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Kurevlev SV, Tskhovrebova LV, Aghajanyan AV, Fatkhudinov TK, Gordon KB, Azova MM. Methylation of the tumor associated genes in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. HEAD AND NECK TUMORS (HNT) 2023. [DOI: 10.17650/2222-1468-2022-12-4-61-70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Introduction. Head and neck cancer is a heterogenous group of malignant tumors of different etiologies, molecular mechanisms of which are still insufficiently studied.Aim. Investigation of DNA methylation status of some tumor associated genes (RASSF1A, RASSF2, RASSF5, CDO1, MEST and WIF1) in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.Materials and methods. The DNA methylation level of normal and tumor tissues was analyzed using bisulfite conversion and methylation-sensitive high-resolution melting in 25 patients (21 men and 4 women) diagnosed with neck squamous cell carcinoma.Results. There were significant differences in levels of DNA methylation between tumor and normal tissues in the CDO1 and WIF1 genes in all groups and subgroups of patients (larynx and other cancers, squamous cell carcinoma keratinizing and non-keratinizing, primary and recurrent tumor, smokers and non-smokers). The methylation level in the CDO1 gene in tumor tissue was significantly increased in the T4 and T3 stage subgroups compared to T2.Conclusion. The increased level of methylation of the CDO1 and WIF1 genes, as well as changes in their expression are among the molecular mechanisms involved in the neck squamous cell carcinoma development. They can be considered as prognostic and diagnostic markers for this pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - K. B. Gordon
- Рeoples’ Friendship University of Russia; A.F. Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Center – branch of the National Medical Research Center of Radiology, Ministry of Health of Russia
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Hurník P, Chyra Z, Ševčíková T, Štembírek J, Trtková KS, Gaykalova DA, Buchtová M, Hrubá E. Epigenetic Regulations of Perineural Invasion in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Genet 2022; 13:848557. [PMID: 35571032 PMCID: PMC9091179 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.848557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Carcinomas of the oral cavity and oropharynx belong among the ten most common malignancies in the human population. The prognosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is determined by the degree of invasiveness of the primary tumor and by the extent of metastatic spread into regional and distant lymph nodes. Moreover, the level of the perineural invasion itself associates with tumor localization, invasion's extent, and the presence of nodal metastases. Here, we summarize the current knowledge about different aspects of epigenetic changes, which can be associated with HNSCC while focusing on perineural invasion (PNI). We review epigenetic modifications of the genes involved in the PNI process in HNSCC from the omics perspective and specific epigenetic modifications in OSCC or other neurotropic cancers associated with perineural invasion. Moreover, we summarize DNA methylation status of tumor-suppressor genes, methylation and demethylation enzymes and histone post-translational modifications associated with PNI. The influence of other epigenetic factors on the HNSCC incidence and perineural invasion such as tobacco, alcohol and oral microbiome is overviewed and HPV infection is discussed as an epigenetic factor associated with OSCC and related perineural invasion. Understanding epigenetic regulations of axon growth that lead to tumorous spread or uncovering the molecular control of axon interaction with cancer tissue can help to discover new therapeutic targets for these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Hurník
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Zuzana Chyra
- Department of Hematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
| | - Tereza Ševčíková
- Department of Hematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
| | - Jan Štembírek
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
- Laboratory of Molecular Morphogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | - Kateřina Smešný Trtková
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Daria A. Gaykalova
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Marcela Buchtová
- Laboratory of Molecular Morphogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Eva Hrubá
- Laboratory of Molecular Morphogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
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Hier J, Vachon O, Bernstein A, Ibrahim I, Mlynarek A, Hier M, Alaoui-Jamali MA, Maschietto M, da Silva SD. Portrait of DNA methylated genes predictive of poor prognosis in head and neck cancer and the implication for targeted therapy. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10012. [PMID: 33976322 PMCID: PMC8113272 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89476-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to chronic infection with human papilloma virus (HPV) and exposure to environmental carcinogens, genetic and epigenetic factors act as major risk factors for head and neck cancer (HNC) development and progression. Here, we conducted a systematic review in order to assess whether DNA hypermethylated genes are predictive of high risk of developing HNC and/or impact on survival and outcomes in non-HPV/non-tobacco/non-alcohol associated HNC. We identified 85 studies covering 32,187 subjects where the relationship between DNA methylation, risk factors and survival outcomes were addressed. Changes in DNA hypermethylation were identified for 120 genes. Interactome analysis revealed enrichment in complex regulatory pathways that coordinate cell cycle progression (CCNA1, SFN, ATM, GADD45A, CDK2NA, TP53, RB1 and RASSF1). However, not all these genes showed significant statistical association with alcohol consumption, tobacco and/or HPV infection in the multivariate analysis. Genes with the most robust HNC risk association included TIMP3, DCC, DAPK, CDH1, CCNA1, MGMT, P16, MINT31, CD44, RARβ. From these candidates, we further validated CD44 at translational level in an independent cohort of 100 patients with tongue cancer followed-up beyond 10 years. CD44 expression was associated with high-risk of tumor recurrence and metastasis (P = 0.01) in HPV-cases. In summary, genes regulated by methylation play a modulatory function in HNC susceptibility and it represent a critical therapeutic target to manage patients with advanced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Hier
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research and Segal Cancer Centre, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, 3755 Côte Ste-Catherine Road, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Olivia Vachon
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research and Segal Cancer Centre, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, 3755 Côte Ste-Catherine Road, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Allison Bernstein
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research and Segal Cancer Centre, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, 3755 Côte Ste-Catherine Road, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Iman Ibrahim
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research and Segal Cancer Centre, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, 3755 Côte Ste-Catherine Road, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Alex Mlynarek
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research and Segal Cancer Centre, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, 3755 Côte Ste-Catherine Road, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Michael Hier
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research and Segal Cancer Centre, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, 3755 Côte Ste-Catherine Road, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Moulay A Alaoui-Jamali
- Segal Cancer Centre of the Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mariana Maschietto
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) and Boldrini Children's Center, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Daniela da Silva
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research and Segal Cancer Centre, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, 3755 Côte Ste-Catherine Road, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada. .,Segal Cancer Centre of the Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Paluszczak J. The Significance of the Dysregulation of Canonical Wnt Signaling in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030723. [PMID: 32183420 PMCID: PMC7140616 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The knowledge about the molecular alterations which are found in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) has much increased in recent years. However, we are still awaiting the translation of this knowledge to new diagnostic and therapeutic options. Among the many molecular changes that are detected in head and neck cancer, the abnormalities in several signaling pathways, which regulate cell proliferation, cell death and stemness, seem to be especially promising with regard to the development of targeted therapies. Canonical Wnt signaling is a pathway engaged in the formation of head and neck tissues, however it is not active in adult somatic mucosal cells. The aim of this review paper is to bring together significant data related to the current knowledge on the mechanisms and functional significance of the dysregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in head and neck tumors. Research evidence related to the role of Wnt signaling activation in the stimulation of cell proliferation, migration and inhibition of apoptosis in HNSCC is presented. Moreover, its role in promoting stemness traits in head and neck cancer stem-like cells is described. Evidence corroborating the hypothesis that the Wnt signaling pathway is a very promising target of novel therapeutic interventions in HNSCC is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Paluszczak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, ul. Swiecickiego 4, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
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Zhou Y, Zheng S, Luo Q, Huang X, Zhou Y, Li Z. Hypermethylation of DcR1, DcR2, DR4, DR5 gene promoters and clinical significance in tongue carcinoma. Am J Otolaryngol 2019; 40:102258. [PMID: 31399243 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) is one of the most common malignancies in the oral cavity, and its incidence and mortality have been constantly increasing these years. A large number of tumor suppressor genes are involved in the development of the TSCC and it has been reported that the aberrant hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes may play a key role in the process of the TSCC. In this study, we sought to analyze the association of methylation of DcR1, DcR2, DR4 and DR5 gene promoters and clinical significance in the TSCC to evaluate association between methylation of DcR1, DcR2, DR4 and DR5 gene and Clinical Significance in tongue squamous cell carcinoma. METHODS Methylation-specific PCR(MSP) was used to analyze the methylation of the promoters of TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) receptors in 45 TSCC cases. Real-Time PCR was used to detect the expression of the DcR1, DcR2, DR4 and DR5 gene. RESULTS All the four genes (DcR1, DcR2, DR4 and DR5) showed different methylation of promoters in TSCC, while methylation of these promoters in paired adjacent normal tissues were almost undetectable. Patients with high methylation index were diagnosed at younger age when compared with the ones with low methylation index. DcR1 and DR4 hypermethylation was correlated significantly with patients' TNM stage. CONCLUSIONS Methylation of DcR1, DcR2,DR4 and DR5 promoters are found in TSCC and may associate with its occurrence and development. Taking the reversibility of methylation into account,methylation is a potential targeted therapy of TSCC.
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Zhou WN, Du YF, Zheng Y, Zhang W, Wu YN, Song XM, Bai J. Inactivation of RUNX3 protein expression in tongue squamous cell carcinoma and its association with clinicopathological characteristics. Mol Med Rep 2018; 19:885-894. [PMID: 30535462 PMCID: PMC6323263 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of runt-related transcription factor 3 (RUNX3) in oral cancer remains controversial. The present study aimed to determine the status of RUNX3 protein expression and its association with clinicopathological characteristics in tongue squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). The present study used three pairs of tongue SCC and non-cancerous tissues to assess RUNX3 protein expression by western blot analysis, and two tongue SCC cell lines to determine RUNX3 protein localization by immunofluorescence and immunocytochemistry. Tissue microarray immunohistochemistry was performed to detect the clinical relevance of RUNX3 in 79 patients with tongue SCC. The results demonstrated that RUNX3 protein expression was reduced in tongue SCC tissues compared with in paired non-cancerous tissues. Similarly, the expression of RUNX3 was low in SCC25 and Cal27 cells, and was predominantly localized to the cytoplasm. In the 79 patients with tongue SCC, RUNX3 protein expression was presented in different manners in carcinoma nests and tumor stroma. RUNX3 in carcinoma nests (nRUNX3) exhibited nuclear positive staining in 24/79 samples, cytoplasmic mislocalization in 41/79 samples and was undetectable in 14/79 samples. RUNX3 in stroma (sRUNX3) exhibited nuclear positive staining in 40/79 samples and nuclear negative staining in 39/79 samples. Negative nRUNX3 expression was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis (P=0.014), clinical stage (P=0.027), and overall and disease-free survival (P=0.008 and P=0.007, respectively). In addition, negative sRUNX3 expression was associated with lymph node metastasis (P=0.003) and clinical stage (P=0.003); however, not with overall survival. The findings of the present study preliminarily suggested that cytoplasmic mislocalization of RUNX3 protein may be a common event in tongue SCC, and that sRUNX3 protein expression may be a potential prognostic biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Na Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Fei Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Yang Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Nong Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Meng Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Jin Bai
- Jiangsu Center for The Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China
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Hussein AA, Forouzanfar T, Bloemena E, de Visscher J, Brakenhoff RH, Leemans CR, Helder MN. A review of the most promising biomarkers for early diagnosis and prognosis prediction of tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2018; 119:724-736. [PMID: 30131545 PMCID: PMC6173763 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0233-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a great interest in developing biomarkers to enhance early detection and clinical management of tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC). However, the developmental path towards a clinically valid biomarker remains extremely challenging. Ideally, the initial key step in moving a newly discovered biomarker towards clinical implementation is independent replication. Therefore, the focus of this review is on biomarkers that consistently showed clinical relevance in two or more publications. METHODS We searched PubMed database for relevant papers across different TSCC sample sources, i.e., body fluids (saliva, serum/plasma) and tissues. No restriction regarding the date of publication was applied except for immunohistochemistry (IHC); only studies published between 2010 and June 2017 were included. RESULTS The search strategy identified 1429 abstracts, of which 96 papers, examining 150 biomarkers, were eventually included. Of these papers, 66% were exploratory studies evaluating single or a panel of biomarkers in one publication. Ultimately, based on studies that had undergone validation for their clinical relevance in at least two independent studies, we identified 10 promising candidates, consisting of different types of molecules (IL-6, IL-8, and Prolactin in liquid samples; HIF-1α, SOX2, E-cadherin, vimentin, MALAT1, TP53, and NOTCH1 in tissue biopsies) CONCLUSIONS: Although more exploratory research is needed with newer methods to identify biomarkers for TSCC, rigorous validation of biomarkers that have already shown unbiased assessment in at least two publications should be considered a high priority. Further research on these promising biomarkers or their combination in multi-institutional studies, could provide new possibilities to develop a specific panel for early diagnosis, prognosis, and individualized treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha A Hussein
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Pathology, Academic Centre for Dentistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tymour Forouzanfar
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Pathology, Academic Centre for Dentistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Bloemena
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Pathology, Academic Centre for Dentistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jgam de Visscher
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Pathology, Academic Centre for Dentistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud H Brakenhoff
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C René Leemans
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marco N Helder
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Pathology, Academic Centre for Dentistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Loss of RUNX3 expression inhibits bone invasion of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 8:9079-9092. [PMID: 28030842 PMCID: PMC5354716 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
High recurrence and lower survival rates in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) are associated with its bone invasion. We identified the oncogenic role of RUNX3 during bone invasion by OSCC. Tumor growth and the generation of osteolytic lesions were significantly inhibited in mice that were subcutaneously inoculated with RUNX3-knockdown human OSCC cells. RUNX3 knockdown enhanced TGF-β-induced growth arrest and inhibited OSCC cell migration and invasion in the absence or presence of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), a major growth factor abundant in the bone microenvironment. RUNX3 knockdown induced cell cycle arrest at the G1 and G2 phases and promoted G2 arrest by TGF-β in Ca9.22 OSCC cells. RUNX3 knockdown also inhibited both the basal and TGF-β-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition by increasing E-cadherin expression and suppressing the nuclear translocation of β-catenin. In addition, the expression and TGF-β-mediated induction of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), one of key osteolytic factors, was blocked in RUNX3-knockdown OSCC cells. Furthermore, treating human osteoblastic cells with conditioned medium derived from RUNX3-knockdown OSCC cells reduced the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL)/osteoprotegerin ratio compared with treatment with conditioned medium from RUNX3-expressing cells. These findings indicate that RUNX3 expression in OSCC cells contributes to their bone invasion and the resulting osteolysis by inducing their malignant behaviors and production of osteolytic factors. RUNX3 alone or in combination with TGF-β and PTHrP may be a useful predictive biomarker and therapeutic target for bone invasion by oral cancer.
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Zhou WN, Du YF, Bai J, Song XM, Zheng Y, Yuan H, Zhang W, Zhang ZD, Wu YN. RUNX3 plays a tumor suppressor role by inhibiting cell migration, invasion and angiogenesis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Rep 2017; 38:2378-2386. [PMID: 28765934 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although aberrant expression of Runt-related transcription factor 3 (RUNX3) contributes to tumor progression and metastasis in a number of carcinomas, the status of RUNX3 and its correlation with prognosis in oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) are still controversial. The aim of present study was to investigate the function of RUNX3 in OSCC and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Tissue microarray (TMA) consisting of 232 OSCC specimens was used to detect the expression of RUNX3 by immunohistochemistry method. The effects of RUNX3 restoration on OSCC cell migration and invasion were determined by wound-healing assay, migration and Matrigel cell invasion assays. The antiangiogenic role of RUNX3 was analyzed by testing proliferation and tube formation of human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) cultured with conditioned medium from RUNX3 transfected OSCC cell lines. The activities of MMP-9 and VEGF in RUNX3 transfected OSCC cell lines were examined by western blot and Elisa methods. RUNX3 expression was reduced in OSCC specimens and significantly associated with tumor size (P=0.002), lymph node statue (P=0.0036) and clinical stage (P=0.0001). Negative expression of RUNX3 correlated with worse 5-year overall and disease-specific survival rates (P=0.0348 and P=0.0301, respectively). Furthermore, we found that RUNX3 restoration suppressed cell migration and invasion through downregulating MMP-9 expression and secretion, and exerted antiangiogenic capability by inhibiting VEGF activity in HN6 and Cal27 cells. These findings suggested that RUNX3 played a tumor suppressor role in OSCC by inhibiting cell migration, invasion and angiogenesis, supporting that it could be a potential therapeutic target for OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Na Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Fei Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Jin Bai
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Meng Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Yang Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Hua Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Zheng-Dong Zhang
- Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Nong Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
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Biomarkers in diagnosis and therapy of oral squamous cell carcinoma: A review of the literature. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2017; 45:722-730. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2017.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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D'Souza W, Saranath D. Clinical implications of epigenetic regulation in oral cancer. Oral Oncol 2015; 51:1061-8. [PMID: 26421863 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Oral cancer is a high incidence cancer which is of major public health concern in India being the most common cancer in males and fifth most common cancer in females in India, contributing to 26% of the global oral cancer burden. The major risk factors of oral cancer are tobacco, alcohol and high risk Human Papilloma Virus type 16/18. However, only 3-12% of the high risk individuals with dysplasia develop oral cancer. Thus, individual genomic variants representing the genomic constitution and epigenetic alterations play a critical role in the development of oral cancer. Extensive epigenetic studies on the molecular lesions including oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, genes associated with apoptosis, DNA damage repair have been reported. The current review highlights epigenetic regulation with a focus on molecular biomarkers and epidrug therapy in oral cancer. Epigenetic regulation by hypermethylation, histone modifications and specific microRNAs are often associated with early events and advanced stages in oral cancer, and thus indicate epidrug therapy for intervention. The presence of epigenetic marks in oral lesions, cancers and tumor associated mucosa emphasizes indications as biomarkers and epidrugs with therapeutic potential for better patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy D'Souza
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunandan Divatia School of Science, SVKM's NMIMS (Deemed-to-be) University, Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Dhananjaya Saranath
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunandan Divatia School of Science, SVKM's NMIMS (Deemed-to-be) University, Mumbai 400056, India.
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Clausen MJAM, Melchers LJ, Mastik MF, Slagter-Menkema L, Groen HJM, van der Laan BFAM, van Criekinge W, de Meyer T, Denil S, Wisman GBA, Roodenburg JLN, Schuuring E. Identification and validation of WISP1 as an epigenetic regulator of metastasis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2015; 55:45-59. [PMID: 26391330 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymph node (LN) metastasis is the most important prognostic factor in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients. However, in approximately one third of OSCC patients nodal metastases remain undetected, and thus are not adequately treated. Therefore, clinical assessment of LN metastasis needs to be improved. The purpose of this study was to identify DNA methylation biomarkers to predict LN metastases in OSCC. Genome wide methylation assessment was performed on six OSCC with (N+) and six without LN metastases (N0). Differentially methylated sequences were selected based on the likelihood of differential methylation and validated using an independent OSCC cohort as well as OSCC from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Expression of WISP1 using immunohistochemistry was analyzed on a large OSCC cohort (n = 204). MethylCap-Seq analysis revealed 268 differentially methylated markers. WISP1 was the highest ranking annotated gene that showed hypomethylation in the N+ group. Bisulfite pyrosequencing confirmed significant hypomethylation within the WISP1 promoter region in N+ OSCC (P = 0.03) and showed an association between WISP1 hypomethylation and high WISP1 expression (P = 0.01). Both these results were confirmed using 148 OSCC retrieved from the TCGA database. In a large OSCC cohort, high WISP1 expression was associated with LN metastasis (P = 0.05), disease-specific survival (P = 0.022), and regional disease-free survival (P = 0.027). These data suggest that WISP1 expression is regulated by methylation and WISP1 hypomethylation contributes to LN metastasis in OSCC. WISP1 is a potential biomarker to predict the presence of LN metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn J A M Clausen
- Department of Pathology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Lieuwe J Melchers
- Department of Pathology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mirjam F Mastik
- Department of Pathology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Lorian Slagter-Menkema
- Department of Pathology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Otorhinolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Harry J M Groen
- Pulmonology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bernard F A M van der Laan
- Otorhinolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wim van Criekinge
- Department of Mathematical Modelling Statistics and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tim de Meyer
- Department of Mathematical Modelling Statistics and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Simon Denil
- Department of Mathematical Modelling Statistics and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - G Bea A Wisman
- Gynecologic Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan L N Roodenburg
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ed Schuuring
- Department of Pathology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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13
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Zhang XY, Li M, Sun K, Chen XJ, Meng J, Wu L, Zhang P, Tong X, Jiang WW. Decreased expression of GRIM-19 by DNA hypermethylation promotes aerobic glycolysis and cell proliferation in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2015; 6:101-15. [PMID: 25575809 PMCID: PMC4381581 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To identify novel tumor suppressor genes that are down-regulated by promoter hypermethylation in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), genome-wide methylation profiling was performed using a methylated DNA immunoprecipitation (MeDIP) array in HNSCC and normal mucosa tissue samples. Promoter hypermethylation of the candidate gene, gene associated with retinoid-interferon induced mortality-19 (GRIM-19), was confirmed in HNSCC cell lines. Multivariate regression analysis determined that GRIM-19 hypermethylation was an independent significant factor for HNSCC diagnosis (OR:125.562; P < 0.001). HNSCC patients with lower ratio of GRIM-19/ACTB hypermethylation had increased overall and disease free survival. Furthermore, the optimal cutoff provided 90% sensitivity and 77% specificity of GRIM-19 hypermethylation as a diagnostic marker for HNSCC. Ectopic expression of GRIM-19 in HNSCC cells led to increased oxygen consumption, reduced glycolysis and decreased cell proliferation. HNSCC cells ectopically expressing GRIM-19 displayed increased p53 activity as well as decreased Stat3 and HIF-1α activities. Moreover, GRIM-19 knockdown not only resulted in decreased oxygen consumption and increased aerobic glycolysis but also promoted cell proliferation and tumorigenic capacity in HNSCC cells. Our data indicate that decreased GRIM-19 expression due to promoter hypermethylation may be important in head and neck carcinogenesis by promoting cell proliferation and regulating metabolic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yun Zhang
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Minle Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Kai Sun
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Xiao-Jie Chen
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Jian Meng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Lifang Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xuemei Tong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Wei-Wen Jiang
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
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14
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Nair J, Jain P, Chandola U, Palve V, Vardhan NRH, Reddy RB, Kekatpure VD, Suresh A, Kuriakose MA, Panda B. Gene and miRNA expression changes in squamous cell carcinoma of larynx and hypopharynx. Genes Cancer 2015; 6:328-40. [PMID: 26413216 PMCID: PMC4575920 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Laryngo-pharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas are one of the most common head and neck cancers. Despite the presence of a large body of information, molecular biomarkers are not currently used in the diagnosis, treatment and management of patients for this group of cancer. Here, we have profiled expression of genes and microRNAs of larynx and hypopharynx tumors using high-throughput sequencing experiments. We found that matrix metalloproteinases along with SCEL, CRNN, KRT4, SPINK5, and TGM3 among others have significantly altered expression in these tumors. Alongside gene expression, the microRNAs hsa-miR-139, hsa-miR-203 and the hsa-miR-424/503 cluster have aberrant expression in these cancers. Using target genes for these microRNAs, we found the involvement of pathways linked to cell cycle, p53 signaling, and viral carcinogenesis significant (P-values 10(-13), 10(-9) and 10(-7) respectively). Finally, using an ensemble machine-learning tool, we discovered a unique 8-gene signature for this group of cancers that differentiates the group from the other tumor subsites of head and neck region. We investigated the role of promoter methylation in one of these genes, WIF1, and found no correlation between DNA methylation and down-regulation of WIF1. We validated our findings of gene expression, 8-gene signature and promoter methylation using q-PCR, data from TCGA and q-MSP respectively. Data presented in this manuscript has been submitted to the NCBI Geo database with the accession number GSE67994.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayalakshmi Nair
- Ganit Labs, Bio-IT Centre, Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Biotech Park, Electronic City, Bangalore, India
| | - Prachi Jain
- Ganit Labs, Bio-IT Centre, Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Biotech Park, Electronic City, Bangalore, India
| | - Udita Chandola
- Ganit Labs, Bio-IT Centre, Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Biotech Park, Electronic City, Bangalore, India
| | - Vinayak Palve
- Ganit Labs, Bio-IT Centre, Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Biotech Park, Electronic City, Bangalore, India
| | - N R. Harsha Vardhan
- Mazumdar Shaw Centre for Translational Research, Mazumdar Shaw Medical Centre, Narayana Hrudayalaya, Bangalore, India
| | - Ram Bhupal Reddy
- Mazumdar Shaw Centre for Translational Research, Mazumdar Shaw Medical Centre, Narayana Hrudayalaya, Bangalore, India
| | - Vikram D. Kekatpure
- Mazumdar Shaw Centre for Translational Research, Mazumdar Shaw Medical Centre, Narayana Hrudayalaya, Bangalore, India
| | - Amritha Suresh
- Mazumdar Shaw Centre for Translational Research, Mazumdar Shaw Medical Centre, Narayana Hrudayalaya, Bangalore, India
| | - Moni Abraham Kuriakose
- Mazumdar Shaw Centre for Translational Research, Mazumdar Shaw Medical Centre, Narayana Hrudayalaya, Bangalore, India
| | - Binay Panda
- Ganit Labs, Bio-IT Centre, Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Biotech Park, Electronic City, Bangalore, India
- Strand Life Sciences, Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore, India
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15
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Paluszczak J, Sarbak J, Kostrzewska-Poczekaj M, Kiwerska K, Jarmuż-Szymczak M, Grenman R, Mielcarek-Kuchta D, Baer-Dubowska W. The negative regulators of Wnt pathway-DACH1, DKK1, and WIF1 are methylated in oral and oropharyngeal cancer and WIF1 methylation predicts shorter survival. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:2855-61. [PMID: 25487617 PMCID: PMC4428535 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2913-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The deregulation of Wnt signaling has recently emerged as one of the drivers of head and neck cancers. This is frequently related to the methylation of several antagonists of this pathway. This study aimed at the assessment of the profile of methylation of Wnt pathway antagonists and the determination of the prognostic value of the methylation of selected genes in oral carcinomas. The methylation of DACH1, DKK1, LKB1, PPP2R2B, RUNX3, SFRP2, and WIF-1 was analyzed in 16 oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines using the methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. The methylation of selected genes was further analyzed in tumor sections from 43 primary oral carcinoma patients. The analysis of oral carcinoma cell lines showed very frequent methylation of SFRP2 and WIF-1 and also a less frequent methylation of DACH1 and DKK1. On the other hand, RUNX3 was methylated only in one cell line, while LKB1 and PPP2R2B were not methylated in any of the cell lines. The biallelic methylation of DKK1 correlated with the low level of expression of this gene. Further evaluation of the methylation of DACH1, DKK1, and WIF1 in a clinical patient group confirmed the frequent methylation of WIF1 and intermediate or low frequency of methylation of DACH1 or DKK1, respectively. Importantly, the methylation of WIF-1 correlated with shorter survival in oral cancer patients. Overall, the methylation of the antagonists of Wnt pathway is frequently detected in oral squamous cell carcinomas. The methylation of WIF1 may be considered a prognostic marker in oral cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Paluszczak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, ul. Święcickiego 4, 60-781, Poznań, Poland,
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16
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Ge L, Liu S, Xie L, Sang L, Ma C, Li H. Differential mRNA expression profiling of oral squamous cell carcinoma by high-throughput RNA sequencing. J Biomed Res 2015; 29:397. [PMID: 26273018 PMCID: PMC4585435 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.29.20140088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentially expressed genes are thought to regulate the development and progression of oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC). The purpose of this study was to screen differentially expressed mRNAs in OSCC and matched paraneoplastic normal tissues, and to explore the intrinsic mechanism of OSCC development and progression. We obtained the differentially expressed mRNA expression profiles in 10 pairs of fresh-frozen OSCC tissue specimens and matched paraneoplastic normal tissue specimens by high-throughput RNA sequencing. By using Gene Ontology enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses, the functional significance of the differentially expressed genes were analyzed. We identified 1,120 significantly up-regulated mRNAs and 178 significantly down-regulated mRNAs in OSCC, compared to normal tissue. The differentially expressed mRNAs were involved in 20 biological processes and 68 signal pathways. Compared to adjacent normal tissue, the expression of MAGEA11 was up-regulated; TCHH was down-regulated. These findings were verified by real-time PCR. These differentially expressed mRNAs may function as oncogenes or tumor suppressors in the development and progression of OSCC. This study provides novel insights into OSCC. However, further work is needed to determine if these differentially expressed mRNAs have potential roles as diagnostic biomarkers and candidate therapeutic targets for OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangyu Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Siyu Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Long Xie
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Lei Sang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Suzhou Huaxia Stomatological Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215002, China
| | - Changyan Ma
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Hongwei Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.
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17
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Quantitative methodology is critical for assessing DNA methylation and impacts on correlation with patient outcome. Clin Epigenetics 2014; 6:22. [PMID: 25859283 PMCID: PMC4391486 DOI: 10.1186/1868-7083-6-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA hypermethylation is reported as a frequent event and prognostic marker in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). Methylation has been commonly assessed with non-quantitative methodologies, such as methylation-specific PCR (MSP). We investigated previously reported hypermethylated genes with quantitative methodology in oral tongue squamous cell carcinomas (OTSCC). RESULTS The methylation status of 12 genes in 115 OTSCC samples was assessed by one or more of three quantitative analyses: methylation sensitive high resolution melting (MS-HRM), sensitive-melting analysis after real time-methylation specific PCR (SMART-MSP), and bisulfite pyrosequencing. In contrast to much of the literature, either no or infrequent locus-specific methylation was identified by MS-HRM for DAPK1, RASSF1A, MGMT, MLH1, APC, CDH1, CDH13, BRCA1, ERCC1, and ATM. The most frequently methylated loci were RUNX3 (18/108 methylated) and ABO (22/107 methylated). Interrogation of the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) HNSCC cohort confirmed the frequency of significant methylation for the loci investigated. Heterogeneous methylation of RUNX3 (18/108) and ABO (22/107) detected by MS-HRM, conferred significantly worse survival (P = 0.01, and P = 0.03). However, following quantification of methylation levels using pyrosequencing, only four tumors had significant quantities (>15%) of RUNX3 methylation which correlated with a worse patient outcome (P <0.001), while the prognostic significance of ABO hypermethylation was lost. RUNX3 methylation was not prognostic for the TCGA cohort (P = 0.76). CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated the critical need for quantification of methylation levels and its impact on correlative analyses. In OTSCC, we found little evidence of significant or frequent hypermethylation of many loci reported to be commonly methylated. It is likely that previous reports have overestimated the frequency of significant methylation events as a consequence of the use of non-quantitative methodology.
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18
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Paluszczak J, Hemmerling D, Kostrzewska-Poczekaj M, Jarmuż-Szymczak M, Grenman R, Wierzbicka M, Baer-Dubowska W. Frequent hypermethylation of WNT pathway genes in laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas. J Oral Pathol Med 2014; 43:652-7. [PMID: 24762262 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrations in the function of the WNT signaling pathway have been recently implicated in the pathogenesis of head and neck cancer, and the hypermethylation of several WNT cascade inhibitors were shown to be useful in disease prognosis. However, the extent of deregulation of WNT pathway by DNA hypermethylation has not been studied in detail in laryngeal cancer so far. The aim of this study was to establish the frequency of methylation of WNT pathway negative regulators in laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas and evaluate its prognostic significance. METHODS Twenty-six laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma cell lines and samples obtained from twenty-eight primary laryngeal carcinoma patients were analyzed. The methylation status of DKK1, LKB1, PPP2R2B, RUNX3, SFRP1, SFRP2, and WIF-1 was assessed using the methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Frequent hypermethylation of DKK1, PPP2R2B, SFRP1, SFRP2, and WIF-1 was detected, and a high methylation index was usually observed. Half of the cell lines analyzed and seventy percent of primary laryngeal carcinoma cases were characterized by the methylation of at least four genes. The hypermethylation of PPP2R2B or WIF-1 was associated with longer survival in laryngeal carcinoma cell lines. Moreover, the concurrent methylation of PPP2R2B and SFRP1 differentiated primary from recurrent laryngeal carcinoma cell lines. CONCLUSIONS Frequent hypermethylation of WNT pathway negative regulators is observed in laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas. The possible prognostic significance of the methylation of DKK1, PPP2R2B, and SFRP1 needs to be evaluated in further prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Paluszczak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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19
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p16INK4A and p14ARF gene promoter hypermethylation as prognostic biomarker in oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: a review. DISEASE MARKERS 2014; 2014:260549. [PMID: 24803719 PMCID: PMC3997957 DOI: 10.1155/2014/260549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is a heterogeneous group of tumors with each subtype having a distinct histopathological and molecular profile. Most tumors share, to some extent, the same multistep carcinogenic pathways, which include a wide variety of genetic and epigenetic changes. Epigenetic alterations represent all changes in gene expression patterns that do not alter the actual DNA sequence. Recently, it has become clear that silencing of cancer related genes is not exclusively a result of genetic changes such as mutations or deletions, but it can also be regulated on epigenetic level, mostly by means of gene promoter hypermethylation. Results from recent studies have demonstrated that DNA methylation patterns contain tumor-type-specific signatures, which could serve as biomarkers for clinical outcome in the near future. The topic of this review discusses gene promoter hypermethylation in oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The main objective is to analyse the available data on gene promoter hypermethylation of the cell cycle regulatory proteins p16INK4A and p14ARF and to investigate their clinical significance as novel biomarkers in OSCC. Hypermethylation of both genes seems to possess predictive properties for several clinicopathological outcomes. We conclude that the methylation status of p16INK4A is definitely a promising candidate biomarker for predicting clinical outcome of OSCC, especially for recurrence-free survival.
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20
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Arantes LMRB, de Carvalho AC, Melendez ME, Carvalho AL, Goloni-Bertollo EM. Methylation as a biomarker for head and neck cancer. Oral Oncol 2014; 50:587-92. [PMID: 24656975 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2014.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Head and neck cancer is a collective term that describes malignant tumors of the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx characterized by high incidence and mortality rates. Although most HNSCC originate from the mucosal surface of the upper aerodigestive tract, where they can be easily detected during a routine clinical examination. Often the definitive diagnosis is delayed because of the difficulty in differentiating from other similar lesions. Activation of proto-oncogenes and inactivation of tumor suppressor genes are the major molecular alterations involved in carcinogenesis. In addition, epigenetic changes can alter the expression of critical genes important in the development of a variety of cancers. The detection of aberrant gene promoter methylation as a tool for the detection of tumors or its use as prognostic marker have been described for many different cancers including HNSCC. The search for biomarkers has as its main aim the evaluation and measurement of the status of normal and pathological biological processes as well as pharmacological responses to certain treatments. The tracking of these biomarkers is an important part for the identification of individuals in the early stages of head and neck cancer for its diagnostic and prognostic relevance reflecting in high survival rates, better quality of life and less cost to the healthcare system. Therefore, assuming that cancer results from genetic and epigenetic changes, analyzes based on gene methylation profile in combination with the pathological diagnosis would be useful in predicting the behavior of these head and neck tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M R B Arantes
- Department of Molecular Biology, São José do Rio Preto Medical School (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto - SP, Brazil; Center for Research in Molecular Oncology, Barretos Cancer Hospital - Pio XII, Barretos - SP, Brazil
| | - A C de Carvalho
- Center for Research in Molecular Oncology, Barretos Cancer Hospital - Pio XII, Barretos - SP, Brazil
| | - M E Melendez
- Center for Research in Molecular Oncology, Barretos Cancer Hospital - Pio XII, Barretos - SP, Brazil
| | - A L Carvalho
- Center for Research in Molecular Oncology, Barretos Cancer Hospital - Pio XII, Barretos - SP, Brazil
| | - E M Goloni-Bertollo
- Department of Molecular Biology, São José do Rio Preto Medical School (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto - SP, Brazil.
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