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Warshaw EM, Ruggiero JL, DeKoven JG, Pratt MD, Silverberg JI, Maibach HI, Zug KA, Atwater AR, Taylor JS, Reeder MJ, Sasseville D, Fowler JF, Fransway AF, Belsito DV, DeLeo VA, Houle MC, Dunnick CA. Patch Testing with Ammonium Persulfate: The North American Contact Dermatitis Group Experience, 2015-2018. J Am Acad Dermatol 2021; 87:1014-1023. [PMID: 34390784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ammonium persulfate (APS), an oxidizing agent used in hair products, manufacturing, and pool/spa water, can cause skin reactions including allergic contact dermatitis. OBJECTIVE To characterize positive patch test reactions to APS (2.5% pet). METHODS Retrospective analysis of patients tested to the North American Contact Dermatitis Group (NACDG) screening series from 2015-2018. RESULTS Of 10,526 patients, 193 (1.8%) had positive patch test reactions to APS. Compared to negative patients, APS-positive patients were significantly more likely to be male (43.2% vs. 28.0%, p<0.0001), have primary hand (30.2% vs. 22.0%, p=0.0064), scattered generalized (25.5% vs. 17.9%, p=0.0064), or trunk dermatitis (8.9% vs. 4.9%, p=0.0123), and occupationally-related dermatitis (22.2% vs. 10.9%, p<0.0001). Over half of the APS-positive reactions were currently relevant (57.0%); 19 (9.8%) were related to occupation, especially (68.4%) hairdressers. Swimming pools/spas (23.3%) and hair care products (19.2%) were the most common APS sources. LIMITATIONS Immediate reactions and follow-up testing not captured. CONCLUSIONS The proportion of patients positive to APS was 1.8%. APS positivity was significantly associated with male sex and hand dermatitis. Swimming pool/spa chemicals are important sources of APS exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Warshaw
- Department of Dermatology, Park Nicollet Health Services, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Dermatology, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center
| | - Jenna L Ruggiero
- Department of Dermatology, Park Nicollet Health Services, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Dermatology, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center; University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN.
| | - Joel G DeKoven
- Division of Dermatology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melanie D Pratt
- Division of Dermatology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan I Silverberg
- Department of Dermatology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | - Howard I Maibach
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco
| | - Kathryn A Zug
- Department of Dermatology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH
| | - Amber R Atwater
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | | | - Margo J Reeder
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Denis Sasseville
- Division of Dermatology, Montreal General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | - Donald V Belsito
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Irving Medical School, New York, NY
| | - Vincent A DeLeo
- Department of Dermatology, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Marie-Claude Houle
- Division of Dermatology, CHU de Quebec, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cory A Dunnick
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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Brans R, Uter W, John SM, Hougaard Foss-Skiftesvik M. Occupational Contact Dermatitis: Hairdressers. Contact Dermatitis 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-36335-2_76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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3
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Fok JS, Katelaris CH. Angioedema Masqueraders. Clin Exp Allergy 2019; 49:1274-1282. [PMID: 31310036 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Angioedema is a common reason for referral to immunology and allergy specialists. Not all cases are in fact angioedema. There are many conditions that may mimic its appearance, resulting in misdiagnosis. This may happen when a clinician is unfamiliar with conditions resembling angioedema or when there is a low index of clinical suspicion. In this article, we explore a list of differential diagnoses based on body parts, including the lips, the limbs, periorbital tissues, the face, epiglottis and uvula, as well as the genitalia, that may pose as a masquerader even to an experienced eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shen Fok
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Box Hill Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Constance H Katelaris
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Campbelltown Hospital, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
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Brans R, Uter W, John SM, Hougaard Foss-Skiftesvik M. Occupational Contact Dermatitis: Hairdressers. Contact Dermatitis 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72451-5_76-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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5
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Hennen J, Blömeke B. Ranking skin-sensitizing hair dye molecules according to their potency by the use of human cells. Contact Dermatitis 2018; 79:391-393. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.13094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Hennen
- Department of Environmental Toxicology; Trier University; Trier Germany
| | - Brunhilde Blömeke
- Department of Environmental Toxicology; Trier University; Trier Germany
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Goebel C, Diepgen TL, Blömeke B, Gaspari AA, Schnuch A, Fuchs A, Schlotmann K, Krasteva M, Kimber I. Skin sensitization quantitative risk assessment for occupational exposure of hairdressers to hair dye ingredients. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Antelmi A, Young E, Svedman C, Zimerson E, Engfeldt M, Foti C, Bruze M. Are gloves sufficiently protective when hairdressers are exposed to permanent hair dyes? An in vivo study. Contact Dermatitis 2014; 72:229-36. [PMID: 25407590 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of permanent hair dyes exposes hairdressers to contact allergens such as p-phenylenediamine (PPD), and the preventive measures are insufficient. OBJECTIVES To perform an in vivo test to study the protective effect of gloves commonly used by hairdressers. PATIENTS/MATERIALS/METHODS Six gloves from Sweden, Italy and Germany were studied: two vinyl, one natural rubber latex, two nitrile, and one polyethylene. The hair dye used for the provocation was a dark shade permanent dye containing PPD. The dye was mixed with hydrogen peroxide, and 8 PPD-sensitized volunteers were tested with the gloves as a membrane between the hair dye and the skin in a cylindrical open chamber system. Three exposure times (15, 30 and 60 min) were used. RESULTS Eczematous reactions were found when natural rubber latex, polyethylene and vinyl gloves were tested with the dye. The nitrile gloves gave good protection, even after 60 min of exposure to the hair dye. CONCLUSIONS Many protective gloves used by hairdressers are unsuitable for protection against the risk of elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis caused by PPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annarita Antelmi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 18, SE 20502, Malmö, Sweden; Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Unit of Dermatology, University of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
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Schwensen JF, Johansen JD, Veien NK, Funding AT, Avnstorp C, Østerballe M, Andersen KE, Paulsen E, Mortz CG, Sommerlund M, Danielsen A, Andersen BL, Thormann J, Kristensen O, Kristensen B, Vissing S, Nielsen NH, Thyssen JP, Søsted H. Occupational contact dermatitis in hairdressers: an analysis of patch test data from the Danish Contact Dermatitis Group, 2002-2011. Contact Dermatitis 2013; 70:233-7. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jakob F. Schwensen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermato-Allergology; Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte; 2900 Hellerup Denmark
| | - Jeanne D. Johansen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermato-Allergology; Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte; 2900 Hellerup Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | - Klaus E. Andersen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Centre; Odense University Hospital; 5000 Odense C Denmark
| | - Evy Paulsen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Centre; Odense University Hospital; 5000 Odense C Denmark
| | - Charlotte G. Mortz
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Centre; Odense University Hospital; 5000 Odense C Denmark
| | - Mette Sommerlund
- Department of Dermatology; Aarhus University Hospital; 8000 Aarhus Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jacob P. Thyssen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermato-Allergology; Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte; 2900 Hellerup Denmark
| | - Heidi Søsted
- Research Centre for Hairdressers and Beauticians, Department of Dermato-Allergology; Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte; 2900 Hellerup Denmark
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Lyons G, Roberts H, Palmer A, Matheson M, Nixon R. Hairdressers presenting to an occupational dermatology clinic in Melbourne, Australia. Contact Dermatitis 2013; 68:300-6. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Mercado-Feliciano M, Herbert RA, Wyde ME, Gerken DK, Hejtmancik MR, Hooth MJ. Pyrogallol-associated dermal toxicity and carcinogenicity in F344/N rats and B6C3F1/N mice. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2012; 32:234-40. [PMID: 23231012 DOI: 10.3109/15569527.2012.746358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Pyrogallol (CAS No. 87-66-1), a benzenetriol used historically as a hair dye and currently in a number of industrial applications, was nominated to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) for testing based on the lack of toxicity and carcinogenicity data. Three-month and two-year toxicity studies to determine the toxicity and carcinogenicity of pyrogallol when applied to naïve skin (i.e. dermal administration) were conducted in both sexes of F344/N rats and B6C3F1/N mice. In the three-month studies, adult rodents were administered pyrogallol in 95% ethanol five days per week for 3 months at doses of up to 150 mg/kg body weight (rats) or 600 mg/kg (mice). Based on the subchronic studies, the doses for the two-year studies in rats and mice were 5, 20 and 75 mg/kg of pyrogallol. All mice and most rats survived until the end of the three-month study and body weights were comparable to controls. During the two-year study, survival of dosed rats and male mice was comparable to controls; however survival of 75 mg/kg female mice significantly decreased compared to controls. The incidences of microscopic non-neoplastic lesions at the site of application were significantly higher in all dosed groups of rats and mice and in both the 3-months and two-year studies. In the two-year study, hyperplasia, hyperkeratosis and inflammation tended to be more severe in mice than in rats, and in the mice they tended to be more severe in females than in males. The incidence of squamous cell carcinoma at the site of application (SOA) in 75 mg/kg female mice and SOA squamous cell papillomas in 75 mg/kg male mice were greater than controls. Pyrogallol was carcinogenic in female mice and may have caused tumors in male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minerva Mercado-Feliciano
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Goebel C, Diepgen TL, Krasteva M, Schlatter H, Nicolas JF, Blömeke B, Coenraads PJ, Schnuch A, Taylor JS, Pungier J, Fautz R, Fuchs A, Schuh W, Gerberick GF, Kimber I. Quantitative risk assessment for skin sensitisation: Consideration of a simplified approach for hair dye ingredients. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 64:459-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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15
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[Endemic air-borne contact dermatitis? Frequent occurrence of a rare contact allergy in a waste collection facility]. Hautarzt 2011; 62:765-9. [PMID: 21901562 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-011-2215-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Numerous cases of work-related air-borne contact dermatitis of the face were encountered in a waste collection facility. Potential allergens contained in the dust at the facility could be identified. In 5 of 7 symptomatic workers a type-IV sensitization to p-aminodiphenylamine could be documented. Since there is no commercial patch test preparation for p-aminodiphenylamine available, it had to be prepared for each patient individually. After identifying the allergen, a change in the work routine led to a reduction of dust emissions and afterwards no cases of air-borne contact dermatitis of the face recurred.
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Fernández-Vozmediano J, Padilla-Moreno M, Armario-Hita J, Carranza-Romero C. Patrón de sensibilización por contacto a parafenilendiamina y su detección en tintes capilares. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2011; 102:206-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2010.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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17
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Krecisz B, Kiec-Swierczynska M, Chomiczewska D. Dermatological screening and results of patch testing among Polish apprentice hairdressers. Contact Dermatitis 2011; 64:90-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2010.01844.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Fernández-Vozmediano J, Padilla-Moreno M, Armario-Hita J, Carranza-Romero C. Pattern of Contact Sensitization to Paraphenylenediamine and Its Detection in Hair Dyes. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1578-2190(11)70786-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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La epidemiología de la alergia de contacto en Europa. Situación actual y perspectivas. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2011; 102:4-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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20
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Uter W. Epidemiology of Contact Allergy in Europe: Current Situation and Outlook for the Future. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1578-2190(11)70746-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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21
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Ong GYK. Temporary Tattoo Associated Type IV Delayed Hypersensitivity Dermatitis in a Child – A Case Report and Call for Parental Caution in Singapore. ANNALS OF THE ACADEMY OF MEDICINE, SINGAPORE 2010. [DOI: 10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v39n9p738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gene YK Ong
- KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine, Singapore
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O’Connell RL, White IR, Mc Fadden JP, White JML. Hairdressers with dermatitis should always be patch tested regardless of atopy status. Contact Dermatitis 2010; 62:177-81. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2009.01696.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Krasteva M, Bons B, Ryan C, Gerberick FG. Consumer Allergy to Oxidative Hair Coloring Products: Epidemiologic Data in the Literature. Dermatitis 2009. [DOI: 10.2310/6620.2009.08089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Abstract
Contact dermatitis can be severe and lead to sick leave as well as significant healthcare expenses. The aim of this review is to present the published knowledge on 6 historical epidemics of contact allergy to apply this knowledge on the prevention and control of future contact allergy epidemics. A historical review is performed on nickel, chromium, methyl-chloro-iso-thiazolinone/methyl-iso-thiazolinone, methyl-di-bromo glucaro-nitrile, formaldehyde, and para-phenylenediamine. The first cases of contact dermatitis are mostly occupational, whereas consumer cases appear later. There is often a latency period from the first cases are observed until an epidemic occurs, and the problem is recognized. Finally, no one seems to take responsibility of dealing with the situation, and there are no attempts of regulation until an epidemic is consolidated among consumers for many years. Steps should be taken to prevent contact allergy epidemics. It is essential that dermatologist, scientists, administrators, and consumers organize and structure known methods to accelerate the control of emerging contact allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Pontoppidan Thyssen
- Department of Dermato-venerology, National Allergy Research Centre, Gentofte University Hospital, Ledreborg Allé 40, 2820 Gentofte, Denmark.
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Teixeira M, de Wachter L, Ronsyn E, Goossens A. Contact allergy to para-phenylenediamine in a permanent eyelash dye. Contact Dermatitis 2006; 55:92-4. [PMID: 16930233 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-1873.2006.00883.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We present the case of a 30-year-old atopic lady with a known history of intolerance to several materials, including dark stockings, who developed a severe dermatitis on the eyelids and peri-orbital regions, as well as a conjunctivitis after having her eyelashes tinted by a beautician with a permanent black eyelash and eyebrow dye (Combinal, Dr Temt Laboratories, Austria). Patch tests revealed positive reactions to para-phenylenediamine (PPD), both diluted 0.01% and 1% in pet., to the eyelash dye (tested semiopen as is) and to some of the azo-dyes tested. The permanent eyelash dye did contain PPD, the use of which is illegal but seems to be a common practice. The patient had most probably been sensitized through nylon stockings containing azo-dyes, with PPD itself cross-reacting to them. With the growth in popularity of tattooing and permanent make-up, doctors should be aware of the new uses of this old allergen. Moreover, although many manufacturers have made great efforts to improve cosmetics concerning their safety, some of them remain uninformed about cosmetic legislation or do not respect it at all. Because many of these products are acquired via internet, lack of legislation about this shopping modality is also a serious problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Teixeira
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Geral Santo António, Porto, Portugal, and Department of Dermatology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
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Brans R, Dickel H, Bruckner T, Coenraads PJ, Heesen M, Merk HF, Blömeke B. MnSOD polymorphisms in sensitized patients with delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions to the chemical allergen para-phenylene diamine: A case–control study. Toxicology 2005; 212:148-54. [PMID: 15951095 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2005.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2005] [Revised: 04/18/2005] [Accepted: 04/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dyes such as para-phenylene diamine (PPD) or related para-compounds are very common contact sensitizers in man. The corresponding contact dermatitis in sensitized individuals is a complex and common illness associated with considerable morbidity and social cost. It has been found that oxidative stress from reactive oxygen species (ROS) may play an important role in the pre-immunological phase of allergic contact dermatitis to PPD. Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is one of the primary enzymes that directly scavenge potential harmful oxidizing species. A valine (Val) to alanine (Ala) substitution at amino acid -9, occurring in the MnSOD gene, has been associated with various disease risk. The aim of our study was to investigate possible associations of the MnSOD 47 T>C genotype in exon 2 (Ala-9Val) and the 339 T>C genotype in exon 3 (Ile58Thr) with contact sensitization to PPD in humans in a case-control study. The study was performed in 157 unrelated cases and 201 age- and gender-matched controls. The MnSOD genotypes were determined using LightCycler allele discrimination assays. No heterozygous (CT) or homozygous carriers (TT) for the Ile58Thr polymorphism were found. The frequency for the C allele of the Ala-9Val polymorphism was 51% (79/157) in cases and 49% (107/201) in controls. Homozygous CC carriers (Ala/Ala) were 27% (43/157) in cases and 23% (46/201) in controls (odds ratio [OR], 1.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.8-2.1). Stratification into subgroups based on gender and age limited the association to females. Increased risk among homozygous CC carriers (Ala/Ala) was only found in the group of older females (over 45 years, 25% versus 18%; OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 0.7-2.34). These data suggest that the C (Ala) allele of MnSOD modifies contact dermatitis risk among older females, but is not an independent susceptibility factor for contact sensitization to PPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Brans
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52057 Aachen, Germany
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Søsted H, Hesse U, Menné T, Andersen KE, Johansen JD. Contact dermatitis to hair dyes in a Danish adult population: an interview-based study. Br J Dermatol 2005; 153:132-5. [PMID: 16029338 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06588.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contact allergy to hair dye ingredients is a well-known entity seen both in consumers using hair dyes and among hairdressers with occupational contact dermatitis. Surveys show that consumers with even severe adverse skin reactions to hair dyes only rarely contact the healthcare services. The frequency of hair dye-induced skin reactions in the consumer population is unknown. OBJECTIVES An epidemiological investigation with the aim of establishing the proportion of hair dye-induced skin reactions was performed in a population-based sample. METHODS A representative random sample (n = 4000) was taken of the Danish adult population. Personal interview questions were asked regarding adverse skin reactions to hair dyes, either compatible with a classical allergic eczematous reaction with redness, scaling and itching or a severe allergic reaction with oedema of the forehead and face. The response rate was 65.2%. RESULTS A total of 18.4% of the male respondents and 74.9% of the female respondents had at some point dyed their hair. The median age at first hair dyeing was 16 years (range 1-80). Adverse skin reactions to hair dyes compatible with an allergic reaction were reported in 5.3% of individuals who had ever used hair dye. Of these, only 15.6% had been in contact with healthcare services after the hair dye reaction. Having had a temporary tattoo was not a significant risk factor for an adverse reaction to hair dyes. CONCLUSIONS The rate of adverse allergic skin reactions to hair dyes was higher than expected from patch-test studies. Only by studying the clinical types of adverse reactions to hair dyes will it be possible to gather a complete epidemiological picture of the nature and extent of the problems related to hair dye ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Søsted
- The National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology, University of Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Modjtahedi BS, Modjtahedi SP, Maibach HI. The sex of the individual as a factor in allergic contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 2004; 50:53-9. [PMID: 15128314 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-1873.2004.00299.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Exogenous and endogenous factors have been implicated in allergic contact dermatitis (ACD); this review explores the sex of the individual as a possible endogenous factor. While there is a clinical impression that women are more skin-reactive than men, upon review this hypothesis appears oversimplified. This review explores sex differences in controlled testing of adult ACD, occupational ACD and juvenile ACD. Further, geographical location and socioeconomic and cultural factors in relation to sex differences in allergic contact dermatitis are discussed. We conclude that female sex could be a factor predisposing to allergic contact dermatitis not so much because of possible differences in intrinsic skin characteristics between the sexes, but more because of different exposure patterns. This conclusion has practical consequences regarding product labelling requirements, occupational risk assessment and legislation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Modjtahedi
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0989, USA
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31
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Cervantès MH, Sellier N, Loriot J, Verdier R, Dujols P, Picot MC. Perception du risque professionnel cutané chez les coiffeurs. ARCH MAL PROF ENVIRO 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s1775-8785(04)93504-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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32
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Sánchez-Pérez J, García del Río I, Alvarez Ruiz S, García Diez A. Allergic contact dermatitis from direct dyes for hair colouration in hairdressers' clients. Contact Dermatitis 2004; 50:261-2. [PMID: 15186395 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-1873.2004.0301l.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Sánchez-Pérez
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C. Diego de León 62, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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33
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Aalto-Korte K, Mäkinen-Kiljunen S. Specific immunoglobulin E in patients with immediate persulfate hypersensitivity. Contact Dermatitis 2004; 49:22-5. [PMID: 14641116 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-1873.2003.00134.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Persulfate salts may cause contact urticaria, allergic and irritant contact dermatitis, rhinitis and asthma. The mechanism of the immediate reactions has been unclear. Positive prick test, skin application and nasal and bronchial provocations identify immediate allergy. There is only 1 previous report of specific binding of immunoglobulin E (IgE) to ammonium persulfate demonstrated by radioallergosorbent test (RAST). In the present study, fresh 2% ammonium and potassium persulfate solutions were used for prick testing. Patients with positive prick tests were further evaluated with open skin application, immunospot and RAST. Prick testing with persulfate salts was performed in a total of 138 patients. 7 patients had a positive reaction to at least 1 persulfate salt. 6 of the patients had had skin symptoms, urticaria, eczema or angioedema, because of contact with hair bleaches. Open application on healthy skin was performed in 4 patients, and 3 out of them had urticarial reactions. The sera of 5 patients were investigated with immunospot and RAST. On immunospot, specific binding of IgE to human serum albumin (HSA)-conjugated ammonium and potassium persulfate was found in 2 patients. 1 immunospot-positive patient also had a positive RAST to ammonium persulfate-HSA conjugate. The mechanism of immediate hypersensitivity to persulfates thus seems to be IgE-mediated at least in some patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina Aalto-Korte
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Skin and Allergy Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
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Hollund BE, Moen BE, Egeland GM, Florvaag E. Prevalence of airway symptoms and total serum immunoglobulin E among hairdressers in Bergen: a four-year prospective study. J Occup Environ Med 2004; 45:1201-6. [PMID: 14610402 DOI: 10.1097/01.jom.0000094992.18110.c0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We examined changes in the self-reported prevalence of respiratory symptoms and total serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) among hairdressers after local exhaust ventilation was installed in some hairdresser salons. We also examined differences in these variables between current and former hairdressers. The survey was a prospective study on 91 female hairdressers and a control group of 80 female office workers. Total serum IgE remained high in the hairdresser groups both in 1995 and 1999 (101 vs. 105 IU/mL blood). The IgE levels among office workers were low in 1995 and 1999. Forty percent of the hairdressers in 1995 had left their profession by 1999, 5.7 times the rate among office workers. The frequency of wheezing in the past year decreased significantly among current and former hairdressers. Our data suggest that hairdressers who remained in their profession were a highly selected and healthy group of workers. The improvement in symptoms might be explained by the reduced exposure resulting from the installation of local exhaust ventilation.
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35
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Uter W, Lessmann H, Geier J, Schnuch A. Contact allergy to ingredients of hair cosmetics in female hairdressers and clients - an 8-year analysis of IVDK* data. Contact Dermatitis 2003; 49:236-40. [PMID: 14996045 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-1873.2003.0233.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Not only hairdressers, but also their clients or home-users of hair cosmetic products may become sensitized to one of the product constituents. The present analysis addresses the question whether the pattern of sensitization is different in these 2 groups and includes female patients who consulted with the participating centres of the IVDK (http://www.ivdk.org) between 1995 and 2002, and in whom hair cosmetics have been considered as being causative of their contact dermatitis. Among these, 2 subgroups were identified: (i) patients, currently or previously working as hairdressers, diagnosed with occupational skin disease (H, n = 884) and (ii) patients who never worked as hairdressers, i.e. clients (C, n = 1217). Previous atopic eczema was twice as common among H, who were also much younger (median age 24 versus 46 in C). Analysis of sensitization frequencies and patterns showed the well-known decline of contact allergy to glyceryl monothioglycolate (GMTG) in H from 31.2% to 8.5%. Among the C, 1.7% were allergic to GMTG. Concerning p-phenylenediamine, a steady decline from 27.6% to 17.2% was observed in H, while no trend was found in C (12.6% and 16.6% in the first and the last 2-year period, respectively). Conversely, a very slight decline of p-toluenediamine sensitization was observed in H (from 29.5% to 24.8%), while at the same time a significant increase was noted in C (from 8.7% to 16.7%). A slighter increase was also noted with ammonium persulfate in C (3.1-6.8%), while the proportion of H sensitized remained largely constant at about 26%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Uter
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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Diepgen TL. Occupational skin-disease data in Europe. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2003; 76:331-8. [PMID: 12690490 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-002-0418-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2002] [Accepted: 08/21/2002] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The different occupational health systems and legislations in the countries across Europe makes it difficult for one to sketch a detailed picture for the whole continent. Reporting bias and selection bias have a considerable impact on the perceived prevalence and incidence, while reliable data are hard to extract from official registries. Data from one region in Germany will serve as an example. Comparison with data from other sources yields an estimate of 0.7 to 1.5 cases per 1,000 per year as a gross average, while the problem in specific occupational groups is more pronounced. Reliable data on social and economic impact are very scarce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Diepgen
- Department of Social Medicine, Center of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Bergheimer Strasse 58, 99115 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Mahendran R, Stables GI, Wilkinson SM. Contact leukoderma secondary to occupational toluenediamine sulfate exposure. Contact Dermatitis 2002. [DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0536.2002.470210_9.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Pang S, Fiume MZ. Final report on the safety assessment of Ammonium, Potassium, and Sodium Persulfate. Int J Toxicol 2002; 20 Suppl 3:7-21. [PMID: 11766134 DOI: 10.1080/10915810152630710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Ammonium, Potassium, and Sodium Persulfate are inorganic salts used as oxidizing agents in hair bleaches and hair-coloring preparations. Persulfates are contained in hair lighteners at concentrations up to 60%, in bleaches and lighteners at up to 22% and 16%, respectively, and in off-the-scalp products used to highlight hair strands at up to 25%. They are used in professional product bleaches and lighteners at similar concentrations. Much of the available safety test data are for Ammonium Persulfate, but these data are considered applicable to the other salts as well. Acute dermal, oral, and inhalation toxicity studies are available, but only the latter are remarkable, with gross lesions observed in the lungs, liver, stomach, and spleen. In short-term and subchronic feeding studies the results were mixed; some studies found no evidence of toxicity and others found local damage to the mucous membrane in the gastrointestinal tract, but no other systemic effects. Short-term inhalation toxicity was observed when rats were exposed to aerosolized Ammonium Persulfate at concentrations of 4 mg/m3 and greater. Ammonium Persulfate (as a moistened powder) was not an irritant to intact rabbit skin, but was sensitizing (in a saline solution) to the guinea pig. It was slightly irritating to rabbit eyes. Ammonium Persulfate was negative in the Ames test and the chromosomal aberration test. No significant evidence of tumor promotion or carcinogenicity was observed in studies of rats receiving topical applications of Ammonium Persulfate. The persulfates were reported to cause both delayed-type and immediate skin reactions, including irritant dermatitis, allergic eczematous dermatitis, localized contact urticaria, generalized urticaria, rhinitis, asthma, and syncope. The most common causes of allergic dermatitis in hairdressers are the active ingredients in hair dyes, and Ammonium Persulfate has been identified as a frequent allergen. A sensitization study that also examined the incidence of urticarial reactions was performed with 17.5% Ammonium, Potassium, and Sodium Persulfate under occlusive patches. At this concentration and exposure conditions, a mixture of these Persulfates was not sensitizing, and application of Ammonium, Potassium, and Sodium Persulfate did not result in an urticarial reaction. In normal use (i.e., not occluded and rinsed off), it was expected that a concentration greater than 17.5% would also be safe. Given the clinical reports of urticarial reactions, however, manufacturers and formulators should be aware of the potential for urticarial reactions at concentrations of Persulfates greater than 17.5%. Based on the available data, the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel concluded that Ammonium, Potassium, and Sodium Persulfate are safe as used as oxidizing agents in hair colorants and lighteners designed for brief discontinuous use followed by thorough rinsing from the hair and skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pang
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel, Washington, DC 20036, USA
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Abstract
Occupational contact dermatitis (OCD) represents 90 to 95% of all occupational dermatoses. The incidence rate of OCD is estimated to be around 0.5 to 1.9 cases per full-time worker per year. However, epidemiologic data are lacking and incidence is probably underestimated, especially in the US. Over the past 20 years, OCD has been the most frequently reported occupational disorder to German social insurance institutions. Critical factors in the management of OCD are recognition of clinical features, knowledge of allergens and irritants present in different occupational fields, knowledge of suitable protection, interpretation of patch test results, and awareness of medicolegal aspects. Management of OCD should be carried out by dermatologists and patch test clinics in cooperation with physicians specialized in industrial medicine. Individuals at high risk of OCD are hairdressers, dental laboratory technicians, other healthcare workers, construction industry workers, metal workers, leather and shoe manufacturers, florists and gardeners, and bakers, caterers, confectioners and cooks.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Koch
- Department of Dermatology, University of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
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Fautz R, Fuchs A, van der Walle H, Henny V, Smits L. Hair dye-sensitized hairdressers: the cross-reaction pattern with new generation hair dyes. Contact Dermatitis 2002; 46:319-24. [PMID: 12190619 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0536.2002.460601.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Hair dye allergies are a frequent cause of occupational skin disease among hairdressers. Conventional hair dyes contain 4-phenylenediamine (PPD), 2, 5-diaminotoluene sulfate (DTS) and 2-nitro-4-phenylenediamine (ONPPD) as allergens. In new generation hair dyes, FD & C and D & C dyes are used in the hair dye formulations. This study investigated the cross-reaction pattern of new generation hair dyes among hairdressers (n = 40) with a known allergy to PPD and/or DTS and/or ONPPD. In the 40 hairdressers no positive reactions were observed to the single FD & C and D & C dyes. In two hairdressers, doubtful reactions were observed to one or more of the hair dye formulations. The data from this study suggest that for hairdressers sensitized to PPD and/or DTS and/or ONPPD this new generation of hair dyes is a safe alternative for use in their salons.
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Dickel H, Bruckner T, Bernhard-Klimt C, Koch T, Scheidt R, Diepgen TL. Surveillance scheme for occupational skin disease in the Saarland, FRG. First report from BKH-S. Contact Dermatitis 2002; 46:197-206. [PMID: 12081697 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0536.2002.460403.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Occupational skin disease (OSD) is a significant public health concern. To keep OSDs under surveillance, a register of OSDs (BKH-S) was implemented in 1999 in the Saarland, FRG. We conducted a population-based register study to analyse all initial reports of OSDs reported to the BKH-S. 336 cases were prospectively assessed from July 1999 to June 2001. In 78% (n = 263) of the cases an occupational cause for the skin disease was stated, 91% (n = 240) of which fell within 16 occupational groups. This is equivalent to 6.8 cases per 10,000 workers per year within these occupational groups. Notably, young age groups (median age 35 years) were affected with a female predominance. The most frequent final diagnosis was irritant contact dermatitis (75%) followed by allergic contact dermatitis (34%) and atopic dermatitis (19%). The overall prevalence of occupationally relevant delayed-type reactors was 21% and of immediate-type reactors 17%. Work-related delayed-type sensitizations to potassium dichromate (n = 8) and immediate-type sensitizations to natural rubber latex (n = 11) were the most frequently observed. Questionnaire results showed frequent occupational skin contact with wet work (59%), detergents (48%), and disinfectants (38%). The second valid surveillance scheme for OSD in the FRG has been introduced and can be made available for further analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Dickel
- Department of Clinical Social Medicine, Centre of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Estrada JL, Puebla MJ, de Urbina JJ, Matilla B, Prieto MA, Gozalo F. Generalized eczema due to codeine. Contact Dermatitis 2001; 44:185. [PMID: 11217996 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0536.2001.440308-6.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
Hairdressers belong to an occupational group that is commonly affected by occupational skin disease, specifically contact dermatitis, which may be allergic or irritant and, less commonly, contact urticaria. Occupational contact dermatitis predominantly affects apprentices, and atopy is a recognized risk factor associated with a poor prognosis. Repetitive wet work leading to irritant contact dermatitis, followed by exposure to allergens and the development of allergic contact dermatitis, are the main factors contributing to occupational contact dermatitis. Once developed, it is often difficult to manage and is a cause of significant morbidity. Early education, training and prevention is the best approach to the management of this disorder that is endemic among hairdressers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lee
- Occupational Dermatology Service, Monash Medical Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Armstrong DK, Jones AB, Smith HR, Ross JS, White IR, Rycroft RJ, McFadden JP. Occupational sensitization to p-phenylenediamine: a 17-year review. Contact Dermatitis 1999; 41:348-9. [PMID: 10617223 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.1999.tb06191.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D K Armstrong
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, St Thomas's Hospital, London, UK
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Le Coz CJ, Bezard M. Allergic contact cheilitis due to effervescent dental cleanser: combined responsibilities of the allergen persulfate and prosthesis porosity. Contact Dermatitis 1999; 41:268-71. [PMID: 10554061 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.1999.tb06159.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A 55-year-old man with a dental prosthesis for 3 years had had a chronic relapsing cheilitis for more than 1 year. He was patch tested with the European standard series, his own topicals, and the dental cleanser at 10% pet. A relevant positive reaction ++ was found to the cleansing agent, which contained 20% potassium persulfate. The breakdown of the test confirmed sensitivity to this agent and to ammonium persulfate, both positive (++) at 2.5% pet. The patient was free of symptoms after he had avoided the cleanser. Subsequent chemical investigations performed with a fragment of a used dental prosthesis revealed strong adsorption of persulfate, both on the resin and on the dental tartar. Cleansing agents, adsorbed on tartar and porous resins of worn dental prostheses, should be considered as potential sensitizers and consequently patch tested on such patients with chronic cheilitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Le Coz
- Consultation de Dermato-Allergologie, Clinique Dermatologique des Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg 1, France
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46
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Affiliation(s)
- S Borelli
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
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47
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Cassano N, Alessandrini G, Mastrolonardo M, Vena GA. Peeling agents: toxicological and allergological aspects. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 1999. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.1999.tb00838.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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48
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Affiliation(s)
- H Assier-Bonnet
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France
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49
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Kimura T, Doi K. Contact Dermatitis Induced by Chemicals for Hair-dyeing in Hairless Dogs. J Toxicol Pathol 1999. [DOI: 10.1293/tox.12.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kunio Doi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, The University of Tokyo
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Affiliation(s)
- F Pasche-Koo
- Department of Dermatology of Western Switzerland, Geneva University Hospital
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