1
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Rigby LC, Hall MD, Monro K, Uesugi A. Evolution of "invasion syndrome" in invasive goldenrod is not constrained by genetic trade-offs. Evol Appl 2024; 17:e13734. [PMID: 38948541 PMCID: PMC11211922 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
A suite of plant traits is thought to make weed populations highly invasive, including vigorous growth and reproduction, superior competitive ability, and high dispersal ability. Using a breeding design and a common garden experiment, we tested whether such an "invasion syndrome" has evolved in an invasive range of Solidago altissima, and whether the evolution is likely to be genetically constrained. We found an overall shift in invasive phenotypes between native North American and invasive Japanese populations. The invasive populations were taller and produced more leaves, suggesting a superior ability to exploit limited resources. The populations also produced more allelopathic compounds that can suppress competitor growth. Finally, invasive populations produced more seeds, which are smaller and are released from a greater height, indicating a potential for superior dispersal ability than the native populations. Quantitative genetics analyses found a large amount of additive genetic variation in most focal traits across native and invasive populations, with no systematic differences in its magnitude between the ranges. Genetic covariances among three traits representing invasion strategies (leaf mass, polyacetylene concentration and seed size) were small. The R metric, which measures the effect of genetic covariances on the rate of adaptation, indicated that the covariance neither constrains nor accelerates concerted evolution of these traits. The results suggest that the invasion syndrome in S. altissima has evolved in the novel range due to ample additive genetic variation, and relatively free from genetic trade-offs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C. Rigby
- Biosciences and Food TechnologyRMIT UniversityBundooraVictoriaAustralia
| | - Matthew D. Hall
- School of Biological SciencesMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Keyne Monro
- School of Biological SciencesMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Akane Uesugi
- Biosciences and Food TechnologyRMIT UniversityBundooraVictoriaAustralia
- School of Biological SciencesMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
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2
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Opedal ØH, Hildesheim LS, Armbruster WS. Evolvability and constraint in the evolution of three-dimensional flower morphology. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2022; 109:1906-1917. [PMID: 36371715 PMCID: PMC9827957 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Flower phenotypes evolve to attract pollinators and to ensure efficient pollen transfer to and from the bodies of pollinators or, in self-compatible bisexual flowers, between anthers and stigmas. If functionally interacting traits are genetically correlated, response to selection may be subject to genetic constraints. Genetic constraints can be assessed by quantifying standing genetic variation in (multivariate) phenotypic traits and by asking how much the available variation is reduced under specific assumptions about phenotypic selection on functionally interacting and genetically correlated traits. METHODS We evaluated multivariate evolvability and potential genetic constraints underlying the evolution of the three-dimensional structure of Dalechampia blossoms. First, we used data from a greenhouse crossing design to estimate the G matrix for traits representing the relative positions of male and female sexual organs (anthers and stigmas) and used the G matrix to ask how genetic variation is distributed in multivariate space. To assess the evolutionary importance of genetic constraints, we related standing genetic variation across phenotypic space to evolutionary divergence of population and species in the same phenotypic directions. RESULTS Evolvabilities varied substantially across phenotype space, suggesting that certain traits or trait combinations may be subject to strong genetic constraint. Traits involved functionally in flower-pollinator fit and autonomous selfing exhibited considerable independent evolutionary potential, but population and species divergence tended to occur in phenotypic directions associated with greater-than-average evolvability. CONCLUSIONS These results are consistent with the hypothesis that genetic constraints can hamper joint trait evolution towards optimum flower-pollinator fit and optimum self-pollination rates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - W. Scott Armbruster
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of PortsmouthPortsmouthPO1 2DYUK
- Institute of Arctic BiologyUniversity of Alaska FairbanksFairbanksAK99775USA
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3
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Ćalić I, Groen SC, Choi JY, Joly‐Lopez Z, Hamann E, Natividad MA, Dorph K, Cabral CLU, Torres RO, Vergara GV, Henry A, Purugganan MD, Franks SJ. The influence of genetic architecture on responses to selection under drought in rice. Evol Appl 2022; 15:1670-1690. [PMID: 36330294 PMCID: PMC9624088 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurately predicting responses to selection is a major goal in biology and important for successful crop breeding in changing environments. However, evolutionary responses to selection can be constrained by such factors as genetic and cross‐environment correlations, linkage, and pleiotropy, and our understanding of the extent and impact of such constraints is still developing. Here, we conducted a field experiment to investigate potential constraints to selection for drought resistance in rice (Oryza sativa) using phenotypic selection analysis and quantitative genetics. We found that traits related to drought response were heritable, and some were under selection, including selection for earlier flowering, which could allow drought escape. However, patterns of selection generally were not opposite under wet and dry conditions, and we did not find individual or closely linked genes that influenced multiple traits, indicating a lack of evidence that antagonistic pleiotropy, linkage, or cross‐environment correlations would constrain selection for drought resistance. In most cases, genetic correlations had little influence on responses to selection, with direct and indirect selection largely congruent. The exception to this was seed mass under drought, which was predicted to evolve in the opposite direction of direct selection due to correlations. Because of this indirect effect on selection on seed mass, selection for drought resistance was not accompanied by a decrease in seed mass, and yield increased with fecundity. Furthermore, breeding lines with high fitness and yield under drought also had high fitness and yield under wet conditions, indicating that there was no evidence for a yield penalty on drought resistance. We found multiple genes in which expression influenced both water use efficiency (WUE) and days to first flowering, supporting a genetic basis for the trade‐off between drought escape and avoidance strategies. Together, these results can provide helpful guidance for understanding and managing evolutionary constraints and breeding stress‐resistant crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Ćalić
- Department of Biological Sciences Fordham University Bronx NY USA
- Institute of Botany University of Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Simon C. Groen
- Department of Nematology University of California at Riverside Riverside CA USA
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology New York University New York NY USA
| | - Jae Young Choi
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology New York University New York NY USA
| | - Zoé Joly‐Lopez
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology New York University New York NY USA
- Département de Chimie Université du Québec à Montréal Montréal Québec Canada
| | - Elena Hamann
- Department of Biological Sciences Fordham University Bronx NY USA
- Department of Genetics and Odum School of Ecology University of Georgia Athens GA USA
| | | | - Katherine Dorph
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology New York University New York NY USA
| | | | | | - Georgina V. Vergara
- International Rice Research Institute Los Baños Laguna Philippines
- Institute of Crop Science, University of the Philippines Los Baños, 4031 College Laguna Philippines
| | - Amelia Henry
- International Rice Research Institute Los Baños Laguna Philippines
| | - Michael D. Purugganan
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology New York University New York NY USA
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology NYU Abu Dhabi Research Institute New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
| | - Steven J. Franks
- Department of Biological Sciences Fordham University Bronx NY USA
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4
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Evidence for continent-wide convergent evolution and stasis throughout 150 y of a biological invasion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2107584119. [PMID: 35476511 PMCID: PMC9170017 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2107584119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive evolution can help species to persist and spread in new environments, but it is unclear how the rate and duration of adaptive evolution vary throughout species ranges and on the decadal timescales most relevant to managing biodiversity for the 21st century. Using herbarium records, we reconstruct 150 y of evolution in an invasive plant as it spread across North America. Flowering phenology evolves to adapt to local growing seasons throughout the range but stalls after about a century. This punctuated, convergent evolution recapitulates long-term dynamics in the fossil record, implicating limits to evolutionary rates that are not evident for the first century of spread. The extent to which evolution can rescue a species from extinction, or facilitate range expansion, depends critically on the rate, duration, and geographical extent of the evolutionary response to natural selection. Adaptive evolution can occur quickly, but the duration and geographical extent of contemporary evolution in natural systems remain poorly studied. This is particularly true for species with large geographical ranges and for timescales that lie between “long-term” field experiments and the fossil record. Here, we introduce the Virtual Common Garden (VCG) to investigate phenotypic evolution in natural history collections while controlling for phenotypic plasticity in response to local growing conditions. Reconstructing 150 y of evolution in Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife) as it invaded North America, we analyze phenology measurements of 3,429 herbarium records, reconstruct growing conditions from more than 12 million local temperature records, and validate predictions across three common gardens spanning 10° of latitude. We find that phenological clines have evolved repeatedly throughout the range, during the first century of evolution. Thereafter, the rate of microevolution stalls, recapitulating macroevolutionary stasis observed in the fossil record. Our study demonstrates that preserved specimens are a critical resource for investigating limits to evolution in natural populations. Our results show how natural selection and trade-offs measured in field studies predict adaptive divergence observable in herbarium specimens over 15 decades at a continental scale.
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5
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Oh KP, Shaw KL. Axes of multivariate sexual signal divergence among incipient species: Concordance with selection, genetic variation and phenotypic plasticity. J Evol Biol 2021; 35:109-123. [PMID: 34668602 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sexual signalling traits are often observed to diverge rapidly among populations, thereby playing a potentially key early role in the evolution of reproductive isolation. While often assumed to reflect divergent sexual selection among populations, patterns of sexual trait diversification might sometimes be biased along axes of standing additive genetic variation and covariation among trait components. Additionally, theory predicts that environmentally induced phenotypic variation might facilitate rapid trait evolution, suggesting that patterns of divergence between populations should mirror phenotypic plasticity within populations. Here, we evaluate the concordance between observed axes of multivariate sexual trait divergence and predicted divergence based on (1) interpopulation variation in sexual selection, (2) additive genetic variances and (3) temperature-related phenotypic plasticity in male courtship song among geographically isolated populations of the Hawaiian swordtail cricket, Laupala cerasina, which exhibit sexual isolation due acoustic signalling traits. The major axis of multivariate divergence, dmax , accounted for 76% of variation among population male song trait means and was moderately correlated with interpopulation differences in directional sexual selection based on female preferences. However, the majority of additive genetic variance was largely oriented away from the direction of divergence, suggesting that standing genetic variation may not play a dominant role in the patterning of signal divergence. In contrast, the axis of phenotypic plasticity strongly mirrored patterns of interpopulation phenotypic divergence, which is consistent with a role for temperature-related plasticity in facilitating instead of inhibiting male song evolution and sexual isolation in these incipient species. We propose potential mechanisms by which sexual selection might interact with phenotypic plasticity to facilitate the rapid acoustic diversification observed in this species and clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P Oh
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Kerry L Shaw
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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6
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McGoey BV, Stinchcombe JR. Introduced populations of ragweed show as much evolutionary potential as native populations. Evol Appl 2021; 14:1436-1449. [PMID: 34025777 PMCID: PMC8127702 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive species are a global economic and ecological problem. They also offer an opportunity to understand evolutionary processes in a colonizing context. The impacts of evolutionary factors, such as genetic variation, on the invasion process are increasingly appreciated, but there remain gaps in the empirical literature. The adaptive potential of populations can be quantified using genetic variance-covariance matrices (G), which encapsulate the heritable genetic variance in a population. Here, we use a multivariate Bayesian approach to assess the adaptive potential of invasive populations of ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia), a serious allergen and agricultural weed. We compared several aspects of genetic architecture and the structure of G matrices between three native and three introduced populations, based on phenotypic data collected in a field common garden experiment. We found moderate differences in the quantitative genetic architecture among populations, but we did not find that introduced populations suffer from a limited adaptive potential or increased genetic constraint compared with native populations. Ragweed has an annual life history, is an obligate outcrosser, and produces very large numbers of seeds and pollen grains. These characteristics, combined with the significant additive genetic variance documented here, suggest ragweed will be able to respond quickly to selection pressures in both its native and introduced ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brechann V. McGoey
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology DepartmentUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
| | - John R. Stinchcombe
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology DepartmentUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
- Koffler Scientific ReserveUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
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7
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García C, Campoy JG, Retuerto R. A test of native plant adaptation more than one century after introduction of the invasive Carpobrotus edulis to the NW Iberian Peninsula. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:69. [PMID: 33910522 PMCID: PMC8080363 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01785-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although the immediate consequences of biological invasions on ecosystems and conservation have been widely studied, the long-term effects remain unclear. Invaders can either cause the extinction of native species or become integrated in the new ecosystems, thus increasing the diversity of these ecosystems and the services that they provide. The final balance of invasions will depend on how the invaders and native plants co-evolve. For a better understanding of such co-evolution, case studies that consider the changes that occur in both invasive and native species long after the introduction of the invader are especially valuable. In this work, we studied the ecological consequences of the more than one century old invasion of NW Iberia by the African plant Carpobrotus edulis. We conducted a common garden experiment to compare the reciprocal effects of competition between Carpobrotus plants from the invaded area or from the native African range and two native Iberian plant species (Artemisia crithmifolia and Helichrysum picardii) from populations exposed or unexposed to the invader. Results Exposure of H. picardii populations to C. edulis increased their capacity to repress the growth of Carpobrotus. The repression specifically affected the Carpobrotus from the invader populations, not those from the African native area. No effects of exposition were detected in the case of A. crithmifolia. C. edulis plants from the invader populations had higher growth than plants from the species' African area of origin. Conclusions We found that adaptive responses of natives to invaders can occur in the long term, but we only found evidence for adaptive responses in one of the two species studied. This might be explained by known differences between the two species in the structure of genetic variance and gene flow between subpopulations. The overall changes observed in the invader Carpobrotus are consistent with adaptation after invasion. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12862-021-01785-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos García
- CIBUS, Campus Sur, Universidade de Santiago, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Josefina G Campoy
- Department of Functional Biology, Area of Ecology, Faculty of Biology, CRETUS Inst., Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rubén Retuerto
- Department of Functional Biology, Area of Ecology, Faculty of Biology, CRETUS Inst., Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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8
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Morris P, Lutscher F. A seasonal hybrid model for the evolution of flowering onset. J Theor Biol 2021; 523:110668. [PMID: 33823180 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2021.110668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In strongly seasonal environments, many plants tend to divide the favorable season into an earlier part, where they allocate resources to vegetative growth, and a later part, where they allocate resources to reproduction. The onset of flowering typically indicates the shift from one to the other. We derive and analyze a model for the evolution of flowering onset on the phenotypic level. Our model tracks a continuous phenotype distribution through the various seasons from year to year. We analyze a special case of a monomorphic population with the tools of adaptive dynamics. We analyze the general case by a moment approximation. We find that (the mean of) flowering onset converges to some intermediate time within the favorable season. In the monomorphic case, we prove that this is an ESS. The moment approach reveals that there are different time scales involved on which the plant density, the mean flowering onset, and its variance converge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Morris
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Frithjof Lutscher
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics and Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
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9
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Wendlandt CE, Helliwell E, Roberts M, Nguyen KT, Friesen ML, von Wettberg E, Price P, Griffitts JS, Porter SS. Decreased coevolutionary potential and increased symbiont fecundity during the biological invasion of a legume-rhizobium mutualism. Evolution 2021; 75:731-747. [PMID: 33433925 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although most invasive species engage in mutualism, we know little about how mutualism evolves as partners colonize novel environments. Selection on cooperation and standing genetic variation for mutualism traits may differ between a mutualism's invaded and native ranges, which could alter cooperation and coevolutionary dynamics. To test for such differences, we compare mutualism traits between invaded- and native-range host-symbiont genotype combinations of the weedy legume, Medicago polymorpha, and its nitrogen-fixing rhizobium symbiont, Ensifer medicae, which have coinvaded North America. We find that mutualism benefits for plants are indistinguishable between invaded- and native-range symbioses. However, rhizobia gain greater fitness from invaded-range mutualisms than from native-range mutualisms, and this enhancement of symbiont fecundity could increase the mutualism's spread by increasing symbiont availability during plant colonization. Furthermore, mutualism traits in invaded-range symbioses show lower genetic variance and a simpler partitioning of genetic variance between host and symbiont sources, compared to native-range symbioses. This suggests that biological invasion has reduced mutualists' potential to respond to coevolutionary selection. Additionally, rhizobia bearing a locus (hrrP) that can enhance symbiotic fitness have more exploitative phenotypes in invaded-range than in native-range symbioses. These findings highlight the impacts of biological invasion on the evolution of mutualistic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille E Wendlandt
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Vancouver, Washington
| | - Emily Helliwell
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Vancouver, Washington
| | - Miles Roberts
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Vancouver, Washington
| | - Kyle T Nguyen
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Vancouver, Washington
| | - Maren L Friesen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Eric von Wettberg
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Gund Institute for the Environment, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Paul Price
- Department of Biology, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, Michigan
| | - Joel S Griffitts
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Stephanie S Porter
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Vancouver, Washington
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10
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Stastny M, Russell-Mercier JL, Sargent RD. No evidence that rapid adaptation impedes biological control of an invasive plant. Evol Appl 2020; 13:2472-2483. [PMID: 33005235 PMCID: PMC7513728 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological control is a popular tool for invasive species management, but its success in nature is difficult to predict. One risk is that invasive plants, which may have adapted to lower herbivore pressure in the introduced range, could rapidly evolve defences upon re-association with their biocontrol agent(s). Previous studies have demonstrated that populations of the invasive plant purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) exposed to biocontrol exhibit traits consistent with the rapid evolution of defence. However, to date, no one has tested this hypothesis under field-natural levels of herbivory. Using seed from 17 populations of purple loosestrife growing in eastern Canada, that varied in their history of exposure to their biocontrol agent, the leaf beetle Neogalerucella spp., we transplanted 1,088 seedlings from 136 maternal families into a common garden under ambient herbivory. Over the following three and half years, we assessed plant performance in the face of biocontrol by measuring early-season plant size, defoliation, flowering, and season-end biomass. We discovered that a population history with biocontrol explained little variation in herbivory or plant performance, suggesting that adaptation is not hindering biocontrol effectiveness. Instead, plant size, subsequent defoliation, and spatio-temporal variables were the main predictors of plant growth and flowering during the study. The high individual variability we observed in plant performance underscores that flexible strategies of allocation and phenology are important contributors to the persistence of invasive plants. Our findings suggest that plant adaptation to biocontrol is unlikely to be a strong impediment to biological control in this species, however, the high survival and variable defoliation of plants in our study also indicate that biocontrol alone is unlikely to result in significant population decline. We recommend that the application of multiple forms of control simultaneously (e.g. thinning plus biocontrol) could help to prevent the existence of refuges of large, reproductive individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Stastny
- Department of Biology University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada
| | | | - R D Sargent
- Department of Biology University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada
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11
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Population Divergence along a Genetic Line of Least Resistance in the Tree Species Eucalyptus globulus. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11091095. [PMID: 32962131 PMCID: PMC7565133 DOI: 10.3390/genes11091095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary response to selection depends on the distribution of genetic variation in traits under selection within populations, as defined by the additive genetic variance-covariance matrix (G). The structure and evolutionary stability of G will thus influence the course of phenotypic evolution. However, there are few studies assessing the stability of G and its relationship with population divergence within foundation tree species. We compared the G-matrices of Mainland and Island population groups of the forest tree Eucalyptus globulus, and determined the extent to which population divergence aligned with within-population genetic (co)variation. Four key wood property traits exhibiting signals of divergent selection were studied—wood density, extractive content, and lignin content and composition. The comparison of G-matrices of the mainland and island populations indicated that the G-eigenstructure was relatively well preserved at an intra-specific level. Population divergence tended to occur along a major direction of genetic variation in G. The observed conservatism of G, the moderate evolutionary timescale, and close relationship between genetic architecture and population trajectories suggest that genetic constraints may have influenced the evolution and diversification of the E. globulus populations for the traits studied. However, alternative scenarios, including selection aligning genetic architecture and population divergence, are discussed.
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12
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Naciri Y, Linder HP. The genetics of evolutionary radiations. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:1055-1072. [PMID: 32233014 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
With the realization that much of the biological diversity on Earth has been generated by discrete evolutionary radiations, there has been a rapid increase in research into the biotic (key innovations) and abiotic (key environments) circumstances in which such radiations took place. Here we focus on the potential importance of population genetic structure and trait genetic architecture in explaining radiations. We propose a verbal model describing the stages of an evolutionary radiation: first invading a suitable adaptive zone and expanding both spatially and ecologically through this zone; secondly, diverging genetically into numerous distinct populations; and, finally, speciating. There are numerous examples of the first stage; the difficulty, however, is explaining how genetic diversification can take place from the establishment of a, presumably, genetically depauperate population in a new adaptive zone. We explore the potential roles of epigenetics and transposable elements (TEs), of neutral process such as genetic drift in combination with trait genetic architecture, of gene flow limitation through isolation by distance (IBD), isolation by ecology and isolation by colonization, the possible role of intra-specific competition, and that of admixture and hybridization in increasing the genetic diversity of the founding populations. We show that many of the predictions of this model are corroborated. Most radiations occur in complex adaptive zones, which facilitate the establishment of many small populations exposed to genetic drift and divergent selection. We also show that many radiations (especially those resulting from long-distance dispersal) were established by polyploid lineages, and that many radiating lineages have small genome sizes. However, there are several other predictions which are not (yet) possible to test: that epigenetics has played a role in radiations, that radiations occur more frequently in clades with small gene flow distances, or that the ancestors of radiations had large fundamental niches. At least some of these may be testable in the future as more genome and epigenome data become available. The implication of this model is that many radiations may be hard polytomies because the genetic divergence leading to speciation happens within a very short time, and that the divergence history may be further obscured by hybridization. Furthermore, it suggests that only lineages with the appropriate genetic architecture will be able to radiate, and that such a radiation will happen in a meta-population environment. Understanding the genetic architecture of a lineage may be an essential part of accounting for why some lineages radiate, and some do not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamama Naciri
- Plant Systematics and Biodiversity Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant biology of the University of Geneva, 1 Chemin de l'Impératrice, CH-1292, Chambésy, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - H Peter Linder
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008, Zurich, Switzerland
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13
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Temperature and Rainfall Are Separate Agents of Selection Shaping Population Differentiation in a Forest Tree. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10121145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Research highlights: We present evidence indicating that covariation of functional traits among populations of a forest tree is not due to genetic constraints, but rather selective covariance arising from local adaptation to different facets of the climate, namely rainfall and temperature. Background and Aims: Traits frequently covary among natural populations. Such covariation can be caused by pleiotropy and/or linkage disequilibrium, but also may arise when the traits are genetically independent as a direct consequence of natural selection, drift, mutation and/or gene flow. Of particular interest are cases of selective covariance, where natural selection directly generates among-population covariance in a set of genetically independent traits. We here studied the causes of population-level covariation in two key traits in the Australian tree Eucalyptus pauciflora. Materials and Methods: We studied covariation in seedling lignotuber size and vegetative juvenility using 37 populations sampled from throughout the geographic and ecological ranges of E. pauciflora on the island of Tasmania. We integrated evidence from multiple sources: (i) comparison of patterns of trait covariation within and among populations; (ii) climate-trait modelling using machine-learning algorithms; and (iii) selection analysis linking trait variation to field growth in an arid environment. Results: We showed strong covariation among populations compared with the weak genetic correlation within populations for the focal traits. Population differentiation in these genetically independent traits was correlated with different home-site climate variables (lignotuber size with temperature; vegetative juvenility with rainfall), which spatially covaried. The role of selection in shaping the population differentiation in lignotuber size was supported by its relationship with fitness measured in the field. Conclusions: Our study highlights the multi-trait nature of adaptation likely to occur as tree species respond to spatial and temporal changes in climate.
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14
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Schoen DJ, Johnson MTJ, Wright SI. The ecology, evolution, and genetics of plant reproductive systems. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:999-1004. [PMID: 31631365 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Schoen
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Marc T J Johnson
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Stephen I Wright
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
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15
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Braasch J, Barker BS, Dlugosch KM. Expansion history and environmental suitability shape effective population size in a plant invasion. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:2546-2558. [PMID: 30993767 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The margins of an expanding range are predicted to be challenging environments for adaptation. Marginal populations should often experience low effective population sizes (Ne ) where genetic drift is high due to demographic expansion and/or census population size is low due to unfavourable environmental conditions. Nevertheless, invasive species demonstrate increasing evidence of rapid evolution and potential adaptation to novel environments encountered during colonization, calling into question whether significant reductions in Ne are realized during range expansions in nature. Here we report one of the first empirical tests of the joint effects of expansion dynamics and environment on effective population size variation during invasive range expansion. We estimate contemporary values of Ne using rates of linkage disequilibrium among genome-wide markers within introduced populations of the highly invasive plant Centaurea solstitialis (yellow starthistle) in North America (California, USA), and within native Eurasian populations. As predicted, we find that Ne within the invaded range is positively correlated with both expansion history (time since founding) and habitat quality (abiotic climate). History and climate had independent additive effects with similar effect sizes, indicating an important role for both factors in this invasion. These results support theoretical expectations for the population genetics of range expansion, though whether these processes can ultimately arrest the spread of an invasive species remains an unanswered question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Braasch
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Brittany S Barker
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,Integrated Plant Protection Center and Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Katrina M Dlugosch
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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16
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Morphology and genetics of Lythrum salicaria from latitudinal gradients of the Northern Hemisphere grown in cold and hot common gardens. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0208300. [PMID: 30605466 PMCID: PMC6317810 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this project was to compare the phenotypic responses of global populations of Lythrum salicaria in cold/dry and hot/humid environments to determine if phenotypic plasticity varied between the native and invasive ranges, and secondarily if this variation was linked to genetic diversity. Common garden studies were conducted in Třeboň, Czech Republic, and Lafayette, Louisiana, USA (cold/dry vs. hot/humid garden, respectively), using populations from latitudinal gradients in Eurasia and North America. Lythrum salicaria seeds collected from the same maternal plants across these latitudinal gradients were germinated and grown in Třeboň and Lafayette. Tissue masses (above-, below-ground, inflorescence and total) of these individuals were assessed at the end of each growing season (2006–2008). Worldwide field measurements of L. salicaria height were made by volunteers from 2004–2016. Biomass and height data were analyzed using the General Linear Model framework and multivariate techniques. Molecular markers (amplified fragment length polymorphisms) of individuals used in the common garden study were analyzed using traditional genetic diversity metrics and Bayesian clustering algorithms in STRUCTURE. Reaction norms were developed from differences in maternal plant responses in Třeboň versus Lafayette. In the common garden studies, stem/leaf, root and total biomass generally were highest for individuals grown from seeds collected in the southern part of the range in the cold garden, particularly by the third year of the study. In contrast, inflorescence biomass in the cold garden was higher by the third year in individuals from mid-latitude populations. As measured by volunteers, plants were taller in Eurasia than in North America moving from north to south with the pattern switching southward of 40°N latitude. Genetic diversity was similar between native and non-native invasive populations regardless of geographical origin of the seed and was not significantly different in the GLM Select model (p > 0.05). Reaction norm slopes showed that Eurasia had larger values than North America for reaction norms for above-ground and total biomass. Plants from the seeds of mother plants from Turkey had wide variation in total biomass when grown in Třeboň versus Lafayette; this variation in response within certain populations may have contributed to the lack of population-level differences in plasticity. These results indicate no loss of genetic diversity for L. salicaria during its North American invasion, nor reduction in plastic tissue allocation responses to a varying environment, which may help explain some of its invasive qualities and which could be of adaptive value under changing future environments.
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17
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Jonas M, Navarro D. Induced mutations alter patterns of quantitative variation, phenotypic integration, and plasticity to elevated CO 2 in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2019; 132:33-47. [PMID: 30255212 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-018-1064-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A key step toward predicting responses to climate change is characterizing genetic variation in populations. While short-term responses will likely be shaped by currently available genetic variation, longer-term evolutionary responses will depend on the supply of novel variation by, ultimately, mutation. Studying mutational contributions to phenotypic variation can provide insights into the extent of potential variation on which selection may operate in future human-altered environments. Here we used the chemical mutagen ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) to explore mutational contributions to phenotypic variation, integration, and plasticity to elevated carbon dioxide (eCO2) in three accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana. We found that (1) mutagenesis increased broad-sense heritabilities and variation in plasticity to eCO2 (genotype by environment interactions); (2) mutational effects varied among the three genetic backgrounds; (3) induced mutations had non-random (biased) effects on patterns of phenotypic integration. To our knowledge, this is the first study to address the effects of chemically induced mutations on phenotypic plasticity to eCO2 in a model plant. We discuss our results in light of emerging insights from theoretical and empirical quantitative genetics, suggest potential avenues of research, and identify approaches that may help advance our understanding of climate-driven evolution in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Jonas
- Department of Biology, School of Natural and Social Sciences, State University of New York-Purchase College, 735 Anderson Hill Road, Purchase, NY, 10577, USA.
| | - Dania Navarro
- Department of Biology, School of Natural and Social Sciences, State University of New York-Purchase College, 735 Anderson Hill Road, Purchase, NY, 10577, USA
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18
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Petanidou T, Price MV, Bronstein JL, Kantsa A, Tscheulin T, Kariyat R, Krigas N, Mescher MC, De Moraes CM, Waser NM. Pollination and reproduction of an invasive plant inside and outside its ancestral range. ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Sniegula S, Golab MJ, Drobniak SM, Johansson F. The genetic variance but not the genetic covariance of life-history traits changes towards the north in a time-constrained insect. J Evol Biol 2018; 31:853-865. [PMID: 29569290 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal time constraints are usually stronger at higher than lower latitudes and can exert strong selection on life-history traits and the correlations among these traits. To predict the response of life-history traits to environmental change along a latitudinal gradient, information must be obtained about genetic variance in traits and also genetic correlation between traits, that is the genetic variance-covariance matrix, G. Here, we estimated G for key life-history traits in an obligate univoltine damselfly that faces seasonal time constraints. We exposed populations to simulated native temperatures and photoperiods and common garden environmental conditions in a laboratory set-up. Despite differences in genetic variance in these traits between populations (lower variance at northern latitudes), there was no evidence for latitude-specific covariance of the life-history traits. At simulated native conditions, all populations showed strong genetic and phenotypic correlations between traits that shaped growth and development. The variance-covariance matrix changed considerably when populations were exposed to common garden conditions compared with the simulated natural conditions, showing the importance of environmentally induced changes in multivariate genetic structure. Our results highlight the importance of estimating variance-covariance matrixes in environments that mimic selection pressures and not only trait variances or mean trait values in common garden conditions for understanding the trait evolution across populations and environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Sniegula
- Department of Ecosystem Conservation, Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Maria J Golab
- Department of Ecosystem Conservation, Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Szymon M Drobniak
- Population Ecology Group, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Frank Johansson
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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20
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Lu-Irving P, Marx HE, Dlugosch KM. Leveraging contemporary species introductions to test phylogenetic hypotheses of trait evolution. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 42:95-102. [PMID: 29754025 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant trait evolution is a topic of interest across disciplines and scales. Phylogenetic studies are powerful for generating hypotheses about the mechanisms that have shaped plant traits and their evolution. Introduced plants are a rich source of data on contemporary trait evolution. Introductions could provide especially useful tests of a variety of evolutionary hypotheses because the environments selecting on evolving traits are still present. We review phylogenetic and contemporary studies of trait evolution and identify areas of overlap and areas for further integration. Emerging tools which can promote integration include broadly focused repositories of trait data, and comparative models of trait evolution that consider both intra and interspecific variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Lu-Irving
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, PO Box 210088, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
| | - Hannah E Marx
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, PO Box 210088, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Katrina M Dlugosch
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, PO Box 210088, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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21
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Howeth JG. Native species dispersal reduces community invasibility by increasing species richness and biotic resistance. J Anim Ecol 2017; 86:1380-1393. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer G. Howeth
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Alabama Tuscaloosa AL USA
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22
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Sullivan AP, Bird DW, Perry GH. Human behaviour as a long-term ecological driver of non-human evolution. Nat Ecol Evol 2017; 1:65. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-016-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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23
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Puentes A, Granath G, Ågren J. Similarity in G matrix structure among natural populations of Arabidopsis lyrata. Evolution 2016; 70:2370-2386. [PMID: 27501272 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the stability of the G matrix in natural populations is fundamental for predicting evolutionary trajectories; yet, the extent of its spatial variation and how this impacts responses to selection remain open questions. With a nested paternal half-sib crossing design and plants grown in a field experiment, we examined differences in the genetic architecture of flowering time, floral display, and plant size among four Scandinavian populations of Arabidopsis lyrata. Using a multivariate Bayesian framework, we compared the size, shape, and orientation of G matrices and assessed their potential to facilitate or constrain trait evolution. Flowering time, floral display and rosette size varied among populations and significant additive genetic variation within populations indicated potential to evolve in response to selection. Yet, some characters, including flowering start and number of flowers, may not evolve independently because of genetic correlations. Using a multivariate framework, we found few differences in the genetic architecture of traits among populations. G matrices varied mostly in size rather than shape or orientation. Differences in multivariate responses to selection predicted from differences in G were small, suggesting overall matrix similarity and shared constraints to trait evolution among populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Puentes
- Department of Plant Ecology and Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden. .,Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Gustaf Granath
- Department of Plant Ecology and Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jon Ågren
- Department of Plant Ecology and Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
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24
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Paccard A, Van Buskirk J, Willi Y. Quantitative Genetic Architecture at Latitudinal Range Boundaries: Reduced Variation but Higher Trait Independence. Am Nat 2016; 187:667-77. [DOI: 10.1086/685643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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25
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Keller SR, Fields PD, Berardi AE, Taylor DR. Recent admixture generates heterozygosity-fitness correlations during the range expansion of an invading species. J Evol Biol 2016; 27:616-27. [PMID: 26227899 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Admixture, the mixing of historically isolated gene pools, can have immediate consequences for the genetic architecture of fitness traits. Admixture may be especially important for newly colonized populations, such as during range expansion and species invasions, by generating heterozygosity that can boost fitness through heterosis. Despite widespread evidence for admixture during species invasions, few studies have examined the demographic history leading to admixture, how admixture affects the heterozygosity and fitness of invasive genotypes, and whether such fitness effects are maintained through time. We address these questions using the invasive plant Silene vulgaris, which shows evidence of admixture in both its native Europe and in North America where it has invaded. Using multilocus genotype data in conjunction with approximate Bayesian computation analysis of demographic history, we showed that admixture during the invasion of North America was independent from and much younger than admixture in the native range of Europe. We tested for fitness consequences of admixture in each range and detected a significant positive heterozygosity-fitness correlation (HFC) in North America; in contrast, no HFC was present in Europe. The lack of HFC in Europe may reflect the longer time since admixture in the native range, dissipating associations between heterozygosity at markers and fitness loci. Our results support a key short-term role for admixture during the early stages of invasion by generating HFCs that carry populations past the threat of extinction from inbreeding and demographic stochasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Keller
- Appalachian Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Frostburg, MD, USA
| | - P D Fields
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - A E Berardi
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - D R Taylor
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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26
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Manzaneda AJ, Rey PJ, Anderson JT, Raskin E, Weiss-Lehman C, Mitchell-Olds T. Natural variation, differentiation, and genetic trade-offs of ecophysiological traits in response to water limitation in Brachypodium distachyon and its descendent allotetraploid B. hybridum (Poaceae). Evolution 2015; 69:2689-704. [PMID: 26377138 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Differences in tolerance to water stress may underlie ecological divergence of closely related ploidy lineages. However, the mechanistic basis of physiological variation governing ecogeographical cytotype segregation is not well understood. Here, using Brachypodium distachyon and its derived allotetraploid B. hybridum as model, we test the hypothesis that, for heteroploid annuals, ecological divergence of polyploids in drier environments is based on trait differentiation enabling drought escape. We demonstrate that under water limitation allotetraploids maintain higher photosynthesis and stomatal conductance and show earlier flowering than diploids, concordant with a drought-escape strategy to cope with water stress. Increased heterozygosity and greater genetic variability and plasticity of polyploids could confer a superior adaptive capability. Consistent with these predictions, we document (1) greater standing within-population genetic variation in water-use efficiency (WUE) and flowering time in allotetraploids, and (2) the existence of (nonlinear) environmental clines in physiology across allotetraploid populations. Increased gas exchange and diminished WUE occurred at the driest end of the gradient, consistent with a drought-escape strategy. Finally, we found that allotetraploids showed weaker genetic correlations than diploids congruous with the expectation of relaxed pleiotropic constraints in polyploids. Our results suggest evolutionary divergence of ecophysiological traits in each ploidy lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J Manzaneda
- Departamento Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Jaén, Paraje las Lagunillas s/n, 23071, Jaén, Spain. .,Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Department of Biology, Duke University, P.O. Box 90338, Durham, North Carolina, 27708.
| | - Pedro J Rey
- Departamento Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Jaén, Paraje las Lagunillas s/n, 23071, Jaén, Spain
| | - Jill T Anderson
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602
| | - Evan Raskin
- Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Department of Biology, Duke University, P.O. Box 90338, Durham, North Carolina, 27708
| | - Christopher Weiss-Lehman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Biofrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colarado, 80309
| | - Thomas Mitchell-Olds
- Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Department of Biology, Duke University, P.O. Box 90338, Durham, North Carolina, 27708
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27
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Bolstad GH, Hansen TF, Pélabon C, Falahati-Anbaran M, Pérez-Barrales R, Armbruster WS. Genetic constraints predict evolutionary divergence in Dalechampia blossoms. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 369:20130255. [PMID: 25002700 PMCID: PMC4084540 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
If genetic constraints are important, then rates and direction of evolution should be related to trait evolvability. Here we use recently developed measures of evolvability to test the genetic constraint hypothesis with quantitative genetic data on floral morphology from the Neotropical vine Dalechampia scandens (Euphorbiaceae). These measures were compared against rates of evolution and patterns of divergence among 24 populations in two species in the D. scandens species complex. We found clear evidence for genetic constraints, particularly among traits that were tightly phenotypically integrated. This relationship between evolvability and evolutionary divergence is puzzling, because the estimated evolvabilities seem too large to constitute real constraints. We suggest that this paradox can be explained by a combination of weak stabilizing selection around moving adaptive optima and small realized evolvabilities relative to the observed additive genetic variance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geir H Bolstad
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Thomas F Hansen
- Department of Biology, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Christophe Pélabon
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mohsen Falahati-Anbaran
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway School of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, University of Tehran, 14155-6455 Tehran, Iran
| | | | - W Scott Armbruster
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, UK Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks AK 99775, USA
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28
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Angert AL, Kimball S, Peterson M, Huxman TE, Venable DL. Phenotypic constraints and community structure: Linking trade-offs within and among species. Evolution 2014; 68:3149-65. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy L. Angert
- Departments of Botany and Zoology; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Sarah Kimball
- Center for Environmental Biology; University of California; Irvine California 92697
| | - Megan Peterson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of California; Santa Cruz California 95064
| | - Travis E. Huxman
- Center for Environmental Biology; University of California; Irvine California 92697
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of California; Irvine California 92697
| | - David L. Venable
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Arizona; Tucson Arizona 85721
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29
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Wolkovich EM, Cleland EE. Phenological niches and the future of invaded ecosystems with climate change. AOB PLANTS 2014; 6:plu013. [PMID: 24876295 PMCID: PMC4025191 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plu013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, research in invasion biology has focused increasing attention on understanding the role of phenology in shaping plant invasions. Multiple studies have found non-native species that tend to flower distinctly early or late in the growing season, advance more with warming or have shifted earlier with climate change compared with native species. This growing body of literature has focused on patterns of phenological differences, but there is a need now for mechanistic studies of how phenology contributes to invasions. To do this, however, requires understanding how phenology fits within complex functional trait relationships. Towards this goal, we review recent literature linking phenology with other functional traits, and discuss the role of phenology in mediating how plants experience disturbance and stress-via climate, herbivory and competition-across the growing season. Because climate change may alter the timing and severity of stress and disturbance in many systems, it could provide novel opportunities for invasion-depending upon the dominant climate controller of the system, the projected climate change, and the traits of native and non-native species. Based on our current understanding of plant phenological and growth strategies-especially rapid growing, early-flowering species versus later-flowering species that make slower-return investments in growth-we project optimal periods for invasions across three distinct systems under current climate change scenarios. Research on plant invasions and phenology within this predictive framework would provide a more rigorous test of what drives invader success, while at the same time testing basic plant ecological theory. Additionally, extensions could provide the basis to model how ecosystem processes may shift in the future with continued climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Wolkovich
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA Organismic & Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Elsa E Cleland
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California - San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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30
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31
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Colautti RI, Barrett SCH. Rapid adaptation to climate facilitates range expansion of an invasive plant. Science 2013; 342:364-6. [PMID: 24136968 DOI: 10.1126/science.1242121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Adaptation to climate, evolving over contemporary time scales, could facilitate rapid range expansion across environmental gradients. Here, we examine local adaptation along a climatic gradient in the North American invasive plant Lythrum salicaria. We show that the evolution of earlier flowering is adaptive at the northern invasion front where it increases fitness as much as, or more than, the effects of enemy release and the evolution of increased competitive ability. However, early flowering decreases investment in vegetative growth, which reduces fitness by a factor of 3 in southern environments where the North American invasion commenced. Our results demonstrate that local adaptation can evolve quickly during range expansion, overcoming environmental constraints on propagule production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert I Colautti
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 3B2
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32
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Kueffer C, Pyšek P, Richardson DM. Integrative invasion science: model systems, multi-site studies, focused meta-analysis and invasion syndromes. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 200:615-633. [PMID: 23879193 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Invasion science is a very active subdiscipline of ecology. However, some scientists contend that theoretical integration has been limited and that predictive power remains weak. This paper, focusing on plants, proposes a new multi-pronged research strategy that builds on recent advances in invasion science. More intensive studies on particular model organisms and ecosystems are needed to improve our understanding of the full suite of interacting factors that influence invasions ('model system research'). At the same time, comparative studies across many study systems are essential for unravelling the context-dependencies of insights that emerge from particular studies ('multi-site studies'); and quantitative synthesis based on large datasets should be constrained to well-defined theoretical domains ('focused meta-analysis'). We also suggest ways for better integration of information about species biology and ecosystem characteristics ('invasion syndromes'). We expect that a resulting theory of invasions will need to be conceived as a somewhat heterogeneous conglomerate of elements of varying generality and predictive power: laws that apply to well-specified domains, general concepts and theoretical frameworks that can guide thinking in research and management, and in-depth knowledge about the drivers of particular invasions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Kueffer
- Institute of Integrative Biology - Plant Ecology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Petr Pyšek
- Department of Invasion Ecology, Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice, CZ-252 43, Czech Republic
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, Prague, CZ-128 44, Czech Republic
| | - David M Richardson
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
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Wolkovich EM, Davies TJ, Schaefer H, Cleland EE, Cook BI, Travers SE, Willis CG, Davis CC. Temperature-dependent shifts in phenology contribute to the success of exotic species with climate change. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2013; 100:1407-21. [PMID: 23797366 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1200478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY The study of how phenology may contribute to the assembly of plant communities has a long history in ecology. Climate change has brought renewed interest in this area, with many studies examining how phenology may contribute to the success of exotic species. In particular, there is increasing evidence that exotic species occupy unique phenological niches and track climate change more closely than native species. METHODS Here, we use long-term records of species’ first flowering dates from fi ve northern hemisphere temperate sites (Chinnor, UK and in the United States, Concord, Massachusetts; Fargo, North Dakota; Konza Prairie, Kansas; and Washington,D.C.) to examine whether invaders have distinct phenologies. Using a broad phylogenetic framework, we tested for differences between exotic and native species in mean annual flowering time, phenological changes in response to temperature and precipitation,and longer-term shifts in first flowering dates during recent pronounced climate change (“flowering time shifts”). KEY RESULTS Across North American sites, exotic species have shifted flowering with climate change while native species, on average, have not. In the three mesic systems, exotic species exhibited higher tracking of interannual variation in temperature,such that flowering advances more with warming, than native species. Across the two grassland systems, however, exotic species differed from native species primarily in responses to precipitation and soil moisture, not temperature. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide cross-site support for the role of phenology and climate change in explaining species’ invasions.Further, they support recent evidence that exotic species may be important drivers of extended growing seasons observed with climate change in North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Wolkovich
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Garcia C. A simple procedure for the comparison of covariance matrices. BMC Evol Biol 2012; 12:222. [PMID: 23171139 PMCID: PMC3732089 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-12-222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Comparing the covariation patterns of populations or species is a basic step in the evolutionary analysis of quantitative traits. Here I propose a new, simple method to make this comparison in two population samples that is based on comparing the variance explained in each sample by the eigenvectors of its own covariance matrix with that explained by the covariance matrix eigenvectors of the other sample. The rationale of this procedure is that the matrix eigenvectors of two similar samples would explain similar amounts of variance in the two samples. I use computer simulation and morphological covariance matrices from the two morphs in a marine snail hybrid zone to show how the proposed procedure can be used to measure the contribution of the matrices orientation and shape to the overall differentiation. Results I show how this procedure can detect even modest differences between matrices calculated with moderately sized samples, and how it can be used as the basis for more detailed analyses of the nature of these differences. Conclusions The new procedure constitutes a useful resource for the comparison of covariance matrices. It could fill the gap between procedures resulting in a single, overall measure of differentiation, and analytical methods based on multiple model comparison not providing such a measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Garcia
- Department Xenética, CIBUS Campus Sur, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, 15782, Spain.
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Keller SR, Gilbert KJ, Fields PD, Taylor DR. Bayesian inference of a complex invasion history revealed by nuclear and chloroplast genetic diversity in the colonizing plant, Silene latifolia. Mol Ecol 2012; 21:4721-34. [PMID: 22943057 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2012.05751.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Species invading new ranges are subject to a series of demographic events that can strongly shape genetic diversity. Describing this demographic history is important for understanding where invasive species come from and how they spread, and is critical to testing hypotheses of postinvasion adaptation. Here, we analyse nuclear and chloroplast genetic diversity to study the invasion history of the widespread colonizing weed, Silene latifolia (Caryophyllaceae). Bayesian clustering and PCA revealed strong population structure in the native range of Europe, and although genotypes from multiple native sources were present in the introduced range of North America, the spatial distribution of genetic variance was dramatically reorganized. Using approximate Bayesian computation (ABC), we compared support for different invasion scenarios, including the number and size of independent introduction events and the amount of admixture occurring between sources of introduced genotypes. Our results supported independent introductions into eastern and western North America, with the latter forming a bridgehead for a secondary invasion into the Great Lakes region of central North America. Despite small estimated founder population sizes, the duration of the demographic bottleneck after the initial introduction appeared extremely short-lived. This pattern of repeated colonization and rapid expansion has effectively eroded the strong population structure and cytonuclear associations present in Europe, but has retained overall high genetic diversity since invasion. Our results highlight the flexibility of the ABC approach for constructing a narrative of the demographic history of species invasions and provide baseline for future studies of evolutionary changes in introduced S. latifolia populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Keller
- Appalachian Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, 301 Braddock Road, Frostburg, MD 21532, USA.
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Berner D. How much can the orientation of G's eigenvectors tell us about genetic constraints? Ecol Evol 2012; 2:1834-42. [PMID: 22957186 PMCID: PMC3433988 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A key goal in evolutionary quantitative genetics is to understand how evolutionary trajectories are constrained by pleiotropic coupling among multiple traits. Because studying pleiotropic constraints directly at the molecular genetic level remains very difficult, several analytical approaches attempt to draw conclusions about constraints by relating the orientation of the eigenvectors of the traits' (co)variance matrix to vectors of multivariate selection. On the basis of explicit models of genetic architecture, I here argue that the value of such approaches is greatly overestimated. The reason is that eigenvector orientation can be highly unstable and lack a biologically meaningful relationship with the underlying traits' genetic architecture. Genetic constraints are more profitably explored through experimental approaches avoiding the mathematical abstraction inherent in eigenanalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Berner
- Zoological Institute, University of Basel Vesalgasse 1, CH-4051, Basel, Switzerland
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Franks SJ, Wheeler GS, Goodnight C. Genetic variation and evolution of secondary compounds in native and introduced populations of the invasive plant Melaleuca quinquenervia. Evolution 2012; 66:1398-412. [PMID: 22519780 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01524.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We examined multivariate evolution of 20 leaf terpenoids in the invasive plant Melaleuca quinquenervia in a common garden experiment. Although most compounds, including 1,8-Cineole and Viridiflorol, were reduced in home compared with invaded range genotypes, consistent with an evolutionary decrease in defense, one compound (E-Nerolidol) was greater in invaded than home range genotypes. Nerolidol was negatively genetically correlated with Cineole and Viridiflorol, and the increase in this compound in the new range may have been driven by this negative correlation. There was positive selection on all three focal compounds, and a loss of genetic variation in introduced range genotypes. Selection skewers analysis predicted an increase in Cineole and Viridiflorol and a decrease or no change in Nerolidol, in direct contrast to the observed changes in the new range. This discrepancy could be due to differences in patterns of selection, genetic correlations, or the herbivore communities in the home versus introduced ranges. Although evolutionary changes in most compounds were consistent with the evolution of increased competitive ability hypothesis, changes in other compounds as well as selection patterns were not, indicating that it is important to understand selection and the nature of genetic correlations to predict evolutionary change in invasive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Franks
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, New York 10458, USA.
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