculture literature provide insight in to the evolvability of determinants of sexual phenotype. Additionally, induced sex reversal can provide information about the evolution of sex chromosomes and sex-linked traits. Recently, naturally occurring ESR has been implicated as a mechanism contributing to the evolution of sex chromosomes.
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Sex Control in Fish: Approaches, Challenges and Opportunities for Aquaculture. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse3020329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Dufresnes C, Borzée A, Horn A, Stöck M, Ostini M, Sermier R, Wassef J, Litvinchuck SN, Kosch TA, Waldman B, Jang Y, Brelsford A, Perrin N. Sex-Chromosome Homomorphy in Palearctic Tree Frogs Results from Both Turnovers and X-Y Recombination. Mol Biol Evol 2015; 32:2328-37. [PMID: 25957317 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msv113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Contrasting with birds and mammals, poikilothermic vertebrates often have homomorphic sex chromosomes, possibly resulting from high rates of sex-chromosome turnovers and/or occasional X-Y recombination. Strong support for the latter mechanism was provided by four species of European tree frogs, which inherited from a common ancestor (∼ 5 Ma) the same pair of homomorphic sex chromosomes (linkage group 1, LG1), harboring the candidate sex-determining gene Dmrt1. Here, we test sex linkage of LG1 across six additional species of the Eurasian Hyla radiation with divergence times ranging from 6 to 40 Ma. LG1 turns out to be sex linked in six of nine resolved cases. Mapping the patterns of sex linkage to the Hyla phylogeny reveals several transitions in sex-determination systems within the last 10 My, including one switch in heterogamety. Phylogenetic trees of DNA sequences along LG1 are consistent with occasional X-Y recombination in all species where LG1 is sex linked. These patterns argue against one of the main potential causes for turnovers, namely the accumulation of deleterious mutations on nonrecombining chromosomes. Sibship analyses show that LG1 recombination is strongly reduced in males from most species investigated, including some in which it is autosomal. Intrinsically low male recombination might facilitate the evolution of male heterogamety, and the presence of important genes from the sex-determination cascade might predispose LG1 to become a sex chromosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Dufresnes
- Department of Ecology & Evolution, Biophore Building, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Amaël Borzée
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Population Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Agnès Horn
- Department of Ecology & Evolution, Biophore Building, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Stöck
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries-IGB, Berlin, Germany
| | - Massimo Ostini
- Department of Ecology & Evolution, Biophore Building, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Sermier
- Department of Ecology & Evolution, Biophore Building, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Wassef
- Department of Ecology & Evolution, Biophore Building, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Tiffany A Kosch
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Population Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bruce Waldman
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Population Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yikweon Jang
- Department of Life Sciences and Division of EcoScience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Alan Brelsford
- Department of Ecology & Evolution, Biophore Building, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Perrin
- Department of Ecology & Evolution, Biophore Building, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Wang C, Tang X, Xin Y, Yue F, Yan X, Liu B, An B, Wang X, Chen Q. Identification of Sex Chromosomes by Means of Comparative Genomic Hybridization in a Lizard, Eremias multiocellata. Zoolog Sci 2015; 32:151-6. [DOI: 10.2108/zs130246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cui Wang
- School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaolong Tang
- School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Ying Xin
- School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Feng Yue
- School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xuefeng Yan
- School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Bingbing Liu
- School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Bei An
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xi Wang
- School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Iungman JL, Somoza GM, Piña CI. Are Stress-Related Hormones Involved in the Temperature-Dependent Sex Determination of the Broad-Snouted Caiman? SOUTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HERPETOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.2994/sajh-d-14-00027.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Gamble T, Coryell J, Ezaz T, Lynch J, Scantlebury DP, Zarkower D. Restriction Site-Associated DNA Sequencing (RAD-seq) Reveals an Extraordinary Number of Transitions among Gecko Sex-Determining Systems. Mol Biol Evol 2015; 32:1296-309. [DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msv023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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Pokorná MJ, Kratochvíl L. What was the ancestral sex-determining mechanism in amniote vertebrates? Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2014; 91:1-12. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Johnson Pokorná
- Department of Ecology; Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague; Viničná 7 Praha 2 Czech Republic
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Rumburská 89 Liběchov Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Kratochvíl
- Department of Ecology; Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague; Viničná 7 Praha 2 Czech Republic
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