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Zhao H, Zhang T, Zhang H, Wang Y, Cheng L. Exercise-with-melatonin therapy improves sleep disorder and motor dysfunction in a rat model of ischemic stroke. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1336-1343. [PMID: 37905883 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.385844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202406000-00038/inline-graphic1/v/2023-10-30T152229Z/r/image-tiff
Exercise-with-melatonin therapy has complementary and synergistic effects on spinal cord injury and Alzheimer’s disease, but its effect on stroke is still poorly understood. In this study, we established a rat model of ischemic stroke by occluding the middle cerebral artery for 60 minutes. We treated the rats with exercise and melatonin therapy for 7 consecutive days. Results showed that exercise-with-melatonin therapy significantly prolonged sleep duration in the model rats, increased delta power values, and regularized delta power rhythm. Additionally, exercise-with-melatonin therapy improved coordination, endurance, and grip strength, as well as learning and memory abilities. At the same time, it led to higher hippocampal CA1 neuron activity and postsynaptic density thickness and lower expression of glutamate receptor 2 than did exercise or melatonin therapy alone. These findings suggest that exercise-with-melatonin therapy can alleviate sleep disorder and motor dysfunction by increasing glutamate receptor 2 protein expression and regulating hippocampal CA1 synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Zhao
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Beijing Bo'ai Hospital, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
- Laboratory of Brain Injury Repair and Rehabilitation, China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Beijing Bo'ai Hospital, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
- Laboratory of Brain Injury Repair and Rehabilitation, China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Haojie Zhang
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Beijing Bo'ai Hospital, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Brain Injury Repair and Rehabilitation, China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Yunlei Wang
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Beijing Bo'ai Hospital, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Brain Injury Repair and Rehabilitation, China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Lingna Cheng
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Beijing Bo'ai Hospital, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Brain Injury Repair and Rehabilitation, China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, China
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2
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Gao J, Chen S, Lin S, Mei X. Prussian blue analogues improves the microenvironment after spinal cord injury by regulating Zn. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 131:111868. [PMID: 38493692 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondrial injury, neuronal apoptosis and phenotypic transformation of macrophages are the main mechanisms of spinal cord injury. Based on the Prussian blue nanomase's strong ability to clear free radicals, the treatment of spinal cord injury with nano-zirconium (Pb-Zr) was carried out. The disease treatment strategy based on nanomaterials has excellent therapeutic effect, and Prussian blue analogs have good therapeutic properties, so the application prospects of Prussian blue analogs is broad. From the point of view of Prussian blue content, improving the presence of zirconium in the microenvironment significantly increased the activity of Prussian blue. Prussian Blue zirconium significantly improved lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon (IFN-γ) induced neuronal cell (pc12 cells) and macrophage dysfunction by improving oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in the microenvironment. It can promote the recovery of motor function after spinal cord injury. In vivo experiments, it shows that Prussian blue zirconium can improve inflammation, apoptosis and oxidative stress of spinal cord tissue, promote regenerative therapy after spinal cord injury, and improve motor function. Moreover, it has been reported that high-priced Zr4+ cations can regulate the deposition and nucleation behavior of Zn2+ in high-performance zinc metal anodes. Therefore, we propose the hypothesis that Pb-Zr modulates Zn2+ be used to promote recovery from spinal cord injury. The results show that nanomaterial is beneficial in the treatment of spinal cord injury. This study provides a good prospect for the application of spinal cord injury treatment. It also provides an important feasibility for subsequent clinical conversions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinpeng Gao
- Department of Orthopedic of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province 121000, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Engineering, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province 121000, China
| | - ShuRui Chen
- Department of Orthopedic of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province 121000, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Engineering, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province 121000, China; Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral Research, Station School of Medicine, Jinan Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510515, China
| | - Sen Lin
- Department of Orthopedic of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province 121000, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Engineering, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province 121000, China.
| | - Xifan Mei
- Department of Orthopedic of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province 121000, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Engineering, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province 121000, China.
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3
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Tashiro S, Shibata S, Nagoshi N, Zhang L, Yamada S, Tsuji T, Nakamura M, Okano H. Do Pharmacological Treatments Act in Collaboration with Rehabilitation in Spinal Cord Injury Treatment? A Review of Preclinical Studies. Cells 2024; 13:412. [PMID: 38474376 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
There is no choice other than rehabilitation as a practical medical treatment to restore impairments or improve activities after acute treatment in people with spinal cord injury (SCI); however, the effect is unremarkable. Therefore, researchers have been seeking effective pharmacological treatments. These will, hopefully, exert a greater effect when combined with rehabilitation. However, no review has specifically summarized the combinatorial effects of rehabilitation with various medical agents. In the current review, which included 43 articles, we summarized the combinatorial effects according to the properties of the medical agents, namely neuromodulation, neurotrophic factors, counteraction to inhibitory factors, and others. The recovery processes promoted by rehabilitation include the regeneration of tracts, neuroprotection, scar tissue reorganization, plasticity of spinal circuits, microenvironmental change in the spinal cord, and enforcement of the musculoskeletal system, which are additive, complementary, or even synergistic with medication in many cases. However, there are some cases that lack interaction or even demonstrate competition between medication and rehabilitation. A large fraction of the combinatorial mechanisms remains to be elucidated, and very few studies have investigated complex combinations of these agents or targeted chronically injured spinal cords.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syoichi Tashiro
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kyorin University, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Shibata
- Division of Microscopic Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Narihito Nagoshi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kyorin University, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Shin Yamada
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kyorin University, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Tsuji
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masaya Nakamura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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4
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Xie L, Wu H, Huang X, Yu T. Melatonin, a natural antioxidant therapy in spinal cord injury. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1218553. [PMID: 37691830 PMCID: PMC10485268 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1218553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a sudden onset of disruption to the spinal neural tissue, leading to loss of motor control and sensory function of the body. Oxidative stress is considered a hallmark in SCI followed by a series of events, including inflammation and cellular apoptosis. Melatonin was originally discovered as a hormone produced by the pineal gland. The subcellular localization of melatonin has been identified in mitochondria, exhibiting specific onsite protection to excess mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and working as an antioxidant in diseases. The recent discovery regarding the molecular basis of ligand selectivity for melatonin receptors and the constant efforts on finding synthetic melatonin alternatives have drawn researchers' attention back to melatonin. This review outlines the application of melatonin in SCI, including 1) the relationship between the melatonin rhythm and SCI in clinic; 2) the neuroprotective role of melatonin in experimental traumatic and ischemia/reperfusion SCI, i.e., exhibiting anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptosis effects, facilitating the integrity of the blood-spinal cord barrier, ameliorating edema, preventing neural death, reducing scar formation, and promoting axon regeneration and neuroplasticity; 3) protecting gut microbiota and peripheral organs; 4) synergizing with drugs, rehabilitation training, stem cell therapy, and biomedical material engineering; and 5) the potential side effects. This comprehensive review provides new insights on melatonin as a natural antioxidant therapy in facilitating rehabilitation in SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xie
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Qingdao Hospital, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (Qingdao Municipal Hospital), Qingdao, China
| | - Hang Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Qingdao Hospital, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (Qingdao Municipal Hospital), Qingdao, China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaohong Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Qingdao Hospital, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (Qingdao Municipal Hospital), Qingdao, China
- Shandong Institute of Traumatic Orthopedics, Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Tengbo Yu
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Qingdao Hospital, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (Qingdao Municipal Hospital), Qingdao, China
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5
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Lu D, Wu JP, Yang QW, Wang HY, Yang JJ, Zhang GG, Wang C, Yang YL, Zhu L, Sun XZ. Recent advances in lipid nanovesicles for targeted treatment of spinal cord injury. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1261288. [PMID: 37691909 PMCID: PMC10486273 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1261288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The effective regeneration and functional restoration of damaged spinal cord tissue have been a long-standing concern in regenerative medicine. Treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI) is challenging due to the obstruction of the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB), the lack of targeting of drugs, and the complex pathophysiology of injury sites. Lipid nanovesicles, including cell-derived nanovesicles and synthetic lipid nanovesicles, are highly biocompatible and can penetrate BSCB, and are therefore effective delivery systems for targeted treatment of SCI. We summarize the progress of lipid nanovesicles for the targeted treatment of SCI, discuss their advantages and challenges, and provide a perspective on the application of lipid nanovesicles for SCI treatment. Although most of the lipid nanovesicle-based therapy of SCI is still in preclinical studies, this low immunogenicity, low toxicity, and highly engineerable nanovesicles will hold great promise for future spinal cord injury treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Lu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nano-science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jiu-Ping Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qi-Wei Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nano-science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Hua-Yi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nano-science and Technology, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun-Jie Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gang-Gang Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chen Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nano-science and Technology, Beijing, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Lian Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nano-science and Technology, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nano-science and Technology, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Zhi Sun
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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6
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Alghamdi BS. The Effect of Melatonin and Exercise on Social Isolation-Related Behavioral Changes in Aged Rats. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:828965. [PMID: 35211007 PMCID: PMC8861461 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.828965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Social isolation (SI) is well established as an environmental factor that negatively influences different behavioral parameters, including cognitive function, anxiety, and social interaction, depending on the age of isolation. Aging is a physiological process that is associated with changes in cognitive function, locomotor activity, anxiety and emotional responses. Few studies have investigated the effect of SI in senescence, or possible interventions. In the current study, we investigated the possible complementary effects of melatonin (MLT) and exercise (Ex) in improving SI-related behavioral changes in aged rats. Forty aged Wistar rats (24 months old) were randomly divided into five groups (n = 8 per group): Control (group housing), SI (individual housing for 7 weeks), SI + MLT (SI rats treated with 0.4 mg MLT/ml in drinking water), SI + Ex (SI rats treated with 60 min of swimming), and SI + MLT + Ex (SI rats treated with both MLT and Ex). Different behavioral tasks were conducted in the following sequence: open field test, elevated plus maze test, sucrose preference test, Y maze test, and Morris water maze test. Locomotor activities measured by total distance moved and velocity revealed that SI + Ex (P = 0.0038; P = 0.0015) and SI + MLT + Ex (P = 0.0001; P = 0.0003) significantly improved the locomotor activity compared with SI rats but SI + MLT (P = 0.0599; P = 0.0627) rats showed no significant change. Anxiety index score was significantly improved in SI + MLT + Ex (P = 0.0256) compared with SI rats while SI + MLT (P > 0.9999) and SI + Ex (P = 0.2943) rats showed no significant change. Moreover, latency to reach the platform in Morris water maze was significantly reduced at day 5 in SI + MLT + Ex (P = 0.0457) compared with SI rats but no change was detected in SI + MLT (P = 0.7314) or SI + Ex (P = 0.1676) groups. In conclusion, this study supports the possible potential of MLT in combination with Ex in improving physical activity, anxiety, and cognitive functions in aging population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badrah Saeed Alghamdi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Pre-Clinical Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Badrah Saeed Alghamdi, ; orcid.org/0000-0002-9411-3609
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7
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Liu X, Jiang X, Yu Q, Shen W, Tian H, Mei X, Wu C. Sodium alginate and Naloxone loaded macrophage-derived nanovesicles for the treatment of spinal cord injury. Asian J Pharm Sci 2021; 17:87-101. [PMID: 35261646 PMCID: PMC8888181 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes Ca2+ overload, which can lead to inflammation and neuronal apoptosis. In this study, we prepared a nanovesicle derived from macrophage membrane (MVs), which encapsulated sodium alginate (SA) and naloxone (NAL) to inhibit inflammation and protect neurons by reducing the free Ca2+concentration at the SCI site. Based on the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image, the encapsulated sample (NAL–SA–MVs) had a particle size of approximately 134 ± 11 nm and exhibited a sustained release effect. The encapsulation rate of NAL and SA was 82.07% ± 3.27% and 72.13% ± 2.61% in NAL–SA–MVs, respectively. Targeting tests showed that the NAL–SA–MVs could accumulate in large quantities and enhance the concentration of SA and NAL at the lesion sites. In vivo and in vitro studies indicated that the NAL–SA–MVs could decrease the concentration of free Ca2+, which should further alleviate the inflammatory response and neuronal apoptosis. Anti-inflammation results demonstrated that the NAL–SA–MVs could reduce the pro-inflammation factors (iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) and increase the expression of anti-inflammation factors (IL-10) at the cell and animal level. Concurrently, fluorescence, flow cytometry and western blot characterization showed that the apoptotic condition of the neurons was significantly inhibited. In addition, the motor function of C57 mice were significantly improved after NAL–SA–MVs treatment. In conclusion, it is suggested that the NAL–SA–MVs has tremendous potential in the treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyao Liu
- Pharmacy School, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Xue Jiang
- Pharmacy School, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Qi Yu
- Pharmacy School, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Wenwen Shen
- Pharmacy School, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - He Tian
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Xifan Mei
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121004, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Chao Wu
- Pharmacy School, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
- Corresponding author.
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8
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Gao ZS, Zhang CJ, Xia N, Tian H, Li DY, Lin JQ, Mei XF, Wu C. Berberine-loaded M2 macrophage-derived exosomes for spinal cord injury therapy. Acta Biomater 2021; 126:211-223. [PMID: 33722788 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes immune activation of resident macrophages/microglia. Activated macrophages/microglia have two different phenotypes, the pro-inflammatory classically activated (M1) phenotype and the anti-inflammatory alternatively activated (M2) phenotype. M1 phenotype macrophages/microglia are the key factor in inflammation. The treatment of SCI remains a huge challenge due to the nontargeting and inefficiency of anti-inflammatory drugs through the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The purpose of this experiment was to design M2-type primary peritoneal macrophages exosomes (Exos) as a drug carrier for berberine (Ber), which can be efficiently targeted to deliver drugs to the injured spinal cord due to the natural advantage of Exos across the BBB. The Exos with particle size of 125±12 nm were loaded with by an ultrasonic method and the drug loading reached 17.13 ±1.64%. The Ber release experiment showed that the loaded sample (Exos-Ber) exhibited sustained release effect, and the cumulative release amount reached 71.44±2.86% within 48 h. In vitro and in vivo experiments confirmed that the Exos-Ber could decrease the M1 protein marker iNOS, elevate the M2 protein marker CD206 and reduce inflammatory and apoptotic cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, Caspase 9, Caspase 8), which showed that Exos-Ber had a good anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effect by inducing macrophages/microglia from the M1 phenotype to M2 phenotype polarization. Moreover, the motor function of SCI mice was significantly improved after Exos-Ber treatment, indicating that Exos-Ber is a potential agent for SCI therapy. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Efficient targeting strategy for drug delivery. In addition to good biocompatibility and stealth ability, M2 macrophage-derived Exosomes present natural inflammatory targeting ability. The inflammatory microenvironment after spinal cord injury provides motivation for the targeting of exosomes. Natural drug carrier with higher safety. With the rapid development of nanomaterials, drug carriers have become more selective. However, due to the special microenvironment after central nervous system damage, some non-degradable inorganic materials will increase the pressure of self-healing and even secondary damage to neurons, which has been solved by the emergence of exosomes. Some previous studies used tumor cell line exosomes as drug carriers, but the carcinogenic factors carried by themselves have extremely high hidden dangers, and endogenous macrophage exosomes have absolute advantages over their safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Shan Gao
- Pharmacy School, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China.
| | - Chuan-Jie Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affifiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China.
| | - Nan Xia
- Pharmacy School, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China.
| | - He Tian
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China.
| | - Dao-Yong Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affifiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China.
| | - Jia-Quan Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affifiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China.
| | - Xi-Fan Mei
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affifiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China.
| | - Chao Wu
- Pharmacy School, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China.
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The Pathophysiology of Osteoporosis after Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063057. [PMID: 33802713 PMCID: PMC8002377 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) affects approximately 300,000 people in the United States. Most individuals who sustain severe SCI also develop subsequent osteoporosis. However, beyond immobilization-related lack of long bone loading, multiple mechanisms of SCI-related bone density loss are incompletely understood. Recent findings suggest neuronal impairment and disability may lead to an upregulation of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), which promotes bone resorption. Disruption of Wnt signaling and dysregulation of RANKL may also contribute to the pathogenesis of SCI-related osteoporosis. Estrogenic effects may protect bones from resorption by decreasing the upregulation of RANKL. This review will discuss the current proposed physiological and cellular mechanisms explaining osteoporosis associated with SCI. In addition, we will discuss emerging pharmacological and physiological treatment strategies, including the promising effects of estrogen on cellular protection.
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Zhang C, Hu A, Jing Y, Yang D, Li J. Mannitol Reduces Spinal Cord Edema in Rats with Acute Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180816666190731112158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
The research about anti-edema effects of mannitol on acute traumatic spinal
cord injury (SCI) in rats is rare.
Objective:
This study aimed to explore the effect of mannitol on spinal cord edema after SCI in rats.
Methods:
Seventy-eight adult female rats were assigned to three groups randomly: a sham control
group (n = 18), a contusion and normal saline contrast group (n=30), and a contusion and mannitol
treatment group (n=30). We used the open-field test to estimate the functional recovery of rats weekly.
Spinal cord water content was measured to determine the spinal cord edema. The ultrastructure
features of the injured dorsolateral spinal cord were determined on the 7th day after SCI by HE staining.
Results:
The mannitol group had greatly improved Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) scores when
compared with the saline contrast group. The spinal cord water content was increased significantly
after SCI, and there was no significant difference in the water content between the NaCl and mannitol
groups 1 day after SCI. The water content at 3 and 7 days after SCI was significantly lower in the
mannitol group than in the NaCl group (p < 0.05). Mannitol can reduce spinal cord edema by increasing
the number of red blood cells in the injured spinal cord and decrease the ratio (dorsoventral
diameter/ mediolateral diameter) of spinal cord 7 days post-SCI.
Conclusion:
Mannitol increases recovery of motor function in rats, reduces spinal cord edema and
increases the number of red blood cells in the injured spinal cord, decreasing the ratio of spinal cord
to reduce pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100068, China
| | - Anming Hu
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100068, China
| | - Yingli Jing
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100068, China
| | - Degang Yang
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100068, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100068, China
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Gurunathan S, Kang MH, Kim JH. Role and Therapeutic Potential of Melatonin in the Central Nervous System and Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061567. [PMID: 32545820 PMCID: PMC7352348 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin (MLT) is a powerful chronobiotic hormone that controls a multitude of circadian rhythms at several levels and, in recent times, has garnered considerable attention both from academia and industry. In several studies, MLT has been discussed as a potent neuroprotectant, anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative agent with no serious undesired side effects. These characteristics raise hopes that it could be used in humans for central nervous system (CNS)-related disorders. MLT is mainly secreted in the mammalian pineal gland during the dark phase, and it is associated with circadian rhythms. However, the production of MLT is not only restricted to the pineal gland; it also occurs in the retina, Harderian glands, gut, ovary, testes, bone marrow, and lens. Although most studies are limited to investigating the role of MLT in the CNS and related disorders, we explored a considerable amount of the existing literature. The objectives of this comprehensive review were to evaluate the impact of MLT on the CNS from the published literature, specifically to address the biological functions and potential mechanism of action of MLT in the CNS. We document the effectiveness of MLT in various animal models of brain injury and its curative effects in humans. Furthermore, this review discusses the synthesis, biology, function, and role of MLT in brain damage, and as a neuroprotective, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer agent through a collection of experimental evidence. Finally, it focuses on the effect of MLT on several neurological diseases, particularly CNS-related injuries.
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The regulatory role of melatonin in skeletal muscle. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2020; 41:191-198. [PMID: 32157560 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-020-09578-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxy-tryptamine) is an effective antioxidant and free radical scavenger, that has important biological effects in multiple cell types and species. Melatonin research in muscle has recently gained attention, mainly focused on its role in cells or tissue repair and regeneration after injury, due to its powerful biological functions, including its antioxidant, anti-inflammation, anti-tumor and anti-cancer, circadian rhythm, and anti-apoptotic effects. However, the effect of melatonin in regulating muscle development has not been systematically summarized. In this review, we outline the latest research on the involvement of melatonin in the regulation of muscle development and regeneration in order to better understand its underlying molecular mechanisms and potential applications.
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13
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Yang Z, Bao Y, Chen W, He Y. Melatonin exerts neuroprotective effects by attenuating astro- and microgliosis and suppressing inflammatory response following spinal cord injury. Neuropeptides 2020; 79:102002. [PMID: 31902595 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2019.102002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Reactive gliosis and inflammatory reaction are common pathological change to spinal cord injury (SCI). Whereas, the effects of melatonin (MT) on the astro- and microgliosis and their related inflammatory response in the injured spinal cord are not fully understood. In this study, MT's effects on the accumulation and proliferation of microglia and astrocytes and their related inflammatory response were investigated in an acute SCI model. The effects of MT on oxidative stress, neuronal survival and behavioral performance were also tested. It was found that MT treatment significantly suppressed the accumulation and the proliferation of microglia and astrocytes. Quantitative PCR data showed that MT significantly down-regulated the pro-inflammatory markers iNOS, IL-1β and TNF-α expressions. The data showed that MT led to the rise in SOD, CAT and GSH-Px contents and the decrease in MDA content. Western blotting analysis verified that MT significantly down-regulated caspase-3, Bax and GFAP expressions, up-regulated Bcl-2 expression. Compared with the SCI vehicle-treated group, the SCI MT-treated group exhibited a greater Basso Mouse Scale (BMS) locomotor rating score. On the whole, these findings implied that MT exerts its neuroprotective effects by suppressing the accumulation and the proliferation of microglia and astrocytes and reducing the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which might be one of the underlying mechanisms of the MT's neuroprotective effect after SCI. Accordingly, MT may be a promising therapeutic candidate for acute SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Yingying Bao
- School of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Weigang Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yuqin He
- School of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
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Elevated Serum Melatonin under Constant Darkness Enhances Neural Repair in Spinal Cord Injury through Regulation of Circadian Clock Proteins Expression. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8020135. [PMID: 30678072 PMCID: PMC6406284 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8020135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of environmental lighting conditions regulating endogenous melatonin production on neural repair, following experimental spinal cord injury (SCI). Rats were divided into three groups randomly: the SCI + L/D (12/12-h light/dark), SCI + LL (24-h constant light), and SCI + DD (24-h constant dark) groups. Controlled light/dark cycle was pre-applied 2 weeks before induction of spinal cord injury. There was a significant increase in motor recovery as well as body weight from postoperative day (POD) 7 under constant darkness. However, spontaneous elevation of endogenous melatonin in cerebrospinal fluid was seen at POD 3 in all of the SCI rats, which was enhanced in SCI + DD group. Augmented melatonin concentration under constant dark condition resulted in facilitation of neuronal differentiation as well as inhibition of primary cell death. In the rostrocaudal region, elevated endogenous melatonin concentration promoted neural remodeling in acute phase including oligodendrogenesis, excitatory synaptic formation, and axonal outgrowth. The changes were mediated via NAS-TrkB-AKT/ERK signal transduction co-regulated by the circadian clock mechanism, leading to rapid motor recovery. In contrast, exposure to constant light exacerbated the inflammatory responses and neuroglial loss. These results suggest that light/dark control in the acute phase might be a considerable environmental factor for a favorable prognosis after SCI.
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15
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Otzel DM, Lee J, Ye F, Borst SE, Yarrow JF. Activity-Based Physical Rehabilitation with Adjuvant Testosterone to Promote Neuromuscular Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061701. [PMID: 29880749 PMCID: PMC6032131 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromuscular impairment and reduced musculoskeletal integrity are hallmarks of spinal cord injury (SCI) that hinder locomotor recovery. These impairments are precipitated by the neurological insult and resulting disuse, which has stimulated interest in activity-based physical rehabilitation therapies (ABTs) that promote neuromuscular plasticity after SCI. However, ABT efficacy declines as SCI severity increases. Additionally, many men with SCI exhibit low testosterone, which may exacerbate neuromusculoskeletal impairment. Incorporating testosterone adjuvant to ABTs may improve musculoskeletal recovery and neuroplasticity because androgens attenuate muscle loss and the slow-to-fast muscle fiber-type transition after SCI, in a manner independent from mechanical strain, and promote motoneuron survival. These neuromusculoskeletal benefits are promising, although testosterone alone produces only limited functional improvement in rodent SCI models. In this review, we discuss the (1) molecular deficits underlying muscle loss after SCI; (2) independent influences of testosterone and locomotor training on neuromuscular function and musculoskeletal integrity post-SCI; (3) hormonal and molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic efficacy of these strategies; and (4) evidence supporting a multimodal strategy involving ABT with adjuvant testosterone, as a potential means to promote more comprehensive neuromusculoskeletal recovery than either strategy alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana M Otzel
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
| | - Jimmy Lee
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
| | - Fan Ye
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
| | - Stephen E Borst
- Department of Applied Physiology, Kinesiology and University of Florida College of Health and Human Performance, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA.
| | - Joshua F Yarrow
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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16
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Zhang Y, Zhang WX, Zhang YJ, Liu YD, Liu ZJ, Wu QC, Guan Y, Chen XM. Melatonin for the treatment of spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:1685-1692. [PMID: 30136678 PMCID: PMC6128058 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.238603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) from trauma or disease severely impairs sensory and motor function. Neurorehabilitation after SCI is a complex medical process that focuses on improving neurologic function and repairing damaged connections in the central nervous system. An increasing number of preclinical studies suggest that melatonin may be useful for the treatment of SCI. Melatonin is an indolamine that is primarily secreted by the pineal gland and known to be regulated by photoperiodicity. However, it is also a versatile hormone with antioxidative, antiapoptotic, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory properties. Here, we review the neuroprotective properties of melatonin and the potential mechanisms by which it might be beneficial in the treatment of SCI. We also describe therapies that combine melatonin with exercise, oxytetracycline, and dexamethasone to attenuate the secondary injury after SCI and limit potential side effects. Finally, we discuss how injury at different spinal levels may differentially affect the secretion of melatonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Xiu Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Jun Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Dong Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zong-Jian Liu
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi-Chao Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Guan
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine; Department of Neurological Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xue-Ming Chen
- Central Laboratory; Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Won J, Jin Y, Choi J, Park S, Lee TH, Lee SR, Chang KT, Hong Y. Melatonin as a Novel Interventional Candidate for Fragile X Syndrome with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Humans. Int J Mol Sci 2017. [PMID: 28632163 PMCID: PMC5486135 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common monogenic form of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). FXS with ASD results from the loss of fragile X mental retardation (fmr) gene products, including fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), which triggers a variety of physiological and behavioral abnormalities. This disorder is also correlated with clock components underlying behavioral circadian rhythms and, thus, a mutation of the fmr gene can result in disturbed sleep patterns and altered circadian rhythms. As a result, FXS with ASD individuals may experience dysregulation of melatonin synthesis and alterations in melatonin-dependent signaling pathways that can impair vigilance, learning, and memory abilities, and may be linked to autistic behaviors such as abnormal anxiety responses. Although a wide variety of possible causes, symptoms, and clinical features of ASD have been studied, the correlation between altered circadian rhythms and FXS with ASD has yet to be extensively investigated. Recent studies have highlighted the impact of melatonin on the nervous, immune, and metabolic systems and, even though the utilization of melatonin for sleep dysfunctions in ASD has been considered in clinical research, future studies should investigate its neuroprotective role during the developmental period in individuals with ASD. Thus, the present review focuses on the regulatory circuits involved in the dysregulation of melatonin and disruptions in the circadian system in individuals with FXS with ASD. Additionally, the neuroprotective effects of melatonin intervention therapies, including improvements in neuroplasticity and physical capabilities, are discussed and the molecular mechanisms underlying this disorder are reviewed. The authors suggest that melatonin may be a useful treatment for FXS with ASD in terms of alleviating the adverse effects of variations in the circadian rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyoung Won
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School of Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Ubiquitous Healthcare & Anti-aging Research Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
| | - Yunho Jin
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School of Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Ubiquitous Healthcare & Anti-aging Research Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
| | - Jeonghyun Choi
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School of Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Ubiquitous Healthcare & Anti-aging Research Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
| | - Sookyoung Park
- Ubiquitous Healthcare & Anti-aging Research Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Healthcare Medical Science & Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
| | - Tae Ho Lee
- Division of Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Sang-Rae Lee
- National Primate Research Center (NPRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Ochang 28116, Korea.
| | - Kyu-Tae Chang
- National Primate Research Center (NPRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Ochang 28116, Korea.
| | - Yonggeun Hong
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School of Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Ubiquitous Healthcare & Anti-aging Research Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Healthcare Medical Science & Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
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18
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Melatonin alleviates acute spinal cord injury in rats through promoting on progenitor cells proliferation. Saudi Pharm J 2017; 25:570-574. [PMID: 28579893 PMCID: PMC5447434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2017.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The previous studies have shown that melatonin is beneficial for nervous system after spinal cord injury (SCI). After SCI, the endogenous neural stem/progenitor cells (eNSPCs) proliferate and differentiate into neurons and glial cells. In the present study, we examined the effect of melatonin on eNSPCs proliferation and differentiation in SCI rat model. SCI rat model was established by dropping a 10 g rod from the height of 25 mm. Then, the rats were randomly divided into the control group, the melatonin treated group, and the G3335 treated group. The Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan locomotor rating scale (BBB scale) was used to evaluate the recovery of locomotor function after SCI. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate eNSPCs proliferation and differentiation. The rats in the melatonin treated group demonstrated significantly faster locomotor function recovery and more eNSPCs proliferation and differentiation. However, these effects were abolished in the G3335 treated group. Melatonin can effectively promote locomotor function recovery via improving eNSPCs proliferation and differentiation after SCI.
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Navarrete-Opazo A, Cuitiño P, Salas I. Effectiveness of dietary supplements in spinal cord injury subjects. Disabil Health J 2016; 10:183-197. [PMID: 28065420 DOI: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) consume more dietary supplements than the general population. However, there is limited information regarding the clinical effectiveness of dietary supplements in SCI population. OBJECTIVE To systematically review the effectiveness of dietary supplements for the prevention or treatment of health-related conditions associated with SCI. METHODS Randomized or non-randomized controlled clinical trials were selected, comparing the effect of any dose and form of a dietary supplement (defined by the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act), with either no treatment, placebo, or other medication. Data Sources included the Cochrane Database, DARE, LILACS, CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE, OTSeeker, PEDro, PsycINFO, SpeechBITE, ScienceDirect, Scopus, clinicaltrials.gov, Google Scholar, and OpenGrey. Two reviewers independently classified articles from January 1970 through October 2015, and 18 articles were selected. RESULTS Due to the heterogeneity of outcome measures across studies, a meta-analysis was not conducted. However, high-quality evidence showed that cranberry supplementation is not effective for prevention of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in SCI. Moderate-quality evidence supported a beneficial effect of vitamin D, alpha-lipoic acid, and omega-3 supplementation, although replication of results is needed. There were conflicting results for the effect of creatine supplementation on improvement of motor outcomes. Low-quality evidence does not permit assessment of the effectiveness of melatonin, whey protein, vitamin C, and Chinese herb in SCI. CONCLUSIONS There is sufficient data suggesting that cranberry supplementation is ineffective for prevention of UTIs in individuals with SCI. There is insufficient data to support or refute the use of any other dietary supplement in individuals with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Navarrete-Opazo
- Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Chile Teleton Institute, Santiago, Chile.
| | | | - Inés Salas
- Chile Teleton Institute, Santiago, Chile
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20
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Yang X, Zou D, Tang S, Fan T, Su H, Hu R, Zhou Q, Gui S, Zuo L, Wang Y. Ameliorative effect of melatonin against increased intestinal permeability in diabetic rats: possible involvement of MLCK-dependent MLC phosphorylation. Mol Cell Biochem 2016; 416:23-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-016-2691-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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21
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Yonan JM, Binder DK. Aquaporin-4 and spinal cord injury. World J Neurol 2016; 6:1-13. [DOI: 10.5316/wjn.v6.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Revised: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Edema formation is a major problem following traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) that acts to exacerbate secondary damage. Severity of edema correlates with reduced neurological outcome in human patients. To date, there are no effective treatments to directly resolve edema within the spinal cord. The aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channel is found on membranes of astrocytic endfeet in direct contact with blood vessels, the glia limitans in contact with the cerebrospinal fluid and ependyma around the central canal. Being so locally expressed at the interface between fluid and tissue allow AQP4 channels to play an important role in the bidirectional regulation of water homeostasis under normal conditions and following trauma. With the need to better understand the pathophysiology underlying the devastating cellular events in SCI, animal models have become an integral part of exploration. Inevitably, several injury models have been developed (contusion, compression, transection) resulting in difficult interpretation between studies with conflicting results. This is true in the case of understanding the role of AQP4 in the progression and resolution of edema following SCI, whose role is still not completely understood and is highly dependent on the type of edema present (vasogenic vs cytotoxic). Here, we discuss regulation of AQP4 in varying injury models and the effects of potential therapeutic interventions on expression, edema formation and functional recovery. Better understanding of the precise role of AQP4 following a wide range of injuries will help to understand optimal treatment timing following human SCI for prime therapeutic benefit and enhanced neurological outcome.
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22
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Yang L, Yao M, Lan Y, Mo W, Sun YL, Wang J, Wang YJ, Cui XJ. Melatonin for Spinal Cord Injury in Animal Models: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. J Neurotrauma 2016; 33:290-300. [PMID: 26414869 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2015.4038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Long Yang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Spine Disease, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Yao
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Spine Disease, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Lan
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Spine Disease, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Mo
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Spine Disease, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue-li Sun
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Spine Disease, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-jun Wang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Spine Disease, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue-jun Cui
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Spine Disease, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Liu J, Du L. PERK pathway is involved in oxygen-glucose-serum deprivation-induced NF-kB activation via ROS generation in spinal cord astrocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 467:197-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Lee S, Park S, Won J, Lee SR, Chang KT, Hong Y. The Incremental Induction of Neuroprotective Properties by Multiple Therapeutic Strategies for Primary and Secondary Neural Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:19657-70. [PMID: 26295390 PMCID: PMC4581318 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160819657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural diseases including injury by endogenous factors, traumatic brain injury, and degenerative neural injury are eventually due to reactive oxygen species (ROS). Thus ROS generation in neural tissues is a hallmark feature of numerous forms of neural diseases. Neural degeneration and the neural damage process is complex, involving a vast array of tissue structure, transcriptional/translational, electrochemical, metabolic, and functional events within the intact neighbors surrounding injured neural tissues. During aging, multiple changes involving physical, chemical, and biochemical processes occur from the molecular to the morphological levels in neural tissues. Among many recommended therapeutic candidates, melatonin also plays a role in protecting the nervous system from anti-inflammation and efficiently safeguards neuronal cells via antioxidants and other endogenous/exogenous beneficial factors. Therefore, given the wide range of mechanisms responsible for neuronal damage, multi-action drugs or therapies for the treatment of neural injury that make use of two or more agents and target several pathways may have greater efficacy in promoting functional recovery than a single therapy alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghoon Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Ubiquitous Healthcare & Anti-aging Research Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
| | - Sookyoung Park
- Ubiquitous Healthcare & Anti-aging Research Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Life Sciences, Kyungnam University, Changwon 51767, Korea.
| | - Jinyoung Won
- Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Ubiquitous Healthcare & Anti-aging Research Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School of Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
| | - Sang-Rae Lee
- National Primate Research Center (NPRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Ochang 28116, Korea.
| | - Kyu-Tae Chang
- National Primate Research Center (NPRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Ochang 28116, Korea.
| | - Yonggeun Hong
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Ubiquitous Healthcare & Anti-aging Research Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School of Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
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25
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Molecular aspects of melatonin (MLT)-mediated therapeutic effects. Life Sci 2015; 135:147-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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26
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Cox A, Varma A, Banik N. Recent advances in the pharmacologic treatment of spinal cord injury. Metab Brain Dis 2015; 30:473-82. [PMID: 24833553 PMCID: PMC4233197 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-014-9547-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A need exists for the effective treatment of individuals suffering from spinal cord injury (SCI). Recent advances in the understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms occurring in SCI have resulted in an expansion of new therapeutic targets. This review summarizes both preclinical and clinical findings investigating the mechanisms and cognate pharmacologic therapeutics targeted to modulate hypoxia, ischemia, excitotoxicity, inflammation, apoptosis, epigenetic alterations, myelin regeneration and scar remodeling. Successful modulation of these targets has been demonstrated in both preclinical and clinical studies with agents such as Oxycyte, Minocycline, Riluzole, Premarin, Cethrin, and ATI-355. The translation of these agents into clinical studies highlights the progress the field has made in the past decade. SCI proves to be a complex condition; the numerous pathophysiological mechanisms occurring at varying time points suggests that a single agent approach to the treatment of SCI may not be optimal. As the field continues to mature, the hope is that the knowledge gained from these studies will be applied to the development of an effective multi-pronged treatment strategy for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- April Cox
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas ST. MSC606, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA,
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Lee S, Shin J, Lee M, Hong Y, Lee SK, Lee Y, Lkhagvasuren T, Kim DW, Yang YA, Chang KT, Hong Y. Melatonin combined with exercise cannot alleviate cerebral injury in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Neural Regen Res 2015; 7:993-9. [PMID: 25722687 PMCID: PMC4341280 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.13.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that melatonin combined with exercise can alleviate secondary damage after spinal cord injury in rats. Therefore, it is hypothesized that melatonin combined with exercise can also alleviate ischemic brain damage. In this study, adult rats were subjected to right middle cerebral artery occlusion after receiving 10 mg/kg melatonin or vehicle subcutaneously twice daily for 14 days. Forced exercise using an animal treadmill was performed at 20 m/min for 30 minutes per day for 6 days prior to middle cerebral artery occlusion. After middle cerebral artery occlusion, each rat received melatonin combined with exercise, melatonin or exercise alone equally for 7 days until sacrifice. Interestingly, rats receiving melatonin combined with exercise exhibited more severe neurological deficits than those receiving melatonin or exercise alone. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α mRNA in the brain tissue was upregulated in rats receiving melatonin combined with exercise. Similarly, microtubule associated protein-2 mRNA expression was significantly upregulated in rats receiving melatonin alone. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (NG2) mRNA expression was significantly decreased in rats receiving melatonin combined with exercise as well as in rats receiving exercise alone. Furthermore, neural cell loss in the primary motor cortex was significantly reduced in rats receiving melatonin or exercise alone, but the change was not observed in rats receiving melatonin combined with exercise. These findings suggest that excessive intervention with melatonin, exercise or their combination may lead to negative effects on ischemia/reperfusion-induced brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghoon Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Science in Interdisciplinary Ph.D. Program, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhee Shin
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disease Center, College of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Gimhae 621-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyung Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Science in Interdisciplinary Ph.D. Program, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunkyung Hong
- Department of Rehabilitation Science in Interdisciplinary Ph.D. Program, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Kil Lee
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disease Center, College of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Gimhae 621-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjeon Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Science in Interdisciplinary Ph.D. Program, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Tserentogtokh Lkhagvasuren
- Department of Smart Foods & Drugs, School of Food & Life Sciences, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Wook Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ae Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation Science in Interdisciplinary Ph.D. Program, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Tae Chang
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Biotechnology, Ochang 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonggeun Hong
- Department of Rehabilitation Science in Interdisciplinary Ph.D. Program, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, Republic of Korea ; Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disease Center, College of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Gimhae 621-749, Republic of Korea ; National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Biotechnology, Ochang 363-883, Republic of Korea
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Li C, Chen X, Qiao S, Liu X, Liu C, Zhu D, Su J, Wang Z. Melatonin lowers edema after spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2015; 9:2205-10. [PMID: 25657743 PMCID: PMC4316455 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.147954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin has been shown to diminish edema in rats. Melatonin can be used to treat spinal cord injury. This study presumed that melatonin could relieve spinal cord edema and examined how it might act. Our experiments found that melatonin (100 mg/kg, i.p.) could reduce the water content of the spinal cord, and suppress the expression of aquaporin-4 and glial fibrillary acidic protein after spinal cord injury. This suggests that the mechanism by which melatonin alleviates the damage to the spinal cord by edema might be related to the expression of aquaporin-4 and glial fibrillary acidic protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Suchi Qiao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinwei Liu
- Laboratory of Severe and War-Related Trauma Center, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command of Chinese PLA, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Degang Zhu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiacan Su
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Yürüker V, Nazıroğlu M, Şenol N. Reduction in traumatic brain injury-induced oxidative stress, apoptosis, and calcium entry in rat hippocampus by melatonin: Possible involvement of TRPM2 channels. Metab Brain Dis 2015; 30:223-31. [PMID: 25339252 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-014-9623-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin, which is a very effective reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger, acts through a direct reaction with free radicals. Ca(2+) entry induced by traumatic brain injury (TBI) has deleterious effects on human hippocampal function. TRPM2 is a Ca(2+) permeable non-selective channel in hippocampal neurons, and its activation of during oxidative stress has been linked to cell death. Despite the importance of oxidative stress in TBI, its role in apoptosis and Ca(2+) entry in TBI is poorly understood. Therefore, we tested the effects of melatonin on apoptosis, oxidative stress, and Ca(2+) entry through the TRPM2 channel in the hippocampal neurons of TBI-induced rats. Thirty-two rats were divided into the following four groups: control, melatonin, TBI, and TBI + melatonin groups. Melatonin (5 mg/kg body weight) was intraperitoneally given to animals in the melatonin group and the TBI + melatonin group after 1 h of brain trauma. Hippocampal neurons were freshly isolated from the four groups, incubated with a nonspecific TRPM2 blocker (2-aminoethyl diphenylborinate, 2-APB), and then stimulated with cumene hydroperoxide. Apoptosis, caspase-3, caspase-9, intracellular ROS production, mitochondrial membrane depolarization and intracellular free Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)]i) values were high in the TBI group, and low in the TBI + melatonin group. The [Ca(2+)]i concentration was decreased in the four groups by 2-APB. In our TBI experimental model, TRPM2 channels were involved in Ca(2+) entry-induced neuronal death, and the negative modulation of the activity of this channel by melatonin pretreatment may account for the neuroprotective activity of TRPM2 channels against oxidative stress, apoptosis, and Ca(2+) entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vehbi Yürüker
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of SuleymanDemirel, Isparta, Turkey
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Role of melatonin in traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:586270. [PMID: 25587567 PMCID: PMC4283270 DOI: 10.1155/2014/586270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain and spinal cord are implicated in incidences of two of the most severe injuries of central nervous system (CNS). Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a devastating neurological deficit involving primary and secondary injury cascades. The primary and secondary mechanisms include complex consequences of activation of proinflammatory cytokines, cerebral edema, upregulation of NF-κβ, disruption of blood-brain barrier (BBB), and oxidative stress. Spinal cord injury (SCI) includes primary and secondary injury cascades. Primary injury leads to secondary injury in which generation of free radicals and oxidative or nitrative damage play an important pathophysiological role. The indoleamine melatonin is a hormone secreted or synthesized by pineal gland in the brain which helps to regulate sleep and wake cycle. Melatonin has been shown to be a versatile hormone having antioxidative, antiapoptotic, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory properties. It has a special characteristic of crossing BBB. Melatonin has neuroprotective role in the injured part of the CNS after TBI and SCI. A number of studies have successfully shown its therapeutic value as a neuroprotective agent in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Here in this review we have compiled the literature supporting consequences of CNS injuries, TBI and SCI, and the protective role of melatonin in it.
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Wu Q, Jing Y, Yuan X, Zhang X, Li B, Liu M, Wang B, Li H, Liu S, Xiu R. Melatonin treatment protects against acute spinal cord injury-induced disruption of blood spinal cord barrier in mice. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 54:714-22. [PMID: 25303856 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0430-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The spinal cord microcirculation plays a critically important role in maintaining the normal function of spinal cord neurons, glial cells, and axons. Previous researches were largely focused on improved neurological manifestations of spinal cord injury (SCI) while ignoring to improve spinal cord microcirculation disorder after melatonin treatment. Therefore, the mechanism of melatonin that affects blood spinal cord barrier (BSCB) integrity and microcirculation in SCI remains unclear. The present study was performed to investigate the effect of melatonin on the BSCB in a SCI mice model. Melatonin (5, 10, 25, 50, 100 mg/kg i.p.) was administered to mice immediately following SCI. Compared to the 48 h post-SCI group, mice treated with melatonin (50 mg/kg) exhibited significantly reduced BSCB permeability. Additionally, melatonin treatment restrained microvessel loss; attenuated edema; protected the tight junction proteins, endothelial cells, and pericytes; decreased the number of cell apoptosis; and reduced MMP3/AQP4/HIF-1α/VEGF/VEGFR2 expression after SCI. Above all, our results clearly demonstrated that melatonin could stabilize microvascular barrier function and microcirculation of SCI, whose mechanism was to promote the repair of the damaged BSCB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingbin Wu
- Key Laboratory for Microcirculation, Ministry of National Health of China, Institute of Microcirculation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, 100005, Beijing, China
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Beneficial effects of melatonin combined with exercise on endogenous neural stem/progenitor cells proliferation after spinal cord injury. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:2207-22. [PMID: 24487506 PMCID: PMC3958846 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15022207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Endogenous neural stem/progenitor cells (eNSPCs) proliferate and differentiate into neurons and glial cells after spinal cord injury (SCI). We have previously shown that melatonin (MT) plus exercise (Ex) had a synergistic effect on functional recovery after SCI. Thus, we hypothesized that combined therapy including melatonin and exercise might exert a beneficial effect on eNSPCs after SCI. Melatonin was administered twice a day and exercise was performed on a treadmill for 15 min, six days per week for 3 weeks after SCI. Immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR analysis were used to determine cell population for late response, in conjunction with histological examination and motor function test. There was marked improvement in hindlimb function in SCI+MT+Ex group at day 14 and 21 after injury, as documented by the reduced size of the spinal lesion and a higher density of dendritic spines and axons; such functional improvements were associated with increased numbers of BrdU-positive cells. Furthermore, MAP2 was increased in the injured thoracic segment, while GFAP was increased in the cervical segment, along with elevated numbers of BrdU-positive nestin-expressing eNSPCs in the SCI+MT+Ex group. The dendritic spine density was augmented markedly in SCI+MT and SCI+MT+Ex groups. These results suggest a synergistic effect of SCI+MT+Ex might create a microenvironment to facilitate proliferation of eNSPCs to effectively replace injured cells and to improve regeneration in SCI.
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Park S, Shin J, Hong Y, Kim S, Lee S, Park K, Lkhagvasuren T, Lee SR, Chang KT, Hong Y. Forced exercise enhances functional recovery after focal cerebral ischemia in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Brain Sci 2012; 2:483-503. [PMID: 24961257 PMCID: PMC4061815 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci2040483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Caveolin is the principal protein of caveolae and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia. To investigate whether changed expression of caveolins has a pivotal role in focal cerebral ischemia, we induced middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo)-reperfusion and examined expression of caveolins, inflammatory activation markers, and mediators of autophagic cell death. We also treated MCAo rats with forced exercise to determine its effects on neurological outcome. Particularly, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats were used to compare the effects of hypertension on focal cerebral ischemia. All MCAo groups showed neurological deficiencies, motor dysfunction, and disruption of balancing ability; however, these pathological changes were more severe in SHR than WKY rats. Expression of caveolins was decreased in MCAo brain tissue, whereas the levels of iNOS and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) increased. Additionally, LC3-II and beclin-1 levels were elevated in the MCAo groups. Forced exercise attenuated both molecular and behavioral changes in MCAo animals, but SHR rats showed delayed functional recovery and residual molecular changes when compared to WKY rats. These results suggest that forced exercise may be beneficial for promoting functional recovery following cerebral ischemia through caveolin-dependent mechanisms or interactions between caveolins and these signaling molecules in ischemic brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sookyoung Park
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disease Center, College of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, Korea.
| | - Jinhee Shin
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disease Center, College of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, Korea.
| | - Yunkyung Hong
- Department of Rehabilitation Science in Interdisciplinary PhD Program, Graduate School of Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, Korea.
| | - Sunmi Kim
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disease Center, College of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, Korea.
| | - Seunghoon Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Science in Interdisciplinary PhD Program, Graduate School of Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, Korea.
| | - Kanghui Park
- Department of Rehabilitation Science in Interdisciplinary PhD Program, Graduate School of Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, Korea.
| | - Tserentogtokh Lkhagvasuren
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disease Center, College of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, Korea.
| | - Sang-Rae Lee
- National Primate Research Center (NPRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Ochang 363-883, Korea.
| | - Kyu-Tae Chang
- National Primate Research Center (NPRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Ochang 363-883, Korea.
| | - Yonggeun Hong
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disease Center, College of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, Korea.
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Battistuzzo CR, Callister RJ, Callister R, Galea MP. A systematic review of exercise training to promote locomotor recovery in animal models of spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma 2012; 29:1600-13. [PMID: 22401139 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2011.2199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In the early 1980s experiments on spinalized cats showed that exercise training on the treadmill could enhance locomotor recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI). In this review, we summarize the evidence for the effectiveness of exercise training aimed at promoting locomotor recovery in animal models of SCI. We performed a systematic search of the literature using Medline, Web of Science, and Embase. Of the 362 studies screened, 41 were included. The adult female rat was the most widely used animal model. The majority of studies (73%) reported that exercise training had a positive effect on some aspect of locomotor recovery. Studies employing a complete SCI were less likely to have positive outcomes. For incomplete SCI models, contusion was the most frequently employed method of lesion induction, and the degree of recovery depended on injury severity. Positive outcomes were associated with training regimens that involved partial weight-bearing activity, commenced within a critical period of 1-2 weeks after SCI, and maintained training for at least 8 weeks. Considerable heterogeneity in training paradigms and methods used to assess or quantify recovery was observed. A 13-item checklist was developed and employed to assess the quality of reporting and study design; only 15% of the studies had high methodological quality. We recommend that future studies include control groups, randomize animals to groups, conduct blinded assessments, report the extent of the SCI lesion, and report sample size calculations. A small battery of objective assessment methods including assessment of over-ground stepping should also be developed and routinely employed. This would allow future meta-analyses of the effectiveness of exercise interventions on locomotor recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila R Battistuzzo
- Department of Physiotherapy, Melbourne School of Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Park S, Lee SK, Park K, Lee Y, Hong Y, Lee S, Jeon JC, Kim JH, Lee SR, Chang KT, Hong Y. Beneficial effects of endogenous and exogenous melatonin on neural reconstruction and functional recovery in an animal model of spinal cord injury. J Pineal Res 2012; 52:107-19. [PMID: 21854445 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2011.00925.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the beneficial effects of endogenous and exogenous melatonin on functional recovery in an animal model of spinal cord injury (SCI). Eight-week-old male Sprague-Dawley (SD, 250-260 g) rats were used for contusion SCI surgery. All experimental groups were maintained under one of the following conditions: 12/12-hr light/dark (L/D) or 24:0-hr constant light (LL). Melatonin (10 mg/kg) was injected subcutaneously for 4 wk, twice daily (07:00, 19:00). Locomotor recovery, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), glial fibrillary acidic protein gene expression, and muscle atrophy-related genes, including muscle atrophy F-box (MAFbx) and muscle-specific ring-finger protein 1 (MuRF1) gene expression were evaluated. Furthermore, autophagic signaling such as Beclin-1 and LC3 protein expression was examined in the spinal cord and in skeletal muscle. The melatonin treatment resulted in increased hind-limb motor function and decreased iNOS mRNA expression in the L/D condition compared with the LL condition (P < 0.05), indicating that endogenous melatonin had neuroprotective effects. Furthermore, the MAFbx, MuRF1 mRNA level, and converted LC3 II protein expression were decreased in the melatonin-treated SCI groups under the LL (P < 0.05), possibly in response to the exogenous melatonin treatment. Therefore, it seems that both endogenous and exogenous melatonin contribute to neural recovery and to the prevention of skeletal muscle atrophy, promoting functional recovery after SCI. Finally, this study supports the benefit of endogenous melatonin and use of exogenous melatonin as a therapeutic intervention for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sookyoung Park
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disease Center, College of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae, Korea
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Bains M, Hall ED. Antioxidant therapies in traumatic brain and spinal cord injury. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2011; 1822:675-84. [PMID: 22080976 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Free radical formation and oxidative damage have been extensively investigated and validated as important contributors to the pathophysiology of acute central nervous system injury. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) is an early event following injury occurring within minutes of mechanical impact. A key component in this event is peroxynitrite-induced lipid peroxidation. As discussed in this review, peroxynitrite formation and lipid peroxidation irreversibly damages neuronal membrane lipids and protein function, which results in subsequent disruptions in ion homeostasis, glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity, mitochondrial respiratory failure and microvascular damage. Antioxidant approaches include the inhibition and/or scavenging of superoxide, peroxynitrite, or carbonyl compounds, the inhibition of lipid peroxidation and the targeting of the endogenous antioxidant defense system. This review covers the preclinical and clinical literature supporting the role of ROS and RNS and their derived oxygen free radicals in the secondary injury response following acute traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI) and reviews the past and current trends in the development of antioxidant therapeutic strategies. Combinatorial treatment with the suggested mechanistically complementary antioxidants will also be discussed as a promising neuroprotective approach in TBI and SCI therapeutic research. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Antioxidants and antioxidant treatment in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Bains
- Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
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Ray SK, Samantaray S, Smith JA, Matzelle DD, Das A, Banik NL. Inhibition of cysteine proteases in acute and chronic spinal cord injury. Neurotherapeutics 2011; 8:180-6. [PMID: 21373949 PMCID: PMC3101838 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-011-0037-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious neurological disorder that debilitates mostly young people. Unfortunately, we still do not have suitable therapeutic agents for treatment of SCI and prevention of its devastating consequences. However, we have gained a good understanding of pathological mechanisms that cause neurodegeneration leading to paralysis or even death following SCI. Primary injury to the spinal cord initiates the secondary injury process that includes various deleterious factors for ultimate activation of different cysteine proteases for degradation of cellular key cytoskeleton and other crucial proteins for delayed death of neurons and glial cells at the site of SCI and its penumbra in different animal models. An important aspect of SCI is the increase in intracellular free Ca(2+) concentration within a short time of primary injury. Various studies in different laboratories demonstrate that the most important cysteine protease for neurodegeneration in SCI is calpain, which absolutely requires intracellular free Ca(2+) for its activation. Furthermore, other cysteine proteases, such as caspases and cathepsin B also make a contribution to neurodegeneration in SCI. Therefore, inhibition of cysteine proteases is an important goal in prevention of neurodegeneration in SCI. Studies showed that individual inhibitors of cysteine proteases provided significant neuroprotection in animal models of SCI. Recent studies suggest that physiological hormones, such as estrogen and melatonin, can be successfully used for prevention of neurodegeneration and preservation of motor function in acute SCI as well as in chronic SCI in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapan K. Ray
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina 29209 USA
| | - Supriti Samantaray
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Suite 309 CSB, Charleston, South Carolina 29425 USA
| | - Joshua A. Smith
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Suite 309 CSB, Charleston, South Carolina 29425 USA
| | - Denise D. Matzelle
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Suite 309 CSB, Charleston, South Carolina 29425 USA
| | - Arabinda Das
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Suite 309 CSB, Charleston, South Carolina 29425 USA
| | - Naren L. Banik
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Suite 309 CSB, Charleston, South Carolina 29425 USA
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Hong Y, Palaksha KJ, Park K, Park S, Kim HD, Reiter RJ, Chang KT. Melatonin plus exercise-based neurorehabilitative therapy for spinal cord injury. J Pineal Res 2010; 49:201-9. [PMID: 20626592 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2010.00786.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is damage to the spinal cord caused by the trauma or disease that results in compromised or loss of body function. Subsequent to SCI in humans, many individuals have residual motor and sensory deficits that impair functional performance and quality of life. The available treatments for SCI are rehabilitation therapy, activity-based therapies, and pharmacological treatment using antioxidants and their agonists. Among pharmacological treatments, the most efficient and commonly used antioxidant for experimental SCI treatment is melatonin, an indolamine secreted by pineal gland at night. Melatonin's receptor-independent free radical scavenging action and its broad-spectrum antioxidant activity makes it an ideal antioxidant to protect tissue from oxidative stress-induced secondary damage after SCI. Owing to the limitations of an activity-based therapy and antioxidant treatment singly on the functional recovery and oxidative stress-induced secondary damages after SCI, a melatonin plus exercise treatment may be a more effective therapy for SCI. As suggested herein, supplementation with melatonin in conjunction with exercise not only would improve the functional recovery by enhancing the beneficial effects of exercise but would reduce the secondary tissue damage simultaneously. Finally, melatonin may protect against exercise-induced fatigue and impairments. In this review, based on the documented evidence regarding the beneficial effects of melatonin, activity-based therapy and the combination of both on functional recovery, as well as reduction of secondary damage caused by oxidative stress after SCI, we suggest the melatonin combined with exercise would be a novel neurorehabilitative strategy for the faster recovery after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggeun Hong
- Department of Physical Therapy, Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disease Center, College of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inje University, 607 O-bang Dong, Gimhae 621-749, Korea.
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