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Reijnders E, van der Laarse A, Jukema JW, Cobbaert CM. High residual cardiovascular risk after lipid-lowering: prime time for Predictive, Preventive, Personalized, Participatory, and Psycho-cognitive medicine. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1264319. [PMID: 37908502 PMCID: PMC10613690 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1264319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
As time has come to translate trial results into individualized medical diagnosis and therapy, we analyzed how to minimize residual risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) by reviewing papers on "residual cardiovascular disease risk". During this review process we found 989 papers that started off with residual CVD risk after initiating statin therapy, continued with papers on residual CVD risk after initiating therapy to increase high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), followed by papers on residual CVD risk after initiating therapy to decrease triglyceride (TG) levels. Later on, papers dealing with elevated levels of lipoprotein remnants and lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] reported new risk factors of residual CVD risk. And as new risk factors are being discovered and new therapies are being tested, residual CVD risk will be reduced further. As we move from CVD risk reduction to improvement of patient management, a paradigm shift from a reductionistic approach towards a holistic approach is required. To that purpose, a personalized treatment dependent on the individual's CVD risk factors including lipid profile abnormalities should be configured, along the line of P5 medicine for each individual patient, i.e., with Predictive, Preventive, Personalized, Participatory, and Psycho-cognitive approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Reijnders
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - A. van der Laarse
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - J. W. Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - C. M. Cobbaert
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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Endothelial Dysfunction, Erectile Deficit and Cardiovascular Disease: An Overview of the Pathogenetic Links. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081848. [PMID: 36009395 PMCID: PMC9405076 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a condition with multifactorial pathogenesis, quite common among men, especially those above 60 years old. A vascular etiology is the most common cause. The interaction between chronic inflammation, androgens, and cardiovascular risk factors determines macroscopically invisible alterations such as endothelial dysfunction and subsequent atherosclerosis and flow-limiting stenosis that affects both penile and coronary arteries. Thus, ED and cardiovascular disease (CVD) should be considered two different manifestations of the same systemic disorder, with a shared aetiological factor being endothelial dysfunction. Moreover, the penile arteries have a smaller size compared with coronary arteries; thus, for the same level of arteriopathy, a more significant blood flow reduction will occur in erectile tissue compared with coronary circulation. As a result, ED often precedes CVD by 2–5 years, and its diagnosis offers a time window for cardiovascular risk mitigation. Growing evidence suggests, in fact, that patients presenting with ED should be investigated for CVD even if they have no symptoms. Early detection could facilitate prompt intervention and a reduction in long-term complications. In this review, we provide an overview of the pathogenetic mechanisms behind arteriogenic ED and CVD, focusing on the role of endothelial dysfunction as the common denominator of the two disorders. Developed algorithms that may help identify those patients complaining of ED who should undergo detailed cardiologic assessment and receive intensive treatment for risk factors are also analyzed.
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Cardiovascular and metabolic monitoring of children and adolescents on antipsychotic treatment: A cross-sectional descriptive study. REVISTA DE PSIQUIATRIA Y SALUD MENTAL 2016; 11:19-26. [PMID: 27291832 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpsm.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular and metabolic monitoring of patients on antipsychotic medication is essential. This becomes more important in those of paediatric age, as they are more vulnerable, and also because prescriptions of this kind of drugs are still increasing. AIM To evaluate the monitoring of cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors in a group of children and young people on antipsychotic medication. METHOD A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in which a group of 220 patients aged 8-17 years, diagnosed with a mental disorder and on antipsychotic treatment. They were compared to a control group of 199 asthmatic patients not exposed to antipsychotic drugs. Data was extracted from the computerised clinical history ECAP in 2013. RESULTS The mean age of the children was 12 years (8-17). Risperidone (67%) was the most frequent treatment. The recording of Body Mass Index (BMI) and blood pressure (AP) was 50% in Mental Disorder (MD) patients. A higher number of cardiovascular monitoring physical parameters (weight, height, BMI and BP) were observed in the MD group compared to the control Asthma control group. Altogether, more physical parameters than biochemistry parameters were recorded. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that the recording of cardiovascular parameters and metabolic studies needs to be improved in children and adolescents on treatment with antipsychotics.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This narrative review discusses the associations of erectile dysfunction with coronary heart disease (CHD) morbidity and mortality, all-cause death and CHD risk factors. Treatment strategies for erectile dysfunction are also mentioned. RECENT FINDINGS Erectile dysfunction shares common pathways and risk factors with vascular diseases. Erectile dysfunction has been reported to independently predict CHD events, thus highlighting its role as a marker of early atherosclerosis. Erectile dysfunction prevalence may be followed by the presentation of CHD symptoms in 2-3 years, and a CHD event may occur in 3-5 years. Furthermore, erectile dysfunction has been associated with stroke, peripheral artery disease, diabetes and chronic kidney disease as well as with several CHD risk factors including hypertension, dyslipidaemia, smoking, obesity, metabolic syndrome, hyperuricaemia, arterial stiffness and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. On the basis of these data, erectile dysfunction may be regarded as a part of polyvascular disease. SUMMARY Patients with erectile dysfunction are at an increased risk for CHD morbidity and/or mortality as well as for all-cause death. Clinicians should monitor patients with erectile dysfunction by assessing their vascular risk and preventing or adequately treating CHD risk factors. In this context, lifestyle interventions should be recommended in addition to drug treatment to attain better outcomes.
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Cao C, Hu J, Dong Y, Zhan R, Li P, Su H, Peng Q, Wu T, Lei L, Huang X, Wu Q, Cheng X. Gender differences in the risk factors for endothelial dysfunction in Chinese hypertensive patients: homocysteine is an independent risk factor in females. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118686. [PMID: 25692574 PMCID: PMC4334966 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Endothelial dysfunction plays a key role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. However, the gender-related differences in risk factors for endothelial dysfunction are controversial. We investigated the gender differences in the risk factor profiles for endothelial dysfunction in Chinese hypertensive patients. Methods Vascular endothelial functions in 213 hypertensive patients were measured by digital reactive hyperemia peripheral arterial tonometry (RH-PAT). Peripheral blood samples were collected, and the self-reported smoking and alcohol consumption status, age, body mass index, heart rate, blood pressure and drug administrations were recorded. Results RH-PAT indexes were attenuated in both male and female hypertensive patients [1.60 (1.38-2.02) vs. 1.63 (1.44-1.98)]. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified plasma creatinine (p < 0.001), total cholesterol (p = 0.001), homocysteine (p = 0.002) and smoking (p < 0.001) as the independent factors correlated with gender (male). Multivariate linear regression analysis further identified homocysteine as the factor that is significantly and independently correlated with the decrease in the RH-PAT indexes in female patients (odds ratio: -0.166, 95% confidence interval: -0.292 to -0.040, p = 0.01). However, none of these four factors were correlated with the RH-PAT indexes in male patients. Conclusions There are gender-related differences in the risk factors for endothelial dysfunction in Chinese hypertensive patients. Homocysteine is an independent factor for endothelial dysfunction in female hypertensive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Cao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Jianxin Hu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yifei Dong
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Jiangxi Province, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Rui Zhan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Hai Su
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Qiang Peng
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Liang Lei
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Xiao Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Qinghua Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Xiaoshu Cheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
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Nehra A, Jackson G, Miner M, Billups KL, Burnett AL, Buvat J, Carson CC, Cunningham GR, Goldstein I, Guay AT, Hackett G, Kloner RA, Kostis J, Montorsi P, Ramsey M, Rosen RC, Sadovsky R, Seftel AD, Vlachopoulos C, Wu FC. Diagnosis and Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction for Reduction of Cardiovascular Risk. J Urol 2013; 189:2031-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2012.12.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Nehra
- Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Graham Jackson
- Guys and St. Thomas Hospitals London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Miner
- Family Medicine and Urology, Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Kevin L. Billups
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Arthur L. Burnett
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jacques Buvat
- Centre d'Etude et de Traitement de la Pathologie de l'Appareil Reproducteur et de la Psychosomatique, Lille, France
| | | | - Glenn R. Cunningham
- Baylor College of Medicine and St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Andre T. Guay
- Center for Sexual Function/Endocrinology, Lahey Clinic Medical Center, Peabody, Massachusetts
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Geoff Hackett
- Good Hope Hospital, Birmingham and Andrology Research Unit, Developmental and Regenerative Biomedicine Research Group, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A. Kloner
- Good Samaritan Hospital and Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine at University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - John Kostis
- University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Piero Montorsi
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Institute of Cardiology University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Melinda Ramsey
- Complete Healthcare Communications, Inc., Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Richard Sadovsky
- State University of New York-Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Allen D. Seftel
- University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey
- Cooper University Hospital, Camden, New Jersey
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Erectile dysfunction and testosterone deficiency as gender-specific markers of cardiometabolic risk in minority and non-minority men: potential role of social determinants. JOURNAL OF MEN'S HEALTH 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jomh.2012.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Jain A, Harvey D, Robertson L, Mikhailidis DP, Nair DR. Gender-based cardiometabolic risk evaluation in minority and non-minority men grading the evidence of non-traditional determinants of cardiovascular risk. Int J Clin Pract 2011; 65:715-6. [PMID: 21564448 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2011.02674.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Wierzbicki AS, Jackson G. NO Problem: Arterial and Venous Endothelial Function and Erectile Dysfunction. Eur Urol 2011; 59:956-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2011.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Kirby M. Cardiovascular risk estimation--what is missing? Int J Clin Pract 2011; 65:111-3. [PMID: 21235692 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2010.02602.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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