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Sousa GH, Gonçalves RL, Figueiredo B, Dias VCM, Mendes ACS, de Cássia Bueno Melo V, Rodrigues AG, dos Santos Chaves HG. Exploring vital pulp Therapies: A bibliometric analysis of the most cited articles. Saudi Dent J 2024; 36:778-788. [PMID: 38766288 PMCID: PMC11096604 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2024.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim The aim of this study was to identify and analyze the most cited articles on vital pulp therapies. Methodology Bibliographical data related to the abstract, citations, keywords, and other relevant information was extracted using different combinations of keywords. Further evaluation and visualization of the selected data were performed with the help of various tools, including MS Excel, Microsoft Word, Google open refine, BibExcel, and VOS viewer. An initial search revealed 91 documents, of which 40 were chosen for further analysis. We used the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Spearman correlation coefficient test, and our adopted significance level was p < 0.05. Results In total, the articles received 1,905 citations, with six of them receiving at least 100 citations. Among the top 40 articles, the United States of America (10 articles) and Ireland (6 articles) were the countries with the highest number of cited articles. The journals "Journal of Endodontics" (14 articles; 650 citations) and "International Endodontic Journal" (13 articles; 577 citations) published most of the articles among the 50 most cited ones. Duncan H. was the author with the highest number of works cited (11 articles; 339 citations). Of the articles, systematic reviews accounted for 32%, literature reviews for 14%, in vitro experimental studies for 12%, clinical trials for 8%. Among the biomaterials used in vital pulp therapies, mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) was discussed in 37 articles (74%), followed by calcium hydroxide, mentioned in 30 studies (60%). Interestingly, the publication year did not demonstrate a significant impact on citation count. Conclusion The present study provided a detailed list of the top 50 most cited and classic articles on vital pulp therapies. This will help researchers, students, and clinicians in the field of endodontics with an impressive source of information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Henrique Sousa
- Postgraduate Department in Endodontics, Faculdades Unidas do Norte de Minas, Campus Funorte – Montes Claros, MG, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Lima Gonçalves
- School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Barbara Figueiredo
- Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Vilton Cardozo Moreira Dias
- Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Soares Mendes
- Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Valéria de Cássia Bueno Melo
- Postgraduate Department in Endodontics, Faculdades Unidas do Norte de Minas, Campus Funorte – Montes Claros, MG, Brazil
| | - Adriana Guimarães Rodrigues
- Postgraduate Department in Endodontics, Faculdades Unidas do Norte de Minas, Campus Funorte – Montes Claros, MG, Brazil
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Thomas JM, Arumugam EAP, Harris A, Ravi VV. Management of Traumatized Immature Vital Tooth: A Case Report. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2019; 11:S481-S484. [PMID: 31198391 PMCID: PMC6555313 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_283_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Trauma to front tooth is one of the disturbing conditions for children and parents. The treatment strategies used to treat the immature young dentition are important for the long-term prognosis of teeth and should aim at preserving pulp vitality to secure tooth maturation and root development. This article describes a case of trauma to upper front tooth with open apex. The patient was treated with vital pulp therapy with mineral trioxide aggregate to induce apexogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeswin M Thomas
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Rajas Dental College and Hospital Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Esai Amutha Prabha Arumugam
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Rajas Dental College and Hospital Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anoop Harris
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Rajas Dental College and Hospital Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vijil Vimala Ravi
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Rajas Dental College and Hospital Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
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Careddu R, Duncan HF. How does the pulpal response to Biodentine and ProRoot mineral trioxide aggregate compare in the laboratory and clinic? Br Dent J 2018; 225:sj.bdj.2018.864. [PMID: 30337724 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2018.864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Careddu
- Division of Restorative Dentistry and Periodontology, Dublin Dental University Hospital, Lincoln Place, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - H F Duncan
- Division of Restorative Dentistry and Periodontology, Dublin Dental University Hospital, Lincoln Place, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Pucinelli CM, Silva LABD, Cohenca N, Romualdo PC, Silva RABD, Consolaro A, Queiroz AMD, Nelson P. Apical Negative Pressure irrigation presents tissue compatibility in immature teeth. J Appl Oral Sci 2018; 25:612-619. [PMID: 29211282 PMCID: PMC5701531 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2016-0599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To compare the apical negative pressure irrigation (ANP) with conventional irrigation in the teeth of immature dogs with apical periodontitis. Methods: Fifty-two immature pre-molar root canals were randomly assigned into 4 groups: ANP (n=15); conventional irrigation (n=17); healthy teeth (control) (n = 10); and teeth with untreated apical periodontitis (control) (n=10). After induction of apical periodontitis, teeth were instrumented using EndoVac® (apical negative pressure irrigation) or conventional irrigation. The animals were euthanized after 90 days. The sections were stained by HE and analyzed under conventional and fluorescence microscopy. TRAP histoenzymology was also performed. Statistical analyses were performed with the significance level set at 5%. Results: There was difference in the histopathological parameters between ANP and conventional groups (p<0.05). The ANP group showed a predominance of low magnitude inflammatory infiltrate, a smaller periodontal ligament, and lower mineralized tissue resorption. There were no differences in the periapical lesion extensions between the ANP and conventional groups (p>0.05). However, a lower number of osteoclasts was observed in the ANP group (p<0.05). Conclusion: The EndoVac® irrigation system presented better biological results and more advanced repair process in immature teeth with apical periodontitis than the conventional irrigation system, confirming the hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Maschietto Pucinelli
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Clínica Infantil, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Léa Assed Bezerra da Silva
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Clínica Infantil, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Nestor Cohenca
- University of Washington & Seattle Children's, Department of Endodontics, Seattle, USA
| | - Priscilla Coutinho Romualdo
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Clínica Infantil, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Raquel Assed Bezerra da Silva
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Clínica Infantil, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Alberto Consolaro
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Departamento de Cirurgia, Estomatologia, Patologia e Radiologia, Bauru, SP, Brasil
| | - Alexandra Mussolino de Queiroz
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Clínica Infantil, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Paulo Nelson
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Clínica Infantil, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
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Harlamb SC. Management of incompletely developed teeth requiring root canal treatment. Aust Dent J 2016; 61 Suppl 1:95-106. [PMID: 26923451 DOI: 10.1111/adj.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Endodontic management of the permanent immature tooth continues to be a challenge for both clinicians and researchers. Clinical concerns are primarily related to achieving adequate levels of disinfection as 'aggressive' instrumentation is contraindicated and hence there exists a much greater reliance on endodontic irrigants and medicaments. The open apex has also presented obturation difficulties, notably in controlling length. Long-term apexification procedures with calcium hydroxide have proven to be successful in retaining many of these immature infected teeth but due to their thin dentinal walls and perceived problems associated with long-term placement of calcium hydroxide, they have been found to be prone to cervical fracture and subsequent tooth loss. In recent years there has developed an increasing interest in the possibility of 'regenerating' pulp tissue in an infected immature tooth. It is apparent that although the philosophy and hope of 'regeneration' is commendable, recent histologic studies appear to suggest that the calcified material deposited on the canal wall is bone/cementum rather than dentine, hence the absence of pulp tissue with or without an odontoblast layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Harlamb
- Private Practice, Burwood, New South Wales, Australia
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Yun JY, Choi YH, Kim YK, Um IW, Park JC, Kim JY. Experimental Study of Pulp Capping Using Xenogenic Demineralized Dentin Paste. J HARD TISSUE BIOL 2016. [DOI: 10.2485/jhtb.25.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Young Yun
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Section of Dentistry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital
| | - Yong-Hoon Choi
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Section of Dentistry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital
| | - Young-Kyun Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Section of Dentistry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital
- Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University
- Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University
| | | | - Joo-Cheol Park
- Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University
- Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University
- Department of Oral Histology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University
| | - Ji-Yoon Kim
- Department of Science Education, College of Education, Dankook University
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Hernandéz-Gatón P, Serrano CR, Nelson Filho P, De Castañeda ER, Lucisano MP, Silva RAD, Silva LAD. Stepwise Excavation Allows Apexogenesis in Permanent Molars with Deep Carious Lesions and Incomplete Root Formation. Caries Res 2015; 49:637-9. [DOI: 10.1159/000442392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the stepwise excavation technique in 138 permanent molars with deep carious lesions and incomplete root formation within a 24-month clinical and radiographic follow-up period. In 96.7% of the cases, success was observed (no pain, integrity of restoration margins, absence of radiographic alterations and apexogenesis). The cases of failure (3.3%) were due to the loss of the temporary restoration. In conclusion, the stepwise excavation is a promising technique for permanent teeth with deep carious lesions and incomplete root formation as a minimally invasive approach because it allows the preservation of pulp vitality and occurrence of apexogenesis.
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8
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Fekrazad R, Seraj B, Ghadimi S, Tamiz P, Mottahary P, Dehghan MM. The effect of low-level laser therapy (810 nm) on root development of immature permanent teeth in dogs. Lasers Med Sci 2014; 30:1251-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-014-1588-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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Luotonen N, Kuntsi-Vaattovaara H, Sarkiala-Kessel E, Junnila JJT, Laitinen-Vapaavuori O, Verstraete FJM. Vital pulp therapy in dogs: 190 cases (2001–2011). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2014; 244:449-59. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.244.4.449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Induction of maturogenesis by partial pulpotomy: 1 year follow-up. Case Rep Dent 2013; 2013:975834. [PMID: 24324899 PMCID: PMC3845397 DOI: 10.1155/2013/975834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In cariously exposed immature permanent teeth, the treatment choice is controversial in pediatric dentistry. Radical root canal treatment usually appears to be the solution for these teeth. Even partial pulpotomy is a vital treatment for traumatically exposed immature permanent teeth; extending the borders of indication towards cariously exposed immature permanent teeth with reversible pulpitis may abolish the necessity of pulpectomy. This article describes the partial pulpotomy of a cariously affected immature permanent teeth and the follow-up for 1 year. A healthy 11-year-old male patient was referred to Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Pediatric Dentistry. The patient had reversible pulpitis symptoms on teeth numbered 45. At radiographic examination, immature apex and deep caries lesion were observed and partial pulpotomy was performed by using calcium hydroxide to maintain vitality of the pulp and allow continued development of root dentin expecting the root will attain full maturity. Clinical and radiographic follow-up demonstrated a vital pulp besides not only closure of the apex (apexogenesis), but also physiologic root development (maturogenesis) after 1 year. Partial pulpotomy is an optional treatment for cariously exposed immature permanent teeth for preserving vitality and physiological root development.
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11
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Güngör HC. Management of crown-related fractures in children: an update review. Dent Traumatol 2013; 30:88-99. [DOI: 10.1111/edt.12079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hamdi Cem Güngör
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry; Faculty of Dentistry; Hacettepe University; Ankara Turkey
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12
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Koyuncuoglu G, Gorken FN, Ikikarakayali G, Zorlu S, Erdem AP, Sepet E, Aren G. Management of open apices in thirteen traumatized permanent incisors using mineral trioxide aggregate: Case series. PEDIATRIC DENTAL JOURNAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdj.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Wigler R, Kaufman AY, Lin S, Steinbock N, Hazan-Molina H, Torneck CD. Revascularization: a treatment for permanent teeth with necrotic pulp and incomplete root development. J Endod 2013; 39:319-26. [PMID: 23402501 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2012.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Endodontic treatment of immature permanent teeth with necrotic pulp, with or without apical pathosis, poses several clinical challenges. There is a risk of inducing a dentin wall fracture or extending gutta-percha into the periapical tissue during compaction of the root canal filling. Although the use of calcium hydroxide apexification techniques or the placement of mineral trioxide aggregate as an apical stop has the potential to minimize apical extrusion of filling material, they do little in adding strength to the dentin walls. It is a well-established fact that in reimplanted avulsed immature teeth, revascularization of the pulp followed by continued root development can occur under ideal circumstances. At one time it was believed that revascularization was not possible in immature permanent teeth that were infected. METHODS An in-depth search of the literature was undertaken to review articles concerned with regenerative procedures and revascularization and to glean recommendations regarding the indications, preferred medications, and methods of treatment currently practiced. RESULTS Disinfection of the root canal and stimulation of residual stem cells can induce formation of new hard tissue on the existing dentin wall and continued root development. CONCLUSIONS Although the outcome of revascularization procedures remains somewhat unpredictable and the clinical management of these teeth is challenging, when successful, they are an improvement to treatment protocols that leave the roots short and the walls of the root canal thin and prone to fracture. They also leave the door open to other methods of treatment in addition to extraction, when they fail to achieve the desired result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Wigler
- Endodontics and Dental Traumatology Department, Graduate School of Dentistry, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.
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Abstract
Vital pulp therapy is performed to preserve the health status of the tooth and its ultimate position in the arch. These procedures are performed routinely in primary and permanent teeth. This review is divided into 2 parts: the first aims to illustrate the basic biology of the pulp and the effects on the pulp due to various procedures; the second focuses on the clinical aspects of treatment and the use of various dental materials during different vital pulp therapy procedures performed in the primary and permanent teeth.
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Nosrat A, Asgary S. Apexogenesis treatment with a new endodontic cement: a case report. J Endod 2010; 36:912-4. [PMID: 20416445 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2009.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2009] [Revised: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This article describes an apexogenesis report of an 8-year old boy referred to our clinic 4 weeks after an impact trauma to the maxillary left central incisor that caused a complicated crown fracture and pulpal exposure. METHODS In the radiographic examination, the tooth was observed to be immature. After access cavity preparation, cervical pulpotomy was performed, and the remaining pulp was capped with calcium enriched mixture (CEM) cement. The crown was restored by using the fractured incisal segment on the next day. RESULTS The radiographic and clinical examinations on the 6-month and 12-month follow-ups showed that the tooth remained functional, root development was completed, and the apex was formed. A calcified bridge was produced underneath the capping material. No further endodontic intervention was necessary. CONCLUSIONS Considering the healing potential of traumatized immature vital pulp, the use of CEM cement for apexogenesis might be an applicable choice; however, further clinical studies with longer follow-up periods are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Nosrat
- Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Kerman, Iran.
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Vital Pulp Therapy with New Materials: New Directions and Treatment Perspectives—Permanent Teeth. J Endod 2008; 34:S25-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2008.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulp capping in carious teeth has been considered unpredictable and therefore contraindicated. A recently developed material, mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), resists bacterial leakage and may provide protection for the pulp, allowing repair and continued pulp vitality in teeth when used in combination with a sealed restoration. METHODS Forty patients aged 7 to 45 years accepted pulp-capping treatment when they received a diagnosis no more severe than reversible pulpitis after undergoing cold testing and radiographic examination. The primary author removed caries using a caries detector dye and sodium hypochlorite solution for hemostasis and placed MTA over the exposures and all surrounding dentin. The operator then restored the teeth provisionally with unbonded Clearfil Photocore (Kuraray Medical, Okayama, Japan). During a second visit, the operator restored the teeth with bonded composite after sensibility testing and confirmed MTA curing. At recall appointments, patients were evaluated for reparative dentin formation, pulpal calcification, continued normal root development and evidence of pathosis. RESULTS Over an observation period of nine years, the authors followed 49 of 53 teeth and found that 97.96 percent had favorable outcomes on the basis of radiographic appearance, subjective symptoms and cold testing. All teeth in younger patients (15/15) that initially had open apexes showed completed root formation (apexogenesis). CONCLUSIONS MTA can be a reliable pulp-capping material on direct carious exposures in permanent teeth when a two-visit treatment protocol is observed. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Vital pulp therapy using MTA is a treatment option for teeth diagnosed with a condition no more severe than reversible pulpitis.
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Min KS, Chang HS, Bae JM, Park SH, Hong CU, Kim EC. The induction of heme oxygenase-1 modulates bismuth oxide-induced cytotoxicity in human dental pulp cells. J Endod 2008; 33:1342-6. [PMID: 17963960 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2007.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2007] [Revised: 06/15/2007] [Accepted: 07/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxic and nitric oxide (NO)-inducing effects of bismuth oxide (Bi(2)O(3))-containing Portland cement (BPC) on human dental pulp cells. We also assessed whether heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is involved in BPC-induced cytotoxicity in dental pulp cells. Cytotoxicity and NO production induced by BPC were higher than those induced by Portland cement at 12 and 24 hours, and the former gradually decreased to the level observed for PC. HO-1 and inducible nitric oxide synthase messenger RNA expressions in the BPC group showed maximal increase at 24 hours, and it gradually decreased with increasing cultivation time. Hemin treatment reversed the BPC-induced cytotoxicity, whereas zinc protoporphyrin IX treatment increased the cytotoxicity. These results suggested that NO production by BPC correlates with HO-1 expression in dental pulp cells. Moreover, BPC-induced HO-1 expression in dental pulp cells plays a protective role against the cytotoxic effects of BPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-San Min
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan, South Korea
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