1
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John T, Saffoon N, Walsby-Tickle J, Hester SS, Dingler FA, Millington CL, McCullagh JSO, Patel KJ, Hopkinson RJ, Schofield CJ. Aldehyde-mediated inhibition of asparagine biosynthesis has implications for diabetes and alcoholism. Chem Sci 2024; 15:2509-2517. [PMID: 38362406 PMCID: PMC10866355 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06551k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Patients with alcoholism and type 2 diabetes manifest altered metabolism, including elevated aldehyde levels and unusually low asparagine levels. We show that asparagine synthetase B (ASNS), the only human asparagine-forming enzyme, is inhibited by disease-relevant reactive aldehydes, including formaldehyde and acetaldehyde. Cellular studies show non-cytotoxic amounts of reactive aldehydes induce a decrease in asparagine levels. Biochemical analyses reveal inhibition results from reaction of the aldehydes with the catalytically important N-terminal cysteine of ASNS. The combined cellular and biochemical results suggest a possible mechanism underlying the low asparagine levels in alcoholism and diabetes. The results will stimulate research on the biological consequences of the reactions of aldehydes with nucleophilic residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias John
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and the Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Nadia Saffoon
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and the Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - John Walsby-Tickle
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and the Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Svenja S Hester
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Felix A Dingler
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital/Headley Way Oxford OX3 9DS UK
| | - Christopher L Millington
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital/Headley Way Oxford OX3 9DS UK
| | - James S O McCullagh
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and the Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Ketan J Patel
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital/Headley Way Oxford OX3 9DS UK
| | - Richard J Hopkinson
- Leicester Institute for Structural and Chemical Biology and School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Henry Wellcome Building Lancaster Road Leicester LE1 7RH UK
| | - Christopher J Schofield
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and the Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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2
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Andjelkovic M, Zinovjev K, Ramos-Guzmán CA, Ruiz- Pernía JJ, Tuñón I. Elucidation of the Active Form and Reaction Mechanism in Human Asparaginase Type III Using Multiscale Simulations. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:5676-5688. [PMID: 37635309 PMCID: PMC10852353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c00900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
l-asparaginases catalyze the asparagine hydrolysis to aspartate. These enzymes play an important role in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia because these cells are unable to produce their own asparagine. Due to the immunogenic response and various side effects of enzymes of bacterial origin, many attempts have been made to replace these enzymes with mammalian enzymes such as human asparaginase type III (hASNaseIII). This study investigates the reaction mechanism of hASNaseIII through molecular dynamics simulations, quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics methods, and free energy calculations. Our simulations reveal that the dimeric form of the enzyme plays a vital role in stabilizing the substrate in the active site, despite the active site residues coming from a single protomer. Protomer-protomer interactions are essential to keep the enzyme in an active conformation. Our study of the reaction mechanism indicates that the self-cleavage process that generates an N-terminal residue (Thr168) is required to activate the enzyme. This residue acts as the nucleophile, attacking the electrophilic carbon of the substrate after a proton transfer from its hydroxyl group to the N-terminal amino group. The reaction mechanism proceeds with the formation of an acyl-enzyme complex and its hydrolysis, which turns out to be the rate-determining step. Our proposal of the enzymatic mechanism sheds light on the role of different active site residues and rationalizes the studies on mutations. The insights provided here about hASNaseIII activity could contribute to the comprehension of the disparities among different ASNases and might even guide the design of new variants with improved properties for acute lymphoblastic leukemia treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milorad Andjelkovic
- Departamento
de Química Física, Universidad
de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Kirill Zinovjev
- Departamento
de Química Física, Universidad
de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Carlos Alberto Ramos-Guzmán
- Departamento
de Química Física, Universidad
de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
- Instituto
de Materiales Avanzados, Universidad Jaume
I, 12071 Castelló, Spain
| | | | - Iñaki Tuñón
- Departamento
de Química Física, Universidad
de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
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3
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Surpeta B, Grulich M, Palyzová A, Marešová H, Brezovsky J. Common Dynamic Determinants Govern Quorum Quenching Activity in N-Terminal Serine Hydrolases. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bartlomiej Surpeta
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Interactions and Transport, Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 6, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Ks Trojdena 4, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michal Grulich
- Laboratory of Modulation of Gene Expression, Institute of Microbiology,v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Palyzová
- Laboratory of Molecular Structure Characterization, Institute of Microbiology,v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Marešová
- Laboratory of Molecular Structure Characterization, Institute of Microbiology,v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Brezovsky
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Interactions and Transport, Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 6, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Ks Trojdena 4, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
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4
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Linhorst A, Lübke T. The Human Ntn-Hydrolase Superfamily: Structure, Functions and Perspectives. Cells 2022; 11:cells11101592. [PMID: 35626629 PMCID: PMC9140057 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
N-terminal nucleophile (Ntn)-hydrolases catalyze the cleavage of amide bonds in a variety of macromolecules, including the peptide bond in proteins, the amide bond in N-linked protein glycosylation, and the amide bond linking a fatty acid to sphingosine in complex sphingolipids. Ntn-hydrolases are all sharing two common hallmarks: Firstly, the enzymes are synthesized as inactive precursors that undergo auto-proteolytic self-activation, which, as a consequence, reveals the active site nucleophile at the newly formed N-terminus. Secondly, all Ntn-hydrolases share a structural consistent αββα-fold, notwithstanding the total lack of amino acid sequence homology. In humans, five subclasses of the Ntn-superfamily have been identified so far, comprising relevant members such as the catalytic active subunits of the proteasome or a number of lysosomal hydrolases, which are often associated with lysosomal storage diseases. This review gives an updated overview on the structural, functional, and (patho-)physiological characteristics of human Ntn-hydrolases, in particular.
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5
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Garrido-González JJ, Iglesias Aparicio MM, García MM, Simón L, Sanz F, Morán JR, Fuentes de Arriba ÁL. An Enzyme Model Which Mimics Chymotrypsin and N-Terminal Hydrolases. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c02121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José J. Garrido-González
- Organic Chemistry Department, University of Salamanca, Plaza de los Caídos 1-5, Salamanca E-37008, Spain
| | | | - Miguel Martínez García
- Organic Chemistry Department, University of Salamanca, Plaza de los Caídos 1-5, Salamanca E-37008, Spain
| | - Luis Simón
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Salamanca, Plaza de los Caídos 1-5, Salamanca E-37008, Spain
| | - Francisca Sanz
- X-Ray Diffraction Service, University of Salamanca, Plaza de los Caídos 1-5, Salamanca E-37008, Spain
| | - Joaquín R. Morán
- Organic Chemistry Department, University of Salamanca, Plaza de los Caídos 1-5, Salamanca E-37008, Spain
| | - Ángel L. Fuentes de Arriba
- Organic Chemistry Department, University of Salamanca, Plaza de los Caídos 1-5, Salamanca E-37008, Spain
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6
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Ilieva S, Cheshmedzhieva D, Dudev T. Electric field influence on the helical structure of peptides: insights from DFT/PCM computations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:16198-16206. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp01542f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The switching of the electric field with a particular directionality could be used for the healing of misfolded proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Ilieva
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Sofia University
- Sofia 1164
- Bulgaria
| | | | - Todor Dudev
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Sofia University
- Sofia 1164
- Bulgaria
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7
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Surendhran R, D'Arpino AA, Sciscent BY, Cannella AF, Friedman AE, MacMillan SN, Gupta R, Lacy DC. Deciphering the mechanism of O 2 reduction with electronically tunable non-heme iron enzyme model complexes. Chem Sci 2018; 9:5773-5780. [PMID: 30079187 PMCID: PMC6050603 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc01621f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A homologous series of electronically tuned 2,2',2''-nitrilotris(N-arylacetamide) pre-ligands (H3LR ) were prepared (R = NO2, CN, CF3, F, Cl, Br, Et, Me, H, OMe, NMe2) and some of their corresponding Fe and Zn species synthesized. The iron complexes react rapidly with O2, the final products of which are diferric mu-oxo bridged species. The crystal structure of the oxidized product obtained from DMA solutions contain a structural motif found in some diiron proteins. The mechanism of iron mediated O2 reduction was explored to the extent that allowed us to construct an empirically consistent rate law. A Hammett plot was constructed that enabled insightful information into the rate-determining step and hence allows for a differentiation between two kinetically equivalent O2 reduction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshaan Surendhran
- Department of Chemistry , University at Buffalo , State University of New York , Buffalo , New York 14260 , USA .
| | - Alexander A D'Arpino
- Department of Chemistry , University at Buffalo , State University of New York , Buffalo , New York 14260 , USA .
| | - Bao Y Sciscent
- Department of Chemistry , University at Buffalo , State University of New York , Buffalo , New York 14260 , USA .
| | - Anthony F Cannella
- Department of Chemistry , University at Buffalo , State University of New York , Buffalo , New York 14260 , USA .
| | - Alan E Friedman
- Department of Materials Design & Innovation , University at Buffalo , SUNY , Buffalo , NY 14260 , USA
| | - Samantha N MacMillan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , USA
| | - Rupal Gupta
- Department of Chemistry , College of Staten Island , City University of New York , Staten Island , NY 10314 , USA
| | - David C Lacy
- Department of Chemistry , University at Buffalo , State University of New York , Buffalo , New York 14260 , USA .
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8
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Avinash VS, Pundle AV, Ramasamy S, Suresh CG. Penicillin acylases revisited: importance beyond their industrial utility. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2014; 36:303-16. [PMID: 25430891 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2014.960359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
It is of great importance to study the physiological roles of enzymes in nature; however, in some cases, it is not easily apparent. Penicillin acylases are pharmaceutically important enzymes that cleave the acyl side chains of penicillins, thus paving the way for production of newer semi-synthetic antibiotics. They are classified according to the type of penicillin (G or V) that they preferentially hydrolyze. Penicillin acylases are also used in the resolution of racemic mixtures and peptide synthesis. However, it is rather unfortunate that the focus on the use of penicillin acylases for industrial applications has stolen the spotlight from the study of the importance of these enzymes in natural metabolism. The penicillin acylases, so far characterized from different organisms, show differences in their structural nature and substrate spectrum. These enzymes are also closely related to the bacterial signalling phenomenon, quorum sensing, as detailed in this review. This review details studies on biochemical and structural characteristics of recently discovered penicillin acylases. We also attempt to organize the available insights into the possible in vivo role of penicillin acylases and related enzymes and emphasize the need to refocus research efforts in this direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vellore Sunder Avinash
- a Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National , National Chemical Laboratory , Pune , India
| | - Archana Vishnu Pundle
- a Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National , National Chemical Laboratory , Pune , India
| | - Sureshkumar Ramasamy
- a Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National , National Chemical Laboratory , Pune , India
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9
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Khavrutskii IV, Legler PM, Friedlander AM, Wallqvist A. A reaction path study of the catalysis and inhibition of the Bacillus anthracis CapD γ-glutamyl transpeptidase. Biochemistry 2014; 53:6954-67. [PMID: 25334088 DOI: 10.1021/bi500623c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The CapD enzyme of Bacillus anthracis is a γ-glutamyl transpeptidase from the N-terminal nucleophile hydrolase superfamily that covalently anchors the poly-γ-D-glutamic acid (pDGA) capsule to the peptidoglycan. The capsule hinders phagocytosis of B. anthracis by host cells and is essential for virulence. The role CapD plays in capsule anchoring and remodeling makes the enzyme a promising target for anthrax medical countermeasures. Although the structure of CapD is known, and a covalent inhibitor, capsidin, has been identified, the mechanisms of CapD catalysis and inhibition are poorly understood. Here, we used a computational approach to map out the reaction steps involved in CapD catalysis and inhibition. We found that the rate-limiting step of either CapD catalysis or inhibition was a concerted asynchronous formation of the tetrahedral intermediate with a barrier of 22-23 kcal/mol. However, the mechanisms of these reactions differed for the two amides. The formation of the tetrahedral intermediate with pDGA was substrate-assisted with two proton transfers. In contrast, capsidin formed the tetrahedral intermediate in a conventional way with one proton transfer. Interestingly, capsidin coupled a conformational change in the catalytic residue of the tetrahedral intermediate to stretching of the scissile amide bond. Furthermore, capsidin took advantage of iminol-amide tautomerism of its diacetamide moiety to convert the tetrahedral intermediate to the acetylated CapD. As evidence of the promiscuous nature of CapD, the enzyme cleaved the amide bond of capsidin by attacking it on the opposite side compared to pDGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilja V Khavrutskii
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command , Fort Detrick, Maryland 21702, United States
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10
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Buller AR, Freeman MF, Schildbach JF, Townsend CA. Exploring the role of conformational heterogeneity in cis-autoproteolytic activation of ThnT. Biochemistry 2014; 53:4273-81. [PMID: 24933323 PMCID: PMC4095933 DOI: 10.1021/bi500385d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
In
the past decade, there have been major achievements in understanding
the relationship between enzyme catalysis and protein structural plasticity.
In autoprocessing systems, however, there is a sparsity of direct
evidence of the role of conformational dynamics, which are complicated
by their intrinsic chemical reactivity. ThnT is an autoproteolytically
activated enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of the β-lactam
antibiotic thienamycin. Conservative mutation of ThnT results in multiple
conformational states that can be observed via X-ray crystallography,
establishing ThnT as a representative and revealing system for studing
how conformational dynamics control autoactivation at a molecular
level. Removal of the nucleophile by mutation to Ala disrupts the
population of a reactive state and causes widespread structural changes
from a conformation that promotes autoproteolysis to one associated
with substrate catalysis. Finer probing of the active site polysterism
was achieved by EtHg derivatization of the nucleophile, which indicates
the active site and a neighboring loop have coupled dynamics. Disruption
of these interactions by mutagenesis precludes the ability to observe
a reactive state through X-ray crystallography, and application of
this insight to other autoproteolytically activated enzymes offers
an explanation for the widespread crystallization of inactive states.
We suggest that the N → O(S) acyl shift in cis-autoproteolysis might occur through a si-face attack,
thereby unifying the fundamental chemistry of these enzymes through
a common mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Buller
- Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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11
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Grigorenko BL, Khrenova MG, Nilov DK, Nemukhin AV, Švedas VK. Catalytic Cycle of Penicillin Acylase from Escherichia coli: QM/MM Modeling of Chemical Transformations in the Enzyme Active Site upon Penicillin G Hydrolysis. ACS Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/cs5002898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bella L. Grigorenko
- Chemistry
Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-3 Leninskiye Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Emanuel
Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygin Street, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Maria G. Khrenova
- Chemistry
Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-3 Leninskiye Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Dmitry K. Nilov
- Belozersky
Institute of Physicochemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander V. Nemukhin
- Chemistry
Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-3 Leninskiye Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Emanuel
Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygin Street, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Vytas K. Švedas
- Belozersky
Institute of Physicochemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Faculty
of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-73 Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia
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12
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Buller AR, Labonte JW, Freeman MF, Wright NT, Schildbach JF, Townsend CA. Autoproteolytic activation of ThnT results in structural reorganization necessary for substrate binding and catalysis. J Mol Biol 2012; 422:508-18. [PMID: 22706025 PMCID: PMC3428426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2012.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 06/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
cis-Autoproteolysis is a post-translational modification necessary for the function of ThnT, an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of the β-lactam antibiotic thienamycin. This modification generates an N-terminal threonine nucleophile that is used to hydrolyze the pantetheinyl moiety of its natural substrate. We determined the crystal structure of autoactivated ThnT to 1.8Å through X-ray crystallography. Comparison to a mutationally inactivated precursor structure revealed several large conformational rearrangements near the active site. To probe the relevance of these transitions, we designed a pantetheine-like chloromethyl ketone inactivator and co-crystallized it with ThnT. Although this class of inhibitor has been in use for several decades, the mode of inactivation had not been determined for an enzyme that uses an N-terminal nucleophile. The co-crystal structure revealed the chloromethyl ketone bound to the N-terminal nucleophile of ThnT through an ether linkage, and analysis suggests inactivation through a direct displacement mechanism. More importantly, this inactivated complex shows that three regions of ThnT that are critical to the formation of the substrate binding pocket undergo rearrangement upon autoproteolysis. Comparison of ThnT with other autoproteolytic enzymes of disparate evolutionary lineage revealed a high degree of similarity within the proenzyme active site, reflecting shared chemical constraints. However, after autoproteolysis, many enzymes, like ThnT, are observed to rearrange in order to accommodate their specific substrate. We propose that this is a general phenomenon, whereby autoprocessing systems with shared chemistry may possess similar structural features that dissipate upon rearrangement into a mature state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Buller
- Department of Biophysics, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Jason W. Labonte
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Michael F. Freeman
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Nathan T. Wright
- Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Joel F. Schildbach
- Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Craig A. Townsend
- Department of Biophysics, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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13
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Lodola A, Branduardi D, De Vivo M, Capoferri L, Mor M, Piomelli D, Cavalli A. A catalytic mechanism for cysteine N-terminal nucleophile hydrolases, as revealed by free energy simulations. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32397. [PMID: 22389698 PMCID: PMC3289653 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The N-terminal nucleophile (Ntn) hydrolases are a superfamily of enzymes specialized in the hydrolytic cleavage of amide bonds. Even though several members of this family are emerging as innovative drug targets for cancer, inflammation, and pain, the processes through which they catalyze amide hydrolysis remains poorly understood. In particular, the catalytic reactions of cysteine Ntn-hydrolases have never been investigated from a mechanistic point of view. In the present study, we used free energy simulations in the quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics framework to determine the reaction mechanism of amide hydrolysis catalyzed by the prototypical cysteine Ntn-hydrolase, conjugated bile acid hydrolase (CBAH). The computational analyses, which were confirmed in water and using different CBAH mutants, revealed the existence of a chair-like transition state, which might be one of the specific features of the catalytic cycle of Ntn-hydrolases. Our results offer new insights on Ntn-mediated hydrolysis and suggest possible strategies for the creation of therapeutically useful inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Lodola
- Pharmaceutical Department, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Davide Branduardi
- Drug Discovery and Development, Italian Institute of Technology, Genova, Italy
| | - Marco De Vivo
- Drug Discovery and Development, Italian Institute of Technology, Genova, Italy
| | - Luigi Capoferri
- Pharmaceutical Department, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Marco Mor
- Pharmaceutical Department, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Drug Discovery and Development, Italian Institute of Technology, Genova, Italy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Andrea Cavalli
- Drug Discovery and Development, Italian Institute of Technology, Genova, Italy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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14
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Zhiryakova D, Guncheva M, Ivanov I, Stambolieva N. Hydrolysis of phenylacetanilides catalyzed by penicillin G acylase from Alcaligenes faecalis: Sensitivity of the reaction to substitution in the leaving group. CATAL COMMUN 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2009.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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