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Kato R, Bruze M, Tegner Y. Chromosome breakage induced in vivo by a carcinogenic hydrocarbon in bone marrow cells of the Chinese hamster. Hereditas 2009; 61:1-8. [PMID: 5399201 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1969.tb01833.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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Kristoffersson U. The effect of cyclamate and saccharin on the chromosomes of a Chinese hamster cell line. Hereditas 2009; 70:271-82. [PMID: 4680637 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1972.tb01386.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Rubin H. Selective clonal expansion and microenvironmental permissiveness in tobacco carcinogenesis. Oncogene 2002; 21:7392-411. [PMID: 12379881 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Historically our knowledge about the direct carcinogenic activity of cigarette smoke and its constituents grew from painting experiments on the skin of mice to produce papillomas and carcinomas. The neutral fraction of cigarette smoke condensate had most of the carcinogenic activity in this test and was rich in carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the most abundant by far being BP. However, the concentration of BP in the condensate was only about 2% the amount of pure BP required to cause skin tumors. In other fractions there were non-carcinogenic constituents that promoted tumor formation when applied repeatedly to mouse skin that had been initiated by a single subcarcinogenic application of BP. There were also constituents of cigarette smoke that acted as co-carcinogens when applied simultaneously with repeated applications of BP. BP was effective as an initiator at lower concentrations than as a complete carcinogen, and some non-carcinogenic PAHs in the condensate were also active initiators. It was concluded from these studies that cigarette smoke condensate is primarily a tumor-promoting and co-carcinogenic agent with weak activity as a complete carcinogen. A major effect of promoters, and possibly of co-carcinogens, is a diffuse hyperplasia which includes selective expansion of clones carrying endogenous mutations and/or mutations induced by PAHs and other carcinogens such as NNK. The induced mutations as well as damaged cells would occur throughout the exposed region and, along with the hyperplasia, increase the permissiveness of the cellular microenvironment for neoplastic expression of any potential tumor cell in its midst. Since neither the promoters nor co-carcinogens in tobacco smoke are known to interact directly with DNA, their effects can be considered epigenetic processes that act upon genetically altered cells. Examples are cited from studies of experimental skin carcinogenesis, smoking-induced histopathological changes in human lung and spontaneous transformation in cell culture to illustrate the genetic and epigenetic interactions of neoplastic development in general and their significance for smoking-induced lung cancer in particular. Certain dietary modifications that appear to be effective in moderating the promotional phase of animal and human carcinogenesis are suggested for trial in managing lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Rubin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Life Sciences Addition, University of California, Berkeley, California, CA 94720-3200, USA.
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Rubin H. Synergistic mechanisms in carcinogenesis by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and by tobacco smoke: a bio-historical perspective with updates. Carcinogenesis 2001; 22:1903-30. [PMID: 11751421 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/22.12.1903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
B[a]P (benzo[a]pyrene) has been used as a prototype carcinogenic PAH since its isolation from coal tar in the 1930's. One of its diol epoxides, BPDE-2, is considered its ultimate carcinogen on the basis of its binding to DNA, mutagenicity and extreme pulmonary carcinogenicity in newborn mice. However, BPDE-1 has a similar binding to DNA and mutagenicity but it is not carcinogenic. In addition, BPDE-2 is a weak carcinogen relative to B[a]P when repeatedly applied to mouse skin, the conventional assay site. Its carcinogenicity is increased when applied once as an initiator followed repeatedly by a promoter. This indicates a major role for promotion in carcinogenesis by PAHs. Promotion itself is a 2-stage process, the second of which is selective propagation of the initiated cells. Persistent hyperplasia underlies selection by promoters. The non-carcinogenicity of BPDE-1 has yet to be resolved. PAHs have long been considered the main carcinogens of cigarette smoke but their concentration in the condensate is far too low to account by themselves for the production of skin tumors. The phenolic fraction does however have strong promotional activity when repeatedly applied to initiated mouse skin. Several constituents of cigarette smoke are co-carcinogenic when applied simultaneously with repeated applications of PAHs. Catechol is co-carcinogenic at concentrations found in the condensate. Since cigarette smoking involves protracted exposure to all the smoke constituents, co-carcinogenesis simulates its effects. Both procedures, however, indicate a major role for selection in carcinogenesis by cigarette smoke. That selection may operate on endogenous mutations as well as those induced by PAHs. There are indications that the nicotine-derived NNK which is a specific pulmonary carcinogen in animals contributes to smoking-induced lung cancer in man. Lung adenoma development by inhalation has been induced in mice by the gas phase of cigarette smoke. The role of selection has not been evaluated in either of these cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Rubin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Life Sciences Addition, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA.
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Abstract
The clastogenic potential of copper sulphate was evaluated in chicks, employing chromosome aberration (CA) and micronucleus test (MNT) assays. For CA dose, route, time-response and acute vs. subacute studies have been done while only route and dose-response studies were done for MNT. Three different doses were administered intraperitoneally, and only the highest dose was administered per oral. Neonatal chicks were killed after different time intervals. One-fifth of the highest dose was injected repeatedly with a gap of 24 h in-between for sub-acute regimen. A statistically significant (p<0.05) increase of CA was observed by the two higher doses in i.p. route and by the highest dose in p.o. route. In time-response studies, significant (P<0.05) results were obtained after 24 and 48 h of exposures. A significant increase in micronucleus counts was also observed with the two higher doses in both bone marrow and peripheral blood erythrocytes by the i.p. route and only by the highest dose in bone marrow erythrocytes by the p.o. route. The present results reveal the genotoxic potential of CuSO4 in chick in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Bhunya
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology and Wildlife Genetics, P.G. Department of Zoology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India
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Preston RJ, Au W, Bender MA, Brewen JG, Carrano AV, Heddle JA, McFee AF, Wolff S, Wassom JS. Mammalian in vivo and in vitro cytogenetic assays: a report of the U.S. EPA's gene-tox program. Mutat Res 1981; 87:143-88. [PMID: 7035930 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1110(81)90030-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
This report presents an assessment made by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Gene-Tox Program's Work Group on mammalian cytogenetics of the clastogenic effects of chemicals in in vivo and in vitro mammalian cell assays. This assessment is based on information provided by the Environmental Mutagen Information Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, with the proviso that the experimental protocol used in these papers was adjudged to be acceptable by standards outlined by the Work Group. Some data were accepted as "qualitative only" because the protocol used was fairly close to that proposed as suitable. Using these criteria, 177 papers were selected for review. 6 assays were reviewed: bone marrow (32 papers, 31 chemicals), spermatogonial (10 papers, 10 chemicals), spermatocyte (25 papers, 25 chemicals), oocyte or early embryo (18 papers, 19 chemicals), in vitro cell culture (30 papers, 66 chemicals), and leukocyte (66 papers, 53 chemicals). Each assay was considered separately, and comparisons were then made between them for their similarities or differences in producing a positive or negative clastogenic effect of a particular chemical or chemical class. A large proportion of the available cytogenetic data was not suitable for inclusion in the final data base because of poor experimental design or unsatisfactory reporting of the information. It was not possible to recommend any one assay for determining potential clastogenicity because each had its own particular advantages and limitations and provided unique information. For demonstrating in vivo effects, the bone-marrow assay is probably the simplest and most economical. If only in vitro exposures were considered, leukocytes or cultured mammalian cell lines would be suitable. However, there are advantages to using leukocytes because they are a synchronous population, at least through their cell division, and because of the ready availability of human cells. In general, there was good agreement between clastogenicity and carcinogenicity.
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Zytkovicz TH, Moses HL, Spelsberg TC. The binding of benzo(alpha)pyrene and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine to subnuclear fractions of AKR mouse embryo cells in culture. Int J Cancer 1977; 20:408-17. [PMID: 903191 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910200313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The marked localization of a carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, benzo(alpha)pyrene, and its metabolites and a carcinogenic alkylating agent, N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, to a specific subnuclear fraction (fraction I) from AKR-2B mouse embryo cells in culture is described. Fraction I is isolated by sucrose gradient centrifugation of sheared nuclei from cells exposed to the carcinogens. The association of tritiated benzo(alpha)-pyrene to fraction I consisted of loosely associated radioactivity which is extractable by organic solvents, and of tightly bound (termed "covalently" bound) radioactivity which is not extractable by organic solvents. Increases in the extent of metabolism of benzo(alpha)pyrene and in the amount of "covalently" bound radioactivity occur with increasing periods of incubation of the cells with the labelled carcinogen. This observation, together with the fact that these increases are dramatically reduced by inhibiting polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolism (using the inhibitor 7,8-benzo-flavone), suggests that a time-dependent metabolism of benzo(alpha)pyrene is required for "covalent" binding to muclear material. Data are presented suggesting that a two-step reaction may be involved in the binding of benzo(alpha)pyrene to subnuclear macromolecules. The fraction I localization of such structurally diverse chemical carcinogens as benzo(alpha)pyrene and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine suggests that this fraction may localize all species of chemical carcinogens and that this localization may be involved in the chemically induced malignant transformation of cells.
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ABE S, SASAKI M. Studies on Chromosomal Aberrations and Sister Chromatid Exchanges Induced by Chemicals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1977. [DOI: 10.2183/pjab1945.53.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Syuiti ABE
- Chromosome Research Unit, Hokkaido University
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Srivastava PK, Srivastava AK, Lucas FV. In-vivo chromoclastogenic effects of aflatoxin B1 in the hepatocytes of chinese hamsters. Genetica 1975. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01508312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zakharov AF, Egolina NA. Differential spiralization along mammalian mitotic chromosomes. I. BUdR-revealed differentiation in Chinese hamster chromosomes. Chromosoma 1972; 38:341-65. [PMID: 4672290 DOI: 10.1007/bf00320156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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O'Brien RL, Poon P, Kline E, Parker JW. Susceptibility of chromosomes from patients with Down's syndrome to 7,12-dimethylbenz(a) anthracene-induced aberrations in vitro. Int J Cancer 1971; 8:202-10. [PMID: 4257308 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910080204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Obe G, Sperling K, Belitz HJ. Einige Aspekte zur chemischen Mutagenese beim Menschen und bei Drosophila. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1971. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19710830902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Obe G, Sperling K, Belitz HJ. Some aspects of chemical mutagenesis in man and in Drosophila. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1971; 10:302-14. [PMID: 5005242 DOI: 10.1002/anie.197103021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Natarajan AT, Schmid W. Differential response of constitutive and facultative heterochromatin in the manifestation of mitomycin induced chromosome aberrations in Chinese hamster cells in vitro. Chromosoma 1971; 33:48-62. [PMID: 5574765 DOI: 10.1007/bf00326383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Arakaki DT, Schmid W. Chemical mutagenesis. The Chinese hamster bone marrow as an in vivo test system. II. Correlation with in vitro results on Chinese hamster fibroblasts and human fibroblasts and lymphocytes. HUMANGENETIK 1971; 11:119-31. [PMID: 5545036 DOI: 10.1007/bf00393792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Rees ED, Majumdar SK, Shuck A. Changes in chromosomes of bone marrow after intravenous injections of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene and related compounds. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1970; 66:1228-35. [PMID: 5273451 PMCID: PMC335810 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.66.4.1228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple intravenous injections of an emulsion containing 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) or 7,8,12-trimethylbenz(a)anthracene (TMBA) induce a high incidence of leukemia in rats. Twenty-four hours after a single injection, about half of the metaphase cells in the marrow have chromosomes with breaks. Although breaks were inflicted on chromosomes of various sizes and morphology, these aberrations were nonrandom in that members of the nos. 1 and 2 chromosome pairs were involved to an extent greater than expected on the basis of their size and number. Distinctive karyotypic abnormalities involving the no. 2 chromosome were observed in half of the leukemic rats, whereas these abnormalities were not observed in nonleukemic, DMBA-treated rats. Benzo(a)pyrene and benzo(e)pyrene, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons which did not induce leukemia, produced fewer breaks of the no. 2 (and other) chromosomes than did DMBA or TMBA.
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Bloom AD, Neel JV, Choi KW, Iida S, Chagnon N. Chromosome aberrations among the Yanomamma Indians. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1970; 66:920-7. [PMID: 5269253 PMCID: PMC283139 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.66.3.920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The chromosomes of leucocytes cultured from the peripheral blood of 49 primitive Yanomama Indians of Venezuela were studied to determine the types and frequencies of aberrations in a human population not exposed to the same exogenous agents as civilized man. In all but one instance, 100 cells per individual were scored. In 13 cases, we found one or more cells with multiple complex breaks and rearrangements, represented by tetracentric, tricentric, and numerous dicentric chromosomes. From the standpoint of chromosomal damage, these cells are among the most abnormal cells yet described in vivo in man, and were not seen in the controls. There was also a higher than expected frequency of cells with an isolated structural aberration in both Indians and controls. This may be the result of a 24- to 48-hour delay in the initiation of culture. The cause of the more extensive damage to some cells remains to be determined.
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Williams MF, Hoshino K. Early histogenesis of transplanted mouse mammary glands. I. Within 21 days following isografting. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ANATOMIE UND ENTWICKLUNGSGESCHICHTE 1970; 132:305-17. [PMID: 5492122 DOI: 10.1007/bf00569268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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O'Brien RL, Stanton R, Craig RL. Chromatin binding of benzo(a)pyrene and 20-methylcholanthrene. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1969; 186:414-7. [PMID: 5822842 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(69)90026-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Gebhart E. [Chromosome aberrations induced by myleran in human leukocytes in vitro]. HUMANGENETIK 1969; 7:126-36. [PMID: 5256940 DOI: 10.1007/bf00287077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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