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Yörük E, Danışman Z, Pekmez M, Yli-Mattila T. Cumin Seed Oil Induces Oxidative Stress-Based Antifungal Activities on Fusarium graminearum. Pathogens 2024; 13:395. [PMID: 38787247 PMCID: PMC11123720 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13050395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, the antifungal activity of cumin seed oil (CSO) was tested on Fusarium graminearum. (i) Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and related concentrations (IC75, IC50, and IC25) were detected; (ii) toxicity was evaluated by a water-soluble tetrazolium salt-1 (WST-1) assay; (iii) genomic/epigenomic alterations were evaluated by the coupled restriction enzyme digestion-random amplification (CRED-RA) method; (iv) oxidative stress was investigated by CAT expression, catalase activity, and DCF-DA staining; (v) deoxynivalenol biosynthesis was evaluated by tri6 expression; (vi) and potential effects of CSO on wheat were tested by a water loss rate (WLR) assay. MIC, IC75, IC50 and IC25 values were detected at 0.5, 0.375, 0.25, and 0.125 mg mL-1. In WST-1 assays, significant decreases (p < 0.001) were detected. Genomic template stability (GTS) related to methylation differences ranged from 94.60% to 96.30%. Percentage polymorphism for HapII/MspI values were as 9.1%/15.8%. CAT (oxidative stress-related catalase) and tri6 (zinc finger motif transcription factor) gene expressions were recorded between 5.29 ± 0.74 and 0.46 ± 0.10 (p < 0.05). Increased catalase activity was detected (p < 0.05) by spectrophotometric assays. DCF-DA-stained (oxidative stressed) cells were increased in response to increased concentrations, and there were no significant changes in WLR values. It was concluded that CSO showed strong antifungal activity on F. graminearum via different physiological levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Yörük
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Istanbul Yeni Yuzyil University, Cevizlibag, Istanbul 34010, Turkey;
| | - Zeynep Danışman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Istanbul Yeni Yuzyil University, Cevizlibag, Istanbul 34010, Turkey;
- Programme of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, Institute of Graduate Studies in Sciences, Istanbul University, Suleymaniye, Istanbul 34116, Turkey;
| | - Murat Pekmez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, Istanbul University, Vezneciler, Istanbul 34134, Turkey;
| | - Tapani Yli-Mattila
- Department of Life Technologies/Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
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2
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Tran TM, Atanasova V, Tardif C, Richard-Forget F. Stilbenoids as Promising Natural Product-Based Solutions in a Race against Mycotoxigenic Fungi: A Comprehensive Review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:5075-5092. [PMID: 36951872 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to mycotoxins can pose a variety of adverse health effects to mammals. Despite dozens of mycotoxin decontamination strategies applied from pre- to postharvest stages, it is always challenging to guarantee a safe level of these natural toxic compounds in food and feedstuffs. In the context of the increased occurrence of drug-resistance strains of mycotoxin-producing fungi driven by the overuse of fungicides, the search for new natural-product-based solutions is a top priority. This review aims to shed a light on the promising potential of stilbenoids extracted from renewable agricultural wastes (e.g., grape canes and forestry byproducts) as antimycotoxin agents. Deeper insights into the mode of actions underlying the bioactivity of stilbenoid molecules against fungal pathogens, together with their roles in plant defense responses, are provided. Safety aspects of these natural compounds on humans and ecology are discussed. Perspectives on the development of stilbenoid-based formulations using encapsulation technology, which allows the bypassing of the limitations related to stilbenoids, particularly low aqueous solubility, are addressed. Optimistically, the knowledge gathered in the present review supports the use of currently underrated agricultural byproducts to produce stilbenoid-abundant extracts with a high efficiency in the mitigation of mycotoxins in food and feedstuffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trang Minh Tran
- RU 1264 Mycology and Food Safety (MycSA), INRAE, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Vessela Atanasova
- RU 1264 Mycology and Food Safety (MycSA), INRAE, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Charles Tardif
- UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, UR OENOLOGIE, EA 4577, USC 1366, ISVV, Univ. Bordeaux, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
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3
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Wang W, Liang X, Li Y, Wang P, Keller NP. Genetic Regulation of Mycotoxin Biosynthesis. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 9:jof9010021. [PMID: 36675842 PMCID: PMC9861139 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination in food poses health hazards to humans. Current methods of controlling mycotoxins still have limitations and more effective approaches are needed. During the past decades of years, variable environmental factors have been tested for their influence on mycotoxin production leading to elucidation of a complex regulatory network involved in mycotoxin biosynthesis. These regulators are putative targets for screening molecules that could inhibit mycotoxin synthesis. Here, we summarize the regulatory mechanisms of hierarchical regulators, including pathway-specific regulators, global regulators and epigenetic regulators, on the production of the most critical mycotoxins (aflatoxins, patulin, citrinin, trichothecenes and fumonisins). Future studies on regulation of mycotoxins will provide valuable knowledge for exploring novel methods to inhibit mycotoxin biosynthesis in a more efficient way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Wang
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- Institute of Food Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- Correspondence: (W.W.); (N.P.K.)
| | - Xinle Liang
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- Institute of Food Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yudong Li
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- Institute of Food Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Pinmei Wang
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Nancy P. Keller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Correspondence: (W.W.); (N.P.K.)
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4
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Bergsma S, Euverink GJW, Charalampogiannis N, Poulios E, Janssens TKS, Achinas S. Biotechnological and Medical Aspects of Lactic Acid Bacteria Used for Plant Protection: A Comprehensive Review. BIOTECH 2022; 11:biotech11030040. [PMID: 36134914 PMCID: PMC9497054 DOI: 10.3390/biotech11030040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of chemical pesticides in agriculture goes hand in hand with some crucial problems. These problems include environmental deterioration and human health complications. To eliminate the problems accompanying chemical pesticides, biological alternatives should be considered. These developments spark interest in many environmental fields, including agriculture. In this review, antifungal compounds produced by lactic acid bacteria (LABs) are considered. It summarizes the worldwide distribution of pesticides and the effect of pesticides on human health and goes into detail about LAB species, their growth, fermentation, and their antifungal compounds. Additionally, interactions between LABs with mycotoxins and plants are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Bergsma
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (S.B.); (S.A.)
| | - Gerrit Jan Willem Euverink
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Efthymios Poulios
- 4th Department of Surgery, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Rimini 1, Chaidari, 12462 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Spyridon Achinas
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (S.B.); (S.A.)
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5
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Chtioui W, Balmas V, Delogu G, Migheli Q, Oufensou S. Bioprospecting Phenols as Inhibitors of Trichothecene-Producing Fusarium: Sustainable Approaches to the Management of Wheat Pathogens. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:72. [PMID: 35202101 PMCID: PMC8875213 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium spp. are ubiquitous fungi able to cause Fusarium head blight and Fusarium foot and root rot on wheat. Among relevant pathogenic species, Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum cause significant yield and quality loss and result in contamination of the grain with mycotoxins, mainly type B trichothecenes, which are a major health concern for humans and animals. Phenolic compounds of natural origin are being increasingly explored as fungicides on those pathogens. This review summarizes recent research activities related to the antifungal and anti-mycotoxigenic activity of natural phenolic compounds against Fusarium, including studies into the mechanisms of action of major exogenous phenolic inhibitors, their structure-activity interaction, and the combined effect of these compounds with other natural products or with conventional fungicides in mycotoxin modulation. The role of high-throughput analysis tools to decipher key signaling molecules able to modulate the production of mycotoxins and the development of sustainable formulations enhancing potential inhibitors' efficacy are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiem Chtioui
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (W.C.); (V.B.); (Q.M.)
| | - Virgilio Balmas
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (W.C.); (V.B.); (Q.M.)
| | - Giovanna Delogu
- Istituto CNR di Chimica Biomolecolare, Traversa La Crucca 3, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Quirico Migheli
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (W.C.); (V.B.); (Q.M.)
- Nucleo di Ricerca sulla Desertificazione, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Safa Oufensou
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (W.C.); (V.B.); (Q.M.)
- Nucleo di Ricerca sulla Desertificazione, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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6
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Influence of H 2O 2-Induced Oxidative Stress on In Vitro Growth and Moniliformin and Fumonisins Accumulation by Fusarium proliferatum and Fusarium subglutinans. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13090653. [PMID: 34564657 PMCID: PMC8473447 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium proliferatum and Fusarium subglutinans are common pathogens of maize which are known to produce mycotoxins, including moniliformin (MON) and fumonisins (FBs). Fungal secondary metabolism and response to oxidative stress are interlaced, where hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) plays a pivotal role in the modulation of mycotoxin production. The objective of this study is to examine the effect of H2O2-induced oxidative stress on fungal growth, as well as MON and FBs production, in different isolates of these fungi. When these isolates were cultured in the presence of 1, 2, 5, and 10 mM H2O2, the fungal biomass of F. subglutinans isolates showed a strong sensitivity to increasing oxidative conditions (27–58% reduction), whereas F. proliferatum isolates were not affected or even slightly improved (45% increase). H2O2 treatment at the lower concentration of 1 mM caused an almost total disappearance of MON and a strong reduction of FBs content in the two fungal species and isolates tested. The catalase activity, surveyed due to its crucial role as an H2O2 scavenger, showed no significant changes at 1 mM H2O2 treatment, thus indicating a lack of correlation with MON and FB changes. H2O2 treatment was also able to reduce MON and FB content in certified maize material, and the same behavior was observed in the presence and absence of these fungi, highlighting a direct effect of H2O2 on the stability of these mycotoxins. Taken together, these data provide insights into the role of H2O2 which, when increased under stress conditions, could affect the vegetative response and mycotoxin production (and degradation) of these fungi.
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He Z, Zhang J, Shi D, Gao B, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Wang M. Deoxynivalenol in Fusarium graminearum: Evaluation of Cyproconazole Stereoisomers In Vitro and In Planta. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:9735-9742. [PMID: 34427095 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cyproconazole (CPZ), a representative chiral triazole fungicide, is widely used to control Fusarium head blight (FHB). In this study, the stereoselective efficiency of CPZ was investigated in vitro and in planta. Consistent results were observed between the in vitro bioassay and the in planta visual disease rating, with the control efficacy ordered RS-CPZ > RR-CPZ > SR-CPZ > SS-CPZ. Unexpectedly, the in planta deoxynivalenol level was in the order RR-CPZ > RS-CPZ > SS-CPZ > SR-CPZ, while RS-CPZ inhibited the deoxynivalenol production and ergosterol biosynthesis in Fusarium graminearum. We further investigated that the Tri genes were upregulated in Fusarium graminearum of the RS-CPZ group, and SR-CPZ preferentially degraded in wheat. An extra action mode of CPZ was inferred to stimulate the production of deoxynivalenol. These findings revealed the stereoselective efficiency of CPZ stereoisomers against FHB and provided new insights into the mechanism of action of triazole fungicides against FHB and deoxynivalenol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongzhe He
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Dongya Shi
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Beibei Gao
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk 2610, Belgium
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yanqing Zhang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Minghua Wang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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8
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Tucker JR, Legge WG, Maiti S, Hiebert CW, Simsek S, Yao Z, Xu W, Badea A, Fernando WGD. Transcriptome Alterations of an in vitro-Selected, Moderately Resistant, Two-Row Malting Barley in Response to 3ADON, 15ADON, and NIV Chemotypes of Fusarium graminearum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:701969. [PMID: 34456945 PMCID: PMC8385242 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.701969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight caused by Fusarium graminearum is a devastating disease of malting barley. Mycotoxins associated with contaminated grain can be transferred from malt to beer and pose a health risk to consumers. In western Canada, F. graminearum has undergone an adaptive shift from 15ADON constituency to dominance by virulent 3ADON-producers; likewise, NIV-producers have established in regions of southern United States. Lack of adapted resistance sources with adequate malting quality has promoted the use of alternative breeding methodologies, such as in vitro selection. We studied the low-deoxynivalenol characteristic of in vitro selected, two-row malting barley variety "Norman" by RNAseq in contrast to its parental line "CDC Kendall," when infected by 15ADON-, 3ADON-, and NIV-producing isolates of F. graminearum. The current study documents higher mycotoxin accumulation by 3ADON isolates, thereby representing increased threat to barley production. At 72-96-h post infection, significant alterations in transcription patterns were observed in both varieties with pronounced upregulation of the phenylpropanoid pathway and detoxification gene categories (UGT, GST, CyP450, and ABC), particularly in 3ADON treatment. Defense response was multitiered, where differential expression in "Norman" associated with antimicrobial peptides (thionin 2.1, defensing, non-specific lipid-transfer protein) and stress-related proteins, such as late embryogenesis abundant proteins, heat-shock, desiccation related, and a peroxidase (HvPrx5). Several gene targets identified in "Norman" would be useful for application of breeding varieties with reduced deoxynivalenol content.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R. Tucker
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Brandon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Brandon, MB, Canada
| | - William G. Legge
- Brandon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Brandon, MB, Canada
| | - Sujit Maiti
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Brandon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Brandon, MB, Canada
| | - Colin W. Hiebert
- Morden Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden, MB, Canada
| | - Senay Simsek
- Department of Plant Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Zhen Yao
- Morden Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden, MB, Canada
| | - Wayne Xu
- Morden Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden, MB, Canada
| | - Ana Badea
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Brandon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Brandon, MB, Canada
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McLaughlin JE, Darwish NI, Garcia-Sanchez J, Tyagi N, Trick HN, McCormick S, Dill-Macky R, Tumer NE. A Lipid Transfer Protein has Antifungal and Antioxidant Activity and Suppresses Fusarium Head Blight Disease and DON Accumulation in Transgenic Wheat. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:671-683. [PMID: 32896217 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-04-20-0153-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Trichothecene mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON) are virulence factors of Fusarium graminearum, which causes Fusarium head blight, one of the most important diseases of small grain cereals. We previously identified a nonspecific lipid transfer protein (nsLTP) gene, AtLTP4.4, which was overexpressed in an activation-tagged Arabidopsis line resistant to trichothecin, a type B trichothecene in the same class as DON. Here we show that overexpression of AtLTP4.4 in transgenic wheat significantly reduced F. graminearum growth in 'Bobwhite' and 'RB07' lines in the greenhouse and reduced fungal lesion size in detached leaf assays. Hydrogen peroxide accumulation was attenuated on exposure of transgenic wheat plants to DON, indicating that AtLTP4.4 may confer resistance by inhibiting oxidative stress. Field testing indicated that disease severity was significantly reduced in two transgenic 'Bobwhite' lines expressing AtLTP4.4. DON accumulation was significantly reduced in four different transgenic 'Bobwhite' lines expressing AtLTP4.4 or a wheat nsLTP, TaLTP3, which was previously shown to have antioxidant activity. Recombinant AtLTP4.4 purified from Pichia pastoris exhibited potent antifungal activity against F. graminearum. These results demonstrate that overexpression of AtLTP4.4 in transgenic wheat suppresses DON accumulation in the field. Suppression of DON-induced reactive oxygen species by AtLTP4.4 might be the mechanism by which fungal spread and mycotoxin accumulation are inhibited in transgenic wheat plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E McLaughlin
- Department of Plant Biology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - Noura I Darwish
- Department of Plant Biology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - Jeffrey Garcia-Sanchez
- Department of Plant Biology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - Neerja Tyagi
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Harold N Trick
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Susan McCormick
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Unit, USDA-ARS-NCAUR, Peoria, IL 61604
| | - Ruth Dill-Macky
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Nilgun E Tumer
- Department of Plant Biology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
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10
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Li C, Fan S, Wen Y, Tan Z, Liu C. Enantioselective Effect of Flutriafol on Growth, Deoxynivalenol Production, and TRI Gene Transcript Levels in Fusarium graminearum. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:1684-1692. [PMID: 33522237 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c06800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, deoxynivalenol (DON) has frequently been detected in wheat grains and their products. The enantioselective impact of flutriafol on the growth and DON biosynthesis of Fusarium graminearum was investigated in relation to water activity (αw, 0.97 and 0.99) and temperature (20, 25, and 30 °C) on the wheat-based medium. R-(-)-flutriafol exhibited higher bioactivity than S-(+)-flutriafol and Rac-flutriafol under the above conditions. Flutriafol enantiomers reduced or stimulated DON biosynthesis depending on αw. DON levels were negligible after 14 or 7 days of incubation times under 0.97 and 0.99 aw, respectively. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analyses showed that the expression levels of trichothecene biosynthetic (TRI) genes of F. graminearum under 0.97 aw were significantly higher than those under 0.99 aw. In addition, R-(-)-flutriafol can induce more TRI gene expression than S-(+)-flutriafol. Taken together, this study indicated that aw and temperature play important roles in regulating DON biosynthesis in F. graminearum with flutriafol enantiomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaofeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Agriculture & Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road 483, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510642, China
| | - Shuai Fan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Agriculture & Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road 483, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510642, China
| | - Yan Wen
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Agriculture & Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road 483, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510642, China
| | - Zhenchao Tan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Agriculture & Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road 483, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510642, China
| | - Chenglan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Agriculture & Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road 483, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510642, China
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11
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Szabó Z, Pákozdi K, Murvai K, Kecskeméti Á, Oláh V, Logrieco AF, Madar A, Dienes B, Csernoch L, Emri T, Hornok L, Pócsi I, Leiter É. FvmnSOD is involved in oxidative stress defence, mitochondrial stability and apoptosis prevention in Fusarium verticillioides. J Basic Microbiol 2020; 60:994-1003. [PMID: 33226136 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202000560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Superoxide dismutases are key enzymes in elimination of the superoxide anion radical (O2 •- ) generated intracellularly or by exogenous oxidative stress eliciting agents, like menadione. In this study, we investigated the physiological role of the manganese superoxide dismutase-encoding gene in Fusarium verticillioides via the construction of a gene deletion mutant, ΔFvmnSOD and comparing its phenotype with that of the wild-type parental strain and a ΔFvmnSOD' C strain, complemented with the functional manganese superoxide dismutase gene. Deletion of FvmnSOD had no effect on the relative intracellular superoxide ratio but increased the sensitivity of the fungus to menadione sodium bisulphite on Czapek-Dox stress agar plates. The lack of FvmnSOD caused changes in mitochondrial morphology and physiology: The volumetric ratio of these cell organelles in the second hyphal segment, as well as the total, the KCN-sensitive cytochrome c-dependent and the KCN+SHAM (salicylhidroxamic acid)-resistant residual respiration rates, were higher in the mutant as compared to the wild-type and the complemented strains. Nevertheless, changes in the respiration rates were attributable to the higher volumetric ratio of mitochondria found in the gene deletion mutant. Changes in the mitochondrial functions also brought about higher sensitivity to apoptotic cell death elicited by the Penicillium chrysogenum antifungal protein. The gene deletion mutant developed significantly thinner hyphae in comparison to the wild-type strain. Deletion of FvmnSOD had no effect on fumonisin B1 and B2 production of the fungus grown in Myro medium as a static culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsa Szabó
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Biological Sciences, Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Klaudia Pákozdi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Katalin Murvai
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ádám Kecskeméti
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Viktor Oláh
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Antonio F Logrieco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Council of Research (CNR-ISPA), Bari, Italy
| | - Anett Madar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Beatrix Dienes
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Csernoch
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Emri
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Hornok
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - István Pócsi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Éva Leiter
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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12
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Duan Y, Lu F, Zhou Z, Zhao H, Zhang J, Mao Y, Li M, Wang J, Zhou M. Quinone outside inhibitors affect DON biosynthesis, mitochondrial structure and toxisome formation in Fusarium graminearum. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 398:122908. [PMID: 32512449 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Quinone outside inhibitors (QoIs) are currently extensively used agricultural fungicides. However, the application of QoIs in controlling Fusarium graminearum was rarely reported. No information is available on pharmacological characteristics of QoIs against F. graminearum, as well as their effects on DON biosynthesis. Here, we found that six QoIs exhibited an excellent fungicidal activity against F. graminearum based on mycelial growth and spore germination. ATP production assay further confirmed that QoIs decreased ATP production via inhibiting mitochondrial respiration, which contributes their fungicidal activity. Unfortunately, QoIs can stimulate DON production and up-regulate the expression of Tri5 and Tri6 genes. Additionally, acetyl-CoA, the basic precursor of DON biosynthesis, significantly increased as affected by QoIs, furtherly indicating that QoIs indeed enhance DON biosynthesis. We also found that QoIs can accelerate the formation of toxisomes and enhance the fluorescence signals of Tri-GFP labeled toxisomes, which may be due to the effect of QoIs on toxisome-related endoplasmic reticulum-remodeling. In addition, QoIs could disrupt the homeostasis of mitochondrial dynamics, resulting in the fragmented mitochondria. Finally, the simulated inoculation assay with wheat grains further verified that QoIs can stimulate DON production relative to wheat grain weight, especially relative to mycelial biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabing Duan
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fei Lu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zehua Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Huahua Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yushuai Mao
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Meixia Li
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jianxin Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mingguo Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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13
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Teli B, Purohit J, Rashid MM, Jailani AAK, Chattopadhyay A. Omics Insight on Fusarium Head Blight of Wheat for Translational Research Perspective. Curr Genomics 2020; 21:411-428. [PMID: 33093804 PMCID: PMC7536796 DOI: 10.2174/1389202921999200620222631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In the scenario of global warming and climate change, an outbreak of new pests and pathogens has become a serious concern owing to the rapid emergence of arms races, their epidemic infection, and the ability to break down host resistance, etc. Fusarium head blight (FHB) is one such evidence that depredates major cereals throughout the world. The symptomatological perplexity and aetiological complexity make this disease very severe, engendering significant losses in the yield. Apart from qualitative and quantitative losses, mycotoxin production solemnly deteriorates the grain quality in addition to life endangerment of humans and animals after consumption of toxified grains above the permissible limit. To minimize this risk, we must be very strategic in designing sustainable management practices constituting cultural, biological, chemical, and host resistance approaches. Even though genetic resistance is the most effective and environmentally safe strategy, a huge genetic variation and unstable resistance response limit the holistic deployment of resistance genes in FHB management. Thus, the focus must shift towards the editing of susceptible (S) host proteins that are soft targets of newly evolving effector molecules, which ultimately could be exploited to repress the disease development process. Hence, we must understand the pathological, biochemical, and molecular insight of disease development in a nutshell. In the present time, the availability of functional genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics information on host-pathogen interaction in FHB have constructed various networks which helped in understanding the pathogenesis and coherent host response(s). So now translation of this information for designing of host defense in the form of desirable resistant variety/genotype is the next step. The insights collected and presented in this review will be aiding in the understanding of the disease and apprise a solution to the multi-faceted problems which are related to FHB resistance in wheat and other cereals to ensure global food safety and food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basavaraj Teli
- 1Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; 2Department of Plant Pathology, C.P. College of Agriculture, S.D. Agricultural University, S.K. Nagar, India; 3Plant RNAi Biology Group, I.C.G.E.B., New Delhi, India; 4Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Jyotika Purohit
- 1Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; 2Department of Plant Pathology, C.P. College of Agriculture, S.D. Agricultural University, S.K. Nagar, India; 3Plant RNAi Biology Group, I.C.G.E.B., New Delhi, India; 4Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Md Mahtab Rashid
- 1Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; 2Department of Plant Pathology, C.P. College of Agriculture, S.D. Agricultural University, S.K. Nagar, India; 3Plant RNAi Biology Group, I.C.G.E.B., New Delhi, India; 4Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - A Abdul Kader Jailani
- 1Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; 2Department of Plant Pathology, C.P. College of Agriculture, S.D. Agricultural University, S.K. Nagar, India; 3Plant RNAi Biology Group, I.C.G.E.B., New Delhi, India; 4Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Anirudha Chattopadhyay
- 1Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; 2Department of Plant Pathology, C.P. College of Agriculture, S.D. Agricultural University, S.K. Nagar, India; 3Plant RNAi Biology Group, I.C.G.E.B., New Delhi, India; 4Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
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14
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Lewis RW, Okubara PA, Fuerst EP, He R, Gang D, Sullivan TS. Chronic Sublethal Aluminum Exposure and Avena fatua Caryopsis Colonization Influence Gene Expression of Fusarium avenaceum F.a.1. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:51. [PMID: 32117103 PMCID: PMC7010643 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium avenaceum F.a.1 is a novel strain of a fungal plant pathogen capable of preferentially decaying wild oat (Avena fatua) caryopses compared with those of wheat (Triticum aestivum). Understanding the molecular mechanisms governing weed seed-pathogen interactions is crucial to developing novel weed seed suppression technologies. Additionally, wild oat often competes with wheat in regions undergoing soil acidification, which leads to increases in soluble concentrations of many metals, including aluminum (Al). There is a dearth of information regarding the gene expression responses of Fusarium species to Al toxicity, or how metal toxicity might influence caryopsis colonization. To address this, a transcriptomic approach was used to investigate molecular responses of F.a.1 during wild oat caryopsis colonization in the presence and absence of chronic, sublethal concentrations of Al (400 μM). Caryopsis colonization was associated with induction of genes related to virulence, development, iron metabolism, oxidoreduction, stress, and detoxification, along with repression of genes associated with development, transport, cell-wall turnover, and virulence. Caryopsis colonization during Al exposure resulted in the induction of genes associated with virulence, detoxification, stress, iron metabolism, oxidoreduction, and cell wall turnover, along with repression of genes associated with cell wall metabolism, virulence, development, detoxification, stress, and transcriptional regulation. Aluminum exposure in the absence of caryopses was associated with induction of genes involved in siderophore biosynthesis, secretion, uptake, and utilization, along with several other iron metabolism-related and organic acid metabolism-related genes. The siderophore-related responses associated with Al toxicity occurred concurrently with differential regulation of genes indicating disruption of iron homeostasis. These findings suggest Al toxicity is attenuated by siderophore metabolism in F.a.1. In summary, both caryopsis colonization and Al toxicity uniquely influence transcriptomic responses of F.a.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricky W Lewis
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Patricia A Okubara
- Wheat Health, Genetics, and Quality, USDA-ARS, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - E Patrick Fuerst
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Ruifeng He
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - David Gang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Tarah S Sullivan
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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15
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Tralamazza SM, Rocha LO, Oggenfuss U, Corrêa B, Croll D. Complex Evolutionary Origins of Specialized Metabolite Gene Cluster Diversity among the Plant Pathogenic Fungi of the Fusarium graminearum Species Complex. Genome Biol Evol 2019; 11:3106-3122. [PMID: 31609418 PMCID: PMC6836718 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evz225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal genomes encode highly organized gene clusters that underlie the production of specialized (or secondary) metabolites. Gene clusters encode key functions to exploit plant hosts or environmental niches. Promiscuous exchange among species and frequent reconfigurations make gene clusters some of the most dynamic elements of fungal genomes. Despite evidence for high diversity in gene cluster content among closely related strains, the microevolutionary processes driving gene cluster gain, loss, and neofunctionalization are largely unknown. We analyzed the Fusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC) composed of plant pathogens producing potent mycotoxins and causing Fusarium head blight on cereals. We de novo assembled genomes of previously uncharacterized FGSC members (two strains of F. austroamericanum, F. cortaderiae, and F. meridionale). Our analyses of 8 species of the FGSC in addition to 15 other Fusarium species identified a pangenome of 54 gene clusters within FGSC. We found that multiple independent losses were a key factor generating extant cluster diversity within the FGSC and the Fusarium genus. We identified a modular gene cluster conserved among distantly related fungi, which was likely reconfigured to encode different functions. We also found strong evidence that a rare cluster in FGSC was gained through an ancient horizontal transfer between bacteria and fungi. Chromosomal rearrangements underlying cluster loss were often complex and were likely facilitated by an enrichment in specific transposable elements. Our findings identify important transitory stages in the birth and death process of specialized metabolism gene clusters among very closely related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Moser Tralamazza
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Liliana Oliveira Rocha
- Food Engineering Faculty, Department of Food Science, University of Campinas, Av. Monteiro Lobato, Brazil
| | - Ursula Oggenfuss
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Benedito Corrêa
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Croll
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchatel, Switzerland
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16
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Villafana RT, Ramdass AC, Rampersad SN. Selection of Fusarium Trichothecene Toxin Genes for Molecular Detection Depends on TRI Gene Cluster Organization and Gene Function. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E36. [PMID: 30646506 PMCID: PMC6357111 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Food security is a global concern. Fusarium are among the most economically important fungal pathogens because they are ubiquitous, disease management remains a challenge, they produce mycotoxins that affect food and feed safety, and trichothecene mycotoxin production can increase the pathogenicity of some Fusarium species depending on the host species. Although trichothecenes may differ in structure by their patterns of hydroxylation or acetylation, these small changes have a significant impact on toxicity and the biological activity of these compounds. Therefore, detecting and identifying which chemotype is present in a given population are important to predicting the specific toxins that may be produced and, therefore, to evaluating the risk of exposure. Due to the challenges of inducing trichothecene production by Fusarium isolates in vitro for subsequent chemical analysis, PCR assays using gene-specific primers, either singly or in combination, designed against specific genes of the trichothecene gene cluster of multiple species of Fusarium have been developed. The establishment of TRI genotypes that potentially correspond to a specific chemotype requires examination of an information and knowledge pipeline whose critical aspects in sequential order are: (i) understanding the TRI gene cluster organization which differs according to Fusarium species under study; (ii) knowledge of the re-arrangements to the core TRI gene cluster over evolutionary time, which also differs according to Fusarium species; (iii) the functions of the TRI genes in the biosynthesis of trichothecene analogs; and (iv) based on (i)⁻(iii), selection of appropriate target TRI gene(s) for primer design in PCR amplification for the Fusarium species under study. This review, therefore, explains this pipeline and its connection to utilizing TRI genotypes as a possible proxy to chemotype designation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria T Villafana
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago.
| | - Amanda C Ramdass
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago.
| | - Sephra N Rampersad
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago.
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17
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Investigation of Camphor Effects on Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum at Different Molecular Levels. Pathogens 2018; 7:pathogens7040090. [PMID: 30469464 PMCID: PMC6313782 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7040090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum are phytopathogens, which cause destructive diseases in cereals. Epidemics of these phytopathogens are caused by mycotoxin contamination and the reduction of crop quality. In this study, the alteration due to in vitro camphor treatment on F. culmorum 9F and F. graminearum H11 isolates was investigated in terms of epigenetic, cellular, and transcription levels. Camphor with different concentrations (0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1, 2, and 4 µg/µL) was applied to potato dextrose agar (PDA) growth media. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) were calculated as 2 and 1 µg/µL, respectively. hog1, mst20, CAT, POD, mgv1, stuA, and tri5 genes, which are related to various cellular processes and pathogenesis, were examined by qPCR assay. qPCR analysis showed that camphor treatment leads to the downregulation of tri5 expression but the upregulation of the remaining genes. Apoptosis and oxidative stress were confirmed via acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) and dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCF-DA) staining, respectively. Moreover, coupled restriction enzyme digestion-random amplification (CRED-RA) assay, used for DNA methylation analysis, was carried out to evaluate epigenetic alterations. The decrease in genomic template stability (GTS) values, which resulted due to the alterations in random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) profiles caused by camphor treatment, were detected as 97.60% in F. culmorum 9F and 66.27% in F. graminearum H-11. The outer and inner methylated cytosine profiles are determined by CRED-RA assay as type I–IV epigenetic alterations. The outcomes indicated that camphor could lead to alterations at several molecular levels of F. graminearum and F. culmorum.
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18
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Duan Y, Xiao X, Li T, Chen W, Wang J, Fraaije BA, Zhou M. Impact of epoxiconazole on Fusarium head blight control, grain yield and deoxynivalenol accumulation in wheat. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 152:138-147. [PMID: 30497704 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a destructive disease of small grain cereals with Fusarium graminearum as one of the most important causal agents. FHB not only can reduce yield and quality of grains, but also lead to accumulation of mycotoxins in grain, thereby threatening human and animal health. In this study, we observed that epoxiconazole exhibits strong inhibitory effects on both carbendazim-resistant and phenamacril-resistant isolates using mycelial growth inhibition assays. The artificially inoculated field trials further showed that epoxiconazole increased the control efficacy of FHB by being able to control carbendazim-resistant and phenamacril-resistant isolates. Epoxiconazole triggered DON production and Tri5 expression in vitro. However, in addition to increased FHB control efficacy and grain yield, decreased DON levels were measured in field trials after epoxiconazole applications. FHB control, grain yields and DON levels were significantly correlated with each other, suggesting that the visual disease rating can be used as an indicator of grain yields and mycotoxin contamination. Meanwhile, the frequency of carbendazim-resistant alleles in F. graminearum populations was dramatically reduced after epoxiconazole applications. In addition, epoxiconazole seed treatments had no effect on seed germination but phytotoxicity was apparent through growth inhibition of wheat seedlings. Overall, these findings of this study provide useful information for wheat protection programs against toxigenic fungi responsible for FHB and the consequent mycotoxin accumulation in grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabing Duan
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing 210095, China; Biointeractions & Crop Protection Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Xuemei Xiao
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Tao Li
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Weiwei Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jianxin Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Bart A Fraaije
- Biointeractions & Crop Protection Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Mingguo Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing 210095, China.
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19
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Shiobara T, Nakajima Y, Maeda K, Akasaka M, Kitou Y, Kanamaru K, Ohsato S, Kobayashi T, Nishiuchi T, Kimura M. Identification of amino acids negatively affecting Fusarium trichothecene biosynthesis. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2018; 112:471-478. [PMID: 30267234 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-018-1172-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen sources in media have a significant impact on the onset of secondary metabolism in fungi. For transcriptional activation of many nitrogen catabolic genes, an AreA transcription factor is indispensable. This also holds true for Fusarium graminearum that produces trichothecenes, an important group of mycotoxin, in axenic culture. Despite the presence of numerous consensus AreA-binding sites in the promoters of Tri genes in the trichothecene cluster core region, the effect of medium amino acids on trichothecene biosynthesis is poorly understood. In this study, we examined the effect of certain amino acids, which were predicted to activate AreA function and increase Tri gene transcription, on trichothecene production in liquid culture. By frequent monitoring and adjustments in the pH of the culture medium, including replacement of the spent medium with fresh medium, we demonstrate the suppressive effects of the amino acids, used as the sole nitrogen source, on trichothecene biosynthesis. When the medium pH was maintained at 4.0, Gly, L-Ser, and L-Thr suppressed trichothecene production by F. graminearum. Enhanced trichothecene-inducing effects were observed when the medium pH was 3.5, with only L-Thr suppressing trichothecene synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Shiobara
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yuichi Nakajima
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Maeda
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Manami Akasaka
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kitou
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kyoko Kanamaru
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Shuichi Ohsato
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takumi Nishiuchi
- Advanced Science Research Centre, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-0934, Japan
| | - Makoto Kimura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan.
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20
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Giancaspro A, Lionetti V, Giove SL, Zito D, Fabri E, Reem N, Zabotina OA, De Angelis E, Monaci L, Bellincampi D, Gadaleta A. Cell wall features transferred from common into durum wheat to improve Fusarium Head Blight resistance. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 274:121-128. [PMID: 30080595 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Durum wheat is naturally more susceptible to Fusarium graminerum infection in comparison to common wheat. The improvement of durum wheat resistance against F. graminearum is a challenge due to the lack of resistance sources in its gene pool. FHB-resistance factors were introduced in durum wheat by generating recombinant inbred lines (RILs), obtained by crossing the hexaploid resistant accession 02-5B-318 with the susceptible durum wheat cv. Saragolla. In this work we explored the possible contribution of cell wall (CW) in RILs with improved FHB resistance. We thoroughly studied CW components, mycotoxins content and the expression of related genes in different RILs selected for their extremely high and low resistance to FHB. Differences were found in resistant and susceptible lines in the degree of pectin methylesterification and in deoxynivalenol (DON) accumulation after fungal infection. Genes involved in biochemical modification of CW structure (WheatPme-1, Glu-1) and mycotoxins accumulation (ns-LTP-1) were analyzed as putative candidates for FHB resistance. Our results indicate that durum wheat plants with cell wall structure and gene response acquired from common wheat displayed an increased resistance to FHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Giancaspro
- Department of Environmental and Territorial Sciences (DiSAAT), University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Lionetti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania L Giove
- Department of Environmental and Territorial Sciences (DiSAAT), University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Daniela Zito
- Department of Environmental and Territorial Sciences (DiSAAT), University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Eleonora Fabri
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Nathan Reem
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Olga A Zabotina
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Elisabetta De Angelis
- ISPA-CNR, Institute of Food Sciences-Italian National Research Council, Via Amendola, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Linda Monaci
- ISPA-CNR, Institute of Food Sciences-Italian National Research Council, Via Amendola, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Daniela Bellincampi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Agata Gadaleta
- Department of Environmental and Territorial Sciences (DiSAAT), University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy.
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Hellin P, Scauflaire J, Van Hese V, Munaut F, Legrève A. Sensitivity of Fusarium culmorum to triazoles: impact of trichothecene chemotypes, oxidative stress response and genetic diversity. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2017; 73:1244-1252. [PMID: 27696645 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fusarium culmorum is a fungal pathogen occurring worldwide on various weeds and important crops. Triazoles have been shown to be the most effective fungicide for managing Fusarium spp., but little is known about their specific activity on F. culmorum. RESULTS The sensitivity of 107 F. culmorum strains to triazoles was assessed using microtitre plate assays. The EC50 values ranged from 0.14 to 1.53 mg L-1 for tebuconazole and from 0.25 to 2.47 mg L-1 for epoxiconazole. Cross-resistance to both azoles was found (r = 0.61). F. culmorum appeared to be significantly more sensitive than F. graminearum or F. cerealis. No increase in the mean EC50 was observed over time, which might be related to an unfavourable fitness cost, measured here as fungal growth. On average, nivalenol-producing strains of F. culmorum were significantly more resistant than deoxynivalenol-producing strains. The relationship between resistance and chemotype-dependent adaptation to oxidative stress was investigated, but remained unclear. No link between inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) genetic diversity and triazole resistance could be established. CONCLUSION Fungicide use might not be a driving force in the evolution of F. culmorum, and the benefit of a resistance trait probably does not outweigh its costs. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Hellin
- Université Catholique de Louvain - Earth and Life Institute, Applied Microbiology, Phytopathology, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Scauflaire
- Université Catholique de Louvain - Earth and Life Institute, Applied Microbiology, Phytopathology, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Viviane Van Hese
- Université Catholique de Louvain - Earth and Life Institute, Applied Microbiology, Phytopathology, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Françoise Munaut
- Université Catholique de Louvain - Earth and Life Institute, Applied Microbiology, Phytopathology, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Anne Legrève
- Université Catholique de Louvain - Earth and Life Institute, Applied Microbiology, Phytopathology, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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22
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Ferrigo D, Raiola A, Causin R. Fusarium Toxins in Cereals: Occurrence, Legislation, Factors Promoting the Appearance and Their Management. Molecules 2016; 21:E627. [PMID: 27187340 PMCID: PMC6274039 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21050627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium diseases of small grain cereals and maize cause significant yield losses worldwide. Fusarium infections result in reduced grain yield and contamination with mycotoxins, some of which have a notable impact on human and animal health. Regulations on maximum limits have been established in various countries to protect consumers from the harmful effects of these mycotoxins. Several factors are involved in Fusarium disease and mycotoxin occurrence and among them environmental factors and the agronomic practices have been shown to deeply affect mycotoxin contamination in the field. In the present review particular emphasis will be placed on how environmental conditions and stress factors for the crops can affect Fusarium infection and mycotoxin production, with the aim to provide useful knowledge to develop strategies to prevent mycotoxin accumulation in cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Ferrigo
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padua, Campus of Agripolis, Viale Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Raiola
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padua, Campus of Agripolis, Viale Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy.
| | - Roberto Causin
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padua, Campus of Agripolis, Viale Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy.
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23
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Fungal biotransformation of chlorogenic and caffeic acids by Fusarium graminearum: New insights in the contribution of phenolic acids to resistance to deoxynivalenol accumulation in cereals. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 221:61-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Pasquali M, Cocco E, Guignard C, Hoffmann L. The effect of agmatine on trichothecene type B and zearalenone production in Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum and F. poae. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1672. [PMID: 26893962 PMCID: PMC4756729 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Agmatine and other putrescines are known for being strong inducers of deoxynivalenol (DON) production in Fusarium graminearum. Other important species produce DON and/or other trichothecene type B toxins (3 acetylated DON, 15 acetylated DON, Fusarenon-X, Nivalenol), such as F. culmorum and F. poae. In order to verify whether the mechanism of the regulation of trichothecene type B induction by agmatine is shared by different species of Fusarium, we tested the hypothesis on 19 strains belonging to 3 Fusarium species (F. graminearum, F. culmorum, F. poae) with diverse genetic chemotypes (3ADON, 15ADON, NIV) by measuring trichothecene B toxins such as DON, NIV, Fusarenon-X, 3ADON and 15ADON. Moreover, we tested whether other toxins like zearalenone were also boosted by agmatine. The trichothecene type B boosting effect was observed in the majority of strains (13 out of 19) in all the three species. Representative strains from all three genetic chemotypes were able to boost toxin production after agmatine treatment. We identified the non-responding strains to the agmatine stimulus, which may contribute to deciphering the regulatory mechanisms that link toxin production to agmatine (and, more generally, polyamines).
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias Pasquali
- Department of Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST) , Belvaux , Luxembourg
| | - Emmanuelle Cocco
- Department of Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST) , Belvaux , Luxembourg
| | - Cédric Guignard
- Department of Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST) , Belvaux , Luxembourg
| | - Lucien Hoffmann
- Department of Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST) , Belvaux , Luxembourg
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25
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Montibus M, Khosravi C, Zehraoui E, Verdal-Bonnin MN, Richard-Forget F, Barreau C. Is the Fgap1 mediated response to oxidative stress chemotype dependent in Fusarium graminearum? FEMS Microbiol Lett 2015; 363:fnv232. [PMID: 26656279 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnv232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to compare the role of the transcription factor Fgap1 in oxidative stress response for two Fusarium graminearum strains belonging to the two chemotypes DON/ADON and NIV/FX. While the response to H2O2 was shown to be chemotype dependent, an opposite result was observed for diamide: whatever the chemotype, the global level of TCTB (i.e. trichothecene B) production was strongly increased by the treatment with diamide. Fgap1 was shown to be involved in this regulation for both chemotypes. Our data show that the response to diamide is mediated by Fgap1 whatever the chemotype of the F. graminearum strains. However, the NIV/FX chemotype has developed higher antioxidant capacities in response to oxidative stress. But when this capacity is overwhelmed by an increment in the H2O2 level, the NIV/FX strains also responds by an increase in toxin accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Montibus
- INRA, UR1264 MycSA, 71, Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Claire Khosravi
- INRA, UR1264 MycSA, 71, Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Enric Zehraoui
- INRA, UR1264 MycSA, 71, Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | | | - Florence Richard-Forget
- INRA, UR1264 MycSA, 71, Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Christian Barreau
- CNRS, UR1264 MycSA, 71, Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
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Furukawa T, Sakamoto N, Suzuki M, Kimura M, Nagasawa H, Sakuda S. Precocene II, a Trichothecene Production Inhibitor, Binds to Voltage-Dependent Anion Channel and Increases the Superoxide Level in Mitochondria of Fusarium graminearum. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135031. [PMID: 26248339 PMCID: PMC4527739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Precocene II, a constituent of essential oils, shows antijuvenile hormone activity in insects and inhibits trichothecene production in fungi. We investigated the molecular mechanism by which precocene II inhibits trichothecene production in Fusarium graminearum, the main causal agent of Fusarium head blight and trichothecene contamination in grains. Voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), a mitochondrial outer membrane protein, was identified as the precocene II-binding protein by an affinity magnetic bead method. Precocene II increased the superoxide level in mitochondria as well as the amount of oxidized mitochondrial proteins. Ascorbic acid, glutathione, and α-tocopherol promoted trichothecene production by the fungus. These antioxidants compensated for the inhibitory activity of precocene II on trichothecene production. These results suggest that the binding of precocene II to VDAC may cause high superoxide levels in mitochondria, which leads to stopping of trichothecene production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Furukawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Sakamoto
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michio Suzuki
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Kimura
- Department of Biological Mechanisms and Functions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Nagasawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shohei Sakuda
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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McLaughlin JE, Bin-Umer MA, Widiez T, Finn D, McCormick S, Tumer NE. A Lipid Transfer Protein Increases the Glutathione Content and Enhances Arabidopsis Resistance to a Trichothecene Mycotoxin. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130204. [PMID: 26057253 PMCID: PMC4461264 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) or scab is one of the most important plant diseases worldwide, affecting wheat, barley and other small grains. Trichothecene mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON) accumulate in the grain, presenting a food safety risk and health hazard to humans and animals. Despite considerable breeding efforts, highly resistant wheat or barley cultivars are not available. We screened an activation tagged Arabidopsis thaliana population for resistance to trichothecin (Tcin), a type B trichothecene in the same class as DON. Here we show that one of the resistant lines identified, trichothecene resistant 1 (trr1) contains a T-DNA insertion upstream of two nonspecific lipid transfer protein (nsLTP) genes, AtLTP4.4 and AtLTP4.5. Expression of both nsLTP genes was induced in trr1 over 10-fold relative to wild type. Overexpression of AtLTP4.4 provided greater resistance to Tcin than AtLTP4.5 in Arabidopsis thaliana and in Saccharomyces cerevisiae relative to wild type or vector transformed lines, suggesting a conserved protection mechanism. Tcin treatment increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in Arabidopsis and ROS stain was associated with the chloroplast, the cell wall and the apoplast. ROS levels were attenuated in Arabidopsis and in yeast overexpressing AtLTP4.4 relative to the controls. Exogenous addition of glutathione and other antioxidants enhanced resistance of Arabidopsis to Tcin while the addition of buthionine sulfoximine, an inhibitor of glutathione synthesis, increased sensitivity, suggesting that resistance was mediated by glutathione. Total glutathione content was significantly higher in Arabidopsis and in yeast overexpressing AtLTP4.4 relative to the controls, highlighting the importance of AtLTP4.4 in maintaining the redox state. These results demonstrate that trichothecenes cause ROS accumulation and overexpression of AtLTP4.4 protects against trichothecene-induced oxidative stress by increasing the glutathione-based antioxidant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E. McLaughlin
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Mohamed Anwar Bin-Umer
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Thomas Widiez
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Daniel Finn
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Susan McCormick
- Bacterial Foodborne Pathogens and Mycology Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Peoria, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Nilgun E. Tumer
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
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Ferrigo D, Raiola A, Bogialli S, Bortolini C, Tapparo A, Causin R. In Vitro Production of Fumonisins by Fusarium verticillioides under Oxidative Stress Induced by H2O2. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:4879-4885. [PMID: 25910187 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The effects of oxidative stress induced by H2O2 were tested in liquid cultures in the fumonisin-producing fungus Fusarium verticillioides. The quantitative analysis of fumonisins B1, B2, B3, and B4 was achieved by means of liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. Two effects in F. verticillioides, consisting of different abilities to produce fumonisins in response to oxidative stress, were identified. Following H2O2 addition, two F. verticillioides strains produced significantly more fumonisin (>300%) while three other strains produced significantly less (<20%) in comparison to control cultures. Transcriptional studies with seven biosynthetic genes showed a significant increase in transcript levels in the strain that made more fumonisin and either no or minimal changes in the strain that made less fumonisin. Our data indicate the important role of oxidative stress toward the modulation of the fumonisin biosynthesis and suggest the necessity to verify the presence of such divergent behavior in F. verticillioides populations under natural conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Ferrigo
- †Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padua, Campus of Agripolis, Viale Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Alessandro Raiola
- †Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padua, Campus of Agripolis, Viale Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Sara Bogialli
- ‡Department of Chemical Science, University of Padua, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Claudio Bortolini
- ‡Department of Chemical Science, University of Padua, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea Tapparo
- ‡Department of Chemical Science, University of Padua, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Roberto Causin
- †Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padua, Campus of Agripolis, Viale Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy
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29
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Pasquali M, Migheli Q. Genetic approaches to chemotype determination in type B-trichothecene producing Fusaria. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 189:164-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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30
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Kulik T, Buśko M, Pszczółkowska A, Perkowski J, Okorski A. Plant lignans inhibit growth and trichothecene biosynthesis in Fusarium graminearum. Lett Appl Microbiol 2014; 59:99-107. [PMID: 24635164 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Lignans are a group of diphenolic compounds with anticancer and antioxidant properties which are present in various grains, although their effect on toxigenic fungi has been poorly examined to date. In this study, the impact of the plant lignans pinoresinol and secoisolariciresinol on growth and trichothecene biosynthesis by five Fusarium graminearum strains of different chemotypes was examined in vitro. Both tested lignans exhibited radial growth inhibition against the fungal strains. RT-qPCR analyses of tri4, tri5 and tri11 genes encoding the first steps of the trichothecene biosynthesis pathway revealed a decrease in tri mRNA levels in lignan-treated fungal cultures. Correspondingly, decreased accumulation of toxins in lignan-treated cultures was confirmed by GC-MS analysis. This is the first study to demonstrate the inhibitory effect of both pinoresinol and secoisolariciresinol on growth and trichothecene biosynthesis in F. graminearum. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Knowledge of the regulation of trichothecene production in Fusarium graminearum by environmental cues is key to the design of novel strategies to reduce mycotoxin levels in grains. Here, we show that the lignans pinoresinol and secoisolariciresinol, which occur in wheat grains, inhibit radial growth and decrease trichothecene levels in five F. graminearum strains. RT-qPCR analysis reveals that the reduction in trichothecene level in lignan-treated fungal cultures is associated with decreased mRNA transcript levels for the tri4, tri5 and tri11 genes that are involved in the trichothecene biosynthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kulik
- Department of Diagnostics and Plant Pathophysiology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
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31
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Montibus M, Ducos C, Bonnin-Verdal MN, Bormann J, Ponts N, Richard-Forget F, Barreau C. The bZIP transcription factor Fgap1 mediates oxidative stress response and trichothecene biosynthesis but not virulence in Fusarium graminearum. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83377. [PMID: 24349499 PMCID: PMC3861502 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Redox sensing is of primary importance for fungi to cope with oxidant compounds found in their environment. Plant pathogens are particularly subject to the oxidative burst during the primary steps of infection. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, it is the transcription factor Yap1 that mediates the response to oxidative stress via activation of genes coding for detoxification enzymes. In the cereal pathogen Fusarium graminearum, Fgap1 a homologue of Yap1 was identified and its role was investigated. During infection, this pathogen produces mycotoxins belonging to the trichothecenes family that accumulate in the grains. The global regulation of toxin biosynthesis is not completely understood. However, it is now clearly established that an oxidative stress activates the production of toxins by F. graminearum. The involvement of Fgap1 in this activation was investigated. A deleted mutant and a strain expressing a truncated constitutive form of Fgap1 were constructed. None of the mutants was affected in pathogenicity. The deleted mutant showed higher level of trichothecenes production associated with overexpression of Tri genes. Moreover activation of toxin accumulation in response to oxidative stress was no longer observed. Regarding the mutant with the truncated constitutive form of Fgap1, toxin production was strongly reduced. Expression of oxidative stress response genes was not activated in the deleted mutant and expression of the gene encoding the mitochondrial superoxide dismutase MnSOD1 was up-regulated in the mutant with the truncated constitutive form of Fgap1. Our results demonstrate that Fgap1 plays a key role in the link between oxidative stress response and F. graminearum secondary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Montibus
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Recherche 1264 MycSA, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Christine Ducos
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Recherche 1264 MycSA, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | | | - Jorg Bormann
- University of Hamburg, Biocenter Klein Flottbek, Department of Molecular Phytopathology and Genetics, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nadia Ponts
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Recherche 1264 MycSA, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Florence Richard-Forget
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Recherche 1264 MycSA, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Christian Barreau
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Recherche 1264 MycSA, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité de Recherche 1264 MycSA, Villenave d’Ornon, France
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32
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Mycotoxin glucosylation in commercial wheat varieties: Impact on resistance to Fusarium graminearum under laboratory and field conditions. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Montibus M, Pinson-Gadais L, Richard-Forget F, Barreau C, Ponts N. Coupling of transcriptional response to oxidative stress and secondary metabolism regulation in filamentous fungi. Crit Rev Microbiol 2013; 41:295-308. [PMID: 24041414 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2013.829416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
To survive sudden and potentially lethal changes in their environment, filamentous fungi must sense and respond to a vast array of stresses, including oxidative stresses. The generation of reactive oxygen species, or ROS, is an inevitable aspect of existence under aerobic conditions. In addition, in the case of fungi with pathogenic lifestyles, ROS are produced by the infected hosts and serve as defense weapons via direct toxicity, as well as effectors in fungal cell death mechanisms. Filamentous fungi have thus developed complex and sophisticated responses to evade oxidative killing. Several steps are determinant in these responses, including the activation of transcriptional regulators involved in the control of the antioxidant machinery. Gathering and integrating the most recent advances in knowledge of oxidative stress responses in fungi are the main objectives of this review. Most of the knowledge coming from two models, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and fungi of the genus Aspergillus, is summarized. Nonetheless, recent information on various other fungi is delivered when available. Finally, special attention is given on the potential link between the functional interaction between oxidative stress and secondary metabolism that has been suggested in recent reports, including the production of mycotoxins.
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Scherm B, Balmas V, Spanu F, Pani G, Delogu G, Pasquali M, Migheli Q. Fusarium culmorum: causal agent of foot and root rot and head blight on wheat. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2013; 14:323-41. [PMID: 23279114 PMCID: PMC6638779 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Fusarium culmorum is a ubiquitous soil-borne fungus able to cause foot and root rot and Fusarium head blight on different small-grain cereals, in particular wheat and barley. It causes significant yield and quality losses and results in contamination of the grain with mycotoxins. This review summarizes recent research activities related to F. culmorum, including studies into its population diversity, mycotoxin biosynthesis, mechanisms of pathogenesis and resistance, the development of diagnostic tools and preliminary genome sequence surveys. We also propose potential research areas that may expand our basic understanding of the wheat-F. culmorum interaction and assist in the management of the disease caused by this pathogen. TAXONOMY Fusarium culmorum (W.G. Smith) Sacc. Kingdom Fungi; Phylum Ascomycota; Subphylum Pezizomycotina; Class Sordariomycetes; Subclass Hypocreomycetidae; Order Hypocreales; Family Nectriaceae; Genus Fusarium. DISEASE SYMPTOMS Foot and root rot (also known as Fusarium crown rot): seedling blight with death of the plant before or after emergence; brown discoloration on roots and coleoptiles of the infected seedlings; brown discoloration on subcrown internodes and on the first two/three internodes of the main stem; tiller abortion; formation of whiteheads with shrivelled white grains; Fusarium head blight: prematurely bleached spikelets or blighting of the entire head, which remains empty or contains shrunken dark kernels. IDENTIFICATION AND DETECTION: Morphological identification is based on the shape of the macroconidia formed on sporodochia on carnation leaf agar. The conidiophores are branched monophialides, short and wide. The macroconidia are relatively short and stout with an apical cell blunt or slightly papillate; the basal cell is foot-shaped or just notched. Macroconidia are thick-walled and curved, usually 3-5 septate, and mostly measuring 30-50 × 5.0-7.5 μm. Microconidia are absent. Oval to globose chlamydospores are formed, intercalary in the hyphae, solitary, in chains or in clumps; they are also formed from macroconidia. The colony grows very rapidly (1.6-2.2 cm/day) on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at the optimum temperature of 25 °C. The mycelium on PDA is floccose, whitish, light yellow or red. The pigment on the reverse plate on PDA varies from greyish-rose, carmine red or burgundy. A wide array of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time PCR tools, as well as complementary methods, which are summarised in the first two tables, have been developed for the detection and/or quantification of F. culmorum in culture and in naturally infected plant tissue. HOST RANGE Fusarium culmorum has a wide range of host plants, mainly cereals, such as wheat, barley, oats, rye, corn, sorghum and various grasses. In addition, it has been isolated from sugar beet, flax, carnation, bean, pea, asparagus, red clover, hop, leeks, Norway spruce, strawberry and potato tuber. Fusarium culmorum has also been associated with dermatitis on marram grass planters in the Netherlands, although its role as a causal agent of skin lesions appears questionable. It is also isolated as a symbiont able to confer resistance to abiotic stress, and has been proposed as a potential biocontrol agent to control the aquatic weed Hydrilla spp. USEFUL WEBSITES http://isolate.fusariumdb.org/; http://sppadbase.ipp.cnr.it/; http://www.broad.mit.edu/annotation/genome/fusarium_group/MultiHome.html; http://www.fgsc.net/Fusarium/fushome.htm; http://plantpath.psu.edu/facilities/fusarium-research-center; http://www.phi-base.org/; http://www.uniprot.org/; http://www.cabi.org/; http://www.indexfungorum.org/
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Scherm
- Dipartimento di Agraria-Sezione di Patologia Vegetale ed Entomologia and Centro Interdisciplinare per lo Sviluppo della Ricerca Biotecnologica e per lo Studio della Biodiversità della Sardegna e dell'Area Mediterranea, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
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FcStuA from Fusarium culmorum controls wheat foot and root rot in a toxin dispensable manner. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57429. [PMID: 23451228 PMCID: PMC3579838 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium culmorum is one of the most harmful pathogens of durum wheat and is the causal agent of foot and root rot (FRR) disease. F. culmorum produces the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) that is involved in the pathogenic process. The role of the gene FcStuA, a StuA ortholog protein with an APSES domain sharing 98.5% homology to the FgStuA protein (FGSG10129), was determined by functional characterisation of deletion mutants obtained from two F. culmorum wild-type strains, FcUk99 (a highly pathogenic DON producer) and Fc233B (unable to produce toxin and with a mild pathogenic behavior). The ΔFcStuA mutants originating from both strains showed common phenotypic characters including stunted vegetative growth, loss of hydrophobicity of the mycelium, altered pigmentation, decreased activity of polygalacturonic enzymes and catalases, altered and reduced conidiation, delayed conidial germination patterns and complete loss of pathogenicity towards wheat stem base/root tissue. Glycolytic process efficiency [measured as growth on glucose as sole carbon (C) source] was strongly impaired and growth was partially restored on glutamic acid. Growth on pectin-like sources ranked in between glucose and glutamic acid with the following order (the lowest to the highest growth): beechwood xylan, sugarbeet arabinan, polygalacturonic acid, citrus pectin, apple pectin, potato azogalactan. DON production in the mutants originating from FcUK99 strain was significantly decreased (−95%) in vitro. Moreover, both sets of mutants were unable to colonise non-cereal plant tissues, i.e. apple and tomato fruits and potato tubers. No differences between mutants, ectopic and wild-type strains were observed concerning the level of resistance towards four fungicides belonging to three classes, the demethylase inhibitors epoxiconazole and tebuconzole, the succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor isopyrazam and the cytochrome bc1 inhibitor trifloxystrobin. StuA, given its multiple functions in cell regulation and pathogenicity control, is proposed as a potential target for novel disease management strategies.
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Pasquali M, Serchi T, Renaut J, Hoffmann L, Bohn T. 2D difference gel electrophoresis reference map of a Fusarium graminearum nivalenol producing strain. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:505-9. [PMID: 23172383 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is widely studied as a model for toxin production among plant pathogenic fungi. A 2D DIGE reference map for the nivalenol-producing strain 453 was established. Based on a whole protein extract, all reproducible spots were systematically picked and analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF, leading to the identification of 1102 protein species. The obtained map contributes to the annotation of the genome by identifying previously nondescribed hypothetical proteins and will serve as a reference for future studies aiming at deciphering F. graminearum biology and chemotype diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias Pasquali
- Centre de Recherche Public-Gabriel Lippmann, Belvaux, Luxembourg
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Liu L, Long LK, An Y, Yang J, Xu X, Hu CH, Liu G. The thioredoxin reductase-encoding gene ActrxR1 is involved in the cephalosporin C production of Acremonium chrysogenum in methionine-supplemented medium. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:2551-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4368-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Kulik T, Łojko M, Jestoi M, Perkowski J. Sublethal concentrations of azoles induce tri transcript levels and trichothecene production in Fusarium graminearum. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2012; 335:58-67. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2012.02637.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Kulik
- Department of Diagnostics and Plant Pathophysiology; University of Warmia and Mazury; Olsztyn; Poland
| | - Maciej Łojko
- Department of Diagnostics and Plant Pathophysiology; University of Warmia and Mazury; Olsztyn; Poland
| | - Marika Jestoi
- Finnish Food Safety Authority (Evira); Chemistry and Toxicology Unit; Helsinki; Finland
| | - Juliusz Perkowski
- Department of Chemistry; Poznan University of Life Sciences; Poznan; Poland
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Lowe R, Jubault M, Canning G, Urban M, Hammond-Kosack KE. The induction of mycotoxins by trichothecene producing Fusarium species. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 835:439-455. [PMID: 22183670 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-501-5_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, many Fusarium species have emerged which now threaten the productivity and safety of small grain cereal crops worldwide. During floral infection and post-harvest on stored grains the Fusarium hyphae produce various types of harmful mycotoxins which subsequently contaminate food and feed products. This article focuses specifically on the induction and production of the type B sesquiterpenoid trichothecene mycotoxins. Methods are described which permit in liquid culture the small or large scale production and detection of deoxynivalenol (DON) and its various acetylated derivatives. A wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) ear inoculation assay is also explained which allows the direct comparison of mycotoxin production by species, chemotypes and strains with different growth rates and/or disease-causing abilities. Each of these methods is robust and can be used for either detailed time-course studies or end-point analyses. Various analytical methods are available to quantify the levels of DON, 3A-DON and 15A-DON. Some criteria to be considered when making selections between the different analytical methods available are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Lowe
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Centre for Sustainable Pest and Disease Management, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
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Regulation of trichothecene biosynthesis in Fusarium: recent advances and new insights. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 91:519-28. [PMID: 21691790 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3397-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Revised: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Trichothecenes are toxic secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi mainly belonging to the Fusarium genus. Production of these mycotoxins occurs during infection of crops and is a threat to human and animal health. Although the pathway for biosynthesis of trichothecenes is well established, the regulation of the Tri genes implicated in the pathway remains poorly understood. Most of the Tri genes are gathered in a cluster which contains two transcriptional regulators controlling the expression of the other Tri genes. The regulation of secondary metabolites biosynthesis in most fungal genera has been recently shown to be controlled by various regulatory systems in response to external environment. The control of the "Tri cluster" by non-cluster regulators in Fusarium was not clearly demonstrated until recently. This review covers the recent advances concerning the regulation of trichothecene biosynthesis in Fusarium and highlights the potential implication of various general regulatory circuits. Further studies on the role of these regulatory systems in the control of trichothecene biosynthesis might be useful in designing new strategies to reduce mycotoxin accumulation.
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Gardiner DM, Kazan K, Praud S, Torney FJ, Rusu A, Manners JM. Early activation of wheat polyamine biosynthesis during Fusarium head blight implicates putrescine as an inducer of trichothecene mycotoxin production. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 10:289. [PMID: 21192794 PMCID: PMC3022911 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-10-289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 12/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum causes Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) disease on wheat which can lead to trichothecene mycotoxin (e.g. deoxynivalenol, DON) contamination of grain, harmful to mammalian health. DON is produced at low levels under standard culture conditions when compared to plant infection but specific polyamines (e.g. putrescine and agmatine) and amino acids (e.g. arginine and ornithine) are potent inducers of DON by F. graminearum in axenic culture. Currently, host factors that promote mycotoxin synthesis during FHB are unknown, but plant derived polyamines could contribute to DON induction in infected heads. However, the temporal and spatial accumulation of polyamines and amino acids in relation to that of DON has not been studied. RESULTS Following inoculation of susceptible wheat heads by F. graminearum, DON accumulation was detected at two days after inoculation. The accumulation of putrescine was detected as early as one day following inoculation while arginine and cadaverine were also produced at three and four days post-inoculation. Transcripts of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and arginine decarboxylase (ADC), two key biosynthetic enzymes for putrescine biosynthesis, were also strongly induced in heads at two days after inoculation. These results indicated that elicitation of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway is an early response to FHB. Transcripts for genes encoding enzymes acting upstream in the polyamine biosynthetic pathway as well as those of ODC and ADC, and putrescine levels were also induced in the rachis, a flower organ supporting DON production and an important route for pathogen colonisation during FHB. A survey of 24 wheat genotypes with varying responses to FHB showed putrescine induction is a general response to inoculation and no correlation was observed between the accumulation of putrescine and infection or DON accumulation. CONCLUSIONS The activation of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway and putrescine in infected heads prior to detectable DON accumulation is consistent with a model where the pathogen exploits the generic host stress response of polyamine synthesis as a cue for production of trichothecene mycotoxins during FHB disease. However, it is likely that this mechanism is complicated by other factors contributing to resistance and susceptibility in diverse wheat genetic backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald M Gardiner
- CSIRO Plant Industry, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, 306 Carmody Road, St. Lucia, Brisbane, 4067, Australia
| | - Kemal Kazan
- CSIRO Plant Industry, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, 306 Carmody Road, St. Lucia, Brisbane, 4067, Australia
| | - Sebastien Praud
- Biogemma, Site ULICE, ZAC les portes de Riom-BP173, 63204 Riom, France
| | - Francois J Torney
- Biogemma, Site ULICE, ZAC les portes de Riom-BP173, 63204 Riom, France
| | - Anca Rusu
- CSIRO Plant Industry, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, 306 Carmody Road, St. Lucia, Brisbane, 4067, Australia
| | - John M Manners
- CSIRO Plant Industry, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, 306 Carmody Road, St. Lucia, Brisbane, 4067, Australia
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Lowe RGT, Allwood JW, Galster AM, Urban M, Daudi A, Canning G, Ward JL, Beale MH, Hammond-Kosack KE. A combined ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry analysis to understand the basal metabolism of plant-pathogenic Fusarium spp. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2010; 23:1605-18. [PMID: 20718668 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-04-10-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Many ascomycete Fusarium spp. are plant pathogens that cause disease on both cereal and noncereal hosts. Infection of wheat ears by Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum typically results in bleaching and a subsequent reduction in grain yield. Also, a large proportion of the harvested grain can be spoiled when the colonizing Fusarium mycelia produce trichothecene mycotoxins, such as deoxynivalenol (DON). In this study, we have explored the intracellular polar metabolome of Fusarium spp. in both toxin-producing and nonproducing conditions in vitro. Four Fusarium spp., including nine well-characterized wild-type field isolates now used routinely in laboratory experimentation, were explored. A metabolic "triple-fingerprint" was recorded using (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance and direct-injection electrospray ionization-mass spectroscopy in both positive- and negative-ionization modes. These combined metabolomic analyses revealed that this technique is sufficient to resolve different wild-type isolates and different growth conditions. Principal components analysis was able to resolve the four species explored-F. graminearum, F. culmorum, F. pseudograminearum, and F. venenatum-as well as individual isolate differences from the same species. The external nutritional environment was found to have a far greater influence on the metabolome than the genotype of the organism. Conserved responses to DON-inducing medium were evident and included increased abundance of key compatible solutes, such as glycerol and mannitol. In addition, the concentration of γ-aminobutyric acid was elevated, indicating that the cellular nitrogen status may be affected by growth on DON-inducing medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan G T Lowe
- Centre for Sustainable Pest and Disease Management, Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
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Reverberi M, Ricelli A, Zjalic S, Fabbri AA, Fanelli C. Natural functions of mycotoxins and control of their biosynthesis in fungi. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 87:899-911. [PMID: 20495914 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2657-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are harmful secondary metabolites produced by a range of widespread fungi belonging in the main to Fusarium, Aspergillus and Penicillium genera. But why should fungi produce toxins? And how is the biosynthesis of these toxins regulated? Several separate factors are now known to be capable of modulating mycotoxin synthesis; however, in this study, focussing just on mycotoxins whose regulatory mechanisms have already been established, we introduce a further factor based on a novel consideration. Various different mycotoxin biosynthetic pathways appear to share a common factor in that they are all susceptible to the influence of reactive oxygen species. In fact, when a fungus receives an external stimulus, it reacts by activating, through a well-defined signal cascade, a profound change in its lifestyle. This change usually leads to the activation of global gene regulators and, in particular, of transcription factors which modulate mycotoxin gene cluster expression. Some mycotoxins have a clear-cut role both in generating a pathogenetic process, i.e. fumonisins and some trichothecenes, and in competing with other organisms, i.e. patulin. In other cases, such as aflatoxins, more than one role can be hypothesised. In this review, we suggest an "oxidative stress theory of mycotoxin biosynthesis" to explain the role and the regulation of some of the above mentioned toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Reverberi
- Department of Plant Biology, University Sapienza, L.go Cristina di Svezia 24, 00165, Rome, Italy.
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Audenaert K, Callewaert E, Höfte M, De Saeger S, Haesaert G. Hydrogen peroxide induced by the fungicide prothioconazole triggers deoxynivalenol (DON) production by Fusarium graminearum. BMC Microbiol 2010; 10:112. [PMID: 20398299 PMCID: PMC2859870 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-10-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fusarium head blight is a very important disease of small grain cereals with F. graminearum as one of the most important causal agents. It not only causes reduction in yield and quality but from a human and animal healthcare point of view, it produces mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON) which can accumulate to toxic levels. Little is known about external triggers influencing DON production. Results In the present work, a combined in vivo/in vitro approach was used to test the effect of sub lethal fungicide treatments on DON production. Using a dilution series of prothioconazole, azoxystrobin and prothioconazole + fluoxastrobin, we demonstrated that sub lethal doses of prothioconazole coincide with an increase in DON production 48 h after fungicide treatment. In an artificial infection trial using wheat plants, the in vitro results of increased DON levels upon sub lethal prothioconazole application were confirmed illustrating the significance of these results from a practical point of view. In addition, further in vitro experiments revealed a timely hyperinduction of H2O2 production as fast as 4 h after amending cultures with prothioconazole. When applying H2O2 directly to germinating conidia, a similar induction of DON-production by F. graminearum was observed. The effect of sub lethal prothioconazole concentrations on DON production completely disappeared when applying catalase together with the fungicide. Conclusions These cumulative results suggest that H2O2 induced by sub lethal doses of the triazole fungicide prothioconazole acts as a trigger of DON biosynthesis. In a broader framework, this work clearly shows that DON production by the plant pathogen F. graminearum is the result of the interaction of fungal genomics and external environmental triggers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris Audenaert
- Department Biosciences and Landscape Architecture, Ghent University College/Ghent University Association, Schoonmeersstraat 52, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.
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Gardiner DM, Kazan K, Manners JM. Nutrient profiling reveals potent inducers of trichothecene biosynthesis in Fusarium graminearum. Fungal Genet Biol 2009; 46:604-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2009.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Revised: 04/17/2009] [Accepted: 04/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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