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Manakhov AD, Aarakelyan NA, Lapteacru AV, Andreeva TV, Trapezov OV, Rogaev EI. Genomic analysis links the American mink Royal pastel coat phenotype to retroviral element type 1 insertion in the HPS3 gene. Anim Genet 2024. [PMID: 38956930 DOI: 10.1111/age.13461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
To date, only 10 of the more than 30 fur colours that had been observed in American mink (Neogale vison) have been linked to specific genes. The Royal pastel fur colour is part of a large family of brownish colours that are quite similar to one another, making breeding and selecting processes more difficult. Here we carried out whole-genome sequencing of five American minks with Royal pastel (b/b) phenotypes originating from two distinct mink populations. We identified an insertion of endogenous retroviral element type 1 (ERV1) into the first intron of the gene encoding the HPS3 protein, which regulates the trafficking of tyrosinase-containing vesicles to maturing melanosomes. With Cas9-targeted nanopore sequencing, we reconstructed the full-length sequence of the 11.7 Kb ERV1 insertion and observed hypermethylation that spread to the HPS3 gene promoter region. These findings highlight the role of HPS3 in the formation of melanosomes and melanin, as well as the genetic process regulating the intensity and spectrum of hair colour. Moreover, in mink breeding projects, these data are also useful for tracking economically important fur qualities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey D Manakhov
- Department of Genetics, Centre for Genetics and Life Science, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genomics, Department of Genomics and Human Genetics, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Center for Genetics and Genetic Technologies, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nelli A Aarakelyan
- Department of Genetics, Centre for Genetics and Life Science, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia
| | - Adela V Lapteacru
- Department of Genetics, Centre for Genetics and Life Science, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia
| | - Tatiana V Andreeva
- Department of Genetics, Centre for Genetics and Life Science, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genomics, Department of Genomics and Human Genetics, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Center for Genetics and Genetic Technologies, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg V Trapezov
- Department of Animals and Human Genetics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Evgeny I Rogaev
- Department of Genetics, Centre for Genetics and Life Science, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia
- Department of Psychiatry, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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2
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Cars BS, Kessler C, Hoffman EA, Côté SD, Koelsch D, Shafer ABA. Island demographics and trait associations in white-tailed deer. Heredity (Edinb) 2024; 133:1-10. [PMID: 38802598 PMCID: PMC11222433 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-024-00685-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
When a population is isolated and composed of few individuals, genetic drift is the paramount evolutionary force and results in the loss of genetic diversity. Inbreeding might also occur, resulting in genomic regions that are identical by descent, manifesting as runs of homozygosity (ROHs) and the expression of recessive traits. Likewise, the genes underlying traits of interest can be revealed by comparing fixed SNPs and divergent haplotypes between affected and unaffected individuals. Populations of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) on islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon (SPM, France) have high incidences of leucism and malocclusions, both considered genetic defects; on the Florida Keys islands (USA) deer exhibit smaller body sizes, a polygenic trait. Here we aimed to reconstruct island demography and identify the genes associated with these traits in a pseudo case-control design. The two island populations showed reduced levels of genomic diversity and a build-up of deleterious mutations compared to mainland deer; there was also significant genome-wide divergence in Key deer. Key deer showed higher inbreeding levels, but not longer ROHs, consistent with long-term isolation. We identified multiple trait-related genes in ROHs including LAMTOR2 which has links to pigmentation changes, and NPVF which is linked to craniofacial abnormalities. Our mixed approach of linking ROHs, fixed SNPs and haplotypes matched a high number (~50) of a-priori body size candidate genes in Key deer. This suite of biomarkers and candidate genes should prove useful for population monitoring, noting all three phenotypes show patterns consistent with a complex trait and non-Mendelian inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooklyn S Cars
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, 2140 East Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON, K9J 7B8, Canada
- Department of Forensics, Trent University, 2140 East Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON, K9J 7B8, Canada
| | - Camille Kessler
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, 2140 East Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON, K9J 7B8, Canada
| | - Eric A Hoffman
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, 4000, Central Florida Blvd, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Steeve D Côté
- Département de Biologie and Centre d'Études Nordiques, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Daniel Koelsch
- Fédération des chasseurs de Saint-Pierre et Miquelon, Saint-Pierre et Miquelon, France
- Direction des Territoires de l'Alimentation et de la Mer, service Biodiversité, Saint-Pierre et Miquelon, France
| | - Aaron B A Shafer
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, 2140 East Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON, K9J 7B8, Canada.
- Department of Forensics, Trent University, 2140 East Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON, K9J 7B8, Canada.
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3
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Liu X, Peng Y, Zhang X, Wang X, Chen W, Kou X, Liang H, Ren W, Khan MZ, Wang C. Coloration in Equine: Overview of Candidate Genes Associated with Coat Color Phenotypes. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1802. [PMID: 38929421 PMCID: PMC11200706 DOI: 10.3390/ani14121802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Variation in coat color among equids has attracted significant interest in genetics and breeding research. The range of colors is primarily determined by the type, concentration, and distribution of melanin pigments, with the balance between eumelanin and pheomelanin influenced by numerous genetic factors. Advances in genomic and sequencing technologies have enabled the identification of several candidate genes that influence coat color, thereby clarifying the genetic basis of these diverse phenotypes. In this review, we concisely categorize coat coloration in horses and donkeys, focusing on the biosynthesis and types of melanin involved in pigmentation. Moreover, we highlight the regulatory roles of some key candidate genes, such as MC1R, TYR, MITF, ASIP, and KIT, in coat color variation. Moreover, the review explores how coat color relates to selective breeding and specific equine diseases, offering valuable insights for developing breeding strategies that enhance both the esthetic and health aspects of equine species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Muhammad Zahoor Khan
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 522000, China
| | - Changfa Wang
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 522000, China
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Morimoto M, Nicoli ER, Kuptanon C, Roney JC, Serra-Vinardell J, Sharma P, Adams DR, Gallin JI, Holland SM, Rosenzweig SD, Barbot J, Ciccone C, Huizing M, Toro C, Gahl WA, Introne WJ, Malicdan MCV. Spectrum of LYST mutations in Chediak-Higashi syndrome: a report of novel variants and a comprehensive review of the literature. J Med Genet 2024; 61:212-223. [PMID: 37788905 DOI: 10.1136/jmg-2023-109420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterised by partial oculocutaneous albinism, a bleeding diathesis, immunological dysfunction and neurological impairment. Bi-allelic loss-of-function variants in LYST cause CHS. LYST encodes the lysosomal trafficking regulator, a highly conserved 429 kDa cytoplasmic protein with an unknown function. METHODS To further our understanding of the pathogenesis of CHS, we conducted clinical evaluations on individuals with CHS enrolled in our natural history study. Using genomic DNA Sanger sequencing, we identified novel pathogenic LYST variants. Additionally, we performed an extensive literature review to curate reported LYST variants and classified these novel and reported variants according to the American College of Medical Genetics/Association for Molecular Pathology variant interpretation guidelines. RESULTS Our investigation unveiled 11 novel pathogenic LYST variants in eight patients with a clinical diagnosis of CHS, substantiated by the presence of pathognomonic giant intracellular granules. From these novel variants, together with a comprehensive review of the literature, we compiled a total of 147 variants in LYST, including 61 frameshift variants (41%), 44 nonsense variants (30%), 23 missense variants (16%), 13 splice site variants or small genomic deletions for which the coding effect is unknown (9%), 5 in-frame variants (3%) and 1 start-loss variant (1%). Notably, a genotype-phenotype correlation emerged, whereby individuals harbouring at least one missense or in-frame variant generally resulted in milder disease, while those with two nonsense or frameshift variants generally had more severe disease. CONCLUSION The identification of novel pathogenic LYST variants and improvements in variant classification will provide earlier diagnoses and improved care to individuals with CHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Morimoto
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Elena-Raluca Nicoli
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Chulaluck Kuptanon
- Human Biochemical Genetics Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph C Roney
- Human Biochemical Genetics Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jenny Serra-Vinardell
- Human Biochemical Genetics Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Prashant Sharma
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - David R Adams
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - John I Gallin
- Clinical Pathophysiology Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven M Holland
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sergio D Rosenzweig
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jose Barbot
- Unidade de Hematologia, Serviço de Pediatria, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Ciccone
- Human Biochemical Genetics Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Marjan Huizing
- Human Biochemical Genetics Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Camilo Toro
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - William A Gahl
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Human Biochemical Genetics Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Wendy J Introne
- Human Biochemical Genetics Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - May Christine V Malicdan
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Human Biochemical Genetics Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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5
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He J, Chen W, Chen X, Xie Y, Zhao Y, Tian T, Guo B, Cai X. Tetrahedral framework nucleic acid loaded with glabridin: A transdermal delivery system applicated to anti-hyperpigmentation. Cell Prolif 2023; 56:e13495. [PMID: 37132449 PMCID: PMC10693180 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Topical application of tyrosinase inhibitors, such as hydroquinone and arbutin, is the most common clinical treatment for hyperpigmentation. Glabridin (Gla) is a natural isoflavone that inhibits tyrosinase activity, free radical scavenging, and antioxidation. However, its water solubility is poor, and it cannot pass through the human skin barrier alone. Tetrahedral framework nucleic acid (tFNA), a new type of DNA biomaterial, can penetrate cells and tissues and can be used as carriers to deliver small-molecule drugs, polypeptides, and oligonucleotides. This study aimed to develop a compound drug system using tFNA as the carrier to transport Gla and deliver it through the skin to treat pigmentation. Furthermore, we aimed to explore whether tFNA-Gla can effectively alleviate the hyperpigmentation caused by increased melanin production and determine whether tFNA-Gla exerts substantial synergistic effects during treatment. Our results showed that the developed system successfully treated pigmentation by inhibiting regulatory proteins related to melanin production. Furthermore, our findings showed that the system was effective in treating epidermal and superficial dermal diseases. The tFNA-based transdermal drug delivery system can thus develop into novel, effective options for non-invasive drug delivery through the skin barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun He
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Wen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xingyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yu Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yuxuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Taoran Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Bin Guo
- Department of StomatologyFirst Medical Center of Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Xiaoxiao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
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6
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Liu HM, Tang W, Wang XY, Jiang JJ, Zhang Y, Liu QL, Wang W. Experimental and theoretical studies on inhibition against tyrosinase activity and melanin biosynthesis by antioxidant ergothioneine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 682:163-173. [PMID: 37816300 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Ergothioneine, a natural derivative of histidine with a thiol/thine tautomeric structure, exhibits exceptional antioxidant properties and inhibition activities on tyrosinase. In this study, enzyme kinetics experiments and chromatographic spectral analysis revealed that ergothioneine inhibited tyrosinase in a reversible and non-competitive manner, with an inhibition constant of 0.554 mg/mL (2.41 mM). As the concentration of ergothioneine increased, the extremely flexible loop structure of tyrosinase extended from 40.1 % to 41.0 %, effectively covering the active center or binding site. Theoretical molecular docking simulation results show that ergothioneine forms complexes with tyrosinase through hydrogen bonding and salt bridges in the active center of Cu ions. Additionally, it was observed that ergothioneine's antioxidant had a stronger reducing impact on dopaquinone, an intermediate in melanin production, than the effect of ascorbic acid at an equivalent concentration (0.5 mg/mL). Ergothioneine reduced the intracellular reactive oxygen species to lower levels than the control group without UVA radiation and regulated the proliferation and differentiation in B16-F10 melanocytes. Clinical trials have shown that a 0.1 % concentration of ergothioneine can effectively suppress melanin production in irradiated skin. The significant reduction in melanin index and an increase in the individual type angle (ITA°) degree were measured after 4 weeks. These results collectively suggest that ergothioneine may be a promising inhibitor of natural antioxidant tyrosinase. Furthermore, due to its safety and efficacy, ergothioneine could be considered one of the bioactive substances for further study on diseases related to melanin production and tyrosinase activity which is of great significance for the cosmetics, medicine and food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Min Liu
- School of Perfume & Aroma and Cosmetics, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China; Engineering Research Center of Perfume & Aroma and Cosmetics, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201418, China
| | - Wei Tang
- School of Perfume & Aroma and Cosmetics, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China
| | - Xiao-Yi Wang
- School of Perfume & Aroma and Cosmetics, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China
| | - Jing-Jing Jiang
- School of Perfume & Aroma and Cosmetics, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- School of Perfume & Aroma and Cosmetics, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China
| | - Qing-Lei Liu
- School of Perfume & Aroma and Cosmetics, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China; Engineering Research Center of Perfume & Aroma and Cosmetics, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201418, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Perfume & Aroma and Cosmetics, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China; Engineering Research Center of Perfume & Aroma and Cosmetics, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201418, China.
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7
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Ang KC, Canfield VA, Foster TC, Harbaugh TD, Early KA, Harter RL, Reid KP, Leong SL, Kawasawa Y, Liu D, Hawley JW, Cheng KC. Native American genetic ancestry and pigmentation allele contributions to skin color in a Caribbean population. eLife 2023; 12:e77514. [PMID: 37294081 PMCID: PMC10371226 DOI: 10.7554/elife.77514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Our interest in the genetic basis of skin color variation between populations led us to seek a Native American population with genetically African admixture but low frequency of European light skin alleles. Analysis of 458 genomes from individuals residing in the Kalinago Territory of the Commonwealth of Dominica showed approximately 55% Native American, 32% African, and 12% European genetic ancestry, the highest Native American genetic ancestry among Caribbean populations to date. Skin pigmentation ranged from 20 to 80 melanin units, averaging 46. Three albino individuals were determined to be homozygous for a causative multi-nucleotide polymorphism OCA2NW273KV contained within a haplotype of African origin; its allele frequency was 0.03 and single allele effect size was -8 melanin units. Derived allele frequencies of SLC24A5A111T and SLC45A2L374F were 0.14 and 0.06, with single allele effect sizes of -6 and -4, respectively. Native American genetic ancestry by itself reduced pigmentation by more than 20 melanin units (range 24-29). The responsible hypopigmenting genetic variants remain to be identified, since none of the published polymorphisms predicted in prior literature to affect skin color in Native Americans caused detectable hypopigmentation in the Kalinago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khai C Ang
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
- Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | - Victor A Canfield
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
- Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | - Tiffany C Foster
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
- Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | - Thaddeus D Harbaugh
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
- Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | - Kathryn A Early
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
- Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | - Rachel L Harter
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | - Katherine P Reid
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
- Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | - Shou Ling Leong
- Department of Family & Community Medicine, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | - Yuka Kawasawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
- Institute of Personalized Medicine, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | - Dajiang Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | | | - Keith C Cheng
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
- Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
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8
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Biopigments of Microbial Origin and Their Application in the Cosmetic Industry. COSMETICS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics10020047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Along with serving as a source of color, many microbial pigments have gained attention as interesting bioactive molecules with potential health advantages. These pigments have several applications in the food, agrochemical, medicine, and cosmetic industries. They have attracted the attention of these industries due to their high production value, low cost, stability, and biodegradability. Recently, many consumers worldwide have noted the impact of synthetic dyes; thus, natural pigments are more in demand than synthetic colors. On the other hand, the cosmetic industry has been moving toward greener manufacturing, from the formulation to the packaging material. Microbial pigments have several applications in the field of cosmetics due to their photoprotection, antioxidant, and antiaging properties, including inhibiting melanogenesis and acting as natural colorants for cosmetics, as some microorganisms are rich in pigments. More investigations are required to estimate the safety and efficacy of employing microbial pigments in cosmetic products. Furthermore, it is necessary to obtain information about DNA sequencing, metabolic pathways, and genetic engineering. In addition, unique habitats should be explored for novel pigments and new producing strains. Thus, new microbial pigments could be of consideration to the cosmetic industry, as they are ideal for future cosmetics with positive health effects.
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9
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Dessinioti C, Stratigos AJ. An Epidemiological Update on Indoor Tanning and the Risk of Skin Cancers. Curr Oncol 2022; 29:8886-8903. [PMID: 36421352 PMCID: PMC9689757 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol29110699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoor tanning (sunbeds, solarium) uses artificial ultraviolet radiation (UVR) to stimulate cosmetic tanning of the skin. Indoor tanning has been officially classified as a human carcinogen in 2009 by the International Agency for Research on Cancer of the World Health Organization (WHO). The differences in the prevalence of sunbed use across countries and over the years highlight underlying legislative, climatic, and cultural differences. Indoor tanning-seeking behaviors may be driven by motivations for an appealing appearance, largely influenced by gender and age, and several misconceptions that a prevacation tan safeguards the skin, that sunbeds can be used to treat acne or to increase vitamin D, or that tanning is a healthy habit. This review provides an epidemiological update on the prevalence of sunbed use, who tends to use sunbeds and why, and details the current evidence on the association of sunbeds with skin cancers, including cutaneous melanoma, basal cell carcinoma (BCC), and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). A statistically significant higher risk of cutaneous melanoma, BCC and cSCC with the use of sunbeds has been consistently demonstrated. This risk of skin cancer is even higher with the more frequent use of sunbeds, underscoring a dose-response relationship, and in those first exposed to sunbeds at a younger age. Preventive measures against sunbed use include legislation restricting sunbed use, educational campaigns to inform and discourage from indoor tanning, as well as using the internet, online advertising messages and the social media to reach larger audiences and to promote an untanned appearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clio Dessinioti
- Melanoma and Skin Cancer Unit, 1st Department of Dermatology-Venereology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Andreas Sygros Hospital, 16121 Athens, Greece
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10
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Chakraborty N, Srinivasan S, Yang R, Miller SA, Gautam A, Detwiler LJ, Carney BC, Alkhalil A, Moffatt LT, Jett M, Shupp JW, Hammamieh R. Comparison of Transcriptional Signatures of Three Staphylococcal Superantigenic Toxins in Human Melanocytes. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061402. [PMID: 35740423 PMCID: PMC9219963 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus, a gram-positive bacterium, causes toxic shock through the production of superantigenic toxins (sAgs) known as Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE), serotypes A-J (SEA, SEB, etc.), and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1). The chronology of host transcriptomic events that characterizes the response to the pathogenesis of superantigenic toxicity remains uncertain. The focus of this study was to elucidate time-resolved host responses to three toxins of the superantigenic family, namely SEA, SEB, and TSST-1. Due to the evolving critical role of melanocytes in the host’s immune response against environmental harmful elements, we investigated herein the transcriptomic responses of melanocytes after treatment with 200 ng/mL of SEA, SEB, or TSST-1 for 0.5, 2, 6, 12, 24, or 48 h. Functional analysis indicated that each of these three toxins induced a specific transcriptional pattern. In particular, the time-resolved transcriptional modulations due to SEB exposure were very distinct from those induced by SEA and TSST-1. The three superantigens share some similarities in the mechanisms underlying apoptosis, innate immunity, and other biological processes. Superantigen-specific signatures were determined for the functional dynamics related to necrosis, cytokine production, and acute-phase response. These differentially regulated networks can be targeted for therapeutic intervention and marked as the distinguishing factors for the three sAgs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabarun Chakraborty
- Medical Readiness Systems Biology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (S.S.); (R.Y.); (S.-A.M.); (A.G.); (L.J.D.); (M.J.); (R.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-301-452-8940 or +1-301-319-7363
| | - Seshamalini Srinivasan
- Medical Readiness Systems Biology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (S.S.); (R.Y.); (S.-A.M.); (A.G.); (L.J.D.); (M.J.); (R.H.)
- The Geneva Foundation, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Ruoting Yang
- Medical Readiness Systems Biology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (S.S.); (R.Y.); (S.-A.M.); (A.G.); (L.J.D.); (M.J.); (R.H.)
| | - Stacy-Ann Miller
- Medical Readiness Systems Biology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (S.S.); (R.Y.); (S.-A.M.); (A.G.); (L.J.D.); (M.J.); (R.H.)
| | - Aarti Gautam
- Medical Readiness Systems Biology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (S.S.); (R.Y.); (S.-A.M.); (A.G.); (L.J.D.); (M.J.); (R.H.)
| | - Leanne J. Detwiler
- Medical Readiness Systems Biology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (S.S.); (R.Y.); (S.-A.M.); (A.G.); (L.J.D.); (M.J.); (R.H.)
- The Geneva Foundation, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Bonnie C. Carney
- Firefighters’ Burn and Surgical Research Laboratory, MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, DC 20010, USA; (B.C.C.); (A.A.); (L.T.M.); (J.W.S.)
- Department of Surgery, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Abdulnaser Alkhalil
- Firefighters’ Burn and Surgical Research Laboratory, MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, DC 20010, USA; (B.C.C.); (A.A.); (L.T.M.); (J.W.S.)
| | - Lauren T. Moffatt
- Firefighters’ Burn and Surgical Research Laboratory, MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, DC 20010, USA; (B.C.C.); (A.A.); (L.T.M.); (J.W.S.)
- Department of Surgery, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Marti Jett
- Medical Readiness Systems Biology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (S.S.); (R.Y.); (S.-A.M.); (A.G.); (L.J.D.); (M.J.); (R.H.)
| | - Jeffrey W. Shupp
- Firefighters’ Burn and Surgical Research Laboratory, MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, DC 20010, USA; (B.C.C.); (A.A.); (L.T.M.); (J.W.S.)
- Department of Surgery, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- The Burn Center, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Rasha Hammamieh
- Medical Readiness Systems Biology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (S.S.); (R.Y.); (S.-A.M.); (A.G.); (L.J.D.); (M.J.); (R.H.)
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11
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Ding J, Wu B, Chen L. Application of Marine Microbial Natural Products in Cosmetics. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:892505. [PMID: 35711762 PMCID: PMC9196241 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.892505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As the market size of the cosmetics industry increases, the safety and effectiveness of new products face higher requirements. The marine environment selects for species of micro-organisms with metabolic pathways and adaptation mechanisms different from those of terrestrial organisms, resulting in their natural products exhibiting unique structures, high diversity, and significant biological activities. Natural products are usually safe and non-polluting. Therefore, considerable effort has been devoted to searching for cosmetic ingredients that are effective, safe, and natural for marine micro-organisms. However, marine micro-organisms can be difficult, or impossible, to culture because of their special environmental requirements. Metagenomics technology can help to solve this problem. Moreover, using marine species to produce more green and environmentally friendly products through biotransformation has become a new choice for cosmetic manufacturers. In this study, the natural products of marine micro-organisms are reviewed and evaluated with respect to various cosmetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwang Ding
- Institute of Applied Genomics, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Baochuan Wu
- Institute of Applied Genomics, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Liqun Chen
- Institute of Applied Genomics, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Liqun Chen,
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12
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Cherdchom S, Sereemaspun A, Aramwit P. Urea-extracted sericin is potentially better than kojic acid in the inhibition of melanogenesis through increased reactive oxygen species generation. J Tradit Complement Med 2021; 11:570-580. [PMID: 34765521 PMCID: PMC8572724 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hyperpigmentation is a skin disorder, which is caused by an excess production of melanin. The reduction in melanin content without causing undesirable effects is required for the treatment of hyperpigmentation. Sericin is increasingly used as a hyperpigmentation treatment because of its antityrosinase activity. However, the various methods of sericin extraction have an effect on the composition and biological properties. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antioxidant and anti-melanogenic properties of sericin using different extraction methods including acid, base, heat, and urea extraction. Methods The chemical properties of extracted sericin were assessed in terms of amino acid components, thermal behavior, and UV–vis absorption. The inhibitory effects of sericin on melanogenesis were explored by determining the melanin content and cellular tyrosinase activity in B16F10 cells. Results Sericin from urea extraction provided different properties when compared with the other extraction methods. Our results indicate that urea-extracted sericin reduced the melanin content and cellular tyrosinase activity more effectively than the other extraction methods. Interestingly, the potential anti-melanogenic activity was more effective than kojic acid, a depigmenting agent used to treat hyperpigmentation. Moreover, treatment of urea-extracted sericin induced reactive oxygen species and subsequently activated antioxidant activity in B16F0 cells. Conclusions Our results present the potential inhibitory effect of urea-extracted sericin on melanogenesis. The therapeutic potential of urea-extracted sericin can be used in the treatment of hyperpigmentation and its complications. The anti-melanogenic effect of urea-extracted sericin was significantly better than kojic acid. Urea-extracted sericin suppressed melanin synthesis and tyrosinase activity through the induction of ROS. Urea-extracted sericin activated the expression of Nrf2 and its downstream target genes for modulation of melanogenesis. Urea-extracted sericin could be considered as an effective anti-melanogenic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarocha Cherdchom
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Amornpun Sereemaspun
- Chula Medical Innovation Centre (CMIC), Nanomedicine Research Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Pornanong Aramwit
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center of Excellence in Bioactive Resources for Innovative Clinical Applications, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.,The Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Dusit, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
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13
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Bian C, Li R, Wen Z, Ge W, Shi Q. Phylogenetic Analysis of Core Melanin Synthesis Genes Provides Novel Insights Into the Molecular Basis of Albinism in Fish. Front Genet 2021; 12:707228. [PMID: 34422008 PMCID: PMC8371935 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.707228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanin is the most prevalent pigment in animals. Its synthesis involves a series of functional genes. Particularly, teleosts have more copies of these genes related to the melanin synthesis than tetrapods. Despite the increasing number of available vertebrate genomes, a few systematically genomic studies were reported to identify and compare these core genes for the melanin synthesis. Here, we performed a comparative genomic analysis on several core genes, including tyrosinase genes (tyr, tyrp1, and tyrp2), premelanosome protein (pmel), microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (mitf), and solute carrier family 24 member 5 (slc24a5), based on 90 representative vertebrate genomes. Gene number and mutation identification suggest that loss-of-function mutations in these core genes may interact to generate an albinism phenotype. We found nonsense mutations in tyrp1a and pmelb of an albino golden-line barbel fish, in pmelb of an albino deep-sea snailfish (Pseudoliparis swirei), in slc24a5 of cave-restricted Mexican tetra (Astyanax mexicanus, cavefish population), and in mitf of a transparent icefish (Protosalanx hyalocranius). Convergent evolution may explain this phenomenon since nonsense mutations in these core genes for melanin synthesis have been identified across diverse albino fishes. These newly identified nonsense mutations and gene loss will provide molecular guidance for ornamental fish breeding, further enhancing our in-depth understanding of human skin coloration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Bian
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, University of Macau, Taipa, China.,Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, Beijing Genomics Institute, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, Shenzhen, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruihan Li
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, Beijing Genomics Institute, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, Shenzhen, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengyong Wen
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, Beijing Genomics Institute, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, Shenzhen, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Ge
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, University of Macau, Taipa, China
| | - Qiong Shi
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, Beijing Genomics Institute, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, Shenzhen, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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14
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Lee HK, Ha JW, Hwang YJ, Boo YC. Identification of L-Cysteinamide as a Potent Inhibitor of Tyrosinase-Mediated Dopachrome Formation and Eumelanin Synthesis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1202. [PMID: 34439449 PMCID: PMC8388879 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to identify amino acid derivatives with potent anti-eumelanogenic activity. First, we compared the effects of twenty different amidated amino acids on tyrosinase (TYR)-mediated dopachrome formation in vitro and melanin content in dark-pigmented human melanoma MNT-1 cells. The results showed that only L-cysteinamide inhibited TYR-mediated dopachrome formation in vitro and reduced the melanin content of cells. Next, the antimelanogenic effect of L-cysteinamide was compared to those of other thiol compounds (L-cysteine, N-acetyl L-cysteine, glutathione, L-cysteine ethyl ester, N-acetyl L-cysteinamide, and cysteamine) and positive controls with known antimelanogenic effects (kojic acid and β-arbutin). The results showed the unique properties of L-cysteinamide, which effectively reduces melanin content without causing cytotoxicity. L-Cysteinamide did not affect the mRNA and protein levels of TYR, tyrosinase-related protein 1, and dopachrome tautomerase in MNT-1 cells. L-Cysteinamide exhibited similar properties in normal human epidermal melanocytes (HEMs). Experiments using mushroom TYR suggest that L-cysteinamide at certain concentrations can inhibit eumelanin synthesis through a dual mechanism by inhibiting TYR-catalyzed dopaquinone synthesis and by diverting the synthesized dopaquinone to the formation of DOPA-cysteinamide conjugates rather than dopachrome. Finally, L-cysteinamide was shown to increase pheomelanin content while decreasing eumelanin and total melanin contents in MNT-1 cells. This study suggests that L-cysteinamide has an optimal structure that can effectively and safely inhibit eumelanin synthesis in MNT-1 cells and HEMs, and will be useful in controlling skin hyperpigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Kyung Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Brain Korea (BK) 21 Plus Kyungpook National University (KNU) Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea; (H.K.L.); (J.W.H.); (Y.J.H.)
| | - Jae Won Ha
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Brain Korea (BK) 21 Plus Kyungpook National University (KNU) Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea; (H.K.L.); (J.W.H.); (Y.J.H.)
| | - Yun Jeong Hwang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Brain Korea (BK) 21 Plus Kyungpook National University (KNU) Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea; (H.K.L.); (J.W.H.); (Y.J.H.)
| | - Yong Chool Boo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Brain Korea (BK) 21 Plus Kyungpook National University (KNU) Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea; (H.K.L.); (J.W.H.); (Y.J.H.)
- Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
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15
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Tobin DJ. How to design robust assays for human skin pigmentation: A "Tortoise and Hare challenge". Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:624-627. [PMID: 33899266 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Desmond J Tobin
- The Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,The Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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16
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Hossain MR, Ansary TM, Komine M, Ohtsuki M. Diversified Stimuli-Induced Inflammatory Pathways Cause Skin Pigmentation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3970. [PMID: 33921371 PMCID: PMC8070342 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of melanin pigments by melanocytes and their quantity, quality, and distribution play a decisive role in determining human skin, eye, and hair color, and protect the skin from adverse effects of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and oxidative stress from various environmental pollutants. Melanocytes reside in the basal layer of the interfollicular epidermis and are compensated by melanocyte stem cells in the follicular bulge area. Various stimuli such as eczema, microbial infection, ultraviolet light exposure, mechanical injury, and aging provoke skin inflammation. These acute or chronic inflammatory responses cause inflammatory cytokine production from epidermal keratinocytes as well as dermal fibroblasts and other cells, which in turn stimulate melanocytes, often resulting in skin pigmentation. It is confirmed by some recent studies that several interleukins (ILs) and other inflammatory mediators modulate the proliferation and differentiation of human epidermal melanocytes and also promote or inhibit expression of melanogenesis-related gene expression directly or indirectly, thereby participating in regulation of skin pigmentation. Understanding of mechanisms of skin pigmentation due to inflammation helps to elucidate the relationship between inflammation and skin pigmentation regulation and can guide development of new therapeutic pathways for treating pigmented dermatosis. This review covers the mechanistic aspects of skin pigmentation caused by inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mayumi Komine
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan; (M.R.H.); (T.M.A.); (M.O.)
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17
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Lee SY, Lee EJ, Byun JC, Jang KM, Kim SY, Hwang SK. A new type of oculocutaneous albinism with a novel OCA2 mutation. Yeungnam Univ J Med 2020; 38:160-164. [PMID: 32741191 PMCID: PMC8016618 DOI: 10.12701/yujm.2020.00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) is a group of rare genetically heterogeneous disorders, characterized by hypopigmentation of the eyes, skin, and hair, which result in ocular abnormalities and a risk of developing skin cancer. Currently, there is no ophthalmologic procedure or drug that prevents the clinical features of OCA. Here, we report a new type of OCA in two, unrelated Korean families with the same OCA2 mutation. Affected individuals in this study are different from those of previous reports in two aspects: an inheritance pattern and clinical presentation. All reported patients with OCA have shown an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern, while our patients showed an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. Small amounts of pigment can be acquired with age in OCA, but there is no substantial variation from adolescence to adulthood in this regard. A case where the patient attained normal pigmentation levels has never been reported. However, our patients displayed completely normal pigmentation in their late twenties. Whole exome sequencing and in-silico analysis revealed a novel mutation, OCA2 c.2338G>A p.(G780S) (NM_000275) with a high likelihood of pathogenicity. Sanger sequencing of p.G780S identified the same mutation in the affected individuals, which was not found in the family members with normal phenotype. We hypothesize that OCA2 G780S not only acts as a pathogenic variant of OCA but also induces pigmentation by enhancing the melanogenesis gene expression of other modifier genes, such as SLC45A2 and TPC2. These findings may provide further understanding of melanin biosynthesis and new treatment methods for OCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Yoon Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Eun Joo Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jun Chul Byun
- Department of Pediatrics, Daegu Fatima Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Kyung Mi Jang
- Departments of Pediatrics, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sae Yoon Kim
- Departments of Pediatrics, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Su-Kyeong Hwang
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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18
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Al-Saad RZ, Kerr I, Hume AN. In Vitro Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer-Based Assay Used to Determine the Rab27-Effector-Binding Affinity. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2020; 18:180-194. [PMID: 32384245 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2019.960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Rab27 subfamily consists of Rab27a/b isoforms that have similar but not identical functions. Those functions include the regulation of trafficking, docking, and fusion of various lysosome-related organelles and secretory granules; such as melanosomes in melanocytes and lytic granules in cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Rab27a/b exert their specific and versatile functions by interacting with 11 effector proteins, preferentially in their GTP-bound state. In recent years, a number of studies have identified roles for Rab27 proteins and their effectors in cancer cell invasion and metastasis, immune response, inflammation, and allergic responses. These findings suggest that Rab27-effector protein interaction inhibitors could contribute to the development of effective strategies to treat these diseases. To facilitate inhibitor identification, in this study we developed a fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based protein-protein interaction assay that reports Rab27-effector interactions. Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-mouse (m) synaptotagmin-like protein (Slp)1 and GFP-mSlp2 (N-terminus Rab27-binding domains) recombinant proteins were used as donor fluorophores, whereas mCherry-human (h) Rab27a/b recombinant proteins were used as acceptor fluorophores. The in vitro binding affinity of mSlp2 to Rab27 was found to be higher compared with mSlp1 and was evidenced by the effective concentration 50 value differences (mSlp2-hRab27b = 0.15 μM < mSlp2-hRab27a = 0.2 μM < mSlp1-hRab27a = 0.32 μM < mSlp1-hRab27b = 0.33 μM). The specificity of the assay was assessed using unlabeled rat (r) Rab27a and hRab27b recombinant proteins as typical competitive inhibitors for Rab27-effector interactions and was evidenced by the inhibitory concentration 50 value differences. Accordingly, this in vitro assay can be employed in identification of candidate inhibitors of Rab27-effector interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghdan Z Al-Saad
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, Queen's Medical Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Kerr
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, Queen's Medical Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair N Hume
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, Queen's Medical Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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19
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Albinism: epidemiology, genetics, cutaneous characterization, psychosocial factors. An Bras Dermatol 2019; 94:503-520. [PMID: 31777350 PMCID: PMC6857599 DOI: 10.1016/j.abd.2019.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oculocutaneous albinism is an autosomal recessive disease caused by the complete absence or decrease of melanin biosynthesis in melanocytes. Due to the reduction or absence of melanin, albinos are highly susceptible to the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation and are at increased risk of actinic damage and skin cancer. In Brazil, as in other parts of the world, albinism remains a little known disorder, both in relation to epidemiological data and to phenotypic and genotypic variation. In several regions of the country, individuals with albinism have no access to resources or specialized medical care, and are often neglected and deprived of social inclusion. Brazil is a tropical country, with a high incidence of solar radiation during the year nationwide. Consequently, actinic damage and skin cancer occur early and have a high incidence in this population, often leading to premature death. Skin monitoring of these patients and immediate therapeutic interventions have a positive impact in reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with this condition. Health education is important to inform albinos and their families, the general population, educators, medical professionals, and public agencies about the particularities of this genetic condition. The aim of this article is to present a review of the epidemiological, clinical, genetic, and psychosocial characteristics of albinism, with a focus in skin changes caused by this rare pigmentation disorder.
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Marçon CR, Moraes JC, de Olivas Ferreira MAM, Oliari CB. Dermatological and Epidemiological Profiles of Patients with Albinism in São Paulo, Brazil, between 2010 and 2017: A Cross-Sectional Study. Dermatology 2019; 236:219-227. [PMID: 31461704 DOI: 10.1159/000502034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oculocutaneous albinism is an autosomal recessive disease caused by complete absence of or decrease in melanin biosynthesis in melanocytes. Due to the reduction or absence of melanin, albinos are highly susceptible to the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation and are at greater risk of actinic damage and skin cancer. There are no epidemiological data on the incidence of albinism in Brazil. OBJECTIVE To analyze the clinical and epidemiological profile of patients with albinism treated by the Pró-Albino Program of the Dermatology Clinic of Santa Casa de Misericórdia from its beginning in 2010 until 2017. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, the records of all consecutive albino patients admitted to the service in the study period were reviewed. Sociodemographic data, family history, and dermatological clinical data were collected. RESULTS Between March 2010 and April 2017, 191 patients were admitted, of whom 109 were female (57.07%) and the age range was 0-92 years, with >30% under the age of 18 years. Consanguinity among the parents was confirmed by 26% of the patients. Unprotected sun exposure was reported by 109 (57.07%), and 138 (72.25%) had a history of sunburn. Of the 146 records with information, 38 had skin cancer (26%), with a mean age of 47.4 (p < 0.0001); the youngest patient diagnosed with a cutaneous tumor was 23 years old. The prevalence of actinic damage was high. There was information on solar elastosis and actinic keratosis in 148 medical records, of which 96 (64.8%) patients had elastosis and 75 (50.67%) keratoses. Elastosis, keratosis, and skin cancer were significantly associated with age, unprotected sun exposure, and sunburn (p < 0.05). Of the 37 (26% of the sample of 146) patients with a previous or current history of skin cancer, it was possible to identify the histological type in 29 (13 men and 16 women); of these, 18 (62%) were basal cell carcinomas (BCC), 15 (51%) were squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), and 2 (7%) were melanomas. Of these, 4 cases (14%) presented the 2 types of carcinoma (BCC and SCC), and the 2 that had a diagnosis of melanoma also had BCC. Some patients had multiple ulcerated tumors. The tumor site was preferentially in the head and neck (43%), trunk (37%) and limbs (20%). CONCLUSIONS Albinos represent a risk group for skin cancer and other actinic lesions. These lesions were found to be prevalent in the albinos seen by the program and probably reflect the characteristics found in the Brazilian albino population. Access to health care, especially through multidisciplinary programs that enable the diagnosis and early treatment of these lesions, health education, and the use of photoprotective measures can reduce morbidity and mortality and improve the quality of life of patients with this rare genetic condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Reato Marçon
- Department of Dermatology, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, .,Pró-Albino Program of the Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,
| | - José Cassio Moraes
- Department of Dermatology, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Collective Health, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcus Antonio Maia de Olivas Ferreira
- Department of Dermatology, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Pró-Albino Program of the Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camilla Bilac Oliari
- Department of Dermatology, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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21
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Skin Improvement Effects of Gardeniae fructus Extract in HaCaT Keratinocytes, B16F10 Melanocytes, and CCD-986sk Fibroblast Cells. COSMETICS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics6030048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of functional cosmetics with skin improvement effects from natural sources is necessary. In this study, the antioxidant, antiwrinkling, moisturizing, and whitening effects of Gardeniae fructus extract (GF) were investigated in keratinocytes, melanocytes, and fibroblast cells. Antioxidant activity was determined by a DPPH free radical scavenging assay. MMP-1, MMP-9, HAS1, and filaggrin mRNA levels were measured by RT-PCR in keratinocytes and fibroblast cells. MITF and tyrosinase protein levels were evaluated by blotting analysis in melanocytes. DPPH free radical activity was investigated to determine whether GF showed dose-dependent inhibitory activity. GF induced the upregulation of HAS1 and filaggrin mRNA expression in keratinocytes and fibroblast cells. GF led to the downregulation of MMP mRNA levels in keratinocytes and fibroblast cells. Western blotting was performed to confirm the whitening-related protein (MITF and tyrosinase) levels induced by GF in melanocytes, and the inhibitory activity was superior to that of the α-MSH used for the comparison test. GF showed marked antioxidant, antiwrinkling, skin moisturizing, and whitening activity in keratinocytes, melanocytes, and fibroblast cells. Through the results of these experiments, the applicability of GF as a natural and functional cosmetic material was verified.
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High Incidence of Hypopigmented Marks in the Endangered Florida Bonneted Bat. JOURNAL OF FISH AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.3996/112018-jfwm-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Aberrant patches of white skin or fur known as hypopigmented marks have been observed in many mammal species worldwide, but they are typically limited to only a few individuals in a population. Hypopigmented marks were documented in only two museum specimens of the federally endangered Florida bonneted bat (Eumops floridanus) as early as 1950, but recent observations suggest that these marks may be more common in this species than previously believed. To better understand the occurrence and persistence of hypopigmented marks in Florida bonneted bats, we evaluated the variation in frequency, compared effects on survival, and assessed spatial and temporal differences of specimens at an intensively studied site and across the species range. From 2014 through 2017, we regularly captured Florida bonneted bats for demographic studies at Babcock–Webb Wildlife Management Area in Charlotte County and we observed hypopigmented marks on 172 (80.8%) of 213 individuals, the highest incidence known for bats. The proportion of hypopigmented marks did not differ with sex, age at first capture, or reproductive status, and importantly, we documented the persistence of hypopigmented marks in individuals over multiple months. We also found no difference in survival or capture probability between hypopigmented and solid-colored individuals. Using data from concurrent mist-net studies, we assessed the proportion of Florida bonneted bats with hypopigmented marks across the species range and found a higher proportion of individuals with hypopigmented marks in the two northern counties (80.8% in Charlotte County and 61.5% in Polk County) compared with the two southern counties (21.1% in Miami–Dade County and 16.7% in Collier County). Additionally, we compared the proportion of hypopigmented individuals in Miami–Dade County between recently captured/collected bats (post-2004) and historically (pre-1965) collected museum specimens and found more hypopigmented marks in recently captured bats. The persistence of hypopigmented marks over time, the presence of marks on bats from different locations, and our finding of no effect of age on the presence of marks all strongly suggest that the hypopigmented marks in Florida bonneted bats are the result of genetic rather than environmental factors. Further study is required to understand the mechanism underlying the high incidence of hypopigmented marks and to determine whether the prevalence of hypopigmented marks indicates low genetic diversity that could threaten Florida bonneted bats.
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Lim J, Nam S, Jeong JH, Kim MJ, Yang Y, Lee MS, Lee HG, Ryu JH, Lim JS. Kazinol U inhibits melanogenesis through the inhibition of tyrosinase-related proteins via AMP kinase activation. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:737-750. [PMID: 30579288 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Kazinol U is a prenylated flavan isolated from an extract of Broussonetia kazinoki Sieb (Moraceae). Kazinol U has shown cytoprotective effects against cytokine-induced apoptotic cell death and induces AMP kinase (AMPK) activation through LKB1 activation. However, kazinol U has not been tested as a regulator of melanogenesis, although bark extract of B. kazinoki has been used as a cosmetic ingredient for skin conditioning. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We cultured mouse, human melanoma cells and normal human melanocytes to demonstrate anti-melanogenic effects of kazinol U. A tyrosinase activity assay, Western blot, RT-qPCR and a luciferase reporter gene assay were performed to determine the anti-melanogenic mechanisms of kazinol U. We confirmed its effect on melanogenesis in vivo using zebrafish. KEY RESULTS Kazinol U inhibited the expression and activity of tyrosinase, the rate-limiting enzyme in melanogenesis, and reduced tyrosinase expression and activity in response to cAMP-inducing agents. Kazinol U reduced the expression of other melanogenic enzymes, such as tyrosinase-related protein (Tyrp) 1 and Tyrp2, and down-regulated microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), the master regulator of the tyrosinase gene family. Moreover, kazinol U induced phosphorylation of AMPK and MAPK proteins, which are MITF inhibitors. It also exhibited anti-melanogenic effects in zebrafish, a recently developed in vivo model. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our findings suggest that kazinol U reduces melanogenesis via its inhibitory effect on MITF and its downstream target genes, tyrosinase, Tyrp1 and Tyrp2. This work may provide a basis for the application of kazinol U for the treatment of hyperpigmentation skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyun Lim
- Department of Biological Science and Cellular Heterogeneity Research Center, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sorim Nam
- Department of Biological Science and Cellular Heterogeneity Research Center, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hye Jeong
- Research Center for Cell Fate Control and College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Department of Biological Science and Cellular Heterogeneity Research Center, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Yang
- Department of Biological Science and Cellular Heterogeneity Research Center, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong-Sok Lee
- Department of Biological Science and Cellular Heterogeneity Research Center, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Gu Lee
- Medical Genomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ha Ryu
- Research Center for Cell Fate Control and College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Seok Lim
- Department of Biological Science and Cellular Heterogeneity Research Center, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Ethanolic extract of Melia azedarach L. induces melanogenesis through the cAMP-PKA-CREB signaling pathway. Mol Cell Toxicol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-019-0009-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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25
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Yuan H, Zhang X, Zhang Q, Wang Y, Wang S, Li Y, Zhang Y, Jing J, Qiu J, Wang Z, Leng L. Comparative transcriptome profiles of Lindian chicken eyelids identify melanin genes controlling eyelid pigmentation. Br Poult Sci 2018; 60:15-22. [PMID: 30421986 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2018.1544414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
1. During the long history of chicken domestication, eyelid colour, like skin colour and shank colour, has been one of the physical traits of Chinese indigenous chickens that influence consumer buying behaviour. In China, the Lindian chicken, which has coloured feathers, is renowned for the appetizing flavour of its meat and eggs, and its eyelid colours vary from deep (black) to light shades (light yellow). 2. To investigate genes involved in eyelid colour, the expression profiles of black and light-yellow eyelids of Lindian chickens were analysed with transcriptome sequencing. 3. A total of 13 466 genes were detected in the eyelids, among which 14 were differentially expressed. Among these differentially expressed genes (DEGs), three key genes, premelanosome protein (PMEL), dopachrome tautomerase (DCT), and tyrosinase (TYR), encoded proteins that positively regulate melanogenesis and melanin deposition. PMEL, DCT and TYR were expressed much more strongly in the black eyelids than in the light-yellow eyelids. A Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis showed that tyrosine metabolism and melanogenesis genes were significantly enriched among these DEGs (corrected P < 0.05). 4. In conclusion, melanin may be one of the main factors involved in Lindian chicken eyelid colour. Furthermore, these results provide a valuable resource for the future study of the physical traits of Lindian chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yuan
- a Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding and Rural Affairs , Ministry of Agriculture , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China
| | - X Zhang
- a Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding and Rural Affairs , Ministry of Agriculture , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China
| | - Q Zhang
- a Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding and Rural Affairs , Ministry of Agriculture , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China
| | - Y Wang
- a Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding and Rural Affairs , Ministry of Agriculture , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China
| | - S Wang
- a Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding and Rural Affairs , Ministry of Agriculture , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China
| | - Y Li
- a Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding and Rural Affairs , Ministry of Agriculture , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China
| | - Y Zhang
- a Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding and Rural Affairs , Ministry of Agriculture , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China
| | - J Jing
- a Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding and Rural Affairs , Ministry of Agriculture , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China
| | - J Qiu
- a Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding and Rural Affairs , Ministry of Agriculture , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China
| | - Z Wang
- b Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China
| | - L Leng
- c College of Animal Science and Technology , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China
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Lee JY, Cho YR, Park JH, Ahn EK, Jeong W, Shin HS, Kim MS, Yang SH, Oh JS. Anti-melanogenic and anti-oxidant activities of ethanol extract of Kummerowia striata: Kummerowia striata regulate anti-melanogenic activity through down-regulation of TRP-1, TRP-2 and MITF expression. Toxicol Rep 2018; 6:10-17. [PMID: 30510908 PMCID: PMC6258129 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethanol extract of Kummerowia striata is a potent antioxidant. It inhibits melanin synthesis by downregulating tyrosinase and related proteins. It may be used in cosmetics for skin whitening and reducing wrinkles.
Kummerowia striata (K. striata) is used as a traditional medicine for inflammation-related therapy. To determine whether it has beneficial anti-melanogenic and anti-oxidant activities, we investigated the biological activities of the ethanol extract of Kummerowia striata (EKS) using a variety of in vitro and cell culture model systems. The anti-melanogenic activity was assessed in B16F10 melanoma cells in terms of melanin synthesis and in vitro tyrosinase inhibitory activity. The anti-oxidant assays were performed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2ʹ-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS). EKS showed strong anti-oxidant activities in DPPH and ABTS assays. The mRNA transcription levels and protein expression levels of tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein 1, tyrosinase-related protein 2, and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor decreased in a dose-dependent manner with EKS treatment. Additionally, EKS did not affect cell viability at different concentrations used in this study, indicating that the mechanism of action of EKS-mediated inhibition of melanin synthesis does not involve cytotoxicity. Also, we confirmed that p-coumaric acid and quercetin are important compounds for anti-melanogenesis and antioxidant properties of EKS. Collectively, our findings demonstrate for the first time that EKS possesses anti-melanogenic and anti-oxidant activities. Further evaluation and development of EKS as a functional supplement or cosmetic may be useful for skin whitening and reducing wrinkles.
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Key Words
- ABTS, 2,2ʹ-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt
- Anti-oxidant
- BHA, butylated hydroxyanisole
- COSY, correlation spectroscopy
- DMEM, Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- DPPH, l 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl
- EKS, ethanol extract of K. striata
- ESI, electrospray ionization
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- HMBC, heteronuclear multiple bond correlation
- HSQC, heteronuclear single quantum coherence
- Kummerowia striata
- L-DOPA, L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine
- MITF, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor
- MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide
- Melanin
- Quercetin
- RT-PCR, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction
- SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- TRP-1, tyrosinase-related protein 1
- p-coumaric acid
- α-MSH, α-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Yeon Lee
- Bio-Center, Gyeonggi Institute of Science and Technology Promotion, 147 Gwanggyo-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 443-270, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Rak Cho
- Bio-Center, Gyeonggi Institute of Science and Technology Promotion, 147 Gwanggyo-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 443-270, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hyoung Park
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan, 330-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kyung Ahn
- Bio-Center, Gyeonggi Institute of Science and Technology Promotion, 147 Gwanggyo-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 443-270, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonsik Jeong
- Bio-Center, Gyeonggi Institute of Science and Technology Promotion, 147 Gwanggyo-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 443-270, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung Seok Shin
- HANSOLBIO Co., Ltd., Halla Sigmavalley 545, Dunchon-daero, Jungwon-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Sun Kim
- HANSOLBIO Co., Ltd., Halla Sigmavalley 545, Dunchon-daero, Jungwon-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Yang
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Chonnam, 59626, Republic of Korea
| | - Joa Sub Oh
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan, 330-714, Republic of Korea
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Kassem Youssef H, Ramstein C, Ginglinger E, Chouta Ngaha F, Nojavan H, Michel C. [Griscelli syndrome type 3: A new case]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2018; 145:785-789. [PMID: 30389201 DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2018.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Griscelli syndrome (GS) is a rare autosomal-recessive genetic disease characterized by hypopigmentation of skin and hair. We report a case of GS type 3 with late diagnosis. OBSERVATION A 31-year-old female patient had presented depigmentation of the hair and eyebrows as well as diffuse skin hypopigmentation during childhood. Microscopic analysis of a hair shaft revealed irregularly distributed clumps of melanin. DNA sequencing showed a homozygous C103T (R35W) transition in exon 1 of MLPH, confirming Griscelli syndrome type 3. DISCUSSION Three clinical phenotypes of GS have been described based on the underlying genetic defect. GS type 1 and 2 are associated respectively with a central nervous system dysfunction and an immune defect. GS type 3 is an isolated cutaneous form. Diagnosis is confirmed on microscopic examination of hair shafts. 15 cases of GS type 3 have been reported: 9 in males and 6 in females. Mean age at diagnosis is around 12 years. Nine of the reported patients were of Arab origin, four of Turkish origin, and one of Indian origin. R35W mutation was described in 9 cases and E98X and R35Q mutations were each found in one case. CONCLUSION GS should be suspected in patients presenting gray silvery hair, particularly when these patients are of Arab or Turkish origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kassem Youssef
- Service de dermatologie, GHR Mulhouse Sud-Alsace, 87, avenue Altkirch, 68100 Mulhouse, France.
| | - C Ramstein
- Service de dermatologie, GHR Mulhouse Sud-Alsace, 87, avenue Altkirch, 68100 Mulhouse, France
| | - E Ginglinger
- Service de génétique, GHR Mulhouse Sud-Alsace, 87, avenue Altkirch, 68100 Mulhouse, France
| | - F Chouta Ngaha
- Service de dermatologie, GHR Mulhouse Sud-Alsace, 87, avenue Altkirch, 68100 Mulhouse, France
| | - H Nojavan
- Service de dermatologie, GHR Mulhouse Sud-Alsace, 87, avenue Altkirch, 68100 Mulhouse, France
| | - C Michel
- Service de dermatologie, GHR Mulhouse Sud-Alsace, 87, avenue Altkirch, 68100 Mulhouse, France
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Aumond S, Bitton E. The eyelash follicle features and anomalies: A review. JOURNAL OF OPTOMETRY 2018; 11:211-222. [PMID: 30017866 PMCID: PMC6147748 DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The primary role of eyelashes is to protect and maintain the health of the lid margin. However, the mechanisms to fulfill this role are not fully understood. Unraveling these mechanisms will stand to greatly improve the efficiency of eye care professionals' interventions in anomalies of the eyelashes. The aim of this article is to provide a review on eyelashes including highlights and new avenues for research; the biology of both the lash and its follicle; the pathophysiology and management of lash anomalies by eye care professionals; and the effect of iatrogenic factors on lashes. Using the database of Ovid MEDLINE, we reviewed studies specifically directed on human/mammalian eyelashes and key articles on current trends in scalp hair methodologies that can be applicable to lash research. The eyelash morphology, pigmentation and growth rate have been documented using techniques ranging from lash imaging to follicle immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, studies have demonstrated that the lash follicle is sensitive to many factors of the external environment, a variety of systemic/topical medications and cosmetics. Recently, aerodynamic studies using a mammalian eye model confirmed that an optimal lash length was needed so that eyelashes serve a protective role in reducing the number of particles that can reach the eye. Despite recent advances in lash research, studies are still scarce, due to the limited availability of the human lid for sampling. This review brings awareness that further research is needed with respect to eyelashes and will hopefully reduce the gap with scalp hair research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Aumond
- École d'optométrie, Université de Montréal, 3744 Rue Jean-Brillant, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3T 1P1.
| | - Etty Bitton
- École d'optométrie, Université de Montréal, 3744 Rue Jean-Brillant, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3T 1P1
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Alencar-Silva T, Braga MC, Santana GOS, Saldanha-Araujo F, Pogue R, Dias SC, Franco OL, Carvalho JL. Breaking the frontiers of cosmetology with antimicrobial peptides. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:2019-2031. [PMID: 30118811 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are mostly endogenous, cationic, amphipathic polypeptides, produced by many natural sources. Recently, many biological functions beyond antimicrobial activity have been attributed to AMPs, and some of these have attracted the attention of the cosmetics industry. AMPs have revealed antioxidant, self-renewal and pro-collagen effects, which are desirable in anti-aging cosmetics. Additionally, AMPs may also be customized to act on specific cellular targets. Here, we review the recent literature that highlights the many possibilities presented by AMPs, focusing on the relevance and impact that this potentially novel class of active cosmetic ingredients might have in the near future, creating new market outlooks for the cosmetic industry with these molecules as a viable alternative to conventional cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuany Alencar-Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Mariana Carolina Braga
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Oliveira Silva Santana
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Felipe Saldanha-Araujo
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Departamento de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia, DF, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Patologia Molecular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Robert Pogue
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Simoni Campos Dias
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Universidade de Brasília, Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília/DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Octavio Luiz Franco
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil; S-Inova Biotech, Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Patologia Molecular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília-DF, Brazil
| | - Juliana Lott Carvalho
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
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Nigenda‐Morales SF, Hu Y, Beasley JC, Ruiz‐Piña HA, Valenzuela‐Galván D, Wayne RK. Transcriptomic analysis of skin pigmentation variation in the Virginia opossum (
Didelphis virginiana
). Mol Ecol 2018; 27:2680-2697. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio F. Nigenda‐Morales
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles California
| | - Yibo Hu
- Key Lab of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Chaoyang, Beijing China
| | - James C. Beasley
- Savannah River Ecology Lab Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources University of Georgia Aiken South Carolina
| | - Hugo A. Ruiz‐Piña
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales “Dr. Hideyo Noguchi” Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán Mérida Yucatán Mexico
| | - David Valenzuela‐Galván
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos Cuernavaca Morelos Mexico
| | - Robert K. Wayne
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles California
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Oh SW, Park SH, Lee HS, Kang M, Lee SE, Yoo JA, Cho JY, Lee J. Melanogenic mechanism of ethanolic extract of Dalbergia odorifera. Mol Cell Toxicol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-017-0049-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sharma D, Jindal AK, Rawat A, Singh S. Approach to a Child with Primary Immunodeficiency Made Simple. Indian Dermatol Online J 2017; 8:391-405. [PMID: 29204384 PMCID: PMC5707833 DOI: 10.4103/idoj.idoj_189_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiency disorders (PIDs) are a group of disorders affecting the capability to fight against infection. These include defects in T cells and B cells affecting cell-mediated and humoral immunity, respectively, combined humoral and cell-mediated immunodeficiency, defects in phagocytosis, complement defects, and defects in cytokine or cytokine signalling pathways which are detrimental for immune function. Depending upon the type and severity, age at onset of symptoms can vary from neonatal period to late childhood. Clinically, this group of disorders can involve any organ system of an individual such as respiratory system, gastrointestinal system, skin and mucous membrane, bone and joints, endocrine organs, and nervous system. Common dermatological manifestations include eczema, warts, molluscum contagiosum, mucocutaneous candidiasis, recurrent nonhealing ulcers, skin abscesses, erythroderma, petechiae, and nail changes. The common skin manifestations of various PIDs include eczema (seen in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome and autosomal dominant hyper IgE syndrome); erythroderma (in Omen syndrome); viral warts or molluscum contagiosum (in autosomal recessive hyper IgE syndrome); chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (in hyper IgE syndrome, autoimmune polyendocrinopathy candidiasis ectodermal dysplasia syndrome, Th17 cell defects); recurrent nonhealing ulcers (in leucocyte adhesion defect); skin abscesses (in antibody defects, hyper IgE syndrome, and chronic granulomatous disease); petechial or purpuric spots (in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhrubajyoti Sharma
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ankur K. Jindal
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Amit Rawat
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Surjit Singh
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Loredana Asztalos M, Schafernak KT, Gray J, Berry A, Paller AS, Mancini AJ. Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome: Report of two patients with updated genetic classification and management recommendations. Pediatr Dermatol 2017; 34:638-646. [PMID: 29044644 DOI: 10.1111/pde.13266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in one of nine genes involved in the packaging and formation of specialized lysosomes, including melanosomes and platelet-dense granules. The cardinal features are pigmentary dilution, bleeding diathesis, and accumulation of ceroid-like material in reticuloendothelial cells. Pulmonary fibrosis induced by tissue damage is seen in the most severe forms, and one subtype is characterized by immunodeficiency. We describe two patients with HPS type 1 and review the updated gene-based classification, clinical features, and recommendations for evaluation and follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Loredana Asztalos
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kristian T Schafernak
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jayla Gray
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Adam Berry
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Amy S Paller
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Anthony J Mancini
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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Pillaiyar T, Manickam M, Jung SH. Recent development of signaling pathways inhibitors of melanogenesis. Cell Signal 2017; 40:99-115. [PMID: 28911859 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Human skin, eye and hair color rely on the production of melanin, depending on its quantity, quality, and distribution, Melanin plays a monumental role in protecting the skin against the harmful effect of ultraviolet radiation and oxidative stress from various environmental pollutants. However, an excessive production of melanin causes serious dermatological problems such as freckles, solar lentigo (age spots), melasma, as well as cancer. Hence, the regulation of melanin production is important for controlling the hyper-pigmentation. Melanogenesis, a biosynthetic pathway to produce melanin pigment in melanocyte, involves a series of intricate enzymatic and chemical catalyzed reactions. Several extrinsic factors include ultraviolet radiation and chemical drugs, and intrinsic factors include molecules secreted by surrounding keratinocytes or melanocytes, and fibroblasts, all of which regulate melanogenesis. This article reviews recent advances in the development of melanogenesis inhibitors that directly/indirectly target melanogenesis-related signaling pathways. Efforts have been made to provide a description of the mechanism of action of inhibitors on various melanogenesis signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanigaimalai Pillaiyar
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Manoj Manickam
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National, University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hun Jung
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National, University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
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Funasaka N, Kirihata T, Hosono M, Kato H, Ohsumi S. Three Cases of Anomalously White Risso's DolphinsGrampus griseusin Japan. MAMMAL STUDY 2017. [DOI: 10.3106/041.042.0307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Funasaka
- Taiji Whale Museum, 2934-2 Taiji, Taiji-cho, Higashimuro-gun, Wakayama 649-5171, Japan
- Cetacean Research Center, Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu-shi, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Kirihata
- Taiji Whale Museum, 2934-2 Taiji, Taiji-cho, Higashimuro-gun, Wakayama 649-5171, Japan
| | - Masayuki Hosono
- Adventure World, 2399 Katada, Shirahama-cho, Nishimuro-gun, Wakayama 649-2201, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Kato
- Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 1-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0075, Japan
| | - Seiji Ohsumi
- The Institute of Cetacean Research, 4-5 Toyomi-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0055, Japan
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36
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Kim K, Leutou AS, Jeong H, Kim D, Seong CN, Nam SJ, Lim KM. Anti-Pigmentary Effect of (-)-4-Hydroxysattabacin from the Marine-Derived Bacterium Bacillus sp. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15050138. [PMID: 28505073 PMCID: PMC5450544 DOI: 10.3390/md15050138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioactivity-guided isolation of a crude extract from a culture broth of Bacillus sp. has led to the isolation of (-)-4-hydroxysattabacin (1). The inhibitory effect of (-)-4-hydroxysattabacin (1) was investigated on melanogenesis in the murine melanoma cell line, B16F10, and human melanoma cell line, MNT-1, as well as a pigmented 3D-human skin model. (-)-4-Hydroxysattabacin treatment decreased melanin contents in a dose-dependent manner in α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-stimulated B16F10 cells. Quantitative real time PCR (qRT–PCR) demonstrated that treatment with (-)-4-hydroxysattabacin down-regulated several melanogenic genes, including tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TRP-1), and tyrosinase-related protein 2 (TRP-2) while their enzymatic activities were unaffected. The anti-melanogenic effects of (-)-4-hydroxysattabacin were further demonstrated in a pigmented 3D human epidermal skin model, MelanodermTM, and manifested as whitening and regression of melanocyte activation in the tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyuri Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea.
| | - Alain S Leutou
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Global Top 5 Program, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea.
| | - Haein Jeong
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Global Top 5 Program, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea.
| | - Dayoung Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Global Top 5 Program, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea.
| | - Chi Nam Seong
- Department of Biology, College of Life Science and Natural Resource, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea.
| | - Sang-Jip Nam
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Global Top 5 Program, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea.
| | - Kyung-Min Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea.
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Huang HC, Lin H, Huang MC. The lactoferricin B-derived peptide, LfB17-34, induces melanogenesis in B16F10 cells. Int J Mol Med 2017; 39:595-602. [PMID: 28204812 PMCID: PMC5360364 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.2884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactoferricin B (LfcinB), a peptide of bovine lactoferrin (LfB), exhibits multiple biological functions, including antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant and immuno-modulatory activities. However, the role of LfcinB-related peptides in melanogenesis remains unclear. In this study, a set of five LfcinB-related peptides was examined. We found that LfB17-34, an 18-mer LfcinB-derived peptide, increased melanogenesis in B16F10 melanoma cells without significantly affecting cell viability. LfB17-34 increased in vitro tyrosinase activity and melanin content in a dose-dependent manner. The results of RT-qPCR and western blot analyses showed that LfB17-34 increased the mRNA and protein expression of tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein 1 (Trp1). Moreover, LfB17-34 inhibited the phosphorylation of MAPK/Erk, but not p38 and Akt, and constitutively active MEK was able to reverse the LfB17-34-enhanced pigmentation, melanin content, and tyrosinase activity, suggesting a role of Erk signaling in the process of LfB17-34-mediated pigmentation. Taken together, these results suggest that LfB17-34 induces melanogenesis in B16F10 cells primarily through increased tyrosinase expression and activity and that LfB17-34 could be further developed for the treatment of hypopigmentation disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hsuan Lin
- Renorigin Innovation Institute, Taipei 11560, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Min-Chuan Huang
- Graduate Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan, R.O.C
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38
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Eroh GD, Clayton FC, Florell SR, Cassidy PB, Chirife A, Marón CF, Valenzuela LO, Campbell MS, Seger J, Rowntree VJ, Leachman SA. Cellular and ultrastructural characterization of the grey-morph phenotype in southern right whales (Eubalaena australis). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171449. [PMID: 28170433 PMCID: PMC5295704 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Southern right whales (SRWs, Eubalena australis) are polymorphic for an X-linked pigmentation pattern known as grey morphism. Most SRWs have completely black skin with white patches on their bellies and occasionally on their backs; these patches remain white as the whale ages. Grey morphs (previously referred to as partial albinos) appear mostly white at birth, with a splattering of rounded black marks; but as the whales age, the white skin gradually changes to a brownish grey color. The cellular and developmental bases of grey morphism are not understood. Here we describe cellular and ultrastructural features of grey-morph skin in relation to that of normal, wild-type skin. Melanocytes were identified histologically and counted, and melanosomes were measured using transmission electron microscopy. Grey-morph skin had fewer melanocytes when compared to wild-type skin, suggesting reduced melanocyte survival, migration, or proliferation in these whales. Grey-morph melanocytes had smaller melanosomes relative to wild-type skin, normal transport of melanosomes to surrounding keratinocytes, and normal localization of melanin granules above the keratinocyte nuclei. These findings indicate that SRW grey-morph pigmentation patterns are caused by reduced numbers of melanocytes in the skin, as well as by reduced amounts of melanin production and/or reduced sizes of mature melanosomes. Grey morphism is distinct from piebaldism and albinism found in other species, which are genetic pigmentation conditions resulting from the local absence of melanocytes, or the inability to synthesize melanin, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy D. Eroh
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Fred C. Clayton
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Scott R. Florell
- Department of Dermatology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Pamela B. Cassidy
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Andrea Chirife
- Programa de Monitoreo Sanitario Ballena Franca Austral, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Carina F. Marón
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Instituto de Conservación de Ballenas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciano O. Valenzuela
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Michael S. Campbell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, United States of America
| | - Jon Seger
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Victoria J. Rowntree
- Programa de Monitoreo Sanitario Ballena Franca Austral, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Instituto de Conservación de Ballenas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Ocean Alliance/Whale Conservation Institute, Gloucester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sancy A. Leachman
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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39
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Unilateral Poliosis of Eyelashes. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2016; 32:e73-4. [DOI: 10.1097/iop.0000000000000250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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40
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Sun L, Pan S, Yang Y, Sun J, Liang D, Wang X, Xie X, Hu J. Toll-like receptor 9 regulates melanogenesis through NF-κB activation. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 241:1497-504. [PMID: 27075928 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216642529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors play essential roles in the modulation of melanogenesis, which has been implicated in the pathogenesis of hyper- or hypopigmentation-related diseases. However, little is currently known regarding the role of TLR9 in human melanocytes. TLR9 recognizes unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanine motif-containing oligodeoxynucleotides, and cytosine-phosphate-guanine ODN2006 acts as an hTLR9 agonist. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of cytosine-phosphate-guanine ODN2006 on melanogenesis in the human melanocyte cells. MTT assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay indicated that ODN2006 stimulation (0, 1, 5, 10 µM) dose-dependently reduced cell viability and promoted the production of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 in PIG1 melanocytes. The mRNA and protein levels of PMEL and TYRosinase were elevated at 6 h, and then decreased 24 h later, but were significantly augmented 72 h later following ODN2006 stimulation; whereas, TLR9 expressions were time-dependently increased in PIG1 melanocytes. Moreover, ultraviolet B irradiation combined with ODN2006 stimulation induced much more significant enhancement of PMEL, TYRosinase, and TLR9 mRNA and protein after three days in PIG1 melanocytes, and the similar results were obtained using the primary human melanocytes. The expression of TLR9 protein was down-regulated by TLR9 siRNA transfection. ODN2006 had an additive effect on ultraviolet B-induced melanogenesis and PMEL expression, as well as NF-κB activation, which could be blocked by TLR9 knockdown, the NF-κB specific inhibitor PDTC, or the TBK1 inhibitor BX795. Collectively, we concluded that TLR9 regulates melanogenesis through NF-κB activation, suggesting that TLR9 may play a role in microbial-induced melanogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Sun
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious and Immunological Diseases, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710068, China
| | - Shengjun Pan
- Department of Nursing, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China
| | - Yuejin Yang
- Kaifeng Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Jingying Sun
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious and Immunological Diseases, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710068, China
| | - Daoyan Liang
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious and Immunological Diseases, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710068, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious and Immunological Diseases, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710068, China
| | - Xin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China Department of Translational Medicine, Institute of Integrated Medical Information, Xi'an 710016, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious and Immunological Diseases, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710068, China
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Drira R, Sakamoto K. Sakuranetin Induces Melanogenesis in B16BL6 Melanoma Cells through Inhibition of ERK and PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathways. Phytother Res 2016; 30:997-1002. [PMID: 27000529 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Sakuranetin (Sak) is considered one of the most important flavanone phytoalexins in regard to antimicrobial activity, and accumulation, in the rice plant. The current study determined that Sak strongly stimulates melanogenesis in B16BL6 melanoma cells in a dose-dependent manner. This flavonoid upregulates the expression of microphthalmia transcription factor (MITF) and reaches its maximum after 24 h. In addition, Sak was found to increase in vitro tyrosinase (Tyr) activity, along with time-dependent upregulation of Tyr, tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TRP1), and tyrosinase-related protein 2 (TRP2). Sakuranetin also decreased the proliferation rate in these cells without directly affecting their viability, as revealed by MTT and trypan blue assays. Further, Sak was shown to inhibit phosphorylation and activation of ERK1/2 from 12 h, without significantly affecting p38 and JNK phosphorylation. Sakuranetin was also found to inhibit the phosphorylation of AKT at threonine 308 and serine 473 and leads to activation of GSK3β via decreased phosphorylation at serine 9. Taken together, these results demonstrate that Sak stimulates melanogenesis in B16 melanoma cells via inhibition of ERK1/2 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways, which lead to upregulation of Tyr, TRP1, and TRP2. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riadh Drira
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Kazuichi Sakamoto
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
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42
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Maia M, Volpini BMF, dos Santos GA, Rujula MJP. Quality of life in patients with oculocutaneous albinism. An Bras Dermatol 2016; 90:513-7. [PMID: 26375220 PMCID: PMC4560540 DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20153498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The social reality of the albino needs to be more studied in Brazil, as myths and
social segregation regarding this illness are likely to be found in the country,
with psychosocial and medical implications. OBJECTIVE As this subject has not been referenced in previous scientific articles in Brazil,
this research intends to evaluate the quality of life of the albinos that treated
at our medical institution. METHODS The quality of life was evaluated through the WHOQOL-BREF. Furthermore, two
aspects of main relevance in the lives of the albinos were also objects of
research, low vision and skin cancer. The sample consisted of forty oculocutaneous
albinos and a control group of forty healthy individuals, matched by sex and
age. RESULTS Among the participants, 57.7% were between 18 and 40 years old, 28.2% were between
41 and 60, and 14.1% were over 60. 42.1% had skin cancer before the study, 18.4%
had skin cancer during the study and 89.5% stated visual deficit. The results
obtained in the questionnaires showed a statistically significant difference in
the physical domain, with P < 0.001. CONCLUSION Low vision combined with skin lesions and social stigma may contribute to
disturbances in the quality of life of oculocutaneous albinos. The results
presented in this study demonstrated the vulnerability of the affected individuals
and the special care required by those patients, at the same time that the need
for further research is highlighted in order to better elucidate the aspects
related to albinism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Maia
- Irmandade Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, BR
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Abstract
Hypomelanoses of the skin encompass a wide spectrum of congenital and acquired alterations in melanin pigmentation. These diseases can be localized or universal. The pathobiology of cutaneous hypomelanoses is heterogeneous and includes defects in melanoblast migration from the neural crest to the epidermis, alterations in melanogenesis and melanin transfer to keratinocytes, and destruction of pigment cells by autoimmune and inflammatory processes. Importantly, some congenital forms of universal hypomelanoses are associated with involvement of internal organs (e.g., Hermansky-Pudlack or Chédiak-Higashi syndrome) and require interdisciplinary patient management. In recent years, significant progress has been made in our current understanding of the pathophysiology especially of vitiligo, thus, resulting in promising new treatment strategies. This disease being one of the most common forms of acquired hypomelanoses of the skin can now be treated in a guideline-oriented and evidence-based manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Böhm
- Klinik für Hautkrankheiten, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 58, 48149, Münster, Deutschland.
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44
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Nouriel A, Zisquit J, Helfand AM, Anikster Y, Greenberger S. Griscelli Syndrome Type 3: Two New Cases and Review of the Literature. Pediatr Dermatol 2015; 32:e245-8. [PMID: 26337734 DOI: 10.1111/pde.12663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A 3-year-old Arab boy with a history of hypoplastic left heart syndrome was referred to the pediatric dermatology clinic at Sheba Medical Center for evaluation of hypomelanosis, manifested by fair skin pigmentation and silvery-grey hair, eyebrows, and eyelashes. The child had one older brother with similar hypopigmentation and another older brother who had died of congenital heart disease. The child had no history of neurologic deficits or immunodeficiency and no additional findings on clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariella Nouriel
- Department of Dermatology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Jonah Zisquit
- Department of Dermatology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Alexander M Helfand
- Department of Dermatology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Yair Anikster
- Metabolic Disease Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Shoshana Greenberger
- Department of Dermatology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
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45
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Drira R, Sakamoto K. Isosakuranetin, a 4'-O-methylated flavonoid, stimulates melanogenesis in B16BL6 murine melanoma cells. Life Sci 2015; 143:43-9. [PMID: 26524968 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The beneficial effects of 4'-O-methylated flavonoids on induction of melanogenesis are well established. Here, we report the effect of isosakuranetin (Iso) on melanogenesis in B16BL6 melanoma cells and an analysis of the signaling pathways involved in this activity. METHODS B16BL6 melanoma cells were treated with several concentrations of Iso and melanin content was measured. Activation and expression of factors involved in melanogenesis were assessed via western blotting. KEY FINDINGS Iso (15 and 30μmol/L) strongly stimulated melanogenesis in a dose-dependent manner. Iso increased tyrosinase activity and up-regulated tyrosinase (Tyr), tyrosinase related protein 1 (TRP1), and tyrosinase related protein 2 (TRP2) in a time-dependent manner. Iso decreased B16 cell proliferation at a concentration above 45μmol/L, and had no effect on cell viability as revealed by MTT and trypan blue assays. Iso up-regulated expression of microphthalmia transcription factor (MITF), with a maximum effect after 12h. H89, a specific inhibitor of PKA, showed that MITF up-regulation is mediated through PKA/CREB activation. Furthermore, Iso decreased phosphorylation of MITF at Ser73 after 24h and 48h of exposure, activating MITF and leading to up-regulation of Tyr, TRP1, and TRP2. Iso inhibited phosphorylation and activation of ERK1/2 after 12h, while no significant effects on p38 and JNK phosphorylation were observed. Iso inhibited AKT phosphorylation and led to activation of GSK3β. SIGNIFICANCE Iso stimulates melanogenesis in B16 melanoma cells via up-regulation of MITF. Furthermore, Iso-induced inhibition of ERK1/2 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways activate MITF and subsequent expression of Tyr, TRP1, and TRP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riadh Drira
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Kazuichi Sakamoto
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan.
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46
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Moulinas C, Dollfus H, Lipsker D. [Leucoderma in children: Review of the literature]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2015; 142:399-409. [PMID: 25952794 DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2015.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leucoderma is a frequent presenting complaint in children and it is sometimes difficult to make a definite diagnostic during the first consultation. The aim of this study is to analyse the diagnoses associated with leucoderma in children in order to propose a practical approach to their differential diagnosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS We performed a review of the literature using the keywords "leucoderma children review", "leucoderma Ito" and "nevus depigmentosus" in the Medline database. All relevant articles were included. RESULTS Four hundred and thirty-five articles were retrieved and 179 were analysed. A clinical approach was proposed in 6 articles and investigations in 15 articles. DISCUSSION Causal diagnosis of leucoderma may frequently be made on clinical grounds by determining the age of onset and distribution of lesions. Nevertheless, some situations require investigation. The literature is limited regarding clinical approaches and examinations in leucoderma. Herein, we present a systematic clinical and laboratory approach to the differential diagnosis of these skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Moulinas
- Clinique dermatologique de Strasbourg, hôpitaux universitaires de Strasbourg, 1, place de l'Hôpital, 67091 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - H Dollfus
- Service de génétique médicale, hôpitaux universitaires de Strasbourg, 1, place de l'Hôpital, 67091 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - D Lipsker
- Clinique dermatologique de Strasbourg, hôpitaux universitaires de Strasbourg, 1, place de l'Hôpital, 67091 Strasbourg cedex, France.
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Unrevealing the role of P-protein on melanosome biology and structure, using siRNA-mediated down regulation of OCA2. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 403:61-71. [PMID: 25656818 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2337-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The pink-eyed dilution protein (P-protein) plays a critical role in melanin synthesis in melanocytes and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Mutation in this protein may cause complete or partial albinism. Role of the P-protein ranges in melanin synthesis to maturation and trafficking of the melanosomes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of P-protein inhibition on melanosome biology by comparing the shape, size, count, and types of melanosomes in melan-a melanocytes. The cells were extensively examined by the transmission electron microscopy. The P-protein inhibition was carried by P-protein-siRNA transfection to melan-a melanocytes, B16F10 mouse melanoma, and melan-p1 cells. Measurement of melanin contents, cellular tyrosinase, and different tyrosinase related proteins were also determined to investigate the effect of P-protein siRNA transfection on melanocytes. Results suggested that the inhibition of P-protein can significantly change the melanosomal morphology, types and their respective numbers, and provided a novel strategy for the control of melanin synthesis.
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48
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Abstract
The occurrence of pulmonary fibrosis in numerous individuals from the same family suggests a genetic cause for the disease. During the last 10 years, mutations involving proteins from the telomerase complex and from the surfactant system have been identified in association with pulmonary fibrosis. Mutations of TERT, the coding gene for the telomerase reverse transcriptase, are the most frequently identified mutations and are present in 15% of cases of familial pulmonary fibrosis. Other mutations (TERC, surfactant proteins genes) are only rarely evidenced in adults. Patients with mutations involving the telomerase complex may present with pulmonary fibrosis, hematologic, cutaneous or liver diseases. Other genetic variations associated with pulmonary fibrosis such as a polymorphism in the promoter of MUC5B or a polymorphism in TERT have been recently described, and could be considered to be part of a polygenic transmission. Evidence for mutations associated with the development of pulmonary fibrosis raises numerous clinical questions from establishing a diagnosis, providing counselling to deciding on therapy, and requires specific studies. From a pathophysiological point of view, the function of the genes highlights the central role of alveolar epithelium and aging in fibrogenesis.
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49
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Binstock M, Hafeez F, Metchnikoff C, Arron S. Single‐nucleotide polymorphisms in pigment genes and nonmelanoma skin cancer predisposition: a systematic review. Br J Dermatol 2014; 171:713-21. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Binstock
- Department of Dermatology University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA 94115 U.S.A
| | - F. Hafeez
- Department of Dermatology University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA 94115 U.S.A
| | - C. Metchnikoff
- Department of Dermatology University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA 94115 U.S.A
| | - S.T. Arron
- Department of Dermatology University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA 94115 U.S.A
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50
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Verma S, Pasternack SM, Rütten A, Ruzicka T, Betz RC, Hanneken S. The First Report of KRT5 Mutation Underlying Acantholytic Dowling-Degos Disease with Mottled Hypopigmentation in an Indian Family. Indian J Dermatol 2014; 59:476-80. [PMID: 25284854 PMCID: PMC4171917 DOI: 10.4103/0019-5154.139884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Galli Galli disease (GGD) is the name given to a rare form of acantholytic Dowling-Degos disease. (DDD), the latter itself being a rare condition. We believe we are describing for the first time in Indian dermatologic literature a case of GGD in a family where 25 persons have DDD and have been able to document a KRT5 mutation in four members of the family. Whereas reticulate pigmentation is a hallmark of DDD there are rare reports of mottled pigmentation with multiple asymptomatic hypopigmented macules scattered diffusely along with the pigmentation. All the cases described here show a mottled pigmentation comprising hypo and hyperpigmented asymptomatic macules. After the clinical diagnosis was made by one of the authors (SV) in India, the German authors repeated histological examination and successfully demonstrated a heterozygous nonsense mutation, c.C10T (p.Gln4X), in exon 1 of the KRT5 gene, from various centers in Munich, Bonn, Dusseldorf and Friedrichschafen in Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Verma
- Nirvana Skin Clinic, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | | | - Arno Rütten
- Laboratory of Dermatohistopathology, Friedrichshafen, Germany
| | - Thomas Ruzicka
- Department of Dermatology, Ludwig-Maximilian's University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Regina C Betz
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sandra Hanneken
- Department of Dermatology, University of Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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