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Jeon J, He X, Shinde A, Meister M, Barnett L, Zhang Q, Black M, Shannahan J, Wright C. The role of puff volume in vaping emissions, inhalation risks, and metabolic perturbations: a pilot study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:18949. [PMID: 39147784 PMCID: PMC11327287 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-69985-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Secondhand vaping exposure is an emerging public health concern that remains understudied. In this study, saliva and exhaled emissions from ENDS users (secondhand) and non-ENDS users (baseline) were collected, firsthand emissions were generated using an automated ENDS aerosol generation system programmed to simulate puffing topography profiles collected from ENDS users. Particulate concentrations and sizes along with volatile organic compounds were characterized. We revealed puffing topography metrics as potential mediators of firsthand and secondhand particle and chemical exposures, as well as metabolic and respiratory health outcomes. Particle deposition modeling revealed that while secondhand emissions displayed smaller deposited mass, total and pulmonary particle deposition fractions were higher than firsthand deposition levels, possibly due to smaller secondhand emission particle diameters. Lastly, untargeted metabolomic profiling of salivary biomarkers of lung injury due to firsthand ENDS exposures revealed potential early indicators of respiratory distress that may also be relevant in bystanders exposed to secondhand vaping scenarios. By leveraging system toxicology, we identified 10 metabolites, including leukotriene D4, that could potentially serve as biomarkers for ENDS use, exposure estimation, and the prediction of vaping-related disease. This study highlights characterization of vaping behavior is an important exposure component in advancing our understanding of potential health effects in ENDS users and bystanders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Jeon
- Chemical Insights Research Institute of UL Research Institutes, Marietta, GA, 30367, USA
| | - Xiaojia He
- Chemical Insights Research Institute of UL Research Institutes, Marietta, GA, 30367, USA
| | - Akshada Shinde
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Maureen Meister
- Chemical Insights Research Institute of UL Research Institutes, Marietta, GA, 30367, USA
| | - Lillie Barnett
- Chemical Insights Research Institute of UL Research Institutes, Marietta, GA, 30367, USA
| | - Qian Zhang
- Chemical Insights Research Institute of UL Research Institutes, Marietta, GA, 30367, USA
| | - Marilyn Black
- Chemical Insights Research Institute of UL Research Institutes, Marietta, GA, 30367, USA
| | - Jonathan Shannahan
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Christa Wright
- Chemical Insights Research Institute of UL Research Institutes, Marietta, GA, 30367, USA.
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2
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Asgharian B, Price O, Wasdo S, Li C, Peters KO, Haskins RM, Chemerynski S, Schroeter J. The fate of an inhaled cigarette puff in the human respiratory tract. Inhal Toxicol 2024; 36:378-390. [PMID: 38909354 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2024.2367419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cigarette smoking can lead to a host of adverse health effects such as lung and heart disease. Increased lung cancer risk is associated with inhalation of carcinogens present in a puff of smoke. These carcinogenic compounds deposit in the lung at different sites and trigger a cascade of events leading to adverse outcomes. Understanding the site-specific deposition of various smoke constituents will inform the study of respiratory diseases from cigarette smoking. We previously developed a deposition model for inhalation of aerosol from electronic nicotine delivery systems. In this study, the model was modified to simulate inhalation of cigarette smoke consisting of soluble and insoluble tar, nicotine, and cigarette-specific constituents that are known or possible human carcinogens. MATERIALS AND METHODS The deposition model was further modified to account for nicotine protonation and other cigarette-specific physics-based mechanisms that affect smoke deposition. Model predictions showed a total respiratory tract uptake in the lung for formaldehyde (99%), nicotine (80%), and benzo[a]pyrene (60%). RESULTS The site of deposition and uptake depended primarily on the constituent's saturation vapor pressure. High vapor pressure constituents such as formaldehyde were preferentially absorbed in the oral cavity and proximal lung regions, while low vapor pressure constituents such as benzo[a]pyrene were deposited in the deep lung regions. Model predictions of exhaled droplet size, droplet retention, nicotine retention, and uptake of aldehydes compared favorably with experimental data. CONCLUSION The deposition model can be integrated into exposure assessments and other studies that evaluate potential adverse health effects from cigarette smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Owen Price
- Applied Research Associates, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Scott Wasdo
- Center for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Cissy Li
- Center for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Kamau O Peters
- Center for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Ryan M Haskins
- Center for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Susan Chemerynski
- Center for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Beltsville, MD, USA
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3
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Cui T, Lu R, Liu C, Wu Z, Jiang X, Liu Y, Pan S, Li Y. Characteristics of second-hand exposure to aerosols from e-cigarettes: A literature review since 2010. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:171829. [PMID: 38537812 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the use of electronic vaping products (also named e-cigarettes) has increased due to their appealing flavors and nicotine delivery without the combustion of tobacco. Although the hazardous substances emitted by e-cigarettes are largely found to be much lower than combustible cigarettes, second-hand exposure to e-cigarette aerosols is not completely benign for bystanders. This work reviewed and synthesized findings on the second-hand exposure of aerosols from e-cigarettes and compared the results with those of the combustible cigarettes. In this review, different results were integrated based upon sampling locations such as residences, vehicles, offices, public places, and experimental exposure chambers. In addition, the factors that influence the second-hand exposure levels were identified by objectively reviewing and integrating the impacts of combustible cigarettes and e-cigarettes on the environment. It is a challenge to compare the literature data directly to assess the effect of smoking/vaping on the indoor environment. The room volume, indoor air exchange rate, puffing duration, and puffing numbers should be considered, which are important factors in determining the degree of pollution. Therefore, it is necessary to calculate the "emission rate" to normalize the concentration of pollutants emitted under various experimental conditions and make the results comparable. This review aims to increase the awareness regarding the harmful effects of the second-hand exposure to aerosols coming from the use of cigarettes and e-cigarettes, identify knowledge gaps, and provide a scientific basis for future policy interventions with regard to the regulation of smoking and vaping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Cui
- School of Civil Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China; School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecology Effects in Arid Region, Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Rui Lu
- RELX Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China.
| | - Chuan Liu
- RELX Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Zehong Wu
- RELX Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Xingtao Jiang
- RELX Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Yiqiao Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Song Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Built Environment and Energy Efficient Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yanpeng Li
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecology Effects in Arid Region, Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710054, China.
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4
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Ludovichetti FS, Zuccon A, Di Fiore A, Zambon G, Bargan A, Stellini E, Mazzoleni S. Perception of the oral health risks of passive smoking from traditional cigarettes, electronic cigarettes, and heated tobacco products: A cross-sectional study. Tob Induc Dis 2024; 22:TID-22-71. [PMID: 38699220 PMCID: PMC11064127 DOI: 10.18332/tid/186588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tobacco smoke is a major health risk factor for smokers but also for non-smokers due to passive smoking. These risks come from conventional cigarette smoke but also from aerosol produced by electronic cigarettes and heated tobacco products (HTPs). The aim of this study was to investigate population knowledge about the adverse effects of passive smoking from traditional cigarettes, electronic cigarettes, and HTPs. METHODS Between February and October 2023, 504 subjects among the general population responded to a questionnaire with 8 questions in Italian, via a link to the Google Forms platform. The questions related to the oral health effects of active and passive smoking. Descriptive analyses of all variables in the questionnaire were performed, and statistical analyses between variables were carried out using the chi-squared test and Fisher's exact test. RESULTS A large subset of individuals interviewed stated that active smoking is harmful to health and consider active smoking more damaging compared with passive smoking (86.3%). The majority believed that passive smoking of cigarettes is more harmful to oral health than passive smoking of HTPs (79.4%) or electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) (84.9%). CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that most people in this study had good knowledge about the adverse effects of active or passive smoking on health; however, knowledge regarding e-cigarettes and HTPs was poor and confused. These results reveal the complexity of perceptions regarding different types of smoking and the need for further research to fully understand the risks associated with each type of passive smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Zuccon
- Section of Dentistry, Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Adolfo Di Fiore
- Section of Dentistry, Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giulia Zambon
- Section of Dentistry, Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Adriana Bargan
- Section of Dentistry, Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Edoardo Stellini
- Section of Dentistry, Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Sergio Mazzoleni
- Section of Dentistry, Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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5
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Tian L, Woo W, Canchola A, Chen K, Lin YH. Correlation gas chromatography and two-dimensional volatility basis methods to predict gas-particle partitioning for e-cigarette aerosols. AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR AEROSOL RESEARCH 2024; 58:630-643. [PMID: 38774581 PMCID: PMC11105163 DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2024.2326547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
E-cigarette aerosols contain a complex mixture of harmful and potentially harmful chemicals. Once released into the environment, they evolve and become new sources of indoor air pollutants that could pose a significant threat to both users and non-users. However, current understanding of the physicochemical properties of e-cigarette aerosol constituents that govern gas-particle partitioning in the atmosphere is limited, making it difficult to estimate the health risks associated with exposure. Here, we used correlation gas chromatography (C-GC) and two-dimensional volatility basis set (2D-VBS) methods to determine the vapor pressures and volatility for commonly reported toxic and irritating e-cigarette aerosol constituents. The vapor pressures of target compounds at 298 K were estimated from the Antoine-type linear relationship between the vapor pressure of reference standards and their retention times. Our C-GC results showed an overall positive correlation (R = 0.84) with estimates using the EPI (Estimation Programs Interface) Suite. The volatility calculated by 2D-VBS correlates well with the calculated vapor pressure from both C-GC (R = 0.82) and EPI Suite (R = 0.85). The volatility distribution also indicated fresh e-cigarette aerosol constituents are mainly more volatile organic compounds. Our case study revealed that low-vapor-pressure compounds (e.g., σ-dodecalactone, γ-decalactone, and maltol) become enriched in the e-cigarette aerosols within 2 hours following vaping emissions. Overall, these findings demonstrate the applicability of the C-GC and 2D-VBS methods for determining the physiochemical properties of e-cigarette aerosol constituents, which can aid in assessing the dynamic chemical composition of e-cigarette aerosols and exposures to vaping emissions in indoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhui Tian
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Wonsik Woo
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Alexa Canchola
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Kunpeng Chen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Ying-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
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6
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Prieger JE. Optimal Taxation of Cigarettes and E-Cigarettes: Principles for Taxing Reduced-Harm Tobacco Products. Forum Health Econ Policy 2023; 26:41-64. [PMID: 38101803 DOI: 10.1515/fhep-2022-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
As the tax base for traditional tobacco excise taxes continues to erode, policymakers have growing interest to expand taxation to novel and reduced-risk tobacco products. Chief among the latter are electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS; commonly known as e-cigarettes), although other reduced-risk tobacco products such as heated tobacco and smokeless tobacco products are also being considered for taxation. There are many possible rationales for taxing such products: to raise revenue, to correct for health externalities, to improve public health, to correct for internalities caused by irrationality or misinformation, and to redistribute income. Although each rationale leads to a different objective function, the conclusions regarding relative tax rates are largely the same. The relatively higher price elasticity of demand for e-cigarettes (compared to cigarettes) and the lower marginal harms from use imply in each case that taxes on e-cigarettes and other harm-reduced products should be relatively lower, and likely much lower, than those on cigarettes. Additional considerations concerning the policy goal of discouraging use of any tobacco product by youth are discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Prieger
- School of Public Policy, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, USA
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7
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Alhaqbani A, Alismail M, Alotaibi A, Alibrahim Z, Alqahtani A, Omair A, Al-Nasser S. The Use of Vaping Among Male Health Sciences Students Compared to Other Male Students in Riyadh. Cureus 2023; 15:e51257. [PMID: 38161552 PMCID: PMC10755334 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.51257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Vaping has become widely used by teenagers due to its accessibility, variety of flavors, peer influence, and the thought that it is a less harmful alternative to tobacco smoking. This study aimed to compare the prevalence of vaping among health sciences students compared to other college students in Riyadh and identify reasons for its usage. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in three major universities of Riyadh: King Saud bin Abdulaziz University, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, and Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University. A self-administered online questionnaire related to the use of e-cigarettes and conventional cigarettes was utilized. It included questions about the use of conventional cigarettes and e-cigarettes and the reasons for using them. Responses were compared between health sciences and non-health sciences students in Riyadh. Results An electronic survey was distributed online, and 442 students responded, but two of them did not agree to participate, so they were removed from the sample. Out of 440 students, 312 (71%) were health sciences students, and 128 (29%) were non-health sciences students. Smoking conventional cigarettes was found among 38 (12%) health sciences students, and 22 (17%) non-health college students smoked conventional cigarettes (p=0.16). Regarding vaping, 117 (38%) health sciences students smoked e-cigarettes. On the other hand, 47 (39%) non-health college students smoked e-cigarettes (p=0.99). Anxiety/stress relief (54%) and peer influence (46%) were the most common reasons for those who smoked conventional cigarettes. Regarding the most common reasons behind using e-cigarettes, the majority (55%) considered e-cigarettes less harmful than conventional cigarettes. The second most common reason was having no distinctive odor (36%). Conclusion The study found that there was a high prevalence of the self-reported use of e-cigarettes. It appears that the use of conventional cigarette smoking is not as common as e-cigarettes among university students. This study found that university students tend to use e-cigarettes more than conventional cigarettes due to the belief that e-cigarettes are less harmful than conventional cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman Alhaqbani
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, SAU
- College of Medicine, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Mohammed Alismail
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, SAU
- College of Medicine, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Anas Alotaibi
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, SAU
- College of Medicine, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Ziyad Alibrahim
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, SAU
- College of Medicine, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Abdulhadi Alqahtani
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, SAU
- College of Medicine, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Aamir Omair
- Department of Medical Education, College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, SAU
- College of Medicine, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Sami Al-Nasser
- Department of Medical Education, College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, SAU
- College of Medicine, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, SAU
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8
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Gallart-Mateu D, Dualde P, Coscollà C, Soriano JM, Garrigues S, de la Guardia M. Biomarkers of exposure in urine of active smokers, non-smokers, and vapers. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:6677-6688. [PMID: 37743413 PMCID: PMC10598069 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04943-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The exposure to smoking related products has been evaluated through urine illness risk marker determination through the analysis of urine samples of smokers and vapers. Biomarkers and their metabolites such as N-acetyl-S-(2-cyanoethyl)-L-cysteine (CEMA), N-acetyl-S-(3,4-dihydroxybutyl)-L-cysteine (DHBMA), N-acetyl-S-[1-(hydroxymethyl)-2-propen-1-yl)-L-cysteine (MHBMA), N-acetyl-S-(3-hydroxypropyl)-L-cysteine (3HPMA), 2R-N-acetyl-S-(4-hydroxybutan-2-yl)-L-cysteine (HMPMA), and N-acetyl-S-(3-carboxy-2-propyl)-L-cysteine (CMEMA) together with nicotine and cotinine were identified and quantified by LC-HRMS and LC-MS/MS, and data found normalized to the creatinine level. One hundred two urine samples were collected from smokers, non-smokers, and vapers, spanning an age range from 16 to 79 years. Results obtained showed that CEMA was only detected in urine samples from smokers and MHBMA was in the same order of magnitude in all the urine samples analyzed. HMPMA was found in the urine of vapers at the same order of concentration as in non-smokers. 3HPMA in vapers was lower than in the urine of smokers, presenting an intermediate situation between smokers and non-smokers. On the other hand, DHBMA in vapers can reach similar values to those found for smokers, while CMEMA shows concentrations in the urine of vapers higher than in the case of non-smokers and traditional smokers, requiring new research to link this metabolite to the use of electronic cigarettes and possible alternative metabolomic routes. In general, this study seems to verify that traditional smoking practice constitutes a major source of carcinogenic chemicals compared with substitutive practices, although those practices are not free of potential harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gallart-Mateu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Research Building, 50 Dr. Moliner Street, 16100-Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - P Dualde
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region, FISABIO-Public Health, Av. Catalunya, 21, 46020, Valencia, Spain
| | - C Coscollà
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region, FISABIO-Public Health, Av. Catalunya, 21, 46020, Valencia, Spain
| | - J M Soriano
- GISP Grup d'Investigació en Salut Pública, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Garrigues
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Research Building, 50 Dr. Moliner Street, 16100-Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - M de la Guardia
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Research Building, 50 Dr. Moliner Street, 16100-Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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Cui T, Lu R, Liu Q, Jiang X, Li Y, Pan S. PM 1 exposure and spatial transmission of nicotine from the simulated second-hand vapor of pod-based electronic cigarettes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 897:165355. [PMID: 37419341 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (E-cigarettes) have gained significant popularity in recent years as a substitute for combustible cigarettes. However, there is growing concern regarding the safety of E-cigarette products for both the users and those exposed passively to second-hand emissions, which contain nicotine and other toxic substances. In particular, the characteristics of second-hand PM1 exposure and the transmission of nicotine from E-cigarettes remain unclear. In this study, the untrapped mainstream aerosols from the E-cigarette and smoke from cigarettes were exhausted by the smoking machines which were operated under standardized puffing regimes to simulate second-hand vapor or smoke exposure. The concentrations and components of PM1 released from cigarettes and E-cigarettes were compared under varying environmental conditions and regulated using a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system. Additionally, the ambient nicotine concentrations and the size distribution of the generated aerosols were determined at different distances from the release source. Results showed that PM1 accounted for the highest proportion (98 %) of the released particulate matter (PM1, PM2.5, and PM10). The mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of cigarette smoke (0.5 ± 0.01 μm, geometric standard deviation (GSD) 1.97 ± 0.1) was smaller than that of E-cigarette aerosols (1.06 ± 0.14 μm, GSD 1.79 ± 0.19). The PM1 concentrations and chemical components were effectively reduced when the HVAC system was utilized. Nicotine concentrations in E-cigarette aerosols were comparable to those of combustible cigarette emissions when close to the exposure source (0 m), while they declined more rapidly than cigarette smoke emissions with increasing distance from the source. Furthermore, the maximum nicotine concentrations occurred in 1 μm and 0.5 μm particles in E-cigarette and cigarette emissions, respectively. These results provide a scientific basis for the assessment of E-cigarette and cigarette aerosol passive exposure risks, guiding the development of environmental and human health control measures for these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Cui
- School of Civil Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China; School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecology Effects in Arid Region, Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Rui Lu
- RELX Technical Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Qianyun Liu
- RELX Technical Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Xingtao Jiang
- RELX Technical Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanpeng Li
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecology Effects in Arid Region, Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710054, China.
| | - Song Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Built Environment and Energy Efficient Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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10
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Hosseini S, Gholap V, Halquist MS, Golshahi L. Effects of Device Settings and E-Liquid Characteristics on Mouth-Throat Losses of Nicotine Delivered with Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS). JOURNAL OF AEROSOL SCIENCE 2023; 171:106178. [PMID: 37092025 PMCID: PMC10121190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2023.106178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Currently it is not fully understood how the device settings and electronic liquid (e-liquid) composition, including their form of nicotine content, impact mouth and throat losses, and potentially lead to the variations in total nicotine delivery to the human lungs. An in situ size assessment method was developed for real-time measurements at the mouthpiece and outlet of a biorelevant mouth-throat to account for the dynamic nature of the aerosol. The aerosol size, temperature, and delivery through the mouth-throat replica and the exhaled aerosol between the puff intervals were measured at different wattages using various e-liquid compositions. The effects of body temperature and humidity on aerosol size and nicotine delivery were also explored to evaluate the importance of considering realistic in vivo conditions in in vitro measurements. Notably, in vitro tests with body temperature and humidity in mouth-throat model vs room conditions, resulted in larger aerosol size at the end of the throat (Dv50=5.83±0.33 μm vs 3.05±0.15 μm), significantly higher thoracic nicotine delivery (>90% vs 50-85%) potentially due to the lower exhaled amount (<10% vs 15-50%). Besides, higher VG/PG ratios resulted in significantly lower exhaled amount and higher mouth-throat nicotine deposition. One of the main outcomes of the study was finding significantly lower exhaled amount and higher thoracic nicotine delivery with nicotine salt form vs free-base. Considering body temperature and humidity also showed significant enhancement in nicotine delivery, so it is essential to account for biorelevant experimental conditions in benchtop testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Hosseini
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, VCU, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Vinit Gholap
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Matthew S Halquist
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Laleh Golshahi
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, VCU, Richmond, VA, USA
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Nam JK, Zatloff JP, Wong SW, Lin HC, Su WC, Buu A. An Exploratory Study on Strategies Adopted by Parents Who Use E-Cigarettes to Negotiate Risk Perceptions of Their Children's Secondhand Exposure and Parental Role Modeling. Int J Ment Health Addict 2023:1-12. [PMID: 37363765 PMCID: PMC10184636 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-023-01075-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Existing health messages mainly targeted youth susceptible to vaping or parents who do not have much knowledge about e-cigarettes. This study makes a unique contribution by conducting the first in-depth investigation of e-cigarette-using parents' risk perceptions and parental role modeling and how these two factors affect their vaping behaviors at home or implementation of any strategies to reduce their children's risk. Fifteen parents who used e-cigarettes participated in a semi-structured interview. Interview transcripts were coded and analyzed through a deductive approach of thematic analysis. This study demonstrates the need to develop and disseminate future health messages for e-cigarette-using parents who may have low-risk perceptions of secondhand exposure or who have adopted ineffective strategies to reduce their children's exposure. This study also identifies some possible targets for future intervention efforts through these parents including increasing their knowledge about the health risk of secondhand exposure to e-cigarettes, emphasizing the caregiver role, and effective communications with children about the consequences of vaping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Kyung Nam
- Dept. of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, Univ. of Texas Health Science Center, 7000 Fannin St, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Jesse P. Zatloff
- Dept. of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, Univ. of Texas Health Science Center, 7000 Fannin St, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Su-Wei Wong
- Dept. of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, Univ. of Texas Health Science Center, 7000 Fannin St, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Hsien-Chang Lin
- Dept. of Applied Health Science, School of Public Health, Indiana Univ, Bloomington, IN USA
| | - Wei-Chung Su
- Dept. of Epidemiology, Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Anne Buu
- Dept. of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, Univ. of Texas Health Science Center, 7000 Fannin St, Houston, TX 77030 USA
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Lee J, Su WC, Han I. Understanding the influence of atomizing power on electronic cigarette aerosol size and inhalation dose estimation. AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR AEROSOL RESEARCH 2023; 57:633-644. [PMID: 37997608 PMCID: PMC10665025 DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2023.2202753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Although many studies have estimated the inhalation dose of aerosols emitted from electronic cigarettes (e-cigs), the association between the atomizing power and inhalation dose of e-cig aerosols has not been fully examined. The aim of this study was to determine the mass and inhalation doses of e-cig aerosols and their association with the atomizing power of vaping devices. Size-segregated aerosol masses were collected using an 11-stage cascade impactor and the deposition dose in the human respiratory tract was estimated using the size-segregated aerosol mass. The results showed that an increase in atomizing power was positively associated with the amount of aerosol mass generated (p-value < 0.001). The mass median aerodynamic diameter and mass mean diameter of aerosol were 0.91 μm and 0.84 μm, respectively. The average deposition fractions of aerosols in the head airway, tracheobronchial region, and alveolar region were 67.2, 6.2, and 26.6%, respectively. In conclusion, vaping with a higher atomizing power increases the e-cig aerosol inhalation dose in the airway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinho Lee
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas USA
| | - Wei-Chung Su
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas USA
- Southwest Center for Occupational and Environmental Health (SWCOEH), School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Inkyu Han
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Temple University College of Public Health, Pennsylvania, USA
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Zhang Q, Jeon J, Goldsmith T, Black M, Greenwald R, Wright C. Characterization of an Electronic Nicotine Delivery System (ENDS) Aerosol Generation Platform to Determine Exposure Risks. TOXICS 2023; 11:99. [PMID: 36850974 PMCID: PMC9967066 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11020099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Evaluating vaping parameters that influence electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) emission profiles and potentially hazardous exposure levels is essential to protecting human health. We developed an automated multi-channel ENDS aerosol generation system (EAGS) for characterizing size-resolved particle emissions across pod- and mod-type devices using real-time monitoring instruments, an exposure chamber, and vaping parameters including different ventilation rates, device type and age, e-liquid formulation, and atomizer setup. Results show the ENDS device type, e-liquid flavoring, and nicotine content can affect particle emissions. In general, pod-type devices have unimodal particle size distributions and higher number emissions, while mod-type devices have bimodal size distributions and higher mass emissions. For pod-type devices, later puff fractions emit lower aerosols, which is potentially associated with the change of coil resistance and power during ageing. For a mod-type device, an atomizer with a lower resistance coil and higher power generates larger particle emissions than an atomizer with a greater resistance coil and lower power. The unventilated scenario produces higher particle emission factors, except for particle mass emission from pod-type devices. The data provided herein indicate the EAGS can produce realistic and reproducible puff profiles of pod- and mod-type ENDS devices and therefore is a suitable platform for characterizing ENDS-associated exposure risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Chemical Insights Research Institute, UL Research Institutes, Marietta, GA 30067, USA
| | - Jennifer Jeon
- Chemical Insights Research Institute, UL Research Institutes, Marietta, GA 30067, USA
| | - Travis Goldsmith
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University/IEStechno, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Marilyn Black
- Chemical Insights Research Institute, UL Research Institutes, Marietta, GA 30067, USA
| | - Roby Greenwald
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Christa Wright
- Chemical Insights Research Institute, UL Research Institutes, Marietta, GA 30067, USA
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Shearston JA, Eazor J, Lee L, Vilcassim MJR, Reed TA, Ort D, Weitzman M, Gordon T. Effects of electronic cigarettes and hookah (waterpipe) use on home air quality. Tob Control 2023; 32:36-41. [PMID: 34021062 PMCID: PMC10787574 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2020-056437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A major site of secondhand smoke exposure for children and adults is the home. Few studies have evaluated the impact of e-cigarette or hookah use on home air quality, despite evidence finding toxic chemicals in secondhand e-cigarette aerosols and hookah smoke. We assessed the effect of e-cigarette and hookah use on home air quality and compared it with air quality in homes where cigarettes were smoked and where no smoking or e-cigarette use occurred. METHODS Non-smoking homes and homes where e-cigarettes, hookah or cigarettes were used were recruited in the New York City area (n=57) from 2015 to 2019. Particulate matter with diameter less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5), black carbon and carbon monoxide (CO) were measured during a smoking or vaping session, both in a 'primary' smoking room and in an adjacent 'secondary' room where no smoking or vaping occurred. Log transformed data were compared with postanalysis of variance Tukey simultaneous tests. RESULTS Use of hookah significantly increased PM2.5 levels compared with non-smoking homes, in both the primary and secondary rooms, while use of e-cigarettes increased PM2.5 levels only in primary rooms. Additionally, in-home use of hookah resulted in greater CO concentrations than the use of cigarettes in primary rooms. CONCLUSIONS Use of e-cigarettes or hookah increases air pollution in homes. For hookah, increases in PM2.5 penetrated even into rooms adjacent to where smoking occurs. Extending smoke-free rules inside homes to include e-cigarette and hookah products is needed to protect household members and visitors from passive exposure to harmful aerosols and gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni A Shearston
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - James Eazor
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lily Lee
- State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - M J Ruzmyn Vilcassim
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Taylor A Reed
- Department of Social Welfare, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Deborah Ort
- Nemours Children's Urgent Care, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Michael Weitzman
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- New York University College of Global Public Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Terry Gordon
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- New York University College of Global Public Health, New York, New York, USA
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15
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Amalia B, Fu M, Tigova O, Ballbè M, Paniello-Castillo B, Castellano Y, Vyzikidou VK, O'Donnell R, Dobson R, Lugo A, Veronese C, Pérez-Ortuño R, Pascual JA, Cortés N, Gil F, Olmedo P, Soriano JB, Boffi R, Ruprecht A, Ancochea J, López MJ, Gallus S, Vardavas C, Semple S, Fernández E. Exposure to secondhand aerosol from electronic cigarettes at homes: A real-life study in four European countries. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 854:158668. [PMID: 36099951 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use emits potentially hazardous compounds and deteriorates indoor air quality. Home is a place where e-cigarettes may frequently be used amid its increasing prohibition in public places. This study assessed the real-life scenario of bystanders' exposure to secondhand e-cigarette aerosol (SHA) at home. A one-week observational study was conducted within the TackSHS project in four countries (Greece, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom) in 2019 including: 1) homes of e-cigarette users living together with a non-user/non-smoker; and 2) control homes with no smokers nor e-cigarette users. Indoor airborne nicotine, PM2.5, and PM1.0 concentrations were measured as environmental markers of SHA. Biomarkers, including nicotine and its metabolites, tobacco-specific nitrosamines, propanediol, glycerol, and metals were measured in participants' saliva and urine samples. E-cigarette use characteristics, such as e-cigarette refill liquid's nicotine concentration, e-cigarette type, place of e-cigarette use at home, and frequency of ventilation, were also collected. A total of 29 e-cigarette users' homes and 21 control homes were included. The results showed that the seven-day concentrations of airborne nicotine were quantifiable in 21 (72.4 %) out of 29 e-cigarette users' homes; overall, they were quite low (geometric mean: 0.01 μg/m3; 95 % CI: 0.01-0.02 μg/m3) and were all below the limit of quantification in control homes. Seven-day concentrations of PM2.5 and PM1.0 in e-cigarette and control homes were similar. Airborne nicotine and PM concentrations did not differ according to different e-cigarette use characteristics. Non-users residing with e-cigarette users had low but significantly higher levels of cotinine, 3'-OH-cotinine and 1,2-propanediol in saliva, and cobalt in urine than non-users living in control homes. In conclusion, e-cigarette use at home created bystanders' exposure to SHA regardless of the e-cigarette use characteristics. Further studies are warranted to assess the implications of SHA exposure for smoke-free policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beladenta Amalia
- Tobacco Control Unit, Catalan Institute of Oncology - ICO, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tobacco Control, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Tobacco Control Research Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona - UB, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Respiratory Diseases - CIBERES, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcela Fu
- Tobacco Control Unit, Catalan Institute of Oncology - ICO, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tobacco Control, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Tobacco Control Research Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona - UB, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Respiratory Diseases - CIBERES, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Olena Tigova
- Tobacco Control Unit, Catalan Institute of Oncology - ICO, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tobacco Control, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Tobacco Control Research Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona - UB, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Respiratory Diseases - CIBERES, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Montse Ballbè
- Tobacco Control Unit, Catalan Institute of Oncology - ICO, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tobacco Control, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Tobacco Control Research Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Respiratory Diseases - CIBERES, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Addictions Unit, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Blanca Paniello-Castillo
- Tobacco Control Unit, Catalan Institute of Oncology - ICO, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tobacco Control, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Tobacco Control Research Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yolanda Castellano
- Tobacco Control Unit, Catalan Institute of Oncology - ICO, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tobacco Control, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Tobacco Control Research Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona - UB, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Respiratory Diseases - CIBERES, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vergina K Vyzikidou
- Hellenic Cancer Society - George D. Behrakis Research Lab - HCS, Athens, Greece
| | - Rachel O'Donnell
- Institute for Social Marketing and Health, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Ruaraidh Dobson
- Institute for Social Marketing and Health, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Alessandra Lugo
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri - IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Veronese
- IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori - INT Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Raúl Pérez-Ortuño
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute - IMIM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José A Pascual
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute - IMIM, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, University Pompeu Fabra - UPF, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Cortés
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona - ASPB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Gil
- Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Granada - UG, Granada, Spain
| | - Pablo Olmedo
- Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Granada - UG, Granada, Spain
| | - Joan B Soriano
- CIBER Respiratory Diseases - CIBERES, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Respiratory Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Boffi
- IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori - INT Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Ario Ruprecht
- IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori - INT Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Julio Ancochea
- CIBER Respiratory Diseases - CIBERES, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Respiratory Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria J López
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona - ASPB, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública - CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau - IIB St. Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvano Gallus
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri - IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Constantine Vardavas
- School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece; Department of Oral Health Policy and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sean Semple
- Institute for Social Marketing and Health, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Esteve Fernández
- Tobacco Control Unit, Catalan Institute of Oncology - ICO, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tobacco Control, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Tobacco Control Research Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona - UB, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Respiratory Diseases - CIBERES, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Wong ET, Luettich K, Cammack L, Chua CS, Sciuscio D, Merg C, Corciulo M, Piault R, Ashutosh K, Smith C, Leroy P, Moine F, Glabasnia A, Diana P, Chia C, Tung CK, Ivanov N, Hoeng J, Peitsch M, Lee KM, Vanscheeuwijck P. Assessment of inhalation toxicity of cigarette smoke and aerosols from flavor mixtures: 5-week study in A/J mice. J Appl Toxicol 2022; 42:1701-1722. [PMID: 35543240 PMCID: PMC9545811 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Most flavors used in e-liquids are generally recognized as safe for oral consumption, but their potential effects when inhaled are not well characterized. In vivo inhalation studies of flavor ingredients in e-liquids are scarce. A structure-based grouping approach was used to select 38 flavor group representatives (FGR) on the basis of known and in silico-predicted toxicological data. These FGRs were combined to create prototype e-liquid formulations and tested against cigarette smoke (CS) in a 5-week inhalation study. Female A/J mice were whole-body exposed for 6 h/day, 5 days/week, for 5 weeks to air, mainstream CS, or aerosols from (1) test formulations containing propylene glycol (PG), vegetable glycerol (VG), nicotine (N; 2% w/w), and flavor (F) mixtures at low (4.6% w/w), medium (9.3% w/w), or high (18.6% w/w) concentration or (2) base formulation (PG/VG/N). Male A/J mice were exposed to air, PG/VG/N, or PG/VG/N/F-high under the same exposure regimen. There were no significant mortality or in-life clinical findings in the treatment groups, with only transient weight loss during the early exposure adaptation period. While exposure to flavor aerosols did not cause notable lung inflammation, it caused only minimal adaptive changes in the larynx and nasal epithelia. In contrast, exposure to CS resulted in lung inflammation and moderate-to-severe changes in the epithelia of the nose, larynx, and trachea. In summary, the study evaluates an approach for assessing the inhalation toxicity potential of flavor mixtures, thereby informing the selection of flavor exposure concentrations (up to 18.6%) for a future chronic inhalation study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ee Tsin Wong
- PMI R&DPhilip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte LtdSingapore
| | | | - Lydia Cammack
- PMI R&DPhilip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte LtdSingapore
| | - Chin Suan Chua
- PMI R&DPhilip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte LtdSingapore
| | | | - Celine Merg
- PMI R&DPhilip Morris Products S.ANeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | | | - Romain Piault
- PMI R&DPhilip Morris Products S.ANeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | | | | | - Patrice Leroy
- PMI R&DPhilip Morris Products S.ANeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Fabian Moine
- PMI R&DPhilip Morris Products S.ANeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | | | | | - Cecilia Chia
- PMI R&DPhilip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte LtdSingapore
| | - Ching Keong Tung
- PMI R&DPhilip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte LtdSingapore
| | | | - Julia Hoeng
- PMI R&DPhilip Morris Products S.ANeuchâtelSwitzerland
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Changing Behaviour: Blindness to Risk and a Critique of Tobacco Control Policy in China—A Qualitative Study. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9091412. [PMID: 36138721 PMCID: PMC9497915 DOI: 10.3390/children9091412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: It is well recognised that a focus on changing behaviour remains a dominant and often appealing approach to develop health policies. This study provides a sociological insight into young adults’ knowledge of the health effects of smoking cigarettes. We also examine the challenges in tobacco control and criticize the implementation policies in Chinese context. (2) Methods: The study applies both a micro-sociological and a macro-sociological approach using semi-structured interviews and documents as the primary research methodology. Fieldwork was conducted from July to September 2016 and December 2016 to March 2017. The qualitative study involved 45 semi-structured interviews with young adults aged 16–24 years (15 females and 30 males) in Tianjin, China. A grounded theory approach was used for a thematic analysis. (3) Results: The participants knew cigarettes are harmful, although they lacked a comprehensive understanding of the health risks of smoking. Because the health consequences usually emerge after a long period of smoking, young smokers decide to take the health risk. All participants have a general understanding of China’s tobacco control policies and think that the implementation is ineffective. (4) Conclusions: Changing in smoking is a process embedded in complex social environments and cultures. Smoking behaviour is not only a personal choice, but also related to personal connections with peers and identity in Chinese society. The Chinese government has made significant achievements in tobacco control since joining the WHO framework convention on tobacco control in 2005. However, implementation needs to be stricter in order to achieve international levels of control, especially in taxes on tobacco product and the price of cigarettes. There is an urgent need for the regulation of e-cigarettes in China.
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Rossheim ME, Zhao X, Soule EK, Thombs DL, Suzuki S, Ahmad A, Barnett TE. Aerosol, vapor, or chemicals? College student perceptions of harm from electronic cigarettes and support for a tobacco-free campus policy. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2022; 70:1754-1760. [PMID: 32931725 PMCID: PMC9275670 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2020.1819293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Objective: This study is the first to examine the influence of e-cigarette emission phrasing on perceived harm of secondhand exposure, and whether harm perception was associated with support for a tobacco-free campus policy. Participants: In the fall 2018 and spring 2019 semesters, 52 sections of a college English course (N = 791 students) were cluster randomized to one of three conditions ("vapor," "aerosol," or "chemicals") assessing harm of secondhand exposure to e-cigarette emissions. Methods: Regression models adjusted for demographic characteristics, tobacco use, and other potential confounders. Results: Compared to the "vapor" condition, "chemicals" and "aerosol" conditions were associated with increased odds of perceiving secondhand exposure to e-cigarettes to be harmful/very harmful (AOR = 2.0, p < 0.01). Greater perceived harm of secondhand e-cigarette exposure was associated with increased odds of supporting a tobacco-free campus policy (AOR = 2.22, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Health campaigns should use accurate terminology to describe e-cigarette emissions, rather than jargon that conveys lower risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E. Rossheim
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA
| | - Xiaoquan Zhao
- Department of Communication, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA
| | - Eric K. Soule
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
| | - Dennis L. Thombs
- School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX
| | - Sumihiro Suzuki
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX
| | - Asra Ahmad
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA
| | - Tracey E. Barnett
- School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX
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Hao W, Kapiamba KF, Abhayaratne V, Usman S, Huang YW, Wang Y. A filter-based system mimicking the particle deposition and penetration in human respiratory system for secondhand smoke generation and characterization. Inhal Toxicol 2022; 34:189-199. [PMID: 35584059 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2022.2075493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Secondhand smoke endangers both the environment and the health of nonsmokers. Due to the scarcity of repeatable data generated by human subjects, a system capable of generating representative secondhand smoke is essential for studying smoke properties. This work presents the design and validation of a filter-based system that could mimic the particle deposition and penetration in human respiratory system for secondhand smoke generation and characterization. METHODS Guided by our study on characterizing size-dependent filtration efficiency of common materials, we identified three filter media that generate similar particle deposition efficiencies compared to different regions of the human respiratory system over a wide submicron size range. We demonstrated the performance of the proposed filter-based system using various operating conditions. Additionally, we compared the properties of secondhand smoke particles to those of primary smoke particles. RESULTS The difference in aerosol deposition efficiencies between the filter-based system and the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) model was less than 10% in the size range of 30 to 500 nm. High concentrations of metals were detected in the secondhand smoke. The contents of Ni and Cr generated from the secondhand electronic cigarettes are at least 20 and 5 times above the regulated daily maximum intake amount. CONCLUSION Given the agreement in aerosol respiratory deposition between the filter-based system and the ICRP model, such a system can facilitate laboratory studies of secondhand smoke due to its simple structure, high repeatability, and ease of control while remaining free of human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixing Hao
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA
| | - Kashala Fabrice Kapiamba
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA
| | - Varuni Abhayaratne
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA
| | - Shoaib Usman
- Department of Nuclear Engineering and Radiation Science, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA
| | - Yue-Wern Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA
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Mazumder S, Shia W, Bendik PB, Achilihu H, Sosnoff CS, Alexander JR, Luo Z, Zhu W, Pine BN, Feng J, Blount BC, Wang L. Nicotine Exposure in the U.S. Population: Total Urinary Nicotine Biomarkers in NHANES 2015-2016. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:3660. [PMID: 35329347 PMCID: PMC8955498 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We characterize nicotine exposure in the U.S. population by measuring urinary nicotine and its major (cotinine, trans-3′-hydroxycotinine) and minor (nicotine 1′-oxide, cotinine N-oxide, and 1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol-4-carboxylic acid, nornicotine) metabolites in participants from the 2015−2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. This is one of the first U.S. population-based urinary nicotine biomarker reports using the derived total nicotine equivalents (i.e., TNEs) to characterize exposure. Serum cotinine data is used to stratify tobacco non-users with no detectable serum cotinine (−sCOT), non-users with detectable serum cotinine (+sCOT), and individuals who use tobacco (users). The molar concentration sum of cotinine and trans-3′-hydroxycotinine was calculated to derive the TNE2 for non-users. Additionally, for users, the molar concentration sum of nicotine and TNE2 was calculated to derive the TNE3, and the molar concentration sum of the minor metabolites and TNE3 was calculated to derive the TNE7. Sample-weighted summary statistics are reported. We also generated multiple linear regression models to analyze the association between biomarker concentrations and tobacco use status, after adjusting for select demographic factors. We found TNE7 is positively correlated with TNE3 and TNE2 (r = 0.99 and 0.98, respectively), and TNE3 is positively correlated with TNE2 (r = 0.98). The mean TNE2 concentration was elevated for the +sCOT compared with the −sCOT group (0.0143 [0.0120, 0.0172] µmol/g creatinine and 0.00188 [0.00172, 0.00205] µmol/g creatinine, respectively), and highest among users (33.5 [29.6, 37.9] µmol/g creatinine). Non-daily tobacco use was associated with 50% lower TNE7 concentrations (p < 0.0001) compared with daily use. In this report, we show tobacco use frequency and passive exposure to nicotine are important sources of nicotine exposure. Furthermore, this report provides more information on non-users than a serum biomarker report, which underscores the value of urinary nicotine biomarkers in extending the range of trace-level exposures that can be characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrila Mazumder
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; (W.S.); (P.B.B.); (H.A.); (C.S.S.); or (J.R.A.); (Z.L.); (W.Z.); (B.N.P.); (J.F.); (B.C.B.); (L.W.)
| | - Winnie Shia
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; (W.S.); (P.B.B.); (H.A.); (C.S.S.); or (J.R.A.); (Z.L.); (W.Z.); (B.N.P.); (J.F.); (B.C.B.); (L.W.)
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Patrick B. Bendik
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; (W.S.); (P.B.B.); (H.A.); (C.S.S.); or (J.R.A.); (Z.L.); (W.Z.); (B.N.P.); (J.F.); (B.C.B.); (L.W.)
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Honest Achilihu
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; (W.S.); (P.B.B.); (H.A.); (C.S.S.); or (J.R.A.); (Z.L.); (W.Z.); (B.N.P.); (J.F.); (B.C.B.); (L.W.)
| | - Connie S. Sosnoff
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; (W.S.); (P.B.B.); (H.A.); (C.S.S.); or (J.R.A.); (Z.L.); (W.Z.); (B.N.P.); (J.F.); (B.C.B.); (L.W.)
| | - Joseph R. Alexander
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; (W.S.); (P.B.B.); (H.A.); (C.S.S.); or (J.R.A.); (Z.L.); (W.Z.); (B.N.P.); (J.F.); (B.C.B.); (L.W.)
| | - Zuzheng Luo
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; (W.S.); (P.B.B.); (H.A.); (C.S.S.); or (J.R.A.); (Z.L.); (W.Z.); (B.N.P.); (J.F.); (B.C.B.); (L.W.)
| | - Wanzhe Zhu
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; (W.S.); (P.B.B.); (H.A.); (C.S.S.); or (J.R.A.); (Z.L.); (W.Z.); (B.N.P.); (J.F.); (B.C.B.); (L.W.)
| | - Brittany N. Pine
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; (W.S.); (P.B.B.); (H.A.); (C.S.S.); or (J.R.A.); (Z.L.); (W.Z.); (B.N.P.); (J.F.); (B.C.B.); (L.W.)
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - June Feng
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; (W.S.); (P.B.B.); (H.A.); (C.S.S.); or (J.R.A.); (Z.L.); (W.Z.); (B.N.P.); (J.F.); (B.C.B.); (L.W.)
| | - Benjamin C. Blount
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; (W.S.); (P.B.B.); (H.A.); (C.S.S.); or (J.R.A.); (Z.L.); (W.Z.); (B.N.P.); (J.F.); (B.C.B.); (L.W.)
| | - Lanqing Wang
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; (W.S.); (P.B.B.); (H.A.); (C.S.S.); or (J.R.A.); (Z.L.); (W.Z.); (B.N.P.); (J.F.); (B.C.B.); (L.W.)
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21
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Sousan S, Pender J, Streuber D, Haley M, Shingleton W, Soule E. Laboratory Determination of Gravimetric Correction Factors for Real-time Area Measurements of Electronic Cigarette Aerosols. AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR AEROSOL RESEARCH 2022; 56:517-529. [PMID: 35527743 PMCID: PMC9071016 DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2022.2047152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Research on secondhand electronic cigarette (ECIG) aerosol exposure using aerosol monitors has demonstrated that ECIG use can generate high concentrations of particulate matter (PM) and impact indoor air quality. However, quantifying indoor air PM concentrations using real-time optical monitors with on-site calibration specifically for different PM exposures has not been established. Therefore, the ECIG aerosol filter correction factors were calculated for different PM sizes (PM1, PM2.5, and PM10) and different aerosol optical monitors, the MiniWRAS, pDR, and SidePak. ECIG aerosol generation was achieved using five ECIGs representing three ECIG types, disposable, pod-mod, and box mod. The aerosol size distribution by mass was measured for the five ECIGs during PM generation. Compared to the discrete filter measurements, the MiniWRAS performed the best when the concentrations were low, followed by the pDR and SidePak. The average PM concentrations and correction factor ranges for the different ECIGs were 323-1,775 μg/m3 and 0.64-6.01 for the MiniWRAS, 1,388-13,365 μg/m3 and 0.41-0.80 for the pDR, and 4,632-55,339 μg/m3 and 0.13-0.20 for the SidePak, respectively. The mass median diameter ranged from 0.41 and 0.62 μm, and most particles generated from the ECIGs were smaller than 1 μm. This study demonstrates that aerosol size distribution varies between ECIGs. Likewise, the correction factors developed for the real-time aerosol monitors are specific to the ECIG used. Thus, these data can help improve ECIG aerosol exposure measurement accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinan Sousan
- Department of Public Health, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
- North Carolina Agromedicine Institute, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jack Pender
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dillon Streuber
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Meaghan Haley
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Will Shingleton
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Eric Soule
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
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22
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Das D, Alam El Din SM, Pulczinski J, Mihalic JN, Chen R, Bressler J, Rule AM, Ramachandran G. Assessing variability of aerosols generated from e-Cigarettes. Inhal Toxicol 2022; 34:90-98. [PMID: 35275758 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2022.2044414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
While some in vitro and in vivo experiments have studied the toxic effects of e-cigarette (e-cig) components, the typical aerosol properties released from e-cigarettes have not been well characterized. In the present study, we characterized the variability in mass concentration and particle size distribution associated with the aerosol generation of different devices and e-liquid compositions in an experimental setup. The findings of this study indicate a large inter-day variability in the experiments, likely due to poor quality control in some e-cig devices, pointing to the need for a better understanding of all the factors affecting exposures in in vitro and in vivo experiments, and the development of standardized protocols for generation and measurement of e-cig aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darpan Das
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sarah-Marie Alam El Din
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jairus Pulczinski
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jana N Mihalic
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joseph Bressler
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ana M Rule
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gurumurthy Ramachandran
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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23
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Çetintaş E, Luo Y, Nguyen C, Guo Y, Li L, Zhu Y, Ozcan A. Characterization of exhaled e-cigarette aerosols in a vape shop using a field-portable holographic on-chip microscope. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3175. [PMID: 35210524 PMCID: PMC8873257 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07150-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The past decade marked a drastic increase in the usage of electronic cigarettes. The adverse health impact of secondhand exposure due to exhaled e-cig particles has raised significant concerns, demanding further research on the characteristics of these particles. In this work, we report direct volatility measurements on exhaled e-cig aerosols using a field-portable device (termed c-Air) enabled by deep learning and lens-free holographic microscopy; for this analysis, we performed a series of field experiments in a vape shop where customers used/vaped their e-cig products. During four days of experiments, we periodically sampled the indoor air with intervals of ~ 16 min and collected the exhaled particles with c-Air. Time-lapse inline holograms of the collected particles were recorded by c-Air and reconstructed using a convolutional neural network yielding phase-recovered microscopic images of the particles. Volumetric decay of individual particles due to evaporation was used as an indicator of the volatility of each aerosol. Volatility dynamics quantified through c-Air experiments showed that indoor vaping increased the percentage of volatile and semi-volatile particles in air. The reported methodology and findings can guide further studies on volatility characterization of indoor e-cig emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ege Çetintaş
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), 420 Westwood Plaza, Engr. IV 68-119, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,California Nano Systems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Yi Luo
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), 420 Westwood Plaza, Engr. IV 68-119, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,California Nano Systems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Charlene Nguyen
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Yuening Guo
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Liqiao Li
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Yifang Zhu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Aydogan Ozcan
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), 420 Westwood Plaza, Engr. IV 68-119, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA. .,Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA. .,California Nano Systems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA. .,David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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24
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Mikheev VB, Ivanov A. Analysis of the Aerosol Generated from Tetrahydrocannabinol, Vitamin E Acetate, and Their Mixtures. TOXICS 2022; 10:88. [PMID: 35202274 PMCID: PMC8878975 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10020088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
E-cigarette, or vaping, product use-associated lung injury (EVALI) outbreak was linked to vitamin E acetate (VEA) used as a solvent for tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Several studies were conducted to assess the products of VEA (and THC/VEA mixtures) thermal degradation as a result of vaporizing/aerosolizing from a traditional type (coil-cotton wick) and ceramic type coil vape pens. The particle size distribution (PSD) of VEA aerosol and the temperature VEA and THC/VEA mixtures are heated to were also measured for a few types of traditional and ceramic vape pens. The current study assessed the PSD of the aerosol generated from THC, VEA, and a number of THC/VEA mixtures using a dab-type vape pen under two different temperature settings and two puffing flow rates. Thermal degradation of THC, VEA, and THC/VEA mixtures were also assessed, and coil temperature was measured. Results showed the dependence of the PSD upon the chemical content of the aerosolized mixture as well as upon the puffing flow rate. Minimal thermal degradation was observed. Flaws in the vape pen's design, which most likely affected results, were detected. The suitability of VEA, THC, and THC/VEA mixtures with certain types of vape pens was discussed.
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25
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Yeh K, Li L, Wania F, Abbatt JPD. Thirdhand smoke from tobacco, e-cigarettes, cannabis, methamphetamine and cocaine: Partitioning, reactive fate, and human exposure in indoor environments. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 160:107063. [PMID: 34954646 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.107063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A source of chemical exposure to humans, thirdhand smoke (THS) refers to the contamination that persists indoors following the cessation of a smoking event. The composition of thirdhand smoke depends on the type of substance from which it originates. Although past studies have investigated the effects of tobacco THS on indoor air quality and human health, few have focused on the chemical composition and health impacts of other sources and components of THS. Here we review the state of knowledge of the composition and partitioning behavior of various types of indoor THS, with a focus on THS from tobacco, e-cigarettes, cannabis, and illicit substances (methamphetamine and cocaine). The discussion is supplemented by estimates of human exposure to THS components made with a chemical fate and exposure model. The modeling results show that while very volatile THS compounds (i.e., aromatics) are likely to be taken up by inhalation, highly water-soluble compounds tended to be dermally absorbed. Conversely, minimally volatile THS compounds with low solubility are predicted to be ingested through hand-to-mouth and object-to-mouth contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Yeh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Li Li
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV 89557, United States
| | - Frank Wania
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
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Yin XH, Xu YM, Lau ATY. Nanoparticles: Excellent Materials Yet Dangerous When They Become Airborne. TOXICS 2022; 10:50. [PMID: 35202237 PMCID: PMC8874650 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10020050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Since the rise and rapid development of nanoscale science and technology in the late 1980s, nanomaterials have been widely used in many areas including medicine, electronic products, crafts, textiles, and cosmetics, which have provided a lot of convenience to people's life. However, while nanomaterials have been fully utilized, their negative effects, also known as nano pollution, have become increasingly apparent. The adverse effects of nanomaterials on the environment and organisms are mainly based on the unique size and physicochemical properties of nanoparticles (NPs). NPs, as the basic unit of nanomaterials, generally refer to the ultrafine particles whose spatial scale are defined in the range of 1-100 nm. In this review, we mainly introduce the basic status of the types and applications of NPs, airborne NP pollution, and the relationship between airborne NP pollution and human diseases. There are many sources of airborne NP pollutants, including engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) and non-engineered nanoparticles (NENPs). The NENPs can be further divided into those generated from natural activities and those produced by human activities. A growing number of studies have found that exposure to airborne NP pollutants can cause a variety of illnesses, such as respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological disorders. To deal with the ever increasing numbers and types of NPs being unleashed to the air, we believe that extensive research is needed to provide a comprehensive understanding of NP pollution hazards and their impact mechanisms. Only in this way can we find the best solution and truly protect the safety and quality of life of human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hui Yin
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Yan-Ming Xu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Andy T. Y. Lau
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
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El-Shahawy O, Shah T, Obisesan OH, Durr M, Stokes AC, Uddin I, Pinjani R, Benjamin EJ, Mirbolouk M, Osei AD, Loney T, Sherman SE, Blaha MJ. Association of E-Cigarettes With Erectile Dysfunction: The Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study. Am J Prev Med 2022; 62:26-38. [PMID: 34922653 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Smoking is independently associated with erectile dysfunction and cardiovascular disease. Given existing similarities in the constituents of e-cigarettes or ENDS and cigarettes, this study examines the association between ENDS use and erectile dysfunction. METHODS Data from Wave 4 (2016-2018) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health study were analyzed in 2020. Male participants aged ≥20 years who responded to the erectile dysfunction question were included. Multivariable logistic regression models examined the association of ENDS use with erectile dysfunction within the full sample and in a restricted sample (adults aged 20-65 years with no previous cardiovascular disease diagnosis) while adjusting for multiple risk factors. RESULTS The proportion of erectile dysfunction varied from 20.7% (full sample) to 10.2% (restricted sample). The prevalence of current ENDS use within the full and restricted samples was 4.8% and 5.6%, respectively, with 2.1% and 2.5%, respectively, reporting daily use. Current daily ENDS users were more likely to report erectile dysfunction than never users in both the full (AOR=2.24, 95% CI=1.50, 3.34) and restricted (AOR=2.41, 95% CI=1.55, 3.74) samples. In the full sample, cardiovascular disease history (versus not present) and age ≥65 years (versus age 20-24 years) were associated with erectile dysfunction (AOR=1.39, 95% CI=1.10, 1.77; AOR= 17.4, 95% CI=12.15, 24.91), whereas physical activity was associated with lower odds of erectile dysfunction in both samples (AOR range=0.44-0.58). CONCLUSIONS The use of ENDS seems to be associated with erectile dysfunction independent of age, cardiovascular disease, and other risk factors. While ENDS remain under evaluation for harm reduction and smoking-cessation potential, ENDS users should be informed about the possible association between ENDS use and erectile dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar El-Shahawy
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York; Global and Environmental Health Program, NYU School of Global Public Health, New York, New York; The Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, John Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Tanmik Shah
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York; Global and Environmental Health Program, NYU School of Global Public Health, New York, New York
| | - Olufunmilayo H Obisesan
- The Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, John Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Meghan Durr
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Andrew C Stokes
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Iftekhar Uddin
- The Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, John Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ria Pinjani
- New York University Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development, New York, New York
| | - Emelia J Benjamin
- Cardiovascular Medicine Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mohammadhassan Mirbolouk
- The Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, John Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Albert D Osei
- The Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, John Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Medicine, MedStar Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Tom Loney
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Scott E Sherman
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York; Global and Environmental Health Program, NYU School of Global Public Health, New York, New York; Department of Medicine, VA NY Harbor Healthcare System, New York, New York
| | - Michael J Blaha
- The Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, John Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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29
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McAdam K, Waters G, Moldoveanu S, Margham J, Cunningham A, Vas C, Porter A, Digard H. Diacetyl and Other Ketones in e-Cigarette Aerosols: Some Important Sources and Contributing Factors. Front Chem 2021; 9:742538. [PMID: 34631664 PMCID: PMC8495241 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.742538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Concerns over the presence of the diketones 2,4 butanedione (DA) and 2,3 pentanedione (AP) in e-cigarettes arise from their potential to cause respiratory diseases. Their presence in e-liquids is a primary source, but they may potentially be generated by glycerol (VG) and propylene glycol (PG) when heated to produce aerosols. Factors leading to the presence of AP, DA and acetoin (AC) in e-cigarette aerosols were investigated. We quantified direct transfer from e-liquids, examined thermal degradation of major e-liquid constituents VG, PG and 1,3 propanediol (1,3 PD) and the potential for AC, AP and DA production from sugars and flavor additives when heated in e-cigarettes. Method: Transfers of AC, AP and DA from e-liquids to e-cigarette aerosols were quantified by comparing aerosol concentrations to e-liquid concentrations. Thermal generation from VG, PG or 1,3 PD e-liquids was investigated by measuring AC, AP and DA emissions as a function of temperature in an e-cigarette. Thermal generation of AC, AP and DA from sugars was examined by aerosolising e-liquids containing sucrose, fructose or glucose in an e-cigarette. Pyrolytic formation of AP and DA from a range of common flavors was assessed using flash pyrolysis techniques. Results: AC transfer efficiency was >90%, while AP and DA were transferred less efficiently (65%) indicating losses during aerosolisation. Quantifiable levels of DA were generated from VG and PG, and to a lesser extent 1,3 PD at coil temperatures >300°C. Above 350°C AP was generated from VG and 1,3 PD but not PG. AC was not generated from major constituents, although low levels were generated by thermal reduction of DA. Aerosols from e-liquids containing sucrose contained quantifiable (>6 ng/puff) levels of DA at all sucrose concentrations tested, with DA emissions increasing with increasing device power and concentration. 1% glucose, fructose or sucrose e-liquids gave comparable DA emissions. Furanose ring compounds also generate DA and AP when heated to 250°C. Conclusions: In addition to less than quantitative direct transfer from the e-liquid, DA and AP can be present in the e-cigarette aerosol due to thermal decomposition reactions of glycols, sugars and furanonse ring flavors under e-cigarette operating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin McAdam
- McAdam Scientific Ltd., Eastleigh, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Waters
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jennifer Margham
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Cunningham
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Carl Vas
- Longwell Green, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | - Helena Digard
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Oldham MJ, Bailey PC, Castro N, Lang Q, Salehi A, Rostami AA. Prediction of potential passive exposure from commercial electronic nicotine delivery systems using exhaled breath analysis and computational fluid dynamic techniques. J Breath Res 2021; 15. [PMID: 34544050 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ac2884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Use of computational fluid dynamic (CFD) modeling to predict temporal and spatial constituent exposure for non-electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) users (passive exposure) provides a more efficient methodology compared to conducting actual exposure studies. We conducted a clinical study measuring exhaled breath concentrations of glycerin, propylene glycol, nicotine, benzoic acid, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, menthol and carbon monoxide from use of eight different commercial ENDS devices and a non-menthol and menthol cigarette. Because baseline adjusted levels of other constituents were not consistently above the limit of detection, the mean minimum and maximum per puff exhaled breath concentrations (N= 20/product) of glycerin (158.7-260.9µg), propylene glycol (0.941-3.58µg), nicotine (0.10-1.06µg), and menthol (0.432-0.605µg) from use of the ENDS products were used as input parameters to predict temporal and spatial concentrations in an environmental chamber, office, restaurant, and car using different ENDS use scenarios. Among these indoor locations and ENDS use scenarios, the car with closed windows resulted in the greatest concentrations while opening the car windows produced the lowest concentrations. The CFD predicted average maximum glycerin and propylene glycol concentration ranged from 0.25 to 1068µg m-3and 1.5 pg m-3to 13.56µg m-3,respectively. For nicotine and menthol the CFD predicted maximum concentration ranged from 0.16 pg m-3to 4.02µg m-3and 0.068 pg m-3to 2.43µg m-3, respectively. There was better agreement for CFD-predicted nicotine concentrations than glycerin and propylene glycol with published reports highlighting important experimental and computational variables. Maximum measured nicotine levels from environmental tobacco smoke in offices, restaurants, and cars exceeded our maximum average CFD predictions by 7-97 times. For all the measured exhaled breath constituents and CFD predicted constituents, except for propylene glycol and glycerin, concentrations were less from use of ENDS products compared to combustible cigarettes. NCT number: NCT04143256.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Oldham
- Product Stewardship, JUUL Labs, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Patrick C Bailey
- Scientific Affairs, JUUL Labs, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Nicolas Castro
- Modelling and Simulation, Altria Client Services, LLC, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - Qiwei Lang
- Regulatory Sciences, JUUL Labs, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Armin Salehi
- Modelling and Simulation, Altria Client Services, LLC, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - Ali A Rostami
- Modelling and Simulation, Altria Client Services, LLC, Richmond, VA, United States of America
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31
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Kimber C, Cox S, Frings D, Albery IP, Dawkins L. Development and testing of relative risk-based health messages for electronic cigarette products. Harm Reduct J 2021; 18:96. [PMID: 34496865 PMCID: PMC8424813 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-021-00540-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health messages on e-cigarette packs emphasise nicotine addiction or harms using similar wording to warnings on cigarette packs. These may not be appropriate for e-cigarettes which constitute a reduced risk alternative for smokers. This research aimed to (1) develop and test a selection of relative risk messages for e-cigarette products; (2) compare these to the two current EU Tobacco Products Directive (TPD) nicotine addiction messages; and (3) explore differences between smokers, non-smokers and dual users. METHOD Twenty-six messages focusing on either harm-reduction or cessation were developed and rated by multidisciplinary experts for accuracy, persuasiveness and clarity. The eight highest ranking messages were compared alongside the TPD messages in a sample of 983 European residents (316 smokers, 327 non-smokers, 340 dual users) on understandability, believability and convincingness. RESULTS On all three constructs combined, the two TPD messages rated the highest, closely followed by four relative risk messages "Completely switching to e-cigarettes lowers your risk of smoking related diseases", "Use of this product is much less harmful than smoking", "Completely switching to e-cigarettes is a healthier alternative to smoking", and "This product presents substantially lower risks to health than cigarettes" which did not differ statistically from the TPD messages. Non-smokers rated TPD1 significantly higher overall than dual users. Dual users rated "This product is a safer alternative to smoking" significantly higher than non-smokers. Messages did not differ on understandability. CONCLUSIONS These alternative messages provide a useful resource for future research and for policy makers considering updating e-cigarette product labelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Kimber
- Centre for Addictive Behaviour Research, Division of Psychology, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, 103 Borough Road, London, SE1 0AA UK
| | - Sharon Cox
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Daniel Frings
- Centre for Addictive Behaviour Research, Division of Psychology, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, 103 Borough Road, London, SE1 0AA UK
| | - Ian P. Albery
- Centre for Addictive Behaviour Research, Division of Psychology, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, 103 Borough Road, London, SE1 0AA UK
| | - Lynne Dawkins
- Centre for Addictive Behaviour Research, Division of Psychology, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, 103 Borough Road, London, SE1 0AA UK
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Prasad KN, Bondy SC. Electronic cigarette aerosol increases the risk of organ dysfunction by enhancing oxidative stress and inflammation. Drug Chem Toxicol 2021; 45:2561-2567. [PMID: 34474637 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2021.1972680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
An electronic cigarette is a rechargeable device that produces an inhaled aerosol containing varying levels of nicotine, and inorganic and organic toxicants and carcinogenic compounds. The aerosol is generated by heating a solution of propylene glycol and glycerin with nicotine and flavoring ingredients at a high temperature. The e-cigarette was developed and marketed as a safer alternative to the regular cigarette which is known to be injurious to human health. However, published studies suggest that the aerosol of e-cigarette can also have adverse health effects. The main objective of this review is to briefly describe some consequences of e-cigarette smoking, and to present data showing that the resulting increased oxidative stress and inflammation are likely to be involved in effecting to lung damage. Other organs are also likely to be affected. The aerosol contains varying amounts of organic and inorganic toxicants as well as carcinogens, which might serve as the source of such deleterious events. In addition, the aerosol also contains nicotine, which is known to be addictive. E-cigarette smoking releases these toxicants into the air leading to inhalation by nonsmokers in residential or work place areas. Unlike regular tobacco smoke, the long-term consequences of direct and secondhand exposure to e-cigarette aerosol have not been extensively studied but based on available data, e-cigarette aerosol should be considered harmful to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen C Bondy
- Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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Bonner E, Chang Y, Christie E, Colvin V, Cunningham B, Elson D, Ghetu C, Huizenga J, Hutton SJ, Kolluri SK, Maggio S, Moran I, Parker B, Rericha Y, Rivera BN, Samon S, Schwichtenberg T, Shankar P, Simonich MT, Wilson LB, Tanguay RL. The chemistry and toxicology of vaping. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 225:107837. [PMID: 33753133 PMCID: PMC8263470 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vaping is the process of inhaling and exhaling an aerosol produced by an e-cigarette, vape pen, or personal aerosolizer. When the device contains nicotine, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) lists the product as an electronic nicotine delivery system or ENDS device. Similar electronic devices can be used to vape cannabis extracts. Over the past decade, the vaping market has increased exponentially, raising health concerns over the number of people exposed and a nationwide outbreak of cases of severe, sometimes fatal, lung dysfunction that arose suddenly in otherwise healthy individuals. In this review, we discuss the various vaping technologies, which are remarkably diverse, and summarize the use prevalence in the U.S. over time by youths and adults. We examine the complex chemistry of vape carrier solvents, flavoring chemicals, and transformation products. We review the health effects from epidemiological and laboratory studies and, finally, discuss the proposed mechanisms underlying some of these health effects. We conclude that since much of the research in this area is recent and vaping technologies are dynamic, our understanding of the health effects is insufficient. With the rapid growth of ENDS use, consumers and regulatory bodies need a better understanding of constituent-dependent toxicity to guide product use and regulatory decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Bonner
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Yvonne Chang
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Emerson Christie
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Victoria Colvin
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Brittany Cunningham
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Daniel Elson
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Christine Ghetu
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Juliana Huizenga
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Sara J Hutton
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Siva K Kolluri
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Stephanie Maggio
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Ian Moran
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Bethany Parker
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Yvonne Rericha
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Brianna N Rivera
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Samantha Samon
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Trever Schwichtenberg
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Prarthana Shankar
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Michael T Simonich
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Lindsay B Wilson
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Robyn L Tanguay
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
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Eversole A, Crabtree M, Spindle TR, Baassiri M, Eissenberg T, Breland A. E-cigarette Solvent Ratio and Device Power Influence Ambient Air Particulate Matter. TOB REGUL SCI 2021; 7:177-183. [PMID: 34423081 PMCID: PMC8375624 DOI: 10.18001/trs.7.3.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Electronic cigarette (ECIG)-generated aerosol contains particulate matter with a diameter less than 2.5 microns (PM2.5). Particles of this size may be injurious to the health of those who inhale them. Few studies have assessed the relationship between ECIG aerosol PM2.5 and ECIG liquid ingredients or ECIG device power. METHODS Two studies were conducted in which participants generated aerosols with ECIGs: in one, ECIG liquids contained various vegetable glycerin/propylene glycol ratios and in the other, ECIG devices varied by electrical power output. RESULTS Results indicate that, in general, PM2.5 increases as the ratio of vegetable glycerin to propylene glycol increases, or as device power increases. CONCLUSIONS Regulating ECIG PM2.5 emissions to protect non-users requires an understanding of all the factors that influence these emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisha Eversole
- Alisha Eversole, Graduate Student, Virginia Commonwealth University, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Richmond VA. Melanie Crabtree, Research Assistant, Virginia Commonwealth University, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Richmond VA. Tory R. Spindle, Instructor, Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. Mohamad Baassiri, Research Engineer, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon. Thomas Eissenberg, Professor, Virginia Commonwealth University, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Richmond VA. Alison Breland, Professor, Virginia Commonwealth University, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Richmond VA
| | - Melanie Crabtree
- Alisha Eversole, Graduate Student, Virginia Commonwealth University, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Richmond VA. Melanie Crabtree, Research Assistant, Virginia Commonwealth University, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Richmond VA. Tory R. Spindle, Instructor, Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. Mohamad Baassiri, Research Engineer, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon. Thomas Eissenberg, Professor, Virginia Commonwealth University, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Richmond VA. Alison Breland, Professor, Virginia Commonwealth University, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Richmond VA
| | - Tory R Spindle
- Alisha Eversole, Graduate Student, Virginia Commonwealth University, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Richmond VA. Melanie Crabtree, Research Assistant, Virginia Commonwealth University, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Richmond VA. Tory R. Spindle, Instructor, Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. Mohamad Baassiri, Research Engineer, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon. Thomas Eissenberg, Professor, Virginia Commonwealth University, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Richmond VA. Alison Breland, Professor, Virginia Commonwealth University, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Richmond VA
| | - Mohamad Baassiri
- Alisha Eversole, Graduate Student, Virginia Commonwealth University, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Richmond VA. Melanie Crabtree, Research Assistant, Virginia Commonwealth University, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Richmond VA. Tory R. Spindle, Instructor, Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. Mohamad Baassiri, Research Engineer, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon. Thomas Eissenberg, Professor, Virginia Commonwealth University, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Richmond VA. Alison Breland, Professor, Virginia Commonwealth University, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Richmond VA
| | - Thomas Eissenberg
- Alisha Eversole, Graduate Student, Virginia Commonwealth University, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Richmond VA. Melanie Crabtree, Research Assistant, Virginia Commonwealth University, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Richmond VA. Tory R. Spindle, Instructor, Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. Mohamad Baassiri, Research Engineer, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon. Thomas Eissenberg, Professor, Virginia Commonwealth University, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Richmond VA. Alison Breland, Professor, Virginia Commonwealth University, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Richmond VA
| | - Alison Breland
- Alisha Eversole, Graduate Student, Virginia Commonwealth University, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Richmond VA. Melanie Crabtree, Research Assistant, Virginia Commonwealth University, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Richmond VA. Tory R. Spindle, Instructor, Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. Mohamad Baassiri, Research Engineer, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon. Thomas Eissenberg, Professor, Virginia Commonwealth University, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Richmond VA. Alison Breland, Professor, Virginia Commonwealth University, Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Richmond VA
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Williams MA, Reddy G, Quinn MJ, Millikan Bell A. Toxicological assessment of electronic cigarette vaping: an emerging threat to force health, readiness and resilience in the U.S. Army. Drug Chem Toxicol 2021; 45:2049-2085. [PMID: 33906535 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2021.1905657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The U.S. Army and U. S. Army Public Health Center are dedicated to protecting the health, and readiness of Department of the Army Service Members, civilians, and contractors. Despite implementation of health programs, policies and tobacco control interventions, the advent of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), including electronic cigarettes (e-cigs), represent unregulated and poorly defined systems to supplant or substitute use of conventional nicotine products (e.g., cigarettes and pipe tobacco). E-cigs present unique challenges to healthcare officials vested in preventive medicine. The health impact of an e-cig and vaping on an individual's acute or chronic disease susceptibility, performance and wellness, is fraught with uncertainty. Given the relatively recent emergence of e-cigs, high-quality epidemiological studies, and applied biological research studies are severely lacking. In sparsely available epidemiological studies of short-term cardiovascular and respiratory health outcomes, any attempt at addressing the etiology of acute and chronic health conditions from e-cig use faces incredible challenges. Until relatively recently, this was complicated by an absent national regulatory framework and health agency guidance on the manufacture, distribution, selling and use of e-cigs or similar ENDS devices and their chemical constituents. Two key issues underpin public health concern from e-cig use: 1) continued or emergent nicotine addiction and potential use of these devices for vaping controlled substances; and 2) inadvertent sudden-onset or chronic health effects from inhalational exposure to low levels of complex chemical toxicants from e-cig use and vaping the liquid. Herein, the health impacts from e-cig vaping and research supporting such effects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A Williams
- Toxicology Directorate - Health Effects Program, U.S. Army Public Health Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
| | - Gunda Reddy
- Toxicology Directorate - Health Effects Program, U.S. Army Public Health Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
| | - Michael J Quinn
- Toxicology Directorate - Health Effects Program, U.S. Army Public Health Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
| | - Amy Millikan Bell
- Office of the Director - Medical Advisor, U.S. Army Public Health Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, USA
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36
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Yan B, Zagorevski D, Ilievski V, Kleiman NJ, Re DB, Navas-Acien A, Hilpert M. Identification of newly formed toxic chemicals in E-cigarette aerosols with Orbitrap mass spectrometry and implications on E-cigarette control. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2021; 27:141-148. [PMID: 34448631 PMCID: PMC9035225 DOI: 10.1177/14690667211040207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The increasing use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) is of concern due to multiple emerging adverse health effects. Most analyses of the harmful chemicals of ENDS have targeted metals or carbonyls generated by thermal decomposition of carrier liquids such as propylene glycol. However, new complex compounds not routinely identified and with unknown health consequences could be formed. ENDS aerosol samples were collected by the direct aerosol droplet deposition method. Untargeted analysis was performed using Orbitrap mass spectrometry with high mass accuracy. We identified more than 30 "features" in the aerosol characterized by pairs of the mass-to-charge ratio "m/z" of the compound and the retention time. We identified several compounds containing nicotine and propylene glycol (NIC-PG), whose abundance relative to nicotine increased along with vaping power used. On the basis of the prediction by the Environmental Protection Agency Toxicity Estimation Software Tool, these compounds exert developmental toxicity. In addition, a nitrogen-containing compound, likely tributylamine (a known lung irritant), was identified based on the molecular weight. This compound has not been previously identified in ENDS e-liquids and aerosols. ENDS produce not only small toxic compounds such as aldehydes, but also large complex toxic compounds such as NIC-PG. Predicted development toxicity for NIC-PG is concerning for fetal development in pregnant women who use ENDS, children exposed to secondhand or thirdhand ENDS aerosols, and teenage ENDS users whose brains are still developing. The strong positive association between NIC-PG levels and ENDS power output supports regulating high-powered ENDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beizhan Yan
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, 10964, USA
| | - Dimitri Zagorevski
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy NY, 12180, USA
| | - Vesna Ilievski
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Norman J. Kleiman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Diane B. Re
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Ana Navas-Acien
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Markus Hilpert
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
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37
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Tackett AP, Wallace SW, Smith CE, Turner E, Fedele DA, Stepanov I, Lechner WV, Hale JJ, Wagener TL. Harm Perceptions of Tobacco/Nicotine Products and Child Exposure: Differences between Non-Users, Cigarette-Exclusive, and Electronic Cigarette-Exclusive Users. Tob Use Insights 2021; 14:1179173X21998362. [PMID: 33854392 PMCID: PMC8013926 DOI: 10.1177/1179173x21998362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study examined caregiver perception of harm and child secondhand exposure to nicotine in a sample of e-cigarette-exclusive, cigarette-exclusive, and non-tobacco/nicotine users (non-users). Methods Cigarette-exclusive (n = 19), e-cigarette-exclusive (n = 12), and non-users (n = 20) and their children (N = 51, Mage = 10.47) completed self-report questionnaires about perceptions of harm, child secondhand exposure, and provided urine to assess child nicotine exposure (cotinine). ANOVAs examined differences between caregiver use status on tobacco harm perceptions and child cotinine levels. Independent samples t-test compared differences in caregiver-reported child secondhand exposure in the home and car. Results All 3 caregiver groups rated cigarettes as highly harmful (P = .14), but e-cigarette users rated all 3 types of e-cigarette products (Cartridge-based: P < .001; Tank: P < .001; Box Mod: P < .001) as less harmful than cigarette users and non-users. Caregivers from the e-cigarette user group reported greater child secondhand exposure than caregivers using cigarettes (past 7-day in-home exposure (P = .03); past 7-day exposure in-home + in-car exposure (P = .02); in-home exposure by caregivers and other people exposure (P = .02)). Children from the cigarette user group had significantly higher levels of cotinine (M = 16.6, SD = 21.7) compared to children from the Non-User group (M = .43, SD = .95; P = .001), but no significant difference when compared to children from the E-Cigarette User group (M = 6.5, SD = 13.5). Discussion In this sample, caregivers who used e-cigarettes perceived them as less harmful, reported using them more frequently at home and in the car, even when their children were present, compared to cigarette users. As a result, children appear to be exposed to nicotine at levels similar to children living with cigarette users. Future caregiver prevention and intervention efforts should target education around the potential harms of secondhand e-cigarette aerosol to children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alayna P Tackett
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Los Angeles, USA
| | | | | | - Elise Turner
- Department of Clinical & Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - David A Fedele
- Department of Clinical & Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Irina Stepanov
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | | | - Jessica J Hale
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, USA.,Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, USA
| | - Theodore L Wagener
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, USA.,Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, USA
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Toxicology of flavoring- and cannabis-containing e-liquids used in electronic delivery systems. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 224:107838. [PMID: 33746051 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) were introduced in the United States in 2007 and by 2014 they were the most popular tobacco product amongst youth and had overtaken use of regular tobacco cigarettes. E-cigarettes are used to aerosolize a liquid (e-liquid) that the user inhales. Flavorings in e-liquids is a primary reason for youth to initiate use of e-cigarettes. Evidence is growing in the scientific literature that inhalation of some flavorings is not without risk of harm. In this review, 67 original articles (primarily cellular in vitro) on the toxicity of flavored e-liquids were identified in the PubMed and Scopus databases and evaluated critically. At least 65 individual flavoring ingredients in e-liquids or aerosols from e-cigarettes induced toxicity in the respiratory tract, cardiovascular and circulatory systems, skeletal system, and skin. Cinnamaldehyde was most frequently reported to be cytotoxic, followed by vanillin, menthol, ethyl maltol, ethyl vanillin, benzaldehyde and linalool. Additionally, modern e-cigarettes can be modified to aerosolize cannabis as dried plant material or a concentrated extract. The U.S. experienced an outbreak of lung injuries, termed e-cigarette, or vaping, product use-associated lung injury (EVALI) that began in 2019; among 2,022 hospitalized patients who had data on substance use (as of January 14, 2020), 82% reported using a delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (main psychoactive component in cannabis) containing e-cigarette, or vaping, product. Our literature search identified 33 articles related to EVALI. Vitamin E acetate, a diluent and thickening agent in cannabis-based products, was strongly linked to the EVALI outbreak in epidemiologic and laboratory studies; however, e-liquid chemistry is highly complex, and more than one mechanism of lung injury, ingredient, or thermal breakdown product may be responsible for toxicity. More research is needed, particularly with regard to e-cigarettes (generation, power settings, etc.), e-liquids (composition, bulk or vaped form), modeled systems (cell type, culture type, and dosimetry metrics), biological monitoring, secondhand exposures and contact with residues that contain nicotine and flavorings, and causative agents and mechanisms of EVALI toxicity.
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Ronchetti J, Terriau A. Help me quit smoking but don't make me sick! The controversial effects of electronic cigarettes on tobacco smokers. Soc Sci Med 2021; 274:113770. [PMID: 33667743 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite its increasing use, little is known about the effect of electronic cigarette. This study estimates the impact of the use of electronic cigarettes on tobacco smoking and health among tobacco smokers, using French panel data derived from the Health, Health Care, and Insurance Survey for 2010-2014. We use a difference-in-differences propensity score matching approach to identify the effect of electronic cigarette use on a sample of 982 smokers. We show that the use of electronic cigarettes increases the probability of quitting smoking and reduces the number of regular cigarettes smoked per day. However, we also find evidence that electronic cigarette users have a higher probability of reporting poor health status and suffering from a chronic disease compared with those who only smoke regular cigarettes. Overall, our results do not support the use of electronic cigarettes for tobacco smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Ronchetti
- Magellan, Université Lyon 3, Iaelyon School of Management, 1C Avenue des Frères Lumière, 69372, Lyon, France; Paris University, 45, rue des Saints Pères, 75006, Paris, France.
| | - Anthony Terriau
- Le Mans University, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72000, Le Mans, France.
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Eshraghian EA, Al-Delaimy WK. A review of constituents identified in e-cigarette liquids and aerosols. Tob Prev Cessat 2021; 7:10. [PMID: 33585727 PMCID: PMC7873740 DOI: 10.18332/tpc/131111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Identification of chemicals present in e-liquids and aerosols is a vital first step in assessing the human health effects of e-cigarettes. We aim to identify the qualitative and quantitative constituents present in e-cigarette liquids and aerosols. METHODS A comprehensive search of scientific databases included literature up to July 2020. A total of 28 articles met inclusion criteria; 18 articles assessed e-liquid constituents and 15 articles assessed aerosol constituents. Of these, 5 assessed constituents present in both mediums. We included English-language publications that examine qualitative and/or quantitative constituents in e-cigarette liquids and aerosols. RESULTS In total, articles identified 60 compounds in e-liquids and 47 compounds in aerosols. A total of 22 compounds were identified in both e-liquids and aerosols. These are: acenaphthylene, acetaldehyde, acetol, antimony, benzaldehyde, benzene, chromium, copper, diacetyl, formaldehyde, glycerol, lead, limonene, naphthalene, nickel, nicotine, nicotine-N'-oxides, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), N-Nitrosonornicotine (NNN), propylene glycol, toluene, and vegetable glycerin. Some of the identified chemicals have been labeled as harmful, toxic, or cancerous through human, animal, and cell line studies. A variety of laboratory methods were used for analyses, which made reported levels less consistent. CONCLUSIONS E-liquids and aerosols contain a variety of chemicals with potential health effects from inhaling them. Further, secondhand health effects are unknown because of limited understanding of the dose of exposure by non-users. Identification of constituents in e-cigarettes is the first step to determine their risks to humans and support evidence-based regulations and health policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Eshraghian
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Wael K Al-Delaimy
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
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Room air constituent concentrations from use of electronic nicotine delivery systems and cigarettes using different ventilation conditions. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1736. [PMID: 33462299 PMCID: PMC7814121 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-80963-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
To assess potential exposure of non-users to exhaled constituents from pod and cartridge electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) products, an environmental clinical study was conducted with (n = 43) healthy adult smokers. Room air concentrations of 34 selected constituents (nicotine, propylene glycol, glycerin, 15 carbonyls, 12 volatile organic compounds, and 4 trace metals) and particle number concentration (0.3 to 25 µm) were compared from use of two ENDS products and conventional cigarettes using room ventilations representative of a residential, an office or a hospitality setting over a 4-h. exposure period. Products used were JUUL ENDS, Virginia Tobacco flavor (Group I), VUSE Solo, Original flavor (Group II) (5.0 and 4.8% nicotine by weight, respectively) and subjects' own conventional cigarettes (Group III). Cumulative 4-h room air sampling and particle counting were performed during prescribed (Groups I and II) and ad libitum product use (all Groups). Conventional cigarette use resulted in significantly more constituents detected and higher 4-h cumulative constituent concentrations compared to use of the ENDS products tested, except for the predominant ENDS ingredients, propylene glycol and glycerin. Use of conventional cigarettes also resulted in greater total particle number concentration than either prescribed or ad libitum use of either of the ENDS used in this study.
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Son Y, Giovenco DP, Delnevo C, Khlystov A, Samburova V, Meng Q. Indoor Air Quality and Passive E-cigarette Aerosol Exposures in Vape-Shops. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 22:1772-1779. [PMID: 32445475 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntaa094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Direct emissions of nicotine and harmful chemicals from electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have been intensively studied, but secondhand and thirdhand e-cigarette aerosol (THA) exposures in indoor environments are understudied. AIMS AND METHODS Indoor CO2, NO2, particulate matter (PM2.5), aldehydes, and airborne nicotine were measured in five vape-shops to assess secondhand exposures. Nicotine and tobacco-specific nitrosamines were measured on vape-shop surfaces and materials (glass, paper, clothing, rubber, and fur ball) placed in the vape-shops (14 days) to study thirdhand exposures. RESULTS Airborne PM2.5, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and nicotine concentrations during shop opening hours were 21, 3.3, 4.0, and 3.8 times higher than the levels during shop closing hours, respectively. PM2.5 concentrations were correlated with the number of e-cigarette users present in vape-shops (ρ = 0.366-0.761, p < .001). Surface nicotine, 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-4-(3-pyridyl)butanal (NNA), and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) were also detected at levels of 223.6 ± 313.2 µg/m2, 4.78 ± 11.8 ng/m2, and 44.8 ± 102.3 ng/m2, respectively. Substantial amounts of nicotine (up to 2073 µg/m2) deposited on the materials placed within the vape-shops, and NNA (up to 474.4 ng/m2) and NNK (up to 184.0 ng/m2) were also formed on these materials. The deposited nicotine concentrations were strongly correlated with the median number of active vapers present in a vape-shop per hour (ρ = 0.894-0.949, p = .04-.051). NNK levels on the material surfaces were significantly associated with surface nicotine levels (ρ=0.645, p = .037). CONCLUSIONS Indoor vaping leads to secondhand and THA exposures. Thirdhand exposures induced by e-cigarette vaping are comparable or higher than that induced by cigarette smoking. Long-term studies in various microenvironments are needed to improve our understanding of secondhand and THA exposures. IMPLICATIONS This study adds new convincing evidence that e-cigarette vaping can cause secondhand and THA exposures. Our findings can inform Occupational Safety and Health Administration, state authorities, and other government agencies regarding indoor air policies related to e-cigarette use, particularly in vape-shops. There is an urgent need to ensure that vape-shops maintain suitable ventilation systems and cleaning practices to protect customers, employees, and bystanders. Our study also demonstrates that nicotine can deposit or be adsorbed on baby's clothes and toys, and that tobacco-specific nitrosamines can form and retain on baby's clothes, highlighting children's exposure to environmental e-cigarette aerosol and THA at home is of a particular concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeongkwon Son
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ.,Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV
| | - Daniel P Giovenco
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Cristine Delnevo
- Center for Tobacco Studies, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ.,Cancer Prevention and Control Research Program, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Andrey Khlystov
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV
| | - Vera Samburova
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV
| | - Qingyu Meng
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ.,Center for Tobacco Studies, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ
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Melka A, Chojenta C, Holliday E, Loxton D. E-cigarette use and cigarette smoking initiation among Australian women who have never smoked. Drug Alcohol Rev 2021; 40:68-77. [PMID: 32750198 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIM Evidence regarding the association between e-cigarette use and subsequent initiation of smoking mostly relates to the US population. In Australia, no studies are available investigating the association between the uses of e-cigarettes and smoking initiation among young adults who have never smoked. This study aimed to determine the association between lifetime e-cigarette use and subsequent initiation of cigarette smoking among tobacco-naïve Australian women aged 20-27. DESIGN AND METHODS The current study used data (n = 5398) from the third (2015) and fourth (2016) surveys collected from a cohort of Australian women born in 1989-1995 who participated in the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify the association between lifetime e-cigarette use at the baseline survey and initiation of cigarette smoking (smoked 100 cigarettes or more in the last year) at the follow up adjusting for possible confounders. Effects were expressed as odds ratios with 95% confidence interval. RESULTS The mean (± SD) age of the study participants at baseline (third survey) was 22.5 (±1.7). Ever e-cigarette use at baseline was positively associated with smoking initiation at follow up (adjusted odds ratio 3.71; 95% confidence interval 2.33, 5.93). History of depression, binge drinking and higher childhood adversity score were also risk factors for subsequent smoking initiation in the follow up. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS This study identified a strong association between e-cigarette use and subsequent initiation of smoking. Enforcing the existing restriction of sale and supply of e-liquid containing nicotine is essential to prevent never smokers from nicotine addiction via e-cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alemu Melka
- Research Centre for Generational Health and Ageing, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Catherine Chojenta
- Research Centre for Generational Health and Ageing, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Holliday
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Deborah Loxton
- Research Centre for Generational Health and Ageing, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
- Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
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Rosenkilde Laursen K, Bønløkke JH, Bendstrup E, Bilde M, Glasius M, Heitmann Gutzke V, Puthukkadan Moosakutty S, Olin AC, Ravn P, Østergaard K, Sigsgaard T. An RCT of acute health effects in COPD-patients after passive vape exposure from e-cigarettes. Eur Clin Respir J 2020; 8:1861580. [PMID: 33456728 PMCID: PMC7781946 DOI: 10.1080/20018525.2020.1861580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: E-cigarette use has been shown to have short-term acute effects among active users but less is known of the acute passive effects, particularly among individuals with existing respiratory diseases. Objective: To investigate local and systemic effects of short-term passive vape exposure among patients with mild or moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods: In a double-blinded crossover study 16 non-smoking COPD-patients (mean age 68) were randomly exposed for 4 h to passive vape (median PM2.5: 18 µg/m3 (range: 8-333)) and clean air (PM2.5 < 6 µg/m3) separated by 14 days. Particles were measured using an ultrafine particle counter (P-TRAK) and a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS). Health effects including Surfactant Protein-A (SP-A) and albumin in exhaled air, spirometry, FeNO, and plasma proteins were evaluated before, right after, and 24 hours after exposure. Participants reported symptoms throughout exposure sessions. Data were analyzed using mixed models. Results: SP-A in exhaled air was negatively affected by exposure to vape and several plasma proteins increased significantly. Throat irritation was more pronounced during passive vape exposure, while FVC and FEV1 decreased, however, not significantly. Conclusions: SP-A in exhaled air and some plasma proteins were affected by passive vape in patients with COPD indicating inflammation, showing that passive vape exposure is potentially harmful.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jakob Hjort Bønløkke
- Environment, Work and Health, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Elisabeth Bendstrup
- Center for Rare Lung Diseases, Department of Respiratory Diseases and Allergy, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Merete Bilde
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Vibeke Heitmann Gutzke
- Environment, Work and Health, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Anna-Carin Olin
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Ravn
- Environment, Work and Health, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Østergaard
- Environment, Work and Health, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Torben Sigsgaard
- Environment, Work and Health, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Helgertz S, St Claire A, Kingsbury J. Statewide Prevalence of Smoke-Free and Vape-Free Homes, by Tobacco Product Use, Minnesota, 2018. Prev Chronic Dis 2020; 17:E141. [PMID: 33180690 PMCID: PMC7665571 DOI: 10.5888/pcd17.200133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Securing clean indoor air laws is a major tobacco control accomplishment of the past 15 years. The public quickly adopted and supported such policies both in public and private spaces. Clean indoor air is now threatened by the emergence of e-cigarettes. E-cigarette aerosol contains nicotine, heavy metals, and carcinogens, and the long-term effect of secondhand exposure is unknown. Surveillance is necessary to track voluntary rules on smoking and vaping in the home. METHODS The Minnesota Adult Tobacco Survey (MATS) is a series of cross-sectional, random-digit-dial telephone surveys on smoking, vaping, and other tobacco-related behaviors, attitudes, and beliefs among Minnesota adults. MATS measured voluntary smoke-free rules in the home in 2014 (N = 9,304) and measured both smoke-free and vape-free home rules in 2018 (N = 6,055). RESULTS The prevalence of smoke-free home rules among Minnesota adults in 2018 was 91.5% (95% CI, 90.5%-92.5%), up slightly from 89.3% (95% CI, 88.4%-90.2%) in 2014. In comparison, 84.0% (95% CI, 82.7%-85.3%) reported vape-free home rules. Although 70.0% (95% CI, 66.0%-73.0%) of smokers in 2018 reported smoke-free home rules, only 23.3% (95% CI, 15.0%-31.6%) of e-cigarette users reported vape-free home rules. Living with children younger than 18 years significantly increased the odds of having smoke-free and vape-free home rules. CONCLUSION Although widespread adoption of voluntary smoke-free and vape-free home rules demonstrates a positive change in social norms, most e-cigarette users allow vaping in their homes, including those who live with children younger than 18. Tracking voluntary smoke-free and vape-free home rules and efforts to encourage them are important to improve the public's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharrilyn Helgertz
- Minnesota Department of Health, St Paul, Minnesota.,Minnesota Department of Health, Center for Health Statistics, 85 East 7th Pl, PO Box 64882, Saint Paul, MN 55164-0882.
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Sapru S, Vardhan M, Li Q, Guo Y, Li X, Saxena D. E-cigarettes use in the United States: reasons for use, perceptions, and effects on health. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:1518. [PMID: 33032554 PMCID: PMC7545933 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09572-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many researchers claim electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) to be a breakthrough invention for tobacco users that aspires to curb their addiction to conventional cigarettes. Claimed to be safer by their promoters, these smokeless devices have become increasingly popular since their arrival on the market among users of all ages, especially adolescents. This paper investigated the trends in e-cigarette usage since the time it arrived in the United States, highlighting the highest surge that has occurred in adolescent e-cigarette use. It also aimed to understand the reasons and perceptions behind the ever-increasing use of e-cigarettes by adolescents. MAIN BODY With the advent of e-cigarettes and common positive perceptions regarding their use, we are at risk of reversing the years of efforts regarding tobacco control and instead advance towards a new addiction with currently unknown long-term health hazards. There is substantial data showing a significant increase of e-cigarette users in the United States, especially among adolescents. The aim of this review was to explore the reasons behind this widespread increase in the use of e-cigarettes among the teenage population in the US and also to uncover the common perceptions about these new electronic delivery systems. In addition, this review attempted to summarize health benefits and hazards associated with e-cigarette use as it crucial to have the right information among its users regarding the health effects of e-cigarette use. CONCLUSION E-cigarettes are more appealing than c-cigarettes for a variety of reasons, including cost, choice of different flavors, ease of accessibility, and use and impact of social media. There are also different perceptions among e-cigarette users, including both adolescents and adults. The former group may use them because of the sense of fashion associated with this novel device, and the latter might intend to quit conventional/combustible cigarettes (c-cigarettes) by switching to e-cigarettes. However, it is important to note that e-cigarettes are a recent phenomenon; therefore, there is a lack of many long-term studies that can identify future health risks associated with e-cigarette use. We need more detailed studies that focus on the long-term health effects of e-cigarette use. Moreover, with the ever-increasing usage of e-cigarettes by adolescents (10 and 19 years), it is very important that e-cigarettes be incorporated into the current tobacco-free laws and ordinances. We conclude by stating that e-cigarettes need stronger regulations to prevent youth access and use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi Sapru
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, 345 E 24th St, Room 921B, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Mridula Vardhan
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, 345 E 24th St, Room 921B, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Qianhao Li
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, 345 E 24th St, Room 921B, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Yuqi Guo
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, 345 E 24th St, Room 921B, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, 345 E 24th St, Room 921B, New York, NY, 10010, USA
- Departments of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Deepak Saxena
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, 345 E 24th St, Room 921B, New York, NY, 10010, USA.
- Departments of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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Corona G, Sansone A, Pallotti F, Ferlin A, Pivonello R, Isidori AM, Maggi M, Jannini EA. People smoke for nicotine, but lose sexual and reproductive health for tar: a narrative review on the effect of cigarette smoking on male sexuality and reproduction. J Endocrinol Invest 2020; 43:1391-1408. [PMID: 32323225 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-020-01257-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To systematically review the impact of smoking habits on cardiovascular (CV) as well as on male sexual and reproductive function and to provide updated evidence on the role of electronic cigarettes (e-Cig) on the same topics. METHODS A comprehensive Medline, Embase, and Cochrane search was performed including the following words: smoking, CV system, CV risk, erectile dysfunction (ED), and male fertility. Publications from January 1, 1969 up to February 29, 2020 were included. RESULTS Smoking has a tremendous negative impact on CV mortality and morbidity. Current smoking behavior is also negatively associated with erectile dysfunction (ED) and impaired sperm parameters. E-Cig can release significantly lower concentrations of harmful substances when compared to regular combustible cigarettes. Whether or not the latter can result in positive CV, sexual, and fertility outcomes is still under study. Preliminary studies showed that exposure to e-Cig leads to lower vascular damage when compared to the traditional cigarette use. However, data on the long-term effects of e-Cig are lacking. Similarly, preliminary data, obtained in animal models, have suggested a milder effect of e-Cig on erectile function and sperm parameters. CONCLUSION Available evidence showed that e-Cig are much less dangerous when compared to the traditional tobacco use. However, it should be recognized that the risk related to e-Cig is still higher when compared to that observed in non-smoking patients. Hence, e-Cig should be considered as a potential tool, in the logic of harm reduction, to reduce the CV, sexual and fertility risk in patients refractory to the fundamental, healthy choice to definitively quit smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Corona
- Medical Department, Endocrinology Unit, Maggiore-Bellaria Hospital, Azienda-Usl Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - A Sansone
- Chair of Endocrinology & Medical Sexology (ENDOSEX), Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - F Pallotti
- Laboratory of Seminology-Sperm Bank "Loredana Gandini", Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - A Ferlin
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - R Pivonello
- Division of Endocrinology, Università Degli Studi Di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - A M Isidori
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - M Maggi
- Department of Experimental, Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Endocrinology Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - E A Jannini
- Chair of Endocrinology & Medical Sexology (ENDOSEX), Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.
- Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of Harm Reduction (CoEHAR), University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
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Habibagahi A, Alderman N, Kubwabo C. A review of the analysis of biomarkers of exposure to tobacco and vaping products. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:4276-4302. [PMID: 32853303 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01467b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Quantification of exposure to different chemicals from both combustible cigarettes and vaping products is important in providing information on the potential health risks of these products. To assess the exposure to tobacco products, biomarkers of exposure (BOEs) are measured in a variety of biological matrices. In this review paper, current knowledge on analytical methods applied to the analysis of biomarkers of exposure to tobacco products is discussed. Numerous sample preparation techniques are available for the extraction and sample clean up for the analysis of BOEs to tobacco and nicotine delivery products. Many tobacco products-related exposure biomarkers have been analyzed using different instrumental techniques, the most common techniques being gas and liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS, GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS). To assess exposure to emerging tobacco products and study exposure in dual tobacco users, the list of biomarkers analyzed in urine samples has been expanded. Therefore, the current state of the literature can be used in preparing a preferred list of biomarkers based on the aim of each study. The information summarized in this review is expected to be a handy tool for researchers involved in studying exposures to tobacco products, as well as in risk assessment of biomarkers of exposure to vaping products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Habibagahi
- Exposure and Biomonitoring Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada.
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Destaillats H, Singer B, Salthammer T. Does vaping affect indoor air quality? INDOOR AIR 2020; 30:793-794. [PMID: 32851691 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Destaillats
- Indoor Environment Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Brett Singer
- Indoor Environment Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Tunga Salthammer
- Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Fraunhofer WKI, Braunschweig, Germany
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Kuga K, Ito K, Chen W, Wang P, Kumagai K. A numerical investigation of the potential effects of e-cigarette smoking on local tissue dosimetry and the deterioration of indoor air quality. INDOOR AIR 2020; 30:1018-1038. [PMID: 32159877 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Electronic (e)-cigarette smoking is considered to be less harmful than traditional tobacco smoking because of the lack of a combustion process. However, e-cigarettes have the potential to release harmful chemicals depending on the constituents of the vapor. To date, there has been significant evidence on the adverse health effects of e-cigarette usage. However, what is less known are the impacts of the chemicals contained in exhaled air from an e-cigarette smoker on indoor air quality, the second-hand passive smoking of residents, and the toxicity of the exhaled air. In this study, we develop a comprehensive numerical model and computer-simulated person to investigate the potential effects of e-cigarette smoking on local tissue dosimetry and the deterioration of indoor air quality. We also conducted demonstrative numerical analyses for first-hand and second-hand e-cigarette smoking in an indoor environment. To investigate local tissue dosimetry, we used newly developed physiologically based pharmacokinetic/toxicokinetic models that reproduce inhalation exposure by way of the respiratory tract and dermal exposure through the human skin surface. These models were integrated into the computer-simulated person. Our numerical simulation results quantitatively demonstrated the potential impacts of e-cigarette smoking in enclosed spaces on indoor air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Kuga
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Ito
- Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Japan
| | - Wenhao Chen
- Indoor Air Quality Program, Environmental Health Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Indoor Air Quality Program, Environmental Health Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - Kazukiyo Kumagai
- Indoor Air Quality Program, Environmental Health Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA
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