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Cai Y, Xu TT, Lu CQ, Ma YY, Chang D, Zhang Y, Gu XC, Ju S. Endogenous Regulatory T Cells Promote M2 Macrophage Phenotype in Diabetic Stroke as Visualized by Optical Imaging. Transl Stroke Res 2020; 12:136-146. [PMID: 32240524 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-020-00808-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play an immunosuppressive role in various diseases, yet their function remains controversial in stroke and obscure in diabetic stroke. In the present study, Tregs were found downregulated in the peripheral blood of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) stroke models and patients compared with controls. In ischemic stroke mice (both T2DM and wild type), endogenous Tregs boosted by CD28SA increased CD206+ M2 macrophage/microglia cells, decreased infarct volumes, and improved neurological recovery. Our results demonstrated the potential of boosting Tregs for treating T2DM stroke. Furthermore, we utilized an optical imaging probe (IRD-αCD206) to target M2 macrophage/microglia cells and demonstrated its effect in visualizing M2 macrophage/microglia cells in vivo in ischemic brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Cai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, 87 Ding Jia Qiao Road, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Ting-Ting Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, 87 Ding Jia Qiao Road, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Chun-Qiang Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, 87 Ding Jia Qiao Road, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, 87 Ding Jia Qiao Road, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Di Chang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, 87 Ding Jia Qiao Road, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, 87 Ding Jia Qiao Road, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xiao-Chun Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, 87 Ding Jia Qiao Road, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Shenghong Ju
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, 87 Ding Jia Qiao Road, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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Schmidt T, Willenborg S, Hünig T, Deeg CA, Sonderstrup G, Hertl M, Eming R. Induction of T regulatory cells by the superagonistic anti-CD28 antibody D665 leads to decreased pathogenic IgG autoantibodies against desmoglein 3 in a HLA-transgenic mouse model of pemphigus vulgaris. Exp Dermatol 2016; 25:293-8. [PMID: 26661498 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a potentially life-threatening autoimmune disease of the skin and mucous membranes. Its pathogenesis is based on IgG autoantibodies that target the desmosomal cadherins, desmoglein 3 (Dsg3) and desmoglein 1 (Dsg1) and induce intra-epidermal loss of adhesion. Although the PV pathogenesis is well-understood, therapeutic options are still limited to immunosuppressive drugs, particularly corticosteroids, which are associated with significant side effects. Dsg3-reactive T regulatory cells (Treg) have been previously identified in PV and healthy carriers of PV-associated HLA class II alleles. Ex vivo, Dsg3-specific Treg cells down-regulated the activation of pathogenic Dsg3-specific T-helper (Th) 2 cells. In this study, in a HLA-DRB1*04:02 transgenic mouse model of PV, peripheral Treg cells were modulated by the use of Treg-depleting or expanding monoclonal antibodies, respectively. Our findings show that, in vivo, although not statistically significant, Treg cells exert a clear down-regulatory effect on the Dsg3-driven T-cell response and, accordingly, the formation of Dsg3-specific IgG antibodies. These observations confirm the powerful immune regulatory functions of Treg cells and identify Treg cells as potential therapeutic modulators in PV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schmidt
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Willenborg
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Hünig
- Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Julius-Maximilians University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Cornelia A Deeg
- Department of Ophthalmology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Grete Sonderstrup
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael Hertl
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Eming
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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3
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Na SY, Mracsko E, Liesz A, Hünig T, Veltkamp R. Amplification of Regulatory T Cells Using a CD28 Superagonist Reduces Brain Damage After Ischemic Stroke in Mice. Stroke 2015; 46:212-20. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.114.007756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose—
Neuroinflammation plays an important role in ischemic brain injury. Regulatory T cells (Treg) are important endogenous immune modulators. We tested the hypothesis that Treg amplification with a CD28 superagonistic monoclonal antibody (CD28SA) reduces brain damage in murine cerebral ischemia.
Methods—
Cerebral ischemia was induced by coagulation of the distal middle cerebral artery or by 60 minutes filament occlusion of the proximal middle cerebral artery in C57BL6 mice. 150 μg CD28SA was injected intraperitoneally 3 or 6 hours after ischemia onset. Outcome was determined by infarct volumetry and behavioral testing. Brain-infiltrating leukocyte subpopulations were analyzed by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry 3 and 7 days after middle cerebral artery occlusion.
Results—
CD28SA reduced infarct size in both models and attenuated functional deficit 7 days after stroke induction. Mice treated with CD28SA increased numbers of Treg in spleen and brain. Tregs were functionally active and migrated into the brain where they accumulated and proliferated in the peri-infarct area. More than 60% of brain infiltrating Treg produced interleukin-10 in CD28SA compared with 30% in control.
Conclusions—
In vivo expansion and amplification of Treg by CD28SA attenuates the inflammatory response and improves outcome after experimental stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Young Na
- From the Department of Neurology, University Heidelberg, Germany (S.-Y.N., E.M., A.L., R.V.); Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Munich, Germany (A.L.); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany (A.L.); Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University Würzburg, Germany (T.H.); and Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK (R.V.)
| | - Eva Mracsko
- From the Department of Neurology, University Heidelberg, Germany (S.-Y.N., E.M., A.L., R.V.); Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Munich, Germany (A.L.); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany (A.L.); Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University Würzburg, Germany (T.H.); and Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK (R.V.)
| | - Arthur Liesz
- From the Department of Neurology, University Heidelberg, Germany (S.-Y.N., E.M., A.L., R.V.); Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Munich, Germany (A.L.); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany (A.L.); Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University Würzburg, Germany (T.H.); and Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK (R.V.)
| | - Thomas Hünig
- From the Department of Neurology, University Heidelberg, Germany (S.-Y.N., E.M., A.L., R.V.); Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Munich, Germany (A.L.); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany (A.L.); Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University Würzburg, Germany (T.H.); and Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK (R.V.)
| | - Roland Veltkamp
- From the Department of Neurology, University Heidelberg, Germany (S.-Y.N., E.M., A.L., R.V.); Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Munich, Germany (A.L.); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany (A.L.); Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University Würzburg, Germany (T.H.); and Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK (R.V.)
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Szypowska A, Stelmaszczyk-Emmel A, Demkow U, Luczyński W. High expression of OX40 (CD134) and 4-1BB (CD137) molecules on CD4(+)CD25(high) cells in children with type 1 diabetes. Adv Med Sci 2014; 59:39-43. [PMID: 24797972 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite the rapidly rising incidence of diabetes in children, with the highest rise in children<5 years of age, data on mechanisms that trigger severe beta-cells damage are limited. The aim of the study was to assess the frequency of OX40 (CD134) or 4-1BB (CD137) positive cells in the peripheral blood of children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes (T1D) in comparison to healthy controls. MATERIAL/METHODS The study included 33 children (mean age 7.3 ± 5.4 years) with newly diagnosed T1D and 39 age-matched healthy controls. Separate analysis was performed in children<5 years. Flow cytometric analysis was performed using the following markers: CD4, CD25, CD137, and CD134. Fasting C-peptide level was assessed as well. RESULTS The frequency of CD4(+)CD25(high)OX40(+) was higher in T1D children than in controls (median value 3.58% vs. 1.1%, respectively; p=0.003). Moreover, T1D children had higher frequency of CD4(+)CD25(high)4-1BB(+) cells than healthy subjects (median value 5.76% vs. 3.74%, respectively; p=0.037). A significant correlation was noted between the age of diabetic children and the C-peptide level (r=0.54, 95% CI [0.19-0.77], p=0.004). In comparison with age-matched controls, children<5 years had higher frequency of CD4(+)CD25(high)OX40(+) (p=0.004) and CD4(+)CD25(high)4-1BB(+) cells (p=0.079). CONCLUSIONS Our study showed higher frequency of both OX40 and 4-1BB positive cells in T1D children in comparison to controls. It seems that observed differences might be more pronounced in children<5 years of age than in older subjects. Further clinical studies are needed to determine the age-related differences in the immune system, in the pathogenesis of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Stelmaszczyk-Emmel
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Urszula Demkow
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Włodzimierz Luczyński
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology, Diabetology with Cardiology Division, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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5
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Tabares P, Berr S, Römer PS, Chuvpilo S, Matskevich AA, Tyrsin D, Fedotov Y, Einsele H, Tony H, Hünig T. Human regulatory T cells are selectively activated by low‐dose application of the CD28 superagonist TGN1412/TAB08. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:1225-36. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Tabares
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology University of Würzburg Würzburg Germany
| | - Susanne Berr
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology University of Würzburg Würzburg Germany
| | - Paula S. Römer
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology University of Würzburg Würzburg Germany
- TheraMAB LLC Würzburg Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Hermann Einsele
- Department of Internal Medicine II University Hospital of Würzburg Würzburg Germany
| | - Hans‐Peter Tony
- Department of Internal Medicine II University Hospital of Würzburg Würzburg Germany
| | - Thomas Hünig
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology University of Würzburg Würzburg Germany
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6
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Bortell R, Yang C. The BB rat as a model of human type 1 diabetes. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2013; 933:31-44. [PMID: 22893399 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-068-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The BB rat is an important rodent model of human type 1 diabetes (T1D) and has been used to study mechanisms of diabetes pathogenesis as well as to investigate potential intervention therapies for clinical trials. The Diabetes-Prone BB (BBDP) rat spontaneously develops autoimmune T1D between 50 and 90 days of age. The Diabetes-Resistant BB (BBDR) rat has similar diabetes-susceptible genes as the BBDP, but does not become diabetic in viral antibody-free conditions. However, the BBDR rat can be induced to develop T1D in response to certain treatments such as regulatory T cell (T(reg)) depletion, toll-like receptor ligation, or virus infection. These diabetes-inducible rats develop hyperglycemia under well-controlled circumstances and within a short, predictable time frame (14-21 days), thus facilitating their utility for investigations of specific stages of diabetes development. Therefore, these rat strains are invaluable models for studying autoimmune diabetes and the role of environmental factors in its development, of particular importance due to the influx of studies associating virus infection and human T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Bortell
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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7
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Poirier N, Blancho G, Vanhove B. CD28-specific immunomodulating antibodies: what can be learned from experimental models? Am J Transplant 2012; 12:1682-90. [PMID: 22471377 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2012.04032.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Tolerance induction to alloantigens remains a major challenge in transplant immunology. Progress in the last decade of our understanding of T-cell activation has led to the development of new immunotherapeutic strategies to replace conventional immunosuppression which inhibits the immune system in a nonspecific way. In particular, positive and negative costimulatory molecules of the CD28 family have been consistently demonstrated to be critical for the development of productive immune responses as well as the establishment and maintenance of peripheral tolerance. However, recent discoveries of novel costimulatory interactions confer a novel dimension to the immunoregulatory interactions within the B7:CD28 family and compels a revised view within a "quintet" of costimulatory molecules: CD28/B7/CTLA-4/PD-L1/ICOSL. Complexity introduced in this more detailed costimulatory pathway has important implications in therapeutic interventions against human immunological diseases and, especially, highlight the fundamental differences in selectively targeting CD28 molecules instead of B7 counterparts. In this review, we discuss these differences and emphasize different CD28-specific immunomodulating strategies evaluated in experimental models of transplantation and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Poirier
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1064, Nantes, France
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8
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Chu Q, Zhang J, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Xu G, Li W, Xu GT. Differential gene expression pattern of diabetic rat retinas after intravitreal injection of erythropoietin. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2011; 39:142-51. [PMID: 20973890 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9071.2010.02437.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To profile the pattern of gene expression in diabetic rat retinas with or without intravitreal injection of erythropoietin. DESIGN By using streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, after intravitreal injection of erythropoietin, neurosensory retinas were collected to determine the effect of erythropoietin on gene expression. PARTICIPANTS Three groups of Sprague-Dawley rats were studied: normal control (15), diabetic rats with saline injection (15) and diabetic rats with intravitreal erythropoietin treatment (15). METHODS Diabetes was induced by intra-peritoneal injection of streptozotocin. Intravitreal injection of erythropoietin was performed at the following time points: 0, 30 and 120 days after diabetes onset. Four days after each injection at above-mentioned time points, the retinas were harvested for microarray assay. The real-time PCR was used to evaluate the microarray data. RESULTS Genes encoding inflammatory factors, such as interleukin-2 and interleukin-11, which were upregulated in the diabetic retinas, were restored after erythropoietin treatment. Genes encoding pro-apoptotic effectors, like Tnfrsf5, Bid3 and Bcl2l1, were also upregulated in diabetic rats and attenuated in erythropoietin-treated group. In addition, real-time PCR were employed to confirm the changes of the genes Trex2, G1P2, DHX58, RGD1311906 and LOC689064, which have not been reported in diabetic retinopathy. CONCLUSIONS Intravitreal erythropoietin treatment is able to normalize the gene expression responsible for pro-apoptotic and inflammatory responses noted in diabetic retinas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Chu
- Laboratory of Clinical Visual Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine and Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Hünig T, Lühder F, Elflein K, Gogishvili T, Fröhlich M, Guler R, Cutler A, Brombacher F. CD28 and IL-4: two heavyweights controlling the balance between immunity and inflammation. Med Microbiol Immunol 2010; 199:239-46. [PMID: 20390297 PMCID: PMC3128750 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-010-0156-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The costimulatory receptor CD28 and IL-4Rα-containing cytokine receptors play key roles in controlling the size and quality of pathogen-specific immune responses. Thus, CD28-mediated costimulation is needed for effective primary T-cell expansion and for the generation and activation of regulatory T-cells (Treg cells), which protect from immunopathology. Similarly, IL-4Rα signals are required for alternative activation of macrophages, which counteract inflammation by type 1 responses. Furthermore, immune modulation by CD28 and IL-4 is interconnected through the promotion of IL-4 producing T-helper 2 cells by CD28 signals. Using conditionally IL-4Rα and CD28 deleting mice, as well as monoclonal antibodies, which block or stimulate CD28, or mAb that deplete Treg cells, we have studied the roles of CD28 and IL-4Rα in experimental mouse models of virus (influenza), intracellular bacteria (L. monocytogenes, M. tuberculosis), and parasite infections (T. congolense, L. major). We observed that in some, but not all settings, Treg cells and type 2 immune deviation, including activation of alternative macrophages can be manipulated to protect the host either from infection or from immunopathology with an overall beneficial outcome. Furthermore, we provide direct evidence that secondary CD8 T-cell responses to i.c. bacteria are dependent on CD28-mediated costimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hünig
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 7, Würzburg, Germany.
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10
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van den Brandt J, Fischer HJ, Walter L, Hünig T, Klöting I, Reichardt HM. Type 1 diabetes in BioBreeding rats is critically linked to an imbalance between Th17 and regulatory T cells and an altered TCR repertoire. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:2285-94. [PMID: 20644174 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes-prone BioBreeding (DP-BB) rats spontaneously develop type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) on grounds of their MHC haplotype RT1(u) and a point mutation in the Gimap5 gene. In this study, we report that DP-BB rats exhibit an increasingly severe imbalance, in particular between Th17 and regulatory T (T(reg)) cells, within the first months of age. This can be assigned to an excess in effector T cells because neither the percentage nor the function of the T(reg) cells is compromised. Flow cytometric analysis of Vbeta segment usage and CDR3 spectratyping further suggest that the disturbed repertoire of peripheral T cells may also contribute to the development of T1DM in DP-BB rats. Importantly, expansion of T(reg) cells in vivo by means of a CD28 superagonistic Ab as well as adoptive transfer of T(reg) cells efficiently interferes with the development of T1DM in DP-BB rats, whereas treatment with conventional Th cells does not afford protection. Using a newly generated strain of enhanced GFP transgenic rats, we could further demonstrate that the transferred T(reg) cells persist in the recipient rats for several months and partially correct the imbalance between Th17 and T(reg) cells. Thus, our data support the hypothesis that unchecked effector T cell action and a disturbed T cell repertoire contribute to the development of T1DM in DP-BB rats, which may also have implications for a better understanding of the human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens van den Brandt
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University of Göttingen Medical School, Germany
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11
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Peters AL, Stunz LL, Bishop GA. CD40 and autoimmunity: the dark side of a great activator. Semin Immunol 2009; 21:293-300. [PMID: 19595612 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2009.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CD40 is a tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member expressed by immune and non-immune cells. CD40:CD154 interactions mediate T-dependent B cell responses and efficient T cell priming. Thus, CD40 is a likely candidate to play roles in autoimmune diseases in which activated T and B cells cause pathology. Diseases in which CD40 plays a pathogenic role include autoimmune thyroiditis, type 1 diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. This review discusses the role of CD40:CD154 interaction in human and mouse autoimmunity, human polymorphisms associated with disease incidence, and disrupting CD40:CD154 interactions as an autoimmune therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Peters
- Immunology Graduate Program and Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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12
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Kitazawa Y, Fujino M, Li XK, Xie L, Ichimaru N, Okumi M, Nonomura N, Tsujimura A, Isaka Y, Kimura H, Hünig T, Takahara S. Superagonist CD28 Antibody Preferentially Expanded Foxp3-Expressing nTreg Cells and Prevented Graft-Versus-Host Diseases. Cell Transplant 2009; 18:627-37. [DOI: 10.1177/096368970901805-619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory lymphocytes play a pivotal role in preventing organ-specific autoimmune disease and in induction and maintenance of tolerance in various experimental transplantation models. The enhancement of the number and activity of peripheral CD4+CD25+ Treg cells is an obvious goal for the treatment of autoimmunity and for the suppression of alloreactions. The present study demonstrates that naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ Treg (nTreg) cells preferentially proliferate to a fourfold increase within 3 days in response to the administration of a single superagonistic CD28-specific monoclonal antibody (supCD28 mAb). The appearance of increased Foxp3 molecules was accompanied with polarization toward a Th2 cytokine profile with decreased production of IFN-γ and increased production of IL-4 and IL-10 in the expanded Treg subset. Adoptive transfer of supCD28 mAb-expanded cells in a graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) model induced a potent inhibition of lethality. These results suggest that this therapeutic effect is mediated by the in vivo expansion of nTreg cells. Taken together, these data demonstrate that supCD28-mAb may target nTreg cells in vivo and maintain and enhance their potent regulatory functions for the treatment GvHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kitazawa
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Advanced Technology for Transplantation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masayuki Fujino
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xiao-Kang Li
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Lin Xie
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Advanced Technology for Transplantation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naotsugu Ichimaru
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Okumi
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norio Nonomura
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akira Tsujimura
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Isaka
- Department of Advanced Technology for Transplantation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Kimura
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Thomas Hünig
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Wüurzburg, Wüurzburg, Germany
| | - Shiro Takahara
- Department of Advanced Technology for Transplantation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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13
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Brugman S, Visser JTJ, Hillebrands JL, Bos NA, Rozing J. Prolonged exclusive breastfeeding reduces autoimmune diabetes incidence and increases regulatory T-cell frequency in bio-breeding diabetes-prone rats. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2009; 25:380-7. [PMID: 19334008 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously, we reported that exclusive breastfeeding delayed and partially protected bio-breeding diabetes-prone (BBDP) rats from spontaneous autoimmune diabetes development. To investigate whether this protection results from modulation of the (mucosal) immune system, the present study was designed to analyse the effect of nutrition early in life on the immune status of BBDP rats. METHODS The breastfeeding period of BBDP pups was extended or not, while allowing half of the pups to eat during that period whereas the other half received only breast milk. Cytokine profiles as well as naturally occurring regulatory T-cell frequencies were measured over time in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) and spleen. RESULTS Prolonged exclusive breastfeeding partially protects against autoimmune diabetes development and resulted in elevated levels of natural regulatory T cells (CD4(+) CD25(+) FoxP3(+)) in MLNs and spleen directly after weaning and throughout life. Stimulation of MLN cells from rats that ingested solid food during the nursing period showed massive secretion of interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10, whereas MLN cells from exclusive breastfed rats did not. In contrast, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-ss) was secreted equally by all groups. CONCLUSIONS Prolonged exclusive breastfeeding partially protects BBDP rats from autoimmune diabetes development. Interestingly, ingestion of solid food during the weaning period completely abolishes this protective effect. The protective effect of exclusive breastfeeding correlates with higher levels of naturally occurring regulatory T cells throughout life and low cytokine secretion at weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Brugman
- Department Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Foxp3-expressing Regulatory T Cells Expanded With CD28 Superagonist Antibody Can Prevent Rat Cardiac Allograft Rejection. J Heart Lung Transplant 2008; 27:362-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2008.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2007] [Revised: 12/19/2007] [Accepted: 01/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Unadkat J, Feili-Hariri M. Use of dendritic cells in drug selection, development and therapy. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2008; 3:247-59. [PMID: 23480223 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.3.2.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dendritic cells (DC) have the unique ability to induce immunity against tumors and various pathogens or to promote tolerance in autoimmunity and transplantation. Hence, they are central to the regulation of immune responses. OBJECTIVE/METHODS Due to the unique tolerogenic ability of DC, understanding some of the key molecules that regulate DC function may help with targeting the relevant signals in DC as therapeutic options for many disease conditions. DC are also targets of drugs, and many of the anti-inflammatory and pharmaceutical agents used to prevent autoimmunity or inhibit graft rejection interfere with DC function. RESULTS/CONCLUSION The drug-induced changes in DC may provide information for the selection of drugs and further drug discovery along with the use of DC as adjuvant in the treatment of autoimmunity and prevention of graft rejection in transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jignesh Unadkat
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Hünig T. Manipulation of Regulatory T‐Cell Number and Function with CD28‐Specific Monoclonal Antibodies. Adv Immunol 2007; 95:111-48. [PMID: 17869612 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(07)95004-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Suppressor or "regulatory" CD4 T cells play a key role in the control of autoimmunity and overshooting immune responses to foreign antigens, but can also obstruct effective anticancer therapies. The homeostasis and activation of these regulatory T cells (Treg cells) is tightly connected to that of effector CD4 T cells via the costimulatory receptor CD28 and the cytokine IL-2: Both subsets require costimulation to be activated by antigen, and Treg cells additionally depend on IL-2 produced by effector CD4 T cells in a costimulation-dependent fashion. Depending on the therapeutic aim, blockade, or stimulation of CD28 with monoclonal antibodies (mAb) can therefore profoundly affect the size and activity of the Treg compartment. In this chapter, experiments performed in rodents with distinct types of CD28-specific mAb, and the recent failure to translate CD28-driven Treg activation into humans, are discussed.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation/immunology
- Autoimmunity
- CD28 Antigens/immunology
- CTLA-4 Antigen
- Cytokines/immunology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Humans
- Interleukin-2/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hünig
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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