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Shankar Havaldar K, Thoyalil M, Sathyaprasad S, Zaheer A, Belchada DK, Puthukkulangara A. A Comparative Evaluation of the Periodontal Ligament Cell Viability Using Placentrex, Propolis, and Hanks' Balanced Salt Solution: An In-Vitro Study. Cureus 2024; 16:e57454. [PMID: 38699086 PMCID: PMC11064881 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.57454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Most of the dento-alveolar trauma that occurs frequently in childhood is often linked to avulsion injuries. Two considerable elements influencing the prognosis of tooth avulsion after replantation are extraoral dry duration and the characteristics of the storage media to support the viability of cells. The study aimed to compare and assess the effectiveness of Hanks' balanced salt solution (HBSS) (HiMedia Laboratories, Thane, India) and Placentrex (Albert David Limited, Kolkata, India) against propolis (5% and 10%) as storage media in preserving the vitality of periodontal ligament (PDL) cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Four groups with 15 samples each were selected for the study. Sixty recently extracted premolars were left to incubate for 30 minutes in 15-ml falcon tubes containing 2.5 ml of collagenase 0.2 mg/ml in phosphate-buffered saline and 2.4 mg/ml of dispase in HBSS, Placentex, propolis 5%, and propolis 10%. After the addition of bovine serum, it was centrifuged for 4 minutes. Trypan blue 0.4% was utilized to recognize the cells, and a hemocytometer was employed for counting the live PDL cells under a light microscope. RESULTS Propolis 5% and 10%, HBSS, and Placentrex all showed statistically significant differences in PDL cell viability; however, HBSS was significantly outperformed by Placentrex and propolis. CONCLUSION Placentrex is a superior substitute storage medium in cases of tooth avulsion as opposed to alternatives such as propolis 5% and 10%.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Musaffar Thoyalil
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, P.S.M. College of Dental Science and Research, Thrissur, IND
| | - Savitha Sathyaprasad
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, KVG Dental College and Hospital, Sullia, IND
| | - Anshad Zaheer
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Travancore Dental College, Kollam, IND
| | - Dhanya Kamalakshan Belchada
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Mahe Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Mahe, IND
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Evaluation of delphinidin as a storage medium for avulsed teeth. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:21. [PMID: 36641447 PMCID: PMC9840347 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-02713-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delphinidin (DP), an anthocyanidin found in blueberries, has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of DP as a storage medium for avulsed teeth. METHODS Human periodontal ligament cells were cultured and exposed to DP solution (10, 50, and 100 μM), Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium, Hank's balanced salt solution and tap water. Cell counting kit-8 assays were performed after 0.5, 1, 6, and 24 h to measure the cell viability. Nitric oxide assays and gelatin zymography were performed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of DP. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used to determine the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines. RESULTS The viability of periodontal ligament cells was greatest at 100 μM DP. At 1 h, 100 μM DP decreased nitric oxide synthesis (p < .0167). Matrix metallopeptidase-9 activity was inhibited by DP in a dose-dependent manner (p < .0167). Moreover, treatment with 100 μM DP decreased the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-8 in periodontal ligament cells (p < .0167). CONCLUSIONS Within the limits of this study, DP preserved the viability and suppressed the inflammatory response of periodontal ligament cells. These findings suggest that DP could be promising for preservation of avulsed teeth.
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Bunwanna A, Damrongrungruang T, Puasiri S, Kantrong N, Chailertvanitkul P. Preservation of the viability and gene expression of human periodontal ligament cells by Thai propolis extract. Dent Traumatol 2020; 37:123-130. [PMID: 33185962 DOI: 10.1111/edt.12612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Success of tooth replantation depends on the quality and quantity of periodontal ligament (PDL) cells. The aims of this study were to evaluate Thai propolis extract as a storage medium for maintaining PDL cell viability and preserving gene expressions in PDL tissues. MATERIALS AND METHODS PDL cells from human premolars were tested for cytotoxicity of the extract by PrestoBlue assay to determine a non-toxic concentration. Subsequently, 96 freshly extracted premolars were allocated into different treatment groups. Control groups were freshly extracted premolars or they had been stored dry for 12 hours. Experimental avulsed teeth were created by leaving them air-dried for 30 minutes immediately after extraction, then they were immersed in Thai propolis extract, HBSS or milk for 3, 6 and 12 hours. After tooth storage, the remaining PDL cells were determined for their cell viability. RNA isolated from PDL tissues of three premolars treated similarly was analysed for periostin and S100A4 expressions using RT-qPCR. RESULTS Thai propolis extract at 0.625 mg mL-1 promoted the greatest PDL cell viability. Tooth storage in 0.625 mg mL-1 Thai propolis extract, HBSS or milk showed no difference in maintaining cell viability. Periostin mRNA level was preserved by Thai propolis extract. Expression of S100A4 mRNA in PDL tissues stored in all tested media was dampened. CONCLUSIONS PDL cells from mock avulsed teeth stored in 0.625 mg mL-1 Thai propolis extract for 3, 6 and 12 hours remained viable and the expression of periostin was preserved. This study suggests this extract as an alternative for a tooth storage medium for up to 12 hours. However, transporting an avulsed tooth in a storage medium for extended extra-oral time might affect the PDL cell phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atittaya Bunwanna
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | | | - Subin Puasiri
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Nutthapong Kantrong
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Pattama Chailertvanitkul
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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Resende KKM, Faria GP, Longo DL, Martins LJO, Costa CRR. In vitro
evaluation of plants as storage media for avulsed teeth: A systematic review. Dent Traumatol 2019; 36:3-18. [DOI: 10.1111/edt.12501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniele Lucca Longo
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Integrated Clinic of Faculty of Dentistry University of Rio Verde Rio Verde Brazil
| | | | - Cláudio Rodrigues Rezende Costa
- Department of Implant Dentistry, First Aid and Integrated Clinic of Faculty of Dentistry University of Rio Verde Rio Verde Brazil
- Department of Health Science University of Brasília Brasília Brazil
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Osmanovic A, Halilovic S, Kurtovic-Kozaric A, Hadziabdic N. Evaluation of periodontal ligament cell viability in different storage media based on human PDL cell culture experiments-A systematic review. Dent Traumatol 2018; 34:384-393. [PMID: 30193009 DOI: 10.1111/edt.12437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The best treatment for an avulsed tooth is immediate replantation. If this is not possible, a proper transport medium is required for the maintenance of viability of the periodontal ligament cells (PDL). The aim was to systematically review the efficacy of different storage media used for the survival of PDL cells of avulsed teeth in the in vitro setting. METHODS The search strategy was based on the MeSH keywords in PubMed/MEDLINE: "Transport media for avulsed teeth," "Storage media for avulsed teeth," "Knocked out teeth," "Tooth avulsion," "Biological transport of avulsed tooth," "Cell survival of avulsed tooth," "Cell viability of avulsed tooth," "Tooth replantation," and "Periodontal ligament in avulsed teeth." The "AND" and "OR" Boolean operators were applied to combine keywords. Each study was evaluated for eight criteria, including use of human PDL, in vitro cell culture models, the number of passages, types of storage media, percentages of surviving PDL cells, pH and osmolality of storage media, and the type of test used to asses PDL viability. RESULTS In 15 selected studies, nine storage media (HBSS, tap water, DMEM, milk, saliva, 10% and 20% propolis, Gatorade, and Viaspan) were analyzed at six time points. For storage up to 2 hours, HBSS, DMEM, milk, 10% propolis, 20% propolis, and Viaspan conserved more than 80% of PDL viability. For storage at 24 hours, Viaspan showed best cell survival at 88.4%, followed by DMEM (70.9%) and 10% propolis (68.3%). Milk and HBSS showed similar PDL survival at 24 hours (57.2% and 57.3%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Milk remains the most convenient, cheapest, and readily available solution in most situations while also being capable of keeping PDL cells alive. Further studies are required to evaluate the efficacy of more commonly found storage media besides milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Osmanovic
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Sabina Halilovic
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Amina Kurtovic-Kozaric
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.,Department of Pathology, Cytology and Human Genetics, University Clinical Center Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Naida Hadziabdic
- Department of Oral Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Bağ İ, Yildirim S. Effect of avulsion storage media on periodontal ligament fibroblast differentiation. Dent Traumatol 2017; 33:458-464. [DOI: 10.1111/edt.12356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- İrem Bağ
- Faculty of Dentistry; Department of Pediatric Dentistry; Dumlupınar University; Kütahya Turkey
| | - Sibel Yildirim
- Faculty of Dentistry; Department of Pediatric Dentistry; Selçuk University; Konya Turkey
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D'Costa VF, Bangera MK, Kini S, Kutty SM, Ragher M. An In vitro Comparison of Coconut Water, Milk, and Saline in Maintaining Periodontal Ligament Cell Viability. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2017; 9:S107-S111. [PMID: 29284947 PMCID: PMC5730994 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_117_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Two of the most critical factors affecting the prognosis of an avulsed tooth after replantation are extraoral dry time and the storage media in which the tooth is placed before treatment is rendered. The present study is undertaken to evaluate the periodontal ligament (PDL) cell viability after storage of teeth in different storage media, namely, coconut water, milk, and saline. Materials and Methods: Forty sound human premolars undergoing extraction for orthodontic purpose were selected. The teeth were allowed to lie dry on sand/mud for 30 min followed by which they were randomly divided and stored in three different media, i.e., coconut water, milk, and saline. After 45-min storage in their respective media, the root surface was then scraped for PDL tissue. Results: The ANOVA and Newman–Keuls post hoc procedure for statistical analysis of viable cell count under a light microscope using hemocytometer demonstrated that coconut water preserved significantly more PDL cells viable (P < 0.05) compared with milk and saline. Conclusion: Storage media help in preserving the viability of PDL cells when immediate replantation is not possible. This study evaluated the posttraumatic PDL cells’ viability following storage in three different storage media. Within the parameters of this study, it was found that coconut water is the most effective media for maintaining the viability of PDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Flourish D'Costa
- Department of Conservative and Endodontics, Yenepoya Dental College, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Madhu Keshava Bangera
- Department of Prosthodontics, AJ Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Shravan Kini
- Department of Conservative and Endodontics, Yenepoya Dental College, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Shakkira Moosa Kutty
- Department of Conservative and Endodontics, Yenepoya Dental College, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Mallikarjuna Ragher
- Department of Prosthodontics, Yenepoya Dental College, Yenepoya University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
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Prueksakorn A, Puasiri S, Ruangsri S, Makeudom A, Sastraruji T, Krisanaprakornkit S, Chailertvanitkul P. The preservative effect of Thai propolis extract on the viability of human periodontal ligament cells. Dent Traumatol 2016; 32:495-501. [DOI: 10.1111/edt.12292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Attaporn Prueksakorn
- Department of Restorative Dentistry; Faculty of Dentistry; Khon Kaen University; Khon Kaen Thailand
| | - Subin Puasiri
- Department of Community Dentistry; Faculty of Dentistry; Khon Kaen University; Khon Kaen Thailand
| | - Supanigar Ruangsri
- Department of Oral Biology; Faculty of Dentistry; Khon Kaen University; Khon Kaen Thailand
| | - Anupong Makeudom
- Division of Clinical Immunology; Department of Medical Technology; Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences; Chiang Mai University; Chiang Mai Thailand
| | - Thanapat Sastraruji
- Center of Excellence in Oral and Maxillofacial Biology; Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences; Faculty of Dentistry; Chiang Mai University; Chiang Mai Thailand
| | - Suttichai Krisanaprakornkit
- Center of Excellence in Oral and Maxillofacial Biology; Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences; Faculty of Dentistry; Chiang Mai University; Chiang Mai Thailand
| | - Pattama Chailertvanitkul
- Department of Restorative Dentistry; Faculty of Dentistry; Khon Kaen University; Khon Kaen Thailand
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Moura CCG, Soares PBF, Reis MVP, Dechichi P, Salgueiro CCM, Sobral MHNR, Zanetta Barbosa D, Soares CJ. Powdered coconut water as a storage medium to preserve the viability of periodontal ligament cells: a laboratory study. Int Endod J 2015; 50:84-89. [PMID: 26667879 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the ability of newly developed powdered coconut water formulas (ACP) with different osmolarities to maintain the viability of periodontal ligament (PDL) cells over time compared with other solutions. METHODOLOGY Dogs teeth were extracted and stored for two periods, 3 h or 24 h, in the following media: long-shelf life CW (CW), pH-adjusted long-shelf life CW (pH-CW) and powdered CW that was pH and osmolality adjusted (ACP-404-I, 250 mOsm kg-1 H2 O; pH 7.0; ACP-404-II, 372 mOsm kg-1 H2 O; pH 7.0; ACP-404-III, 300 mOsm kg-1 H2 O; pH 7.4). The positive control group (Pc) corresponded to immediate measurement after tooth extraction, and two negative controls (Nc) corresponded to 3 h and 24 h of dry time. PDL cells were extracted, and cell viability analysed by Trypan blue exclusion. Data were analysed statistically using two-way anova followed by the Tukey test and one-way anova followed by the Dunnett test (P < 0.05). RESULTS At 3 h and 24 h, ACP-404-I had a performance similar to those of ACP-404-II and pH-CW, with significantly higher (P = 0.004) percentages of viable cells than ACP-404-III and CW. The positive control group had a significantly higher (P = 0.002) percentage of viable cells than the negative control groups, CW and ACP-404-III, irrespective of the period evaluated. CONCLUSION Powdered coconut water formulas, ACP-404-I and ACP-404-II, preserved viability for up to 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C G Moura
- Department of Endodontics, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - P B F Soares
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Implantology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - M V P Reis
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Dental Materials, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - P Dechichi
- Department of Morphology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - C C M Salgueiro
- Veterinary Sciences Institute, Ceará State University, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - M H N R Sobral
- Veterinary Sciences Institute, Ceará State University, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - D Zanetta Barbosa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Implantology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - C J Soares
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Dental Materials, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
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Bashaw MA. Guideline Implementation: Autologous Tissue Management. AORN J 2015; 102:270-80; quiz 281-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aorn.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Does propolis help to maintain oral health? EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:351062. [PMID: 23365605 PMCID: PMC3556426 DOI: 10.1155/2013/351062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Propolis, known also as bee glue, is a wax-cum-resin substance which is created out of a mix of buds from some trees with the substance secreted from bee's glands. Its diverse chemical content is responsible for its many precious salubrious properties. It was used in medicine already in ancient Egypt. Its multiple applications during the centuries have been studied and described in details. The purpose of this study is to present the possible use of propolis in treatment of various diseases of oral cavity in their dental aspect. The paper presents properties and possible applications of bee glue depending on dental specialities. An overview of publications which appeared during the recent years will allow the reader to follow all the possibilities to apply propolis in contemporary dentistry.
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Wang WJ, Zhao YM, Feng XY, Jia WQ, Ge LH. Effect of skimmed pasteurized milk and Hank's balanced salt solution on viability and osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells. Dent Traumatol 2012; 29:365-71. [PMID: 23067388 DOI: 10.1111/edt.12007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of skimmed pasteurized milk and Hank's balanced salt solution on the viability and osteogenic differentiation potential of the human periodontal ligament stem cells at room temperature in vitro. MATERIAL AND METHODS Human periodontal ligament stem cells were obtained from extracted healthy third molars and conserved in skimmed pasteurized milk and Hank's balanced salt solution for 1, 2, and 4 h at room temperature to detect the viability of the cells and their osteogenic differentiation potential. RESULTS The efficacy of skimmed pasteurized milk on cell viability at 4 h was significantly higher than that of HBSS (P < 0.05), and cells stored in skimmed pasteurized milk showed significantly higher levels of mineralization than those in HBSS at 2 and 4 h (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Skimmed pasteurized milk was more effective than Hank's balanced salt solution in maintaining the viability and osteogenic differentiation potential of PDLSCs at room temperature in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jun Wang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
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Moura CCG, Soares PBF, Reis MVDP, Fernandes Neto AJ, Soares CJ. Soy milk as a storage medium to preserve human fibroblast cell viability: an in vitro study. Braz Dent J 2012; 23:559-63. [DOI: 10.1590/s0103-64402012000500015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Soy milk (SM) is widely consumed worldwide as a substitute for cow milk. It is a source of vitamins, carbohydrates and sugars, but its capacity to preserve cell viability has not been evaluated. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of SM to maintain the viability of human fibroblasts at short periods compared with different cow milks. Human mouth fibroblasts were cultured and stored in the following media at room temperature: 10% Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) (positive control group); long shelf-life ultra-high temperature whole cow milk (WM); long shelf-life ultra-high temperature skim cow milk (SKM); powdered cow milk (PM); and soy milk (SM). After 5, 15, 30 and 45 min, cell viability was analyzed using the MTT assay. Data were analyzed statistically by the Kruskal-Wallis test with post-analysis using the Dunn's method (α=0.05). SKM showed the lowest capacity to maintain cell viability in all analyzed times (p<0.05). At 30 and 45 min, the absorbance levels in control group (DMEM) and SM were significantly higher than in SKM (p<0.05). Cell viability decreased along the time (5-45 min). The results indicate that SM can be used as a more adequate storage medium for avulsed teeth. SKM was not as effective in preserving cell viability as the cell culture medium and SM.
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Current developments in interim transport (storage) media in dentistry: an update. Br Dent J 2011; 211:29-33. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2011.523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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