1
|
Jablonska M, Eleršek T, Kogovšek P, Skok S, Oarga-Mulec A, Mulec J. Molecular Screening for Cyanobacteria and Their Cyanotoxin Potential in Diverse Habitats. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:333. [PMID: 39195743 PMCID: PMC11360522 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16080333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are adaptable and dominant organisms that exist in many harsh and extreme environments due to their great ecological tolerance. They produce various secondary metabolites, including cyanotoxins. While cyanobacteria are well studied in surface waters and some aerial habitats, numerous other habitats and niches remain underexplored. We collected 61 samples of: (i) biofilms from springs, (ii) aerial microbial mats from buildings and subaerial mats from caves, and (iii) water from borehole wells, caves, alkaline, saline, sulphidic, thermal, and iron springs, rivers, seas, and melted cave ice from five countries (Croatia, Georgia, Italy, Serbia, and Slovenia). We used (q)PCR to detect cyanobacteria (phycocyanin intergenic spacer-PC-IGS and cyanobacteria-specific 16S rRNA gene) and cyanotoxin genes (microcystins-mcyE, saxitoxins-sxtA, cylindrospermopsins-cyrJ), as well as amplicon sequencing and morphological observations for taxonomic identification. Cyanobacteria were detected in samples from caves, a saline spring, and an alkaline spring. While mcyE or sxtA genes were not observed in any sample, cyrJ results showed the presence of a potential cylindrospermopsin producer in a biofilm from a sulphidic spring in Slovenia. This study contributes to our understanding of cyanobacteria occurrence in diverse habitats, including rare and extreme ones, and provides relevant methodological considerations for future research in such environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maša Jablonska
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tina Eleršek
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Polona Kogovšek
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Sara Skok
- Karst Research Institute, Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, 6230 Postojna, Slovenia;
| | - Andreea Oarga-Mulec
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Nova Gorica, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia;
| | - Janez Mulec
- Karst Research Institute, Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, 6230 Postojna, Slovenia;
- UNESCO Chair on Karst Education, University of Nova Gorica, 5271 Vipava, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Moreira C, Gomes C, Vasconcelos V, Antunes A. Risk assessment of cyanobacteria toxic metabolites on freshwater ecosystems applying molecular methods. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:219-227. [PMID: 35902522 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21814-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria, ancient prokaryotes, interfere with ecosystem water quality through the production of cyanotoxins and bloom formation. Therefore, for water safety and public health reasons, the application of faster, sensitive, and specific tools on its risk assessment is demanded. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) coupled with DNA sequencing can be a helpful tool for the presence and potential to cyanotoxicity. To achieve these, seven waterbodies located on the North and Center regions of Portugal were sampled for two monitoring periods (2017 and 2018). Thus, given the five risk levels proposed (none up to four cyanotoxins - mcyA, cyrC, anaC, sxtI - being detected per risk level), results showed that the great majority of the ecosystems analyzed on the presence of blooms and under climate change phenomenon (heat waves) had an elevated risk (up to four cyanotoxins being detected) corresponding to a situation of high potential of cyanotoxicity. In the opposite conditions (i.e., absence of blooms and heat waves), the risk was lowered to none or only one cyanotoxin being detected. Two ecosystems escaped this trend and demonstrated little to no alterations among risk levels from 1 year to another corresponding to a high potential of cyanotoxicity and cyanotoxins persistence in comparison to other studied ecosystems. Overall, the risk assessment undertaken suggests that other ecosystems ecological variables (physical, hydrological, or chemical) are interfering on the occurrence and persistence of cyanotoxins biosynthesis genes. Given the observed conditions (eutrophic status, bloom occurrence, and heat waves) of the analyzed ecosystems, cyanobacterial potential for toxicity seems to have increased, suggesting a need of the incorporation of other cyanotoxins apart of the regulated microcystins-LR on cyanotoxins surveillance programs of Portugal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Moreira
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cidália Gomes
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Agostinho Antunes
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208, Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang Y, Yu G, Chen Y, Jia N, Li R. Four decades of progress in cylindrospermopsin research: The ins and outs of a potent cyanotoxin. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 406:124653. [PMID: 33321325 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The cyanotoxin cylindrospermopsin (CYN), a toxic metabolite from cyanobacteria, is of particular concern due to its cosmopolitan occurrence, aquatic bioaccumulation, and multi-organ toxicity. CYN is the second most often recorded cyanotoxin worldwide, and cases of human morbidity and animal mortality are associated with ingestion of CYN contaminated water. The toxin poses a great challenge for drinking water treatment plants and public health authorities. CYN, with the major toxicity manifested in the liver, is cytotoxic, genotoxic, immunotoxic, neurotoxic and may be carcinogenic. Adverse effects are also reported for endocrine and developmental processes. We present a comprehensive review of CYN over the past four decades since its first reported poisoning event, highlighting its global occurrence, biosynthesis, toxicology, removal, and monitoring. In addition, current data gaps are identified, and future directions for CYN research are outlined. This review is beneficial for understanding the ins and outs of this environmental pollutant, and for robustly assessing health hazards posed by CYN exposure to humans and other organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Yang
- Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, China
| | - Gongliang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Youxin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Nannan Jia
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Renhui Li
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sidelev S, Koksharova O, Babanazarova O, Fastner J, Chernova E, Gusev E. Phylogeographic, toxicological and ecological evidence for the global distribution of Raphidiopsis raciborskii and its northernmost presence in Lake Nero, Central Western Russia. HARMFUL ALGAE 2020; 98:101889. [PMID: 33129449 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Raphidiopsis raciborskii is a freshwater, potentially toxigenic cyanobacterium, originally described as a tropical species that is spreading to northern regions over several decades. The ability of R. raciborskii to produce cyanotoxins - in particular the alkaloid cylindrospermopsin (CYN), which is toxic to humans and animals - is of serious concern. The first appearance of R. raciborskii in Russia was noted in Lake Nero in the summer of 2010. This is the northernmost (57°N) recorded case of the simultaneous presence of R. raciborskii and detection of CYN. In this study, the data from long-term monitoring of the R. raciborskii population, temperature and light conditions in Lake Nero were explored. CYN and cyr/aoa genes present in environmental samples were examined using HPLC/MS-MS and PCR analysis. A R. raciborskii strain (R104) was isolated and its morphology, toxigenicity and phylogeography were studied. It is supposed that the trigger factor for the strong development of R. raciborskii in Lake Nero in summer 2010 may have been the relatively high water temperature, reaching 29-30 °C. Strain R. raciborskii R104 has straight trichomes and can produce akinetes, making it morphologically similar to European strains. Phylogeographic analysis based on nifH gene and 16S-23S rRNA ITS1 sequences showed that the Russian strain R104 grouped together with R. raciborskii strains isolated from Portugal, France, Germany and Hungary. The Russian strain R104 does not contain cyrA and cyrB genes, meaning that it - like all European strains - cannot produce CYN. Thus, while recent invasion of R. raciborskii into Lake Nero has occurred, morphological, genetic, and toxicological data supported the spreading of this cyanobacterium from other European lakes. Detection of CYN and cyr/aoa genes in environmental samples indicated the cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon gracile as a likely producer of CYN in Lake Nero. The article also discusses data on the global biogeography of R. raciborskii. Genetic similarity between R. raciborskii strains isolated from very remote continents might be related to the ancient origin of the cyanobacterium inhabiting the united continents of Laurasia and Gondwana, rather than comparably recent transoceanic exchange between R. raciborskii populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Sidelev
- Regional Center for Ecological Safety of Water Resources, Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl, Russia
| | - Olga Koksharova
- Belozersky Institute of Physicо-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Babanazarova
- Regional Center for Ecological Safety of Water Resources, Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl, Russia
| | | | - Ekaterina Chernova
- Saint-Petersburg Scientific Research Centre for Ecological Safety, Russian Academy of Sciences, St-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Evgeniy Gusev
- К.А. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Moreira C, Gomes C, Vasconcelos V, Antunes A. Cyanotoxins Occurrence in Portugal: A New Report on Their Recent Multiplication. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12030154. [PMID: 32121468 PMCID: PMC7150953 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12030154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Historical reports show that in Portugal, cyanotoxins reports were mainly in the Center (cylindrospermopsins) and South (cylindrospermopsins, saxitoxins) regions of the country apart from the well distributed microcystins. Therefore, in our study, seven freshwater ecosystems located in the North and Center Regions of Portugal were screened between April and September of 2017 for the main cyanotoxins (microcystins, cylindrospermopsins, anatoxin-a, and saxitoxins) by a two methods approach that combined the application of molecular (PCR) and immunological (ELISA) assays. Results from our survey reveal that both methods revealed the presence of all main cyanotoxins. ELISA results showed that 48% of the samples were above (1.6-18.8 μg/L) the guideline value established for microcystins (1 μg/L), while in the remaining cyanotoxins, 33% of the samples were above (1.1-6.8 μg/L) the guideline value established for anatoxin-a (1 μg/L). Further, for saxitoxins, only one sample gave a value above (4.3 μg/L) the guideline (3 μg/L) and this corresponded to a North Region ecosystem. In the cytotoxin cylindrospermopsins, none of the samples were above the guideline established value (1 μg/L). This study will improve the risk assessment strategy in Portugal, as well as advance water quality and water management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Moreira
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos S/N, 4050-208 Porto, Portugal; (C.M.); (C.G.); (V.V.)
| | - Cidália Gomes
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos S/N, 4050-208 Porto, Portugal; (C.M.); (C.G.); (V.V.)
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos S/N, 4050-208 Porto, Portugal; (C.M.); (C.G.); (V.V.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Agostinho Antunes
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos S/N, 4050-208 Porto, Portugal; (C.M.); (C.G.); (V.V.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-223-401-813
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Stefanova K, Radkova M, Uzunov B, Gärtner G, Stoyneva-Gärtner M. Pilot search for cylindrospermopsin-producers in nine shallow Bulgarian waterbodies reveals nontoxic strains of Raphidiopsis raciborskii, R. mediterranea and Chrysosporum bergii. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2020.1758595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariana Radkova
- AgroBioInstitute, Bulgarian Agricultural Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Blagoy Uzunov
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Georg Gärtner
- Institute of Botany, Innsbruck University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Consequences of eutrophication in the management of water resources in Mediterranean reservoirs: A case study of Lake Cedrino (Sardinia, Italy). Glob Ecol Conserv 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
8
|
Chia MA, Cordeiro-Araújo MK, Lorenzi AS, Bittencourt-Oliveira MDC. Cylindrospermopsin induced changes in growth, toxin production and antioxidant response of Acutodesmus acuminatus and Microcystis aeruginosa under differing light and nitrogen conditions. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 142:189-199. [PMID: 28411514 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that some bioactive metabolites (e.g. cyanotoxins) produced by cyanobacteria have allelopathic potential, due to their inhibitory or stimulatory effects on competing species. Although a number of studies have shown that the cyanotoxin cylindrospermopsin (CYN) has variable effects on phytoplankton species, the impact of changing physicochemical conditions on its allelopathic potential is yet to be investigated. We investigated the physiological response of Microcystis aeruginosa (Cyanobacteria) and Acutodesmus acuminatus (Chlorophyta) to CYN under varying nitrogen and light conditions. At 24h, higher microcystins content of M. aeruginosa was recorded under limited light in the presence of CYN, while at 120h the lower levels of the toxins were observed in the presence of CYN under optimum light. Total MCs concentration was significantly (p<0.05) lowered by CYN after 120h of exposure under limited and optimum nitrogen conditions. On the other hand, there were no significant (p>0.05) changes in total MCs concentrations after exposure to CYN under high nitrogen conditions. As expected, limited light and limited nitrogen conditions resulted in lower cell density of both species, while CYN only significantly (p<0.05) inhibited the growth of M. aeruginosa. Regardless of the light or nitrogen condition, the presence of CYN increased internal H2O2 content of both species, which resulted in significant (p<0.05) changes in antioxidant enzyme (catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione S-transferase) activities. The oxidative stress caused by CYN was higher under limited light and limited nitrogen. These results showed that M. aeruginosa and A. acuminatus have variable response to CYN under changing light and nitrogen conditions, and demonstrate that need to consider changes in physicochemical conditions during ecotoxicological and ecophysiological investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Ahii Chia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, São Dimas, CEP 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Micheline Kézia Cordeiro-Araújo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, São Dimas, CEP 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriana Sturion Lorenzi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, São Dimas, CEP 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria do Carmo Bittencourt-Oliveira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, São Dimas, CEP 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kokocinski M, Gagala I, Jasser I, Karosiene J, Kasperoviciene J, Kobos J, Koreiviene J, Soininen J, Szczurowska A, Woszczyk M, Mankiewicz-Boczek J. Distribution of invasive Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii in the East-Central Europe is driven by climatic and local environmental variables. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2017; 93:3064889. [PMID: 28334256 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fix035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms behind expansion of an invasive cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii have not been fully resolved, and different hypotheses, such as global warming, are suggested. In the East-Central Europe, it is widely occurring in western part of Poland but only in single locations in the East due to some limiting factors. Therefore, broad-scale phytoplankton survey including 117 randomly selected lakes in Poland and Lithuania was conducted. The results showed that C. raciborskii occurred widely in western part of Poland but was absent from other regions and Lithuania except one lake. The regions in which C. raciborskii was present had higher annual mean air temperature, higher maximum air temperature of the warmest month and higher minimum temperature of the coldest month, demonstrating that average air temperature, and indirectly, the duration of growing season might be more important factor driving C. raciborskii distribution than measured in situ water temperature. In turn, the presence of C. raciborskii in single localities may be more related to physiological adaptations of separated ecotype. Collectively, these results provide novel evidence on the influence of temperature on C. raciborskii distribution in East-European regions but also indicate high ecological plasticity of this species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikolaj Kokocinski
- Department of Hydrobiology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Ilona Gagala
- European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Tylna 3, 90-364, Lódz, Poland
| | - Iwona Jasser
- Department of Microbial Ecology and Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Plant Ecology and Environmental Conservation, Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jurate Karosiene
- Laboratory of Algology and Microbial Ecology, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Jurate Kasperoviciene
- Laboratory of Algology and Microbial Ecology, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Justyna Kobos
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdansk, Pilsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Judita Koreiviene
- Laboratory of Algology and Microbial Ecology, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Janne Soininen
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Agnieszka Szczurowska
- Department of General Ecology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, ul. Leszczynskiego 58, 20-068 Lublin, Poland
| | - Michal Woszczyk
- Department of Quaternary Geology and Paleogeography, Institute of Geoecology and Geoinformation, Adam Mickiewicz University, Dziegielowa 27, 61-680 Poznan, Poland
| | - Joanna Mankiewicz-Boczek
- Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lódz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lódz
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rzymski P, Poniedziałek B, Mankiewicz-Boczek J, Faassen EJ, Jurczak T, Gągała-Borowska I, Ballot A, Lürling M, Kokociński M. Polyphasic toxicological screening of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and Aphanizomenon gracile isolated in Poland. ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
11
|
Cirés S, Ballot A. A review of the phylogeny, ecology and toxin production of bloom-forming Aphanizomenon spp. and related species within the Nostocales (cyanobacteria). HARMFUL ALGAE 2016; 54:21-43. [PMID: 28073477 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The traditional genus Aphanizomenon comprises a group of filamentous nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria of which several memebers are able to develop blooms and to produce toxic metabolites (cyanotoxins), including hepatotoxins (microcystins), neurotoxins (anatoxins and saxitoxins) and cytotoxins (cylindrospermopsin). This genus, representing geographically widespread and extensively studied cyanobacteria, is in fact heterogeneous and composed of at least five phylogenetically distant groups (Aphanizomenon, Anabaena/Aphanizomenon like cluster A, Cuspidothrix, Sphaerospermopsis and Chrysosporum) whose taxonomy is still under revision. This review provides a thorough insight into the phylogeny, ecology, biogeography and toxicogenomics (cyr, sxt, and ana genes) of the five best documented "Aphanizomenon" species with special relevance for water risk assessment: Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, Aphanizomenon gracile, Cuspidothrix issatschenkoi, Sphaerospermopsis aphanizomenoides and Chrysosporum ovalisporum. Aph. flos-aquae, Aph. gracile and C. issatschenkoi have been reported from temperate areas only whereas S. aphanizomenoides shows the widest distribution from the tropics to temperate areas. Ch. ovalisporum is found in tropical, subtropical and Mediterranean areas. While all five species show moderate growth rates (0.1-0.4day-1) within a wide range of temperatures (15-30°C), Aph. gracile and A. flos-aquae can grow from around (or below) 10°C, whereas Ch. ovalisporum and S. aphanizomenoides are much better competitors at high temperatures over 30°C or even close to 35°C. A. gracile has been confirmed as the producer of saxitoxins and cylindrospermopsin, C. issatschenkoi of anatoxins and saxitoxins and Ch. ovalisporum of cylindrospermopsin. The suspected cylindrospermopsin or anatoxin-a production of A. flos-aquae or microcystin production of S. aphanizomenoides is still uncertain. This review includes a critical discussion on the the reliability of toxicity reports and on the invasive potential of "Aphanizomenon" species in a climate change scenario, together with derived knowledge gaps and research needs. As a whole, this work is intended to represent a key reference for scientists and water managers involved in the major challenges of identifying, preventing and mitigating toxic Aphanizomenon blooms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Cirés
- Departamento de Biología, Darwin, 2, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, QLD, Australia.
| | - Andreas Ballot
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mariani MA, Padedda BM, Kaštovský J, Buscarinu P, Sechi N, Virdis T, Lugliè A. Effects of trophic status on microcystin production and the dominance of cyanobacteria in the phytoplankton assemblage of Mediterranean reservoirs. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17964. [PMID: 26648532 PMCID: PMC4673696 DOI: 10.1038/srep17964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of our study was to evaluate the abundance of cyanobacteria and microcystins in four Sardinian reservoirs (Italy) characterised by different trophic status to define a reference picture for future changes. Increasing levels of eutrophication and the abundance of cyanobacteria are expected to occur due to climate change, especially in the southern Mediterranean. Consequently, an in-depth study of the occurrence of harmful cyanobacteria is important to develop appropriate management strategies for water resources at a local scale. Monthly samples were collected at one station in each reservoir over an 18-month period. The Analysis of similarity indicated that cyanobacterial abundance and species composition differed significantly among the reservoirs. The Redundancy analysis highlighted their relationship to trophic, hydrological and seasonal patterns. Spearman’s analysis indicated that there were significant correlations among the most important species (Planktothrix agardhii–rubescens group, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae and Dolichospermum planctonicum), nutrients and microcystins. We highlighted that the species composition during periods of maximum microcystin concentrations differed from those typically reported for other Mediterranean sites. We found new potential microcystin producers (Aphanizomenon klebahnii, Dolichospermum macrosporum and Dolichospermum viguieri), which emphasised the high diversity of cyanobacteria in the Mediterranean area and the need for detailed research at the local scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Antonietta Mariani
- University of Sassari, Dipartimento di Architettura, Design e Urbanistica, Via Piandanna 4, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Bachisio Mario Padedda
- University of Sassari, Dipartimento di Architettura, Design e Urbanistica, Via Piandanna 4, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Jan Kaštovský
- University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Department of Botany, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Paola Buscarinu
- Ente acque della Sardegna, Settore della limnologia degli invasi, Viale Elmas 116, 09122 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Nicola Sechi
- University of Sassari, Dipartimento di Architettura, Design e Urbanistica, Via Piandanna 4, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Tomasa Virdis
- Ente acque della Sardegna, Settore della limnologia degli invasi, Viale Elmas 116, 09122 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Antonella Lugliè
- University of Sassari, Dipartimento di Architettura, Design e Urbanistica, Via Piandanna 4, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Poniedziałek B, Rzymski P, Kokociński M, Karczewski J. Toxic potencies of metabolite(s) of non-cylindrospermopsin producing Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii isolated from temperate zone in human white cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 120:608-14. [PMID: 25462304 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Nostocales, Cyanobacteria) has worldwide distribution and is well known for producing the toxic alkaloid, cylindrospermopsin (CYN). Strains unable to synthesize this compound but potentially toxic were recently identified in Europe. Here, for the first time the effect of cell-free extracts of a non-CYN-producing strain of C. raciborskii was studied in human cells (neutrophils and lymphocytes) isolated from healthy donors. The observed effects were compared to those induced by CYN (1.0-0.01 μg mL(-1)). Short-term (1h) extract treatments resulted in altered viability of cells demonstrated by increased necrosis and apoptosis in neutrophils and elevated apoptosis in lymphocytes. CYN did not induce similar effects, regardless of the toxin concentration. Exposure of T-lymphocytes to 100% C. raciborskii extract in isolated and whole-blood 72 h cultures resulted in decrease of proliferation by 20.6% and 32.5%, respectively. In comparison, exposure to 1.0 μg mL(-1) of CYN caused lymphocytes proliferation to be inhibited by 91.0% in isolated cultures and 56.5% in whole-blood assay. Significant antiproliferative properties were also found for 0.1 μg mL(-1) of CYN in whole-blood culture. From the results we conclude that strains occurring in temperate zones may pose a threat to human health through the production of hitherto unknown metabolites that reveal a toxic pattern different to that of CYN. At the same time our study demonstrates that CYN is a powerful but slowly-acting toxin in human immune cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Poniedziałek
- Department of Biology and Environmental Protection, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Piotr Rzymski
- Department of Biology and Environmental Protection, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Mikołaj Kokociński
- Department of Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland; Collegium Polonicum, Adam Mickiewicz University, Słubice, Poland
| | - Jacek Karczewski
- Department of Biology and Environmental Protection, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Rzymski P, Poniedziałek B. In search of environmental role of cylindrospermopsin: a review on global distribution and ecology of its producers. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 66:320-337. [PMID: 25222334 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite a significant interest in cyanotoxins over recent decades, their biological role is still poorly elucidated. Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is a cyanobacterial metabolite that is globally identified in surface fresh- and brackish waters and whose producers are observed to spread throughout different climate zones. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the characteristics and global distribution of CYN-producing species, the variety of their chemotypes and the occurrence of strains which, while incapable of toxin synthesis, are able to produce other bioactive compounds including those that are hitherto unknown and yet to be identified. Environmental conditions that can trigger CYN production and promote growth of CYN-producers in aquatic ecosystems are also discussed. Finally, on the basis of existing experimental evidence, potential ecological role(s) of CYN are indicated. It is eventually concluded that CYN can be at least partially responsible for the ecological success of certain cyanobacteria species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Rzymski
- Department of Biology and Environmental Protection, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Barbara Poniedziałek
- Department of Biology and Environmental Protection, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jiang Y, Xiao P, Yu G, Shao J, Liu D, Azevedo SMFO, Li R. Sporadic distribution and distinctive variations of cylindrospermopsin genes in cyanobacterial strains and environmental samples from Chinese freshwater bodies. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:5219-30. [PMID: 24928879 PMCID: PMC4136083 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00551-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing reports of cylindrospermopsins (CYNs) in freshwater ecosystems have promoted the demand for identifying all of the potential CYN-producing cyanobacterial species. The present study explored the phylogenetic distribution and evolution of cyr genes in cyanobacterial strains and water samples from China. Four Cylindrospermopsis strains and two Raphidiopsis strains were confirmed to produce CYNs. Mutant cyrI and cyrK genes were observed in these strains. Cloned cyr gene sequences from eight water bodies were clustered with cyr genes from Cylindrospermopsis and Raphidiopsis (C/R group) in the phylogenetic trees with high similarities (99%). Four cyrI sequence types and three cyrJ sequence types were observed to have different sequence insertions and repeats. Phylogenetic analysis of the rpoC1 sequences of the C/R group revealed four conserved clades, namely, clade I, clade II, clade III, and clade V. High sequence similarities (>97%) in each clade and a divergent clade IV were observed. Therefore, CYN producers were sporadically distributed in congeneric and paraphyletic C/R group species in Chinese freshwater ecosystems. In the evolution of cyr genes, intragenomic translocations and intergenomic transfer between local Cylindrospermopsis and Raphidiopsis were emphasized and probably mediated by transposases. This research confirms the existence of CYN-producing Cylindrospermopsis in China and reveals the distinctive variations of cyr genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongguang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Gongliang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jihai Shao
- Resources and Environment College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Deming Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Sandra M F O Azevedo
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ilha do Fundão, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renhui Li
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gkelis S, Zaoutsos N. Cyanotoxin occurrence and potentially toxin producing cyanobacteria in freshwaters of Greece: a multi-disciplinary approach. Toxicon 2013; 78:1-9. [PMID: 24275084 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria harmful algal blooms (or CyanoHABs) represent one of the most conspicuous waterborne microbial hazards in aquatic environments mostly due to the production of harmful secondary metabolites, known as cyanotoxins. In freshwaters of Greece only the presence of microcystins (MCs) has been reported despite the increasing occurrence of species able to produce other cyanotoxins too. In this paper, we studied the occurrence of potentially toxic cyanobacteria in water samples collected from six lakes and reservoirs in Greece. A multi-technique approach was applied by the use of microscopy, molecular, and immunological methods. Cyanobacteria were found in all the sites ranging from 4.7 × 10³ to 5.3 × 10⁸ individuals L⁻¹, representing >70% of the total phytoplankton abundance. Microcystins (MCs), cylindrospermopsins (CYNs), and saxitoxins (STXs) were detected using ELISA, in concentrations ranging from 3.9 to 108 μg L⁻¹, from 0.3 to 2.8 μg L⁻¹ and from 0.4 to 1.2 μg L⁻¹, respectively. In half of the samples examined more than one cyanotoxins were detected. Our results document the first report on the occurrence of CYN and STX in freshwaters of Greece and show that potential STX producers are Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae. Further studies are needed to assess potential CYN producers. This study provides further data on the distribution and toxicity of C. raciborskii and Aph. flos-aquae and documents a C. raciborskii dominated bloom producing STX in Europe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Spyros Gkelis
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Nikos Zaoutsos
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
de la Cruz AA, Hiskia A, Kaloudis T, Chernoff N, Hill D, Antoniou MG, He X, Loftin K, O'Shea K, Zhao C, Pelaez M, Han C, Lynch TJ, Dionysiou DD. A review on cylindrospermopsin: the global occurrence, detection, toxicity and degradation of a potent cyanotoxin. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2013; 15:1979-2003. [PMID: 24056894 DOI: 10.1039/c3em00353a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Cylindrospermopsin is an important cyanobacterial toxin found in water bodies worldwide. The ever-increasing and global occurrence of massive and prolonged blooms of cylindrospermopsin-producing cyanobacteria poses a potential threat to both human and ecosystem health. Its toxicity is associated with metabolic activation and may involve mechanisms that adversely affect a wide variety of targets in an organism. Cylindrospermopsin has been shown to be cytotoxic, dermatotoxic, genotoxic, hepatotoxic in vivo, developmentally toxic, and may be carcinogenic. Human exposure may occur through drinking water, during recreational activities and by consuming foods in which the toxin may have bioaccumulated. Drinking water shortages of sufficient quality coupled with growing human pressures and climate variability and change necessitate an integrated and sustainable water management program. This review presents an overview of the importance of cylindrospermopsin, its detection, toxicity, worldwide distribution, and lastly, its chemical and biological degradation and removal by natural processes and drinking water treatment processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Armah A de la Cruz
- Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kokociński M, Mankiewicz-Boczek J, Jurczak T, Spoof L, Meriluoto J, Rejmonczyk E, Hautala H, Vehniäinen M, Pawełczyk J, Soininen J. Aphanizomenon gracile (Nostocales), a cylindrospermopsin-producing cyanobacterium in Polish lakes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:5243-64. [PMID: 23378259 PMCID: PMC3713259 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1426-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The cyanobacterial cytotoxin cylindrospermopsin (CYN) has become increasingly common in fresh waters worldwide. It was originally isolated from Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii in Australia; however, in European waters, its occurrence is associated with other cyanobacterial species belonging to the genera Aphanizomenon and Anabaena. Moreover, cylindrospermopsin-producing strains of widely distributed C. raciborskii have not yet been observed in European waters. The aims of this work were to assess the occurrence of CYN in lakes of western Poland and to identify the CYN producers. The ELISA tests, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-DAD, and HPLC-mass spectrometry (MS)/MS were conducted to assess the occurrence of CYN in 36 lakes. The cyrJ, cyrA, and pks genes were amplified to identify toxigenic genotypes of cyanobacteria that are capable of producing CYN. The toxicity and toxigenicity of the C. raciborskii and Aphanizomenon gracile strains isolated from the studied lakes were examined. Overall, CYN was detected in 13 lakes using HPLC-MS/MS, and its concentrations varied from trace levels to 3.0 μg L(-1). CYN was widely observed in lakes of western Poland during the whole summer under different environmental conditions. Mineral forms of nutrients and temperature were related to CYN production. The molecular studies confirmed the presence of toxigenic cyanobacterial populations in all of the samples where CYN was detected. The toxicity and toxigenicity analyses of isolated cyanobacteria strains revealed that A. gracile was the major producer of CYN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikołaj Kokociński
- Collegium Polonicum, Adam Mickiewicz University, Kościuszki 1, 69-100, Słubice, Poland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Poniedziałek B, Rzymski P, Kokociński M. Cylindrospermopsin: water-linked potential threat to human health in Europe. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2012; 34:651-60. [PMID: 22986102 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is a secondary metabolite produced by several cyanobacteria species. Its potential effect on human health includes liver, kidneys, lungs, spleen and intestine injuries. CYN can be cyto- and genotoxic to a variety of cell types. Occurrence and expansion of species able to synthesize CYN in European water bodies has been recently reported and raised awareness of potential harm to human health. Therefore, surface water of different human use should be monitored for the presence of toxic species of blue-green algae. This paper aims to describe the distribution of CYN producers in Europe and the potential effects of the toxin on human health according to the current state of knowledge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Poniedziałek
- Department of Biology and Environmental Protection, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|