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Takahashi-Nakaguchi A, Horiuchi Y, Yamamoto M, Totsuka Y, Wakabayashi K. Pierisin, Cytotoxic and Apoptosis-Inducing DNA ADP-Ribosylating Protein in Cabbage Butterfly. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:270. [PMID: 38922164 PMCID: PMC11209040 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16060270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Pierisin-1 was serendipitously discovered as a strong cytotoxic and apoptosis-inducing protein from pupae of the cabbage butterfly Pieris rapae against cancer cell lines. This 98-kDa protein consists of the N-terminal region (27 kDa) and C-terminal region (71 kDa), and analysis of their biological function revealed that pierisin-1 binds to cell surface glycosphingolipids on the C-terminal side, is taken up into the cell, and is cleaved to N- and C-terminal portions, where the N-terminal portion mono-ADP-ribosylates the guanine base of DNA in the presence of NAD to induce cellular genetic mutation and apoptosis. Unlike other ADP-ribosyltransferases, pieisin-1 was first found to exhibit DNA mono-ADP-ribosylating activity and show anti-cancer activity in vitro and in vivo against various cancer cell lines. Pierisin-1 was most abundantly produced during the transition from the final larval stage to the pupal stage of the cabbage butterfly, and this production was regulated by ecdysteroid hormones. This suggests that pierisn-1 might play a pivotal role in the process of metamorphosis. Moreover, pierisin-1 could contribute as a defense factor against parasitization and microbial infections in the cabbage butterfly. Pierisin-like proteins in butterflies were shown to be present not only among the subtribe Pierina but also among the subtribes Aporiina and Appiadina, and pierisin-2, -3, and -4 were identified in these butterflies. Furthermore, DNA ADP-ribosylating activities were found in six different edible clams. Understanding of the biological nature of pierisin-1 with DNA mono-ADP-ribosylating activity could open up exciting avenues for research and potential therapeutic applications, making it a subject of great interest in the field of molecular biology and biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yu Horiuchi
- Aquatic Food Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute, Tokyo Innovation Center, Nissui Corporation, 1-32-3 Shichikoku, Hachioji City 192-0991, Japan
| | - Masafumi Yamamoto
- Central Institute for Experimental Medicine and Life Science, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
| | - Yukari Totsuka
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Keiji Wakabayashi
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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Kim KJ, Kim G, Bae JH, Song JJ, Kim HS. A pH-Responsive Virus-Like Particle as a Protein Cage for a Targeted Delivery. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2302656. [PMID: 37966427 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202302656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
A stimuli-responsive protein self-assembly offers promising utility as a protein nanocage for biotechnological and medical applications. Herein, the development of a virus-like particle (VLP) that undergoes a transition between assembly and disassembly under a neutral and acidic pH, respectively, for a targeted delivery is reported. The structure of the bacteriophage P22 coat protein is used for the computational design of coat subunits that self-assemble into a pH-responsive VLP. Subunit designs are generated through iterative computational cycles of histidine substitutions and evaluation of the interaction energies among the subunits under an acidic and neutral pH. The top subunit designs are tested and one that is assembled into a VLP showing the highest pH-dependent structural transition is selected. The cryo-EM structure of the VLP is determined, and the structural basis of a pH-triggered disassembly is delineated. The utility of the designed VLP is exemplified through the targeted delivery of a cytotoxic protein cargo into tumor cells in a pH-dependent manner. These results provide strategies for the development of self-assembling protein architectures with new functionality for diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwan-Jip Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Daejon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Gijeong Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Daejon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Jin-Ho Bae
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Daejon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Ji-Joon Song
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Daejon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Hak-Sung Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Daejon, 34141, South Korea
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3
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Nguyen MQ, Kim DH, Shim HJ, Ta HKK, Vu TL, Nguyen TKO, Lim JC, Choe H. Novel Anti-Mesothelin Nanobodies and Recombinant Immunotoxins with Pseudomonas Exotoxin Catalytic Domain for Cancer Therapeutics. Mol Cells 2023; 46:764-777. [PMID: 38052492 PMCID: PMC10701305 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2023.0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant immunotoxins (RITs) are fusion proteins consisting of a targeting domain linked to a toxin, offering a highly specific therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment. In this study, we engineered and characterized RITs aimed at mesothelin, a cell surface glycoprotein overexpressed in various malignancies. Through an extensive screening of a large nanobody library, four mesothelin-specific nanobodies were selected and genetically fused to a truncated Pseudomonas exotoxin (PE24B). Various optimizations, including the incorporation of furin cleavage sites, maltose-binding protein tags, and tobacco etch virus protease cleavage sites, were implemented to improve protein expression, solubility, and purification. The RITs were successfully overexpressed in Escherichia coli, achieving high solubility and purity post-purification. In vitro cytotoxicity assays on gastric carcinoma cell lines NCI-N87 and AGS revealed that Meso(Nb2)-PE24B demonstrated the highest cytotoxic efficacy, warranting further characterization. This RIT also displayed selective binding to human and monkey mesothelins but not to mouse mesothelin. The competitive binding assays between different RIT constructs revealed significant alterations in IC50 values, emphasizing the importance of nanobody specificity. Finally, a modification in the endoplasmic reticulum retention signal at the C-terminus further augmented its cytotoxic activity. Our findings offer valuable insights into the design and optimization of RITs, showcasing the potential of Meso(Nb2)-PE24B as a promising therapeutic candidate for targeted cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Quan Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | | | | | - Huynh Kim Khanh Ta
- Department of Physiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Thi Luong Vu
- Department of Physiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Thi Kieu Oanh Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | | | - Han Choe
- Department of Physiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea
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di Leandro L, Colasante M, Pitari G, Ippoliti R. Hosts and Heterologous Expression Strategies of Recombinant Toxins for Therapeutic Purposes. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:699. [PMID: 38133203 PMCID: PMC10748335 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15120699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of therapeutic recombinant toxins requires careful host cell selection. Bacteria, yeast, and mammalian cells are common choices, but no universal solution exists. Achieving the delicate balance in toxin production is crucial due to potential self-intoxication. Recombinant toxins from various sources find applications in antimicrobials, biotechnology, cancer drugs, and vaccines. "Toxin-based therapy" targets diseased cells using three strategies. Targeted cancer therapy, like antibody-toxin conjugates, fusion toxins, or "suicide gene therapy", can selectively eliminate cancer cells, leaving healthy cells unharmed. Notable toxins from various biological sources may be used as full-length toxins, as plant (saporin) or animal (melittin) toxins, or as isolated domains that are typical of bacterial toxins, including Pseudomonas Exotoxin A (PE) and diphtheria toxin (DT). This paper outlines toxin expression methods and system advantages and disadvantages, emphasizing host cell selection's critical role.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rodolfo Ippoliti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (L.d.L.); (M.C.); (G.P.)
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Zheng X, Fang Y, Zou X, Wang X, Li Z. Therapeutic potential of Pseudomonas aeruginosa-mannose sensitive hemagglutinin (PA-MSHA) in cancer treatment. Microb Pathog 2023; 185:106422. [PMID: 37871855 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative bacteria and it has been demonstrated that immunization with the outer membrane proteins of the microbe produces most of the relevant human antibodies. The peritrichous P. aeruginosa strain with MSHA fimbriae (PA-MSHA strain) has been found to be effective in the inhibition of growth and proliferation of different types of cancer cells. Furthermore, it has been revealed that PA-MSHA exhibits cytotoxicity because of the presence of MSHA and therefore it possesses anti-carcinogenic ability against different types of human cancer cell lines including, gastric, breast, hepatocarcinoma and nasopharyngeal cells. Studies have revealed that PA-MSHA exhibits therapeutic potential against cancer growth by induction of apoptosis, arrest of cell cycle, activating NF-κB/TLR5 pathway, etc. In China, PA-MSHA injections have been approved for the treatment of malignant tumor patients from very long back. The present review article demonstrates the therapeutic potential of PA-MSHA against various types of human cancers and explains the underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Zheng
- Department of Thyroid & Parathyroid Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No 37 Guo Xue Street, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yiqiao Fang
- Department of Thyroid & Parathyroid Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No 37 Guo Xue Street, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiuhe Zou
- Department of Thyroid & Parathyroid Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No 37 Guo Xue Street, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Department of Thyroid & Parathyroid Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No 37 Guo Xue Street, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhihui Li
- Department of Thyroid & Parathyroid Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No 37 Guo Xue Street, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Palacio-Castañeda V, van de Crommert B, Verploegen E, Overeem M, van Oostrum J, Verdurmen WP. Potent and selective eradication of tumor cells by an EpCAM-targeted Ras-degrading enzyme. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2023; 30:16-26. [PMID: 37485031 PMCID: PMC10362089 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of efforts, an urgent need remains to develop tumor cell-selective rat sarcoma (Ras)-targeting therapies that can treat patients with Ras-driven tumors. Here we report modular engineered proteins that degrade Ras selectively in tumor cells that overexpress the tumor cell marker epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) by fusing the Ras degrader Ras-Rap1-specific endopeptidase with the translocation domain of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (ETA) or diphtheria toxin (DT). Redirection to EpCAM is achieved by a designed ankyrin repeat protein. In two-dimensional tumor cell cultures, complete degradation of Ras proteins after 24 h was observed with EpCAM-targeted Ras degraders fused to ETA or DT in EpCAM-overexpressing MCF7 and HCT116 cells, with median inhibition concentration values at sub-nanomolar levels. The viability of EpCAM-low non-cancerous fibroblasts remained unaffected. In a three-dimensional (3D) tumor-on-a-chip system that mimics the natural tumor microenvironment, effective Ras degradation and selective toxicity toward tumor cells, particularly with the ETA-fused constructs, was determined on-chip. To conclude, we demonstrate the potential of modular engineered proteins to kill tumor cells highly selectively by simultaneously exploiting EpCAM as a tumor-specific cell surface molecule as well as Ras as an intracellular oncotarget in a 3D system mimicking the natural tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Palacio-Castañeda
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Bas van de Crommert
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Elke Verploegen
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Mike Overeem
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jenny van Oostrum
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter P.R. Verdurmen
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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7
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Granot-Matok Y, Ezra A, Ramishetti S, Sharma P, Naidu GS, Benhar I, Peer D. Lipid nanoparticles-loaded with toxin mRNA represents a new strategy for the treatment of solid tumors. Theranostics 2023; 13:3497-3508. [PMID: 37441597 PMCID: PMC10334842 DOI: 10.7150/thno.82228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and rationale: Cancer therapy have evolved remarkably over the past decade, providing new strategies to inhibit cancer cell growth using immune modulation, with or without gene therapy. Specifically, suicide gene therapies and immunotoxins have been investigated for the treatment of tumors by direct cancer cell cytotoxicity. Recent advances in mRNA delivery also demonstrated the potential of mRNA-based vaccines and immune-modulators for cancer therapeutics by utilizing nanocarriers for mRNA delivery. Methods: We designed a bacterial toxin-encoding modified mRNA, delivered by lipid nanoparticles into a B16-melanoma mouse model. Results: We showed that local administration of LNPs entrapping a modified mRNA that encodes for a bacterial toxin, induced significant anti-tumor effects and improved overall survival of treated mice. Conclusions: We propose mmRNA-loaded LNPs as a new class of anti-tumoral, toxin-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Granot-Matok
- Laboratory of Precision NanoMedicine, Shmunis School for Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Department of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Assaf Ezra
- Laboratory of Precision NanoMedicine, Shmunis School for Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Department of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Srinivas Ramishetti
- Laboratory of Precision NanoMedicine, Shmunis School for Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Department of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Preeti Sharma
- Laboratory of Precision NanoMedicine, Shmunis School for Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Department of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Gonna Somu Naidu
- Laboratory of Precision NanoMedicine, Shmunis School for Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Department of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Itai Benhar
- Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Laboratory of Antibody Engineering, Shmunis School for Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Dan Peer
- Laboratory of Precision NanoMedicine, Shmunis School for Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Department of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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Lehot V, Neuberg P, Ripoll M, Daubeuf F, Erb S, Dovgan I, Ursuegui S, Cianférani S, Kichler A, Chaubet G, Wagner A. Targeted Anticancer Agent with Original Mode of Action Prepared by Supramolecular Assembly of Antibody Oligonucleotide Conjugates and Cationic Nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1643. [PMID: 37376091 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite their clinical success, Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs) are still limited to the delivery of a handful of cytotoxic small-molecule payloads. Adaptation of this successful format to the delivery of alternative types of cytotoxic payloads is of high interest in the search for novel anticancer treatments. Herein, we considered that the inherent toxicity of cationic nanoparticles (cNP), which limits their use as oligonucleotide delivery systems, could be turned into an opportunity to access a new family of toxic payloads. We complexed anti-HER2 antibody-oligonucleotide conjugates (AOC) with cytotoxic cationic polydiacetylenic micelles to obtain Antibody-Toxic-Nanoparticles Conjugates (ATNPs) and studied their physicochemical properties, as well as their bioactivity in both in vitro and in vivo HER2 models. After optimising their AOC/cNP ratio, the small (73 nm) HER2-targeting ATNPs were found to selectively kill antigen-positive SKBR-2 cells over antigen-negative MDA-MB-231 cells in serum-containing medium. Further in vivo anti-cancer activity was demonstrated in an SKBR-3 tumour xenograft model in BALB/c mice in which stable 60% tumour regression could be observed just after two injections of 45 pmol of ATNP. These results open interesting prospects in the use of such cationic nanoparticles as payloads for ADC-like strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Lehot
- Bio-Functional Chemistry (UMR 7199), Institut du Médicament de Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Patrick Neuberg
- Bio-Functional Chemistry (UMR 7199), Institut du Médicament de Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Manon Ripoll
- Bio-Functional Chemistry (UMR 7199), Institut du Médicament de Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - François Daubeuf
- UAR3286, Plate-Forme de Chimie Biologique Intégrative de Strasbourg, ESBS, CNRS-Strasbourg University, 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Stéphane Erb
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique (LSMBO), Institut du Médicament de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Igor Dovgan
- Bio-Functional Chemistry (UMR 7199), Institut du Médicament de Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Sylvain Ursuegui
- Bio-Functional Chemistry (UMR 7199), Institut du Médicament de Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique (LSMBO), Institut du Médicament de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Antoine Kichler
- Bio-Functional Chemistry (UMR 7199), Institut du Médicament de Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Guilhem Chaubet
- Bio-Functional Chemistry (UMR 7199), Institut du Médicament de Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Alain Wagner
- Bio-Functional Chemistry (UMR 7199), Institut du Médicament de Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
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9
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Shariaty Vaziri Z, Shafiee F, Akbari V. Design and construction of scFv-PE35KDEL as a novel immunotoxin against human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 for cancer therapy. Biotechnol Lett 2023; 45:537-550. [PMID: 36807722 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-023-03360-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
PROPOSE Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is overexpressed on the surface of some kinds of cancer cells including breast cancer. In this study, we designed and produced a novel immunotoxin consisting anti-HER2 single-chain Fv (scFv) from pertuzumab and a modified form of Pseudomonas exotoxin (PE35KDEL). METHODS The three-dimensional (3D) structure of the fusion protein (anti-HER IT) was predicted by MODELLER 9.23 and its interaction with HER2 receptor was assessed using HADDOCK web server. Anti-HER2 IT, anti-HER2 scFv, and PE35KDEL proteins were expressed by Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). After purification of the proteins using Ni2+ affinity chromatography and refolding through dialysis, the cytotoxicity of proteins against breast cancer cell lines was examined by MTT assay. RESULTS In-silico studies showed that (EAAAK)2 linker can efficiently prevent the formation of salt bridges between two functional domains and the constructed fusion protein has a high affinity to HER2 receptor. The optimum condition of anti-HER2 IT expression was 25 °C and 1 mM IPTG. The protein was successfully purified and refolded by dialysis with a final yield of 45.7 mg per 1 L of bacterial culture. The cytotoxicity results showed that anti-HER2 IT was much more toxic on HER2-overexpressing cells, BT-474 (IC50 ~ 95 nM) compared with HER2-negative cells, MDA-MB-23 (IC50 ˃ 200 nM). CONCLUSION This novel immunotoxin has the potential to be applied as a therapeutic candidate for HER2-targeted cancer therapy. However further in vitro and in vivo evaluations are still required to confirm the efficacy and safety of this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Shariaty Vaziri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Shafiee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Vajihe Akbari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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10
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Targeting the Inside of Cells with Biologicals: Toxin Routes in a Therapeutic Context. BioDrugs 2023; 37:181-203. [PMID: 36729328 PMCID: PMC9893211 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-023-00580-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Numerous toxins translocate to the cytosol in order to fulfil their function. This demonstrates the existence of routes for proteins from the extracellular space to the cytosol. Understanding these routes is relevant to multiple aspects related to therapeutic applications. These include the development of anti-toxin treatments, the potential use of toxins as shuttles for delivering macromolecular cargo to the cytosol or the use of drugs based on toxins. Compared with other strategies for delivery, such as chemicals as carriers for macromolecular delivery or physical methods like electroporation, toxin routes present paths into the cell that potentially cause less damage and can be specifically targeted. The efficiency of delivery via toxin routes is limited. However, low-delivery efficiencies can be entirely sufficient, if delivered cargoes possess an amplification effect or if very few molecules are sufficient for inducing the desired effects. This is known for example from RNA-based vaccines that have been developed during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic as well as for other approved RNA-based drugs, which elicited the desired effect despite their typically low delivery efficiencies. The different mechanisms by which toxins enter cells may have implications for their technological utility. We review the mechanistic principles of the translocation pathway of toxins from the extracellular space to the cytosol, the delivery efficiencies, and therapeutic strategies or applications that exploit toxin routes for intracellular delivery.
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Xu T, Schulga A, Konovalova E, Rinne SS, Zhang H, Vorontsova O, Orlova A, Deyev SM, Tolmachev V, Vorobyeva A. Feasibility of Co-Targeting HER3 and EpCAM Using Seribantumab and DARPin-Toxin Fusion in a Pancreatic Cancer Xenograft Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032838. [PMID: 36769161 PMCID: PMC9917732 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the most aggressive malignancies. A combination of targeted therapies could increase the therapeutic efficacy in tumors with heterogeneous target expression. Overexpression of the human epidermal growth factor receptor type 3 (HER3) and the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) in up to 40% and 30% of PCs, respectively, is associated with poor prognosis and highlights the relevance of these targets. Designed ankyrin repeat protein (DARPin) Ec1 fused with the low immunogenic bacterial toxin LoPE provides specific and potent cytotoxicity against EpCAM-expressing cancer cells. Here, we investigated whether the co-targeting of HER3 using the monoclonal antibody seribantumab (MM-121) and of EpCAM using Ec1-LoPE would improve the therapeutic efficacy in comparison to the individual agents. Radiolabeled 99mTc(CO)3-Ec1-LoPE showed specific binding with rapid internalization in EpCAM-expressing PC cells. MM-121 did not interfere with the binding of Ec1-LoPE to EpCAM. Evaluation of cytotoxicity indicated synergism between Ec1-LoPE and MM-121 in vitro. An experimental therapy study using Ec1-LoPE and MM-121 in mice bearing EpCAM- and HER3-expressing BxPC3 xenografts demonstrated the feasibility of the therapy. Further development of the co-targeting approach using HER3 and EpCAM could therefore be justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Xu
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alexey Schulga
- Research Centrum for Oncotheranostics, Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russia
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Elena Konovalova
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Sara S. Rinne
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hongchao Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Olga Vorontsova
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Orlova
- Research Centrum for Oncotheranostics, Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russia
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sergey M. Deyev
- Research Centrum for Oncotheranostics, Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russia
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
- Bio-Nanophotonic Laboratory, Institute of Engineering Physics for Biomedicine (PhysBio), National Research Nuclear University ‘MEPhI’, Moscow 115409, Russia
- Center of Biomedical Engineering, Sechenov University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Vladimir Tolmachev
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
- Research Centrum for Oncotheranostics, Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russia
| | - Anzhelika Vorobyeva
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
- Correspondence:
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12
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Rybkin I, Pinyaev S, Sindeeva O, German S, Koblar M, Pyataev N, Čeh M, Gorin D, Sukhorukov G, Lapanje A. Modification of bacterial cells for in vivo remotely guided systems. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 10:1070851. [PMID: 36686260 PMCID: PMC9845715 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1070851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It was shown recently that bacterial strains, which can act specifically against malignant cells, can be used efficiently in cancer therapy. Many appropriate bacterial strains are either pathogenic or invasive and there is a substantial shortage of methods with which to monitor in vivo the distribution of bacteria used in this way. Here, it is proposed to use a Layer-by-Layer (LbL) approach that can encapsulate individual bacterial cells with fluorescently labeled polyelectrolytes (PE)s and magnetite nanoparticles (NP)s. The NP enable remote direction in vivo to the site in question and the labeled shells in the far-red emission spectra allow non-invasive monitoring of the distribution of bacteria in the body. The magnetic entrapment of the modified bacteria causes the local concentration of the bacteria to increase by a factor of at least 5. The PEs create a strong barrier, and it has been shown in vitro experiments that the division time of bacterial cells coated in this way can be regulated, resulting in control of their invasion into tissues. That animals used in the study survived and did not suffer septic shock, which can be attributed to PE capsules that prevent release of endotoxins from bacterial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iaroslav Rybkin
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Leipzig, Germany,Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia,State University, Saratov, Russia,Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sergey Pinyaev
- National Research Ogerev Mordovia State University, Saransk, Russia
| | - Olga Sindeeva
- State University, Saratov, Russia,A.V. Zelman Center for Neurobiology and Brain Rehabilitation, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey German
- Center of Photonic Science and Engineering, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia,Institute of Spectroscopy of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maja Koblar
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia,Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nikolay Pyataev
- National Research Ogerev Mordovia State University, Saransk, Russia
| | - Miran Čeh
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dmitry Gorin
- Center of Photonic Science and Engineering, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Gleb Sukhorukov
- A.V. Zelman Center for Neurobiology and Brain Rehabilitation, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia,Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aleš Lapanje
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia,*Correspondence: Aleš Lapanje,
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13
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Balalaeva IV, Krylova LV, Karpova MA, Shulga AA, Konovalova EV, Guryev EL, Deyev SM. Synergistic Effect of the Combined Action of Targeted and Photodynamic Therapy on HER2-Positive Breast Cancer. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2022; 507:330-333. [PMID: 36786996 DOI: 10.1134/s1607672922340038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Development of combined schemes for the treatment of oncological diseases is a promising strategy to improve the effectiveness of antitumor therapy. This paper shows the fundamental possibility of multiplying the antitumor effect by combining targeted and photodynamic therapy. It was demonstrated that sequential treatment of HER-2 positive breast cancer cells with the targeted toxin DARPin-LoPE and the photoactive compound photodithazine leads to a synergistic enhancement of their effect. In the future, this approach is intended to achieve the maximum therapeutic effect while minimizing the risks of negative side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- I V Balalaeva
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.
| | - L V Krylova
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - M A Karpova
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - A A Shulga
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - E V Konovalova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - E L Guryev
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - S M Deyev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia. .,Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
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14
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Wu T, Song Z, Huang H, Jakos T, Jiang H, Xie Y, Zhu J. Construction and evaluation of GPC3-targeted immunotoxins as a novel therapeutic modality for hepatocellular carcinoma. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 113:109393. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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15
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Krebs SK, Stech M, Jorde F, Rakotoarinoro N, Ramm F, Marinoff S, Bahrke S, Danielczyk A, Wüstenhagen DA, Kubick S. Synthesis of an Anti-CD7 Recombinant Immunotoxin Based on PE24 in CHO and E. coli Cell-Free Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213697. [PMID: 36430170 PMCID: PMC9697001 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant immunotoxins (RITs) are an effective class of agents for targeted therapy in cancer treatment. In this article, we demonstrate the straight-forward production and testing of an anti-CD7 RIT based on PE24 in a prokaryotic and a eukaryotic cell-free system. The prokaryotic cell-free system was derived from Escherichia coli BL21 StarTM (DE3) cells transformed with a plasmid encoding the chaperones groEL/groES. The eukaryotic cell-free system was prepared from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells that leave intact endoplasmic reticulum-derived microsomes in the cell-free reaction mix from which the RIT was extracted. The investigated RIT was built by fusing an anti-CD7 single-chain variable fragment (scFv) with the toxin domain PE24, a shortened variant of Pseudomonas Exotoxin A. The RIT was produced in both cell-free systems and tested for antigen binding against CD7 and cell killing on CD7-positive Jurkat, HSB-2, and ALL-SIL cells. CD7-positive cells were effectively killed by the anti-CD7 scFv-PE24 RIT with an IC50 value of 15 pM to 40 pM for CHO and 42 pM to 156 pM for E. coli cell-free-produced RIT. CD7-negative Raji cells were unaffected by the RIT. Toxin and antibody domain alone did not show cytotoxic effects on either CD7-positive or CD7-negative cells. To our knowledge, this report describes the production of an active RIT in E. coli and CHO cell-free systems for the first time. We provide the proof-of-concept that cell-free protein synthesis allows for on-demand testing of antibody−toxin conjugate activity in a time-efficient workflow without cell lysis or purification required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon K. Krebs
- Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute for Biotechnology, Technical University of Berlin, Ackerstrasse 76, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marlitt Stech
- Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Felix Jorde
- Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Nathanaël Rakotoarinoro
- Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Strasse 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Ramm
- Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sophie Marinoff
- Glycotope GmbH, Robert-Roessle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Bahrke
- Glycotope GmbH, Robert-Roessle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Antje Danielczyk
- Glycotope GmbH, Robert-Roessle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Doreen A. Wüstenhagen
- Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Stefan Kubick
- Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Joint Faculty of the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, The Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and the University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Correspondence:
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16
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Dicks LMT, Vermeulen W. Do Bacteria Provide an Alternative to Cancer Treatment and What Role Does Lactic Acid Bacteria Play? Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10091733. [PMID: 36144335 PMCID: PMC9501580 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. According to 2022 statistics from the World Health Organization (WHO), close to 10 million deaths have been reported in 2020 and it is estimated that the number of cancer cases world-wide could increase to 21.6 million by 2030. Breast, lung, thyroid, pancreatic, liver, prostate, bladder, kidney, pelvis, colon, and rectum cancers are the most prevalent. Each year, approximately 400,000 children develop cancer. Treatment between countries vary, but usually includes either surgery, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy. Modern treatments such as hormone-, immuno- and antibody-based therapies are becoming increasingly popular. Several recent reports have been published on toxins, antibiotics, bacteriocins, non-ribosomal peptides, polyketides, phenylpropanoids, phenylflavonoids, purine nucleosides, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and enzymes with anticancer properties. Most of these molecules target cancer cells in a selective manner, either directly or indirectly through specific pathways. This review discusses the role of bacteria, including lactic acid bacteria, and their metabolites in the treatment of cancer.
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17
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Li M, Mei S, Yang Y, Shen Y, Chen L. Strategies to mitigate the on- and off-target toxicities of recombinant immunotoxins: an antibody engineering perspective. Antib Ther 2022; 5:164-176. [PMID: 35928456 PMCID: PMC9344849 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbac014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Targeted cancer therapies using immunotoxins has achieved remarkable efficacies in hematological malignancies. However, the clinical development of immunotoxins is also faced with many challenges like anti-drug antibodies and dose-limiting toxicity issues. Such a poor efficacy/safety ratio is also the major hurdle in the research and development of antibody-drug conjugates. From an antibody engineering perspective, various strategies were summarized/proposed to tackle the notorious on target off tumor toxicity issues, including passive strategy (XTENylation of immunotoxins) and active strategies (modulating the affinity and valency of the targeting moiety of immunotoxins, conditionally activating immunotoxins in the tumor microenvironments and reconstituting split toxin to reduce systemic toxicity etc.). By modulating the functional characteristics of the targeting moiety and the toxic moiety of immunotoxins, selective tumor targeting can be augmented while sparing the healthy cells in normal tissues expressing the same target of interest. If successful, the improved therapeutic index will likely help to address the dose-limiting toxicities commonly observed in the clinical trials of various immunotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Li
- Department of Postgraduate , Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, P.R. China
- Joint Graduate School , Yangtze Delta Drug Advanced Research Institute, Nantong, P.R. China
- Joint Graduate School , Yangtze Delta Pharmaceutical College, Nantong, P.R. China
| | - Sen Mei
- Biotherapeutics , Biocytogen Jiangsu Co. Ltd, Nantong, P.R. China
| | - Yi Yang
- Joint Graduate School , Yangtze Delta Drug Advanced Research Institute, Nantong, P.R. China
- Joint Graduate School , Yangtze Delta Pharmaceutical College, Nantong, P.R. China
- Institute of Innovative Medicine , Biocytogen Pharmaceuticals (Beijing) Co, Ltd, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yuelei Shen
- Joint Graduate School , Yangtze Delta Drug Advanced Research Institute, Nantong, P.R. China
- Joint Graduate School , Yangtze Delta Pharmaceutical College, Nantong, P.R. China
- Biotherapeutics , Biocytogen Pharmaceuticals (Beijing) Co, Ltd, Beijing, P.R. China
- Institute of Innovative Medicine , Biocytogen Pharmaceuticals (Beijing) Co, Ltd, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Lei Chen
- Biotherapeutics , Biocytogen Jiangsu Co. Ltd, Nantong, P.R. China
- Biotherapeutics , Biocytogen Pharmaceuticals (Beijing) Co, Ltd, Beijing, P.R. China
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18
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Xie YJ, Huang M, Li D, Hou JC, Liang HH, Nasim AA, Huang JM, Xie C, Leung ELH, Fan XX. Bacteria-based nanodrug for anticancer therapy. Pharmacol Res 2022; 182:106282. [PMID: 35662630 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria-based immunotherapy has become a promising strategy to induce innate and adaptive responses for fighting cancer. The advantages of bacteriolytic tumor therapy mainly lie in stimulation of innate immunity and colonization of some bacteria targeting the tumor microenvironment (TME). These bacteria have cytotoxic proteins and immune modulating factors that can effectively restrain tumor growth. However, cancer is a multifactorial disease and single therapy is typically unable to eradicate tumors. Rapid progress has been made in combining bacteria with nanotechnology. Using the nanomolecular properties of bacterial products for tumor treatment preserves many features from the original bacteria while providing some unique advantages. Nano-bacterial therapy can enhance permeability and retention of drugs, increase the tolerability of the targeted drugs, promote the release of immune cell mediators, and induce immunogenic cell death pathways. In addition, combining nano-bacterial mediated antitumor therapeutic systems with modern therapy is an effective strategy for overcoming existing barriers in antitumor treatment and can achieve satisfactory therapeutic efficacy. Overall, exploring the immune antitumor characteristics of adjuvant clinical treatment with bacteria can provide potential efficacious treatment strategies for combatting cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jia Xie
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Min Huang
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Dan Li
- Beijing Wante'er Biological Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., No. 32 Yard, East 2nd Road, Yanqi Economic Development Zone, Huairou District, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Cai Hou
- Beijing Wante'er Biological Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., No. 32 Yard, East 2nd Road, Yanqi Economic Development Zone, Huairou District, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Hai Liang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ali Adnan Nasim
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Ju-Min Huang
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Chun Xie
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Elaine Lai-Han Leung
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Xing-Xing Fan
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
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19
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Pang Z, Gu MD, Tang T. Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Cancer Therapy: Current Knowledge, Challenges and Future Perspectives. Front Oncol 2022; 12:891187. [PMID: 35574361 PMCID: PMC9095937 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.891187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance, undesirable toxicity and lack of selectivity are the major challenges of conventional cancer therapies, which cause poor clinical outcomes and high mortality in many cancer patients. Development of alternative cancer therapeutics are highly required for the patients who are resistant to the conventional cancer therapies, including radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The success of a new cancer therapy depends on its high specificity to cancer cells and low toxicity to normal cells. Utilization of bacteria has emerged as a promising strategy for cancer treatment. Attenuated or genetically modified bacteria were used to inhibit tumor growth, modulate host immunity, or deliver anti-tumor agents. The bacteria-derived immunotoxins were capable of destructing tumors with high specificity. These bacteria-based strategies for cancer treatment have shown potent anti-tumor effects both in vivo and in vitro, and some of them have proceeded to clinical trials. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a Gram-negative bacterial pathogen, is one of the common bacteria used in development of bacteria-based cancer therapy, particularly known for the Pseudomonas exotoxin A-based immunotoxins, which have shown remarkable anti-tumor efficacy and specificity. This review concisely summarizes the current knowledge regarding the utilization of P. aeruginosa in cancer treatment, and discusses the challenges and future perspectives of the P. aeruginosa-based therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Pang
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Meng-Di Gu
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Tong Tang
- School of Art & Design, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
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20
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Sala R, Rioja-Blanco E, Serna N, Sánchez-García L, Álamo P, Alba-Castellón L, Casanova I, López-Pousa A, Unzueta U, Céspedes MV, Vázquez E, Villaverde A, Mangues R. GSDMD-dependent pyroptotic induction by a multivalent CXCR4-targeted nanotoxin blocks colorectal cancer metastases. Drug Deliv 2022; 29:1384-1397. [PMID: 35532120 PMCID: PMC9090371 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2022.2069302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains the third cause of cancer-related mortality in Western countries, metastases are the main cause of death. CRC treatment remains limited by systemic toxicity and chemotherapy resistance. Therefore, nanoparticle-mediated delivery of cytotoxic agents selectively to cancer cells represents an efficient strategy to increase the therapeutic index and overcome drug resistance. We have developed the T22-PE24-H6 therapeutic protein-only nanoparticle that incorporates the exotoxin A from Pseudomonas aeruginosa to selectively target CRC cells because of its multivalent ligand display that triggers a high selectivity interaction with the CXCR4 receptor overexpressed on the surface of CRC stem cells. We here observed a CXCR4-dependent cytotoxic effect for T22-PE24-H6, which was not mediated by apoptosis, but instead capable of inducing a time-dependent and sequential activation of pyroptotic markers in CRC cells in vitro. Next, we demonstrated that repeated doses of T22-PE24-H6 inhibit tumor growth in a subcutaneous CXCR4+ CRC model, also through pyroptotic activation. Most importantly, this nanoparticle also blocked the development of lymphatic and hematogenous metastases, in a highly aggressive CXCR4+ SW1417 orthotopic CRC model, in the absence of systemic toxicity. This targeted drug delivery approach supports for the first time the clinical relevance of inducing GSDMD-dependent pyroptosis, a cell death mechanism alternative to apoptosis, in CRC models, leading to the selective elimination of CXCR4+ cancer stem cells, which are associated with resistance, metastases and anti-apoptotic upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Sala
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales Y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain.,Josep Carreras Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisa Rioja-Blanco
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.,Josep Carreras Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Naroa Serna
- CIBER en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales Y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain.,Institut de Biotecnologia I de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Departament de Genètica I de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Laura Sánchez-García
- CIBER en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales Y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain.,Institut de Biotecnologia I de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Departament de Genètica I de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Patricia Álamo
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales Y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain.,Josep Carreras Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorena Alba-Castellón
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.,Josep Carreras Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isolda Casanova
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales Y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain.,Josep Carreras Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio López-Pousa
- CIBER en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales Y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Barcelon, Spain
| | - Ugutz Unzueta
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales Y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain.,Josep Carreras Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Esther Vázquez
- CIBER en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales Y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain.,Institut de Biotecnologia I de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Departament de Genètica I de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Antonio Villaverde
- CIBER en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales Y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain.,Institut de Biotecnologia I de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Departament de Genètica I de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Ramon Mangues
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales Y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain.,Josep Carreras Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
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21
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Havaei SM, Aucoin MG, Jahanian-Najafabadi A. Pseudomonas Exotoxin-Based Immunotoxins: Over Three Decades of Efforts on Targeting Cancer Cells With the Toxin. Front Oncol 2021; 11:781800. [PMID: 34976821 PMCID: PMC8716853 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.781800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the prominent causes of death worldwide. Despite the existence of various modalities for cancer treatment, many types of cancer remain uncured or develop resistance to therapeutic strategies. Furthermore, almost all chemotherapeutics cause a range of side effects because they affect normal cells in addition to malignant cells. Therefore, the development of novel therapeutic agents that are targeted specifically toward cancer cells is indispensable. Immunotoxins (ITs) are a class of tumor cell-targeted fusion proteins consisting of both a targeting moiety and a toxic moiety. The targeting moiety is usually an antibody/antibody fragment or a ligand of the immune system that can bind an antigen or receptor that is only expressed or overexpressed by cancer cells but not normal cells. The toxic moiety is usually a protein toxin (or derivative) of animal, plant, insect, or bacterial origin. To date, three ITs have gained Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for human use, including denileukin diftitox (FDA approval: 1999), tagraxofusp (FDA approval: 2018), and moxetumomab pasudotox (FDA approval: 2018). All of these ITs take advantage of bacterial protein toxins. The toxic moiety of the first two ITs is a truncated form of diphtheria toxin, and the third is a derivative of Pseudomonas exotoxin (PE). There is a growing list of ITs using PE, or its derivatives, being evaluated preclinically or clinically. Here, we will review these ITs to highlight the advances in PE-based anticancer strategies, as well as review the targeting moieties that are used to reduce the non-specific destruction of non-cancerous cells. Although we tried to be as comprehensive as possible, we have limited our review to those ITs that have proceeded to clinical trials and are still under active clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mehdi Havaei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Marc G. Aucoin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Ali Jahanian-Najafabadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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22
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Khirehgesh MR, Sharifi J, Akbari B, Mansouri K, Safari F, Soleymani B, Yari K. Design and construction a novel humanized biparatopic nanobody-based immunotoxin against epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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23
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Eijkenboom L, Palacio-Castañeda V, Groenman F, Braat D, Beerendonk C, Brock R, Verdurmen W, Peek R. Assessing the use of tumor-specific DARPin-toxin fusion proteins for ex vivo purging of cancer metastases from human ovarian cortex before autotransplantation. F&S SCIENCE 2021; 2:330-344. [PMID: 35559858 DOI: 10.1016/j.xfss.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the use of tumor-specific designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPins) fused to a domain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A for purging of cancer metastases from the ovarian cortex. DESIGN Experimental study. SETTING University medical center. PATIENT(S) Human ovarian cortex. INTERVENTION(S) Ovarian cortex harboring artificially induced breast cancer metastases was treated with DARPins targeted to epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) The presence of any remaining cancer cells after purging was analyzed by (immuno)histochemistry and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Effects on the viability of the ovarian cortex were determined by (immuno)histology, a follicular viability assay, and an assay to determine the in vitro growth capacity of small follicles. RESULT(S) After purging with EpCAM-targeted DARPin, all EpCAM-positive breast cancer cells were eradicated from the ovarian cortex. Although treatment had no effect on the morphology or viability of small follicles, a sharp decrease in oocyte viability during in vitro growth was observed, presumably due to low-level expression of EpCAM on oocytes. The HER2-targeted DARPins had no detrimental effects on the morphology, viability, or in vitro growth of small follicles. HER2-positive breast cancer foci were fully eliminated from the ovarian cortex, and the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction showed a decrease to basal levels of HER2 mRNA after purging. CONCLUSION(S) Purging cancer metastases from ovarian cortex without impairing ovarian tissue integrity is possible by targeting tumor cell surface proteins with exotoxin A-fused DARPins. By adapting the target specificity of the cytotoxic DARPin fusions, it should be possible to eradicate metastases from all types of malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Eijkenboom
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
| | - Valentina Palacio-Castañeda
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Freek Groenman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Didi Braat
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Catharina Beerendonk
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Roland Brock
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Wouter Verdurmen
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Ronald Peek
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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24
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Immunotoxins Immunotherapy against Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Promising Prospect. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13100719. [PMID: 34679012 PMCID: PMC8538445 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13100719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers in the world. Therefore, fighting against such cancer is reasonable. Chemotherapy drugs are sometimes inefficient and often accompanied by undesirable side effects for patients. On the other hand, the emergence of chemoresistant HCC emphasizes the need for a new high-efficiency treatment strategy. Immunotoxins are armed and rigorous targeting agents that can purposefully kill cancer cells. Unlike traditional chemotherapeutics, immunotoxins because of targeted toxicity, insignificant cross-resistance, easy production, and other favorable properties can be ideal candidates against HCC. In this review, the characteristics of proper HCC-specific biomarkers for immunotoxin targeting were dissected. After that, the first to last immunotoxins developed for the treatment of liver cancer were discussed. So, by reviewing the strengths and weaknesses of these immunotoxins, we attempted to provide keynotes for designing an optimal immunotoxin against HCC.
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25
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Tan GW, Kondo T, Imamura K, Suga M, Enami T, Nagahashi A, Tsukita K, Inoue I, Kawaguchi J, Shu T, Inoue H. Simple derivation of skeletal muscle from human pluripotent stem cells using temperature-sensitive Sendai virus vector. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:9586-9596. [PMID: 34510713 PMCID: PMC8505837 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells have the potential to differentiate into various cell types including skeletal muscles (SkM), and they are applied to regenerative medicine or in vitro modelling for intractable diseases. A simple differentiation method is required for SkM cells to accelerate neuromuscular disease studies. Here, we established a simple method to convert human pluripotent stem cells into SkM cells by using temperature‐sensitive Sendai virus (SeV) vector encoding myoblast determination protein 1 (SeV‐Myod1), a myogenic master transcription factor. SeV‐Myod1 treatment converted human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) into SkM cells, which expressed SkM markers including myosin heavy chain (MHC). We then removed the SeV vector by temporal treatment at a high temperature of 38℃, which also accelerated mesodermal differentiation, and found that SkM cells exhibited fibre‐like morphology. Finally, after removal of the residual human ESCs by pluripotent stem cell‐targeting delivery of cytotoxic compound, we generated SkM cells with 80% MHC positivity and responsiveness to electrical stimulation. This simple method for myogenic differentiation was applicable to human‐induced pluripotent stem cells and will be beneficial for investigations of disease mechanisms and drug discovery in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghee Wan Tan
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kondo
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,iPSC-based Drug Discovery and Development Team, RIKEN BioResource Research Center (BRC), Kyoto, Japan.,Medical-risk Avoidance based on iPS Cells Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project (AIP), Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keiko Imamura
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,iPSC-based Drug Discovery and Development Team, RIKEN BioResource Research Center (BRC), Kyoto, Japan.,Medical-risk Avoidance based on iPS Cells Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project (AIP), Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mika Suga
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,iPSC-based Drug Discovery and Development Team, RIKEN BioResource Research Center (BRC), Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takako Enami
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Medical-risk Avoidance based on iPS Cells Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project (AIP), Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ayako Nagahashi
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Medical-risk Avoidance based on iPS Cells Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project (AIP), Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kayoko Tsukita
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,iPSC-based Drug Discovery and Development Team, RIKEN BioResource Research Center (BRC), Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ikuyo Inoue
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Medical-risk Avoidance based on iPS Cells Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project (AIP), Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | - Haruhisa Inoue
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,iPSC-based Drug Discovery and Development Team, RIKEN BioResource Research Center (BRC), Kyoto, Japan.,Medical-risk Avoidance based on iPS Cells Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project (AIP), Kyoto, Japan
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26
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Khirehgesh MR, Sharifi J, Safari F, Akbari B. Immunotoxins and nanobody-based immunotoxins: review and update. J Drug Target 2021; 29:848-862. [PMID: 33615933 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2021.1894435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Immunotoxins (ITs) are protein-based drugs that compose of targeting and cytotoxic moieties. After binding the IT to the specific cell-surface antigen, the IT internalises into the target cell and kills it. Targeting and cytotoxic moieties usually include monoclonal antibodies and protein toxins with bacterial or plant origin, respectively. ITs have been successful in haematologic malignancies treatment. However, ITs penetrate poorly into solid tumours because of their large size. Use of camelid antibody fragments known as nanobodies (Nbs) as a targeting moiety may overcome this problem. Nbs are the smallest fragment of antibodies with excellent tumour tissue penetration. The ability to recognise cryptic (immuno-evasive) target antigens, low immunogenicity, and high-affinity are other fundamental characteristics of Nbs that make them suitable candidates in targeted therapy. Here, we reviewed and discussed the structure and function of ITs, Nbs, and nanobody-based ITs. To gain sound insight into the issue at hand, we focussed on nanobody-based ITs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Khirehgesh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Jafar Sharifi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Safari
- Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bahman Akbari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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27
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Xu T, Vorobyeva A, Schulga A, Konovalova E, Vorontsova O, Ding H, Gräslund T, Tashireva LA, Orlova A, Tolmachev V, Deyev SM. Imaging-Guided Therapy Simultaneously Targeting HER2 and EpCAM with Trastuzumab and EpCAM-Directed Toxin Provides Additive Effect in Ovarian Cancer Model. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3939. [PMID: 34439094 PMCID: PMC8393281 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13163939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient treatment of disseminated ovarian cancer (OC) is challenging due to its heterogeneity and chemoresistance. Overexpression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) in approx. 30% and 70% of ovarian cancers, respectively, allows for co-targeted treatment. The clinical efficacy of the monoclonal antibody trastuzumab in patients with HER2-positive breast, gastric and gastroesophageal cancers makes it readily available as the HER2-targeting component. As the EpCAM-targeting component, we investigated the designed ankyrin repeat protein (DARPin) Ec1 fused to a truncated variant of Pseudomonas exotoxin A with reduced immunogenicity and low general toxicity (LoPE). Ec1-LoPE was radiolabeled, evaluated in ovarian cancer cells in vitro and its biodistribution and tumor-targeting properties were studied in vivo. The therapeutic efficacy of Ec1-LoPE alone and in combination with trastuzumab was studied in mice bearing EpCAM- and HER2-expressing SKOV3 xenografts. SPECT/CT imaging enabled visualization of EpCAM and HER2 expression in the tumors. Co-treatment using Ec1-LoPE and trastuzumab was more effective at reducing tumor growth and prolonged the median survival of mice compared with mice in the control and monotherapy groups. Repeated administration of Ec1-LoPE was well tolerated without signs of hepatic or kidney toxicity. Co-treatment with trastuzumab and Ec1-LoPE might be a potential therapeutic strategy for HER2- and EpCAM-positive OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Xu
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; (T.X.); (O.V.)
| | - Anzhelika Vorobyeva
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; (T.X.); (O.V.)
- Research Centrum for Oncotheranostics, Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634 050 Tomsk, Russia; (A.S.); (A.O.); (S.M.D.)
| | - Alexey Schulga
- Research Centrum for Oncotheranostics, Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634 050 Tomsk, Russia; (A.S.); (A.O.); (S.M.D.)
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Shemyakin & Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Elena Konovalova
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Shemyakin & Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Olga Vorontsova
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; (T.X.); (O.V.)
| | - Haozhong Ding
- Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Roslagstullsbacken 21, 114 17 Stockholm, Sweden; (H.D.); (T.G.)
| | - Torbjörn Gräslund
- Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Roslagstullsbacken 21, 114 17 Stockholm, Sweden; (H.D.); (T.G.)
| | - Liubov A. Tashireva
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center Russian Academy of Sciences, 634009 Tomsk, Russia;
| | - Anna Orlova
- Research Centrum for Oncotheranostics, Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634 050 Tomsk, Russia; (A.S.); (A.O.); (S.M.D.)
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vladimir Tolmachev
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; (T.X.); (O.V.)
- Research Centrum for Oncotheranostics, Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634 050 Tomsk, Russia; (A.S.); (A.O.); (S.M.D.)
| | - Sergey M. Deyev
- Research Centrum for Oncotheranostics, Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634 050 Tomsk, Russia; (A.S.); (A.O.); (S.M.D.)
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Shemyakin & Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia;
- Bio-Nanophotonic Lab, Institute of Engineering Physics for Biomedicine (PhysBio), National Research Nuclear University ‘MEPhI’, 115409 Moscow, Russia
- Center of Biomedical Engineering, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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28
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Wu T, Zhu J. Recent development and optimization of pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin immunotoxins in cancer therapeutic applications. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 96:107759. [PMID: 34162138 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant immunotoxins are fusion proteins composed of a peptide toxin and a specific targeting domain through genetic recombination. They are engineered to recognize disease-specific target receptors and kill the cell upon internalization. Full-sized monoclonal antibodies, smaller antibody fragments and ligands, such as a cytokine or a growth factor, have been commonly used as the targeting domain, while bacterial Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin (PE) is the usual toxin fusion partner, due to its natural cytotoxicity and other unique advantages. PE-based recombinant immunotoxins have shown remarkable efficacy in the treatment of tumors and autoimmune diseases. At the same time, efforts are underway to address major challenges, including immunogenicity, nonspecific cytotoxicity and poor penetration, which limit their clinical applications. Recent strategies for structural optimization of PE-based immunotoxins, combined with mutagenesis approaches, have reduced the immunogenicity and non-specific cytotoxicity, thus increasing both their safety and efficacy. This review highlights novel insights and design concepts that were used to advance immunotoxins for the treatment of hematological and solid tumors and also presents future development prospect of PE-based recombinant immunotoxins that are expected to play an important role in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, MOE, China; School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Jianwei Zhu
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, MOE, China; School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Jecho Laboratories, Inc., Frederick, MD 21704, USA.
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29
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Shilova O, Shramova E, Proshkina G, Deyev S. Natural and Designed Toxins for Precise Therapy: Modern Approaches in Experimental Oncology. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094975. [PMID: 34067057 PMCID: PMC8124712 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells frequently overexpress specific surface receptors providing tumor growth and survival which can be used for precise therapy. Targeting cancer cell receptors with protein toxins is an attractive approach widely used in contemporary experimental oncology and preclinical studies. Methods of targeted delivery of toxins to cancer cells, different drug carriers based on nanosized materials (liposomes, nanoparticles, polymers), the most promising designed light-activated toxins, as well as mechanisms of the cytotoxic action of the main natural toxins used in modern experimental oncology, are discussed in this review. The prospects of the combined therapy of tumors based on multimodal nanostructures are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Shilova
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (E.S.); (G.P.)
- Correspondence: (O.S.); (S.D.)
| | - Elena Shramova
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (E.S.); (G.P.)
| | - Galina Proshkina
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (E.S.); (G.P.)
| | - Sergey Deyev
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (E.S.); (G.P.)
- Center of Biomedical Engineering, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Research Centrum for Oncotheranostics, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
- Correspondence: (O.S.); (S.D.)
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30
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Dashtiahangar M, Rahbarnia L, Farajnia S, Salmaninejad A, Shabgah AG, Ghasemali S. Anti-cancer Immunotoxins, Challenges, and Approaches. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:932-941. [PMID: 33023437 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666201006155346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The development of recombinant immunotoxins (RITs) as a novel therapeutic strategy has made a revolution in the treatment of cancer. RITs result from the fusion of antibodies to toxin proteins for targeting and eliminating cancerous cells by inhibiting protein synthesis. Despite indisputable outcomes of RITs regarding inhibition of multiple cancer types, high immunogenicity has been known as the main obstacle in the clinical use of RITs. Various strategies have been proposed to overcome these limitations, including immunosuppressive therapy, humanization of the antibody fragment moiety, generation of immunotoxins originated from endogenous human cytotoxic enzymes, and modification of the toxin moiety to escape the immune system. This paper is devoted to review recent advances in the design of immunotoxins with lower immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Dashtiahangar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Leila Rahbarnia
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Safar Farajnia
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Arezoo Gowhari Shabgah
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Samaneh Ghasemali
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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31
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Hu ZI, Ghafoor A, Sengupta M, Hassan R. Malignant mesothelioma: Advances in immune checkpoint inhibitor and mesothelin-targeted therapies. Cancer 2021; 127:1010-1020. [PMID: 33620732 PMCID: PMC8555868 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.33433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma is an aggressive cancer with a poor prognosis and limited treatment options. For many years, the only US Food and Drug Administration-approved first-line treatment for unresectable mesothelioma was pemetrexed plus cisplatin. However, the recent approval of nivolumab plus ipilimumab as frontline treatment for patients with pleural mesothelioma marks a significant milestone for the treatment of this disease. In this review, the authors describe recent advances in therapeutic strategies for the treatment of patients with advanced, unresectable mesothelioma, highlighting the emerging use of immunotherapy and mesothelin-targeted therapies for the management of malignant mesothelioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zishuo I Hu
- Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Azam Ghafoor
- Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Manjistha Sengupta
- Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Raffit Hassan
- Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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32
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In silico analysis of STX2a-PE15-P4A8 chimeric protein as a novel immunotoxin for cancer therapy. In Silico Pharmacol 2021; 9:19. [PMID: 33643767 DOI: 10.1007/s40203-021-00079-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Today, the targeted therapies like the use of immunotoxins are increased which targeted specific antigens or receptors on the surface of tumor cells. Fibroblast growth factor-inducible 14 (Fn14) is a cytokine receptor which involves several intercellular signaling pathways and can be highly expressed in the surface of cancer cells. Since the cleavage of enzymatic domain of Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE) occurs in one step by furin protease, we fused enzymatic subunit of Shiga-like toxin type 2a (Stx2a) with domain II and a portion of Ib of PE to increase the toxicity of Stx. Then, we genetically fused the Fv fragment of an anti-Fn14 monoclonal antibody (P4A8) to STX2a-PE15 and evaluated the STX2a-PE15-P4A8 chimeric protein as a new immunotoxin candidate. In silico analysis showed that the STX2a-PE15-P4A8 is a stable chimeric protein with high affinity to the Fn14 receptor. Despite, the STX2a-PE15-P4A8 can be bind to the B cell receptor, but it has been weakly presented by major histocompatibility complex molecules II (MHC-II). So, it may have a little immunogenicity. On the basis of our in-silico studies we predict that STX2a-PE15-P4A8 can be a good candidate for cancer immunotherapy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40203-021-00079-w.
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Badie F, Ghandali M, Tabatabaei SA, Safari M, Khorshidi A, Shayestehpour M, Mahjoubin-Tehran M, Morshedi K, Jalili A, Tajiknia V, Hamblin MR, Mirzaei H. Use of Salmonella Bacteria in Cancer Therapy: Direct, Drug Delivery and Combination Approaches. Front Oncol 2021; 11:624759. [PMID: 33738260 PMCID: PMC7960920 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.624759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the years, conventional cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy with only a limited specificity for tumors, have undergone significant improvement. Moreover, newer therapies such as immunotherapy have undergone a revolution to stimulate the innate as well as adaptive immune responses against the tumor. However, it has been found that tumors can be selectively colonized by certain bacteria, where they can proliferate, and exert direct oncolytic effects as well as stimulating the immune system. Bacterial-mediated cancer therapy (BMCT) is now one example of a hot topic in the antitumor field. Salmonella typhimurium is a Gram-negative species that generally causes self-limiting gastroenteritis in humans. This species has been designed and engineered in order to be used in cancer-targeted therapeutics. S. typhimurium can be used in combination with other treatments such as chemotherapy or radiotherapy for synergistic modification of the tumor microenvironment. Considerable benefits have been shown by using engineered attenuated strains for the diagnosis and treatment of tumors. Some of these treatment approaches have received FDA approval for early-phase clinical trials. This review summarizes the use of Salmonella bacteria for cancer therapy, which could pave the way towards routine clinical application. The benefits of this therapy include an automatic self-targeting ability, and the possibility of genetic manipulation to produce newly engineered attenuated strains. Nevertheless, Salmonella-mediated anticancer therapy has not yet been clinically established, and requires more research before its use in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Badie
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Maryam Ghandali
- School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Alireza Tabatabaei
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Safari
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Ahmad Khorshidi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shayestehpour
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Maryam Mahjoubin-Tehran
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Korosh Morshedi
- School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Amin Jalili
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vida Tajiknia
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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Knödler M, Buyel JF. Plant-made immunotoxin building blocks: A roadmap for producing therapeutic antibody-toxin fusions. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 47:107683. [PMID: 33373687 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Molecular farming in plants is an emerging platform for the production of pharmaceutical proteins, and host species such as tobacco are now becoming competitive with commercially established production hosts based on bacteria and mammalian cell lines. The range of recombinant therapeutic proteins produced in plants includes replacement enzymes, vaccines and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). But plants can also be used to manufacture toxins, such as the mistletoe lectin viscumin, providing an opportunity to express active antibody-toxin fusion proteins, so-called recombinant immunotoxins (RITs). Mammalian production systems are currently used to produce antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), which require the separate expression and purification of each component followed by a complex and hazardous coupling procedure. In contrast, RITs made in plants are expressed in a single step and could therefore reduce production and purification costs. The costs can be reduced further if subcellular compartments that accumulate large quantities of the stable protein are identified and optimal plant growth conditions are selected. In this review, we first provide an overview of the current state of RIT production in plants before discussing the three key components of RITs in detail. The specificity-defining domain (often an antibody) binds cancer cells, including solid tumors and hematological malignancies. The toxin provides the means to kill target cells. Toxins from different species with different modes of action can be used for this purpose. Finally, the linker spaces the two other components to ensure they adopt a stable, functional conformation, and may also promote toxin release inside the cell. Given the diversity of these components, we extract broad principles that can be used as recommendations for the development of effective RITs. Future research should focus on such proteins to exploit the advantages of plants as efficient production platforms for targeted anti-cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Knödler
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, Aachen 52074, Germany; Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, Aachen 52074, Germany.
| | - J F Buyel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, Aachen 52074, Germany; Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, Aachen 52074, Germany.
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Rodakowska E, Walczak-Drzewiecka A, Borowiec M, Gorzkiewicz M, Grzesik J, Ratajewski M, Rozanski M, Dastych J, Ginalski K, Rychlewski L. Recombinant immunotoxin targeting GPC3 is cytotoxic to H446 small cell lung cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2021; 21:222. [PMID: 33613711 PMCID: PMC7859473 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glypican-3 (GPC3) is a cell membrane glycoprotein that regulates cell growth and proliferation. Aberrant expression or distribution of GPC3 underlies developmental abnormalities and the development of solid tumours. The strongest evidence for the participation of GPC3 in carcinogenesis stems from studies on hepatocellular carcinoma and lung squamous cell carcinoma. To the best of our knowledge, the role of the GPC3 protein and its potential therapeutic application have never been studied in small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC), despite the known involvement of associated pathways and the high mortality caused by this disease. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine GPC3 targeting for SCLC immunotherapy. An immunotoxin carrying an anti-GPC3 antibody (hGC33) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A 38 (PE38) was generated. This hGC33-PE38 protein was overexpressed in E. coli and purified. ADP-ribosylation activity was tested in vitro against eukaryotic translation elongation factor 2. Cell internalisation ability was confirmed by confocal microscopy. Cytotoxicity was analysed by treating liver cancer (HepG2, SNU-398 and SNU-449) and lung cancer (NCI-H510A, NCI-H446, A549 and SK-MES1) cell lines with hGC33-PE38 and estimating viable cells number. A BrdU assay was employed to verify anti-proliferative activity of hGC33-PE38 on treated cells. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting was used for the detection of cell membrane-bound GPC3. The hGC33-PE38 immunotoxin displayed enzymatic activity comparable to native PE38. The protein was efficiently internalised by GPC3-positive cells. Moreover, hGC33-PE38 was cytotoxic to HepG2 cells but had no effect on known GPC3-negative cell lines. The H446 cells were sensitive to hGC33-PE38 (IC50, 70.6±4.6 ng/ml), whereas H510A cells were resistant. Cell surface-bound GPC3 was abundant on the membranes of H446 cells, but absent on H510A. Altogether, the present findings suggested that GPC3 could be considered as a potential therapeutic target for SCLC immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aurelia Walczak-Drzewiecka
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 93-232 Lodz, Poland
| | - Marta Borowiec
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, 02-89 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michal Gorzkiewicz
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 93-232 Lodz, Poland.,Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Joanna Grzesik
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, 02-89 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Ratajewski
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 93-232 Lodz, Poland
| | - Michal Rozanski
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 93-232 Lodz, Poland
| | - Jaroslaw Dastych
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 93-232 Lodz, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Ginalski
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, 02-89 Warsaw, Poland
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Cai Y, Yu S, Chi X, Radoshitzky SR, Kuhn JH, Berger EA. An immunotoxin targeting Ebola virus glycoprotein inhibits Ebola virus production from infected cells. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245024. [PMID: 33411835 PMCID: PMC7790382 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV), a member of the mononegaviral family Filoviridae, causes severe disease associated with high lethality in humans. Despite enormous progress in development of EBOV medical countermeasures, no anti-EBOV treatment has been approved. We designed an immunotoxin in which a single-chain variable region fragment of the EBOV glycoprotein-specific monoclonal antibody 6D8 was fused to the effector domains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (PE38). This immunotoxin, 6D8-PE38, bound specifically to cells expressing EBOV glycoproteins. Importantly, 6D8-PE38 targeted EBOV-infected cells, as evidenced by inhibition of infectious EBOV production from infected cells, including primary human macrophages. The data presented here provide a proof of concept for immunotoxin-based targeted killing of infected cells as a potential antiviral intervention for Ebola virus disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyun Cai
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shuiqing Yu
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xiaoli Chi
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- The Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, Washington, United States of America
| | - Sheli R. Radoshitzky
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- The Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jens H. Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Edward A. Berger
- Laboratory of Viral Disease, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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Tremblay O, Thow Z, Merrill AR. Several New Putative Bacterial ADP-Ribosyltransferase Toxins Are Revealed from In Silico Data Mining, Including the Novel Toxin Vorin, Encoded by the Fire Blight Pathogen Erwinia amylovora. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E792. [PMID: 33322547 PMCID: PMC7764402 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12120792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase (mART) toxins are secreted by several pathogenic bacteria that disrupt vital host cell processes in deadly diseases like cholera and whooping cough. In the last two decades, the discovery of mART toxins has helped uncover the mechanisms of disease employed by pathogens impacting agriculture, aquaculture, and human health. Due to the current abundance of mARTs in bacterial genomes, and an unprecedented availability of genomic sequence data, mART toxins are amenable to discovery using an in silico strategy involving a series of sequence pattern filters and structural predictions. In this work, a bioinformatics approach was used to discover six bacterial mART sequences, one of which was a functional mART toxin encoded by the plant pathogen, Erwinia amylovora, called Vorin. Using a yeast growth-deficiency assay, we show that wild-type Vorin inhibited yeast cell growth, while catalytic variants reversed the growth-defective phenotype. Quantitative mass spectrometry analysis revealed that Vorin may cause eukaryotic host cell death by suppressing the initiation of autophagic processes. The genomic neighbourhood of Vorin indicated that it is a Type-VI-secreted effector, and co-expression experiments showed that Vorin is neutralized by binding of a cognate immunity protein, VorinI. We demonstrate that Vorin may also act as an antibacterial effector, since bacterial expression of Vorin was not achieved in the absence of VorinI. Vorin is the newest member of the mART family; further characterization of the Vorin/VorinI complex may help refine inhibitor design for mART toxins from other deadly pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - A. Rod Merrill
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (O.T.); (Z.T.)
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Quantitative structural analysis of glycans expressed within tumors derived from pancreatic cancer patient-derived xenograft mouse models. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 534:310-316. [PMID: 33288196 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.11.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an intractable malignancy for which novel therapeutic targets are in high demand. To uncover glycans expressed within PDAC, we previously performed glycome profiling of PDAC cell lines using lectin microarray and found that the lectin rBC2LCN with specificity to a Fucα1-2Galβ1-3 motif exhibited strong binding to a PDAC cell line (Capan-1) and to all tumor tissues derived from 69 pancreatic cancer patients. Nevertheless, no information was available as to whether glycans containing the Fucα1-2Galβ1-3 motif are expressed within PDAC. Here we used HPLC combined with MALDI-TOFMS to perform a structural and quantitative glycome analysis targeting both N- and O-glycans derived from two types of patient-derived PDAC xenograft mouse models, PC3 (well-differentiated) and PC42 (poorly-differentiated). A higher percentage of highly branched and sialylated complex-type N-glycans was detected in PC42 relative to PC3. The percentage of core 1 O-glycans was higher in PC42 relative to PC3, whereas that of core 3 O-glycans was higher in PC3. Cancer-related glycan epitopes such as Lewis A and Lewis Y were detected in core 3 O-glycans of both PC3 and PC42. H-type3 containing the Fucα1-2Galβ1-3 motif was detected in Core 2 O-glycans in both models, explaining the molecular mechanism of the binding of rBC2LCN to PDAC.
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Liu X, Li H, Cong X, Huo D, Cong L, Wu G. α-MSH-PE38KDEL Kills Melanoma Cells via Modulating Erk1/2/MITF/TYR Signaling in an MC1R-Dependent Manner. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:12457-12469. [PMID: 33299329 PMCID: PMC7721307 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s268554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Objective The immunotoxin α-MSH-PE38KDEL consisting of α-MSH and PE38KDEL showed high cytotoxicity on MSH receptor-positive melanoma cells, suggesting that α-MSH-PE38KDEL might be a potent drug for the treatment of melanoma. Herein, we explored whether the Erk1/2/MITF/TYR signaling, a verified target of α-MSH/MC1R, was involved in α-MSH-PE38KDEL-mediated cytotoxicity. Methods Human melanoma cell line A375, mouse melanoma cell line B16-F10, human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 and human primary epidermal melanocytes (HEMa) with different expression levels of MC1R were used in this study. Cell apoptosis and viability were determined by using flow cytometry and MTT assays. Protein expressions were tested by Western blotting. Results The expression levels of MC1R in A375 and B16-F10 cells were significantly higher than that of MDA-MB-231 and HEMa. α-MSH-PE38KDEL treatment induced a significant inhibition in cell viability in A375 and B16-F10 cells, while showed no obvious influence in the viability of MDA-MB-231 and HEMa cells. However, knockdown of MC1R abolished α-MSH-PE38KDEL role in promoting cell apoptosis in A375 and B16-F10 cells, and upregulation of MC1R endowed α-MSH-PE38KDEL function to promote cell apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 and HEMa cells. Additionally, α-MSH-PE38KDEL treatment increased the phosphorylation levels of Erk1/2 and MITF (S73), and decreased MITF and TYR expressions in an MC1R-dependent manner. All of the treatments, including inhibition of Erk1/2 with PD98059, MC1R downregulation and MITF overexpression weakened the anti-tumor role of α-MSH-PE38KDEL in melanoma. Conclusion Collectively, this study indicates that α-MSH-PE38KDEL promotes melanoma cell apoptosis via modulating Erk1/2/MITF/TYR signaling in an MC1R-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xilin Liu
- Department of Hand Surgery, China Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun City, Jilin Province 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Li
- Emergency Medical Department, China Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun City, Jilin Province 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianling Cong
- Tissue Bank, China Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun City, Jilin Province 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Da Huo
- Department of Hand Surgery, China Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun City, Jilin Province 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Lele Cong
- Department of Dermatology, China Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun City, Jilin Province 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangzhi Wu
- Department of Hand Surgery, China Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun City, Jilin Province 130033, People's Republic of China
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Ma F, Wang Z, Qiang Y, Xu L, Ding P, Wang Y, Ma X. LukS-PV Inhibits Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells Migration via the TNNC1/PI3K/AKT Axis. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:10221-10230. [PMID: 33116603 PMCID: PMC7578518 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s278540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide. LukS-PV is the S component of Panton-Valentine leucocidin (PVL), a toxin secreted by Staphylococcus aureus. We aimed to investigate the role of LukS-PV in HCC cell migration and the specific molecular mechanism involved. Methods We used scratch assays to detect the mobility of liver cancer cells treated with LukS-PV. Quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot analysis were performed to detect the expression levels of related genes. RNA sequencing and quantitative proteomics sequencing were used to assess the transcriptional and proteomic alterations of target genes. RNA sequencing and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) pathway analyses revealed the downstream signaling pathway targets of LukS-PV. Results Our results demonstrated that LukS-PV could inhibit HCC cell migration in a concentration-dependent manner. LukS-PV could also downregulate the expression of TNNC1, which was highly expressed in HCC cells. Additionally, the study showed that LukS-PV inhibited HCC cell migration by downregulating TNNC1. Further studies showed that LukS-PV inhibited the phosphorylation of PI3K/AKT pathway by targeting TNNC1, thereby inhibiting HCC cell migration. Conclusion Our study demonstrated that LukS-PV has an inhibitory role in the migration of liver cancer cells through the TNNC1/PI3K/AKT axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziran Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yawen Qiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangfei Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengsheng Ding
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangyan Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoling Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
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Hassan R, Alewine C, Mian I, Spreafico A, Siu LL, Gomez‐Roca C, Delord J, Italiano A, Lassen U, Soria J, Bahleda R, Thomas A, Steinberg SM, Peer CJ, Figg WD, Niederfellner G, Méresse Naegelen V, Pastan I. Phase 1 study of the immunotoxin LMB‐100 in patients with mesothelioma and other solid tumors expressing mesothelin. Cancer 2020; 126:4936-4947. [DOI: 10.1002/cncr.33145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raffit Hassan
- Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch Center for Cancer Research National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland
| | - Christine Alewine
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology Center for Cancer Research National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland
| | - Idrees Mian
- Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch Center for Cancer Research National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland
| | - Anna Spreafico
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology Princess Margaret Cancer Centre University Health NetworkUniversity of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Lillian L. Siu
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology Princess Margaret Cancer Centre University Health NetworkUniversity of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | | | | | - Antoine Italiano
- Department of Medicine Bergonie Institute Bordeaux France
- Faculty of Medicine University of Bordeaux Bordeaux France
| | - Ulrik Lassen
- Department of Oncology Rigshospitalet Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Jean‐Charles Soria
- Gustave Roussy Institute Villejuif France
- University of Paris–South Orsay France
| | | | - Anish Thomas
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch Center for Cancer Research National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland
| | - Seth M. Steinberg
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section Center for Cancer Research National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland
| | - Cody J. Peer
- Clinical Pharmacology Program Center for Cancer Research National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland
| | - William D. Figg
- Clinical Pharmacology Program Center for Cancer Research National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch Center for Cancer Research National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland
| | | | | | - Ira Pastan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology Center for Cancer Research National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland
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Sehnert B, Burkhardt H, Dübel S, Voll RE. Cell-Type Targeted NF-kappaB Inhibition for the Treatment of Inflammatory Diseases. Cells 2020; 9:E1627. [PMID: 32640727 PMCID: PMC7407293 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Deregulated NF-k activation is not only involved in cancer but also contributes to the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases like rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and multiple sclerosis (MS). Ideally, therapeutic NF-KappaB inhibition should only take place in those cell types that are involved in disease pathogenesis to maintain physiological cell functions in all other cells. In contrast, unselective NF-kappaB inhibition in all cells results in multiple adverse effects, a major hindrance in drug development. Hitherto, various substances exist to inhibit different steps of NF-kappaB signaling. However, powerful tools for cell-type specific NF-kappaB inhibition are not yet established. Here, we review the role of NF-kappaB in inflammatory diseases, current strategies for drug delivery and NF-kappaB inhibition and point out the "sneaking ligand" approach. Sneaking ligand fusion proteins (SLFPs) are recombinant proteins with modular architecture consisting of three domains. The prototype SLC1 binds specifically to the activated endothelium and blocks canonical NF-kappaB activation. In vivo, SLC1 attenuated clinical and histological signs of experimental arthritides. The SLFP architecture allows an easy exchange of binding and effector domains and represents an attractive approach to study disease-relevant biological targets in a broad range of diseases. In vivo, SLFP treatment might increase therapeutic efficacy while minimizing adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Sehnert
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79098 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Harald Burkhardt
- Division of Rheumatology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, and Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
| | - Stefan Dübel
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Technical University Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany;
| | - Reinhard E. Voll
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79098 Freiburg, Germany
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43
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Dieffenbach M, Pastan I. Mechanisms of Resistance to Immunotoxins Containing Pseudomonas Exotoxin A in Cancer Therapy. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E979. [PMID: 32630017 PMCID: PMC7408526 DOI: 10.3390/biom10070979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotoxins are a class of targeted cancer therapeutics in which a toxin such as Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE) is linked to an antibody or cytokine to direct the toxin to a target on cancer cells. While a variety of PE-based immunotoxins have been developed and a few have demonstrated promising clinical and preclinical results, cancer cells frequently have or develop resistance to these immunotoxins. This review presents our current understanding of the mechanism of action of PE-based immunotoxins and discusses cellular mechanisms of resistance that interfere with various steps of the pathway. These steps include binding of the immunotoxin to the target antigen, internalization, intracellular processing and trafficking to reach the cytosol, inhibition of protein synthesis through ADP-ribosylation of elongation factor 2 (EF2), and induction of apoptosis. Combination therapies that increase immunotoxin action and overcome specific mechanisms of resistance are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ira Pastan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4264, USA;
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44
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Mazor R, Pastan I. Immunogenicity of Immunotoxins Containing Pseudomonas Exotoxin A: Causes, Consequences, and Mitigation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1261. [PMID: 32695104 PMCID: PMC7333791 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotoxins are cytolytic fusion proteins developed for cancer therapy, composed of an antibody fragment that binds to a cancer cell and a protein toxin fragment that kills the cell. Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE) is a potent toxin that is used for the killing moiety in many immunotoxins. Moxetumomab Pasudotox (Lumoxiti) contains an anti-CD22 Fv and a 38 kDa portion of PE. Lumoxiti was discovered in the Laboratory of Molecular Biology at the U.S. National Cancer Institute and co-developed with Medimmune/AstraZeneca to treat hairy cell leukemia. In 2018 Lumoxiti was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of drug-resistant Hairy Cell Leukemia. Due to the bacterial origin of the killing moiety, immunotoxins containing PE are highly immunogenic in patients with normal immune systems, but less immunogenic in patients with hematologic malignancies, whose immune systems are often compromised. LMB-100 is a de-immunized variant of the toxin with a humanized antibody that targets mesothelin and a PE toxin that was rationally designed for diminished reactivity with antibodies and B cell receptors. It is now being evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of mesothelioma and pancreatic cancer and is showing somewhat diminished immunogenicity compared to its un modified parental counterpart. Here we review the immunogenicity of the original and de-immunized PE immunotoxins in mice and patients, the development of anti-drug antibodies (ADAs), their impact on drug availability and their effect on clinical efficacy. Efforts to mitigate the immunogenicity of immunotoxins and its impact on immunogenicity will be described including rational design to identify, remove, or suppress B cell or T cell epitopes, and combination of immunotoxins with immune modulating drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronit Mazor
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Ira Pastan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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45
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Wang Z, Yu W, Qiang Y, Xu L, Ma F, Ding P, Shi L, Chang W, Mei Y, Ma X. LukS-PV Inhibits Hepatocellular Carcinoma Progression by Downregulating HDAC2 Expression. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2020; 17:547-561. [PMID: 32637573 PMCID: PMC7321822 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common malignant tumor. LukS-PV is the S component of Panton-Valetine leukocidin (PVL), which is secreted by Staphylococcus aureus. This study investigated the effects of LukS-PV on the proliferation, apoptosis, and cell-cycle progression of HCC cells and the mechanisms of its activity. The HCC cells were treated with different LukS-PV concentrations in vitro. Cell Counting Kit-8 and 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) assays were used to study cell proliferation. Flow cytometry was used to measure apoptosis and cell-cycle progression. Quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR and western blot assays were used to determine mRNA and protein expression levels. Xenograft experiments were performed to determine the in vivo antitumor effect of LukS-PV. Immunostaining was performed to analyze Ki-67 and HDAC2 (histone deacetylase 2) expression. Our results showed that LukS-PV inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner in HCC cell lines. LukS-PV also can induce cell-cycle arrest. Moreover, we discovered that LukS-PV attenuated HDAC2 expression and upregulated PTEN; phosphorylated AKT was also reduced. Further studies demonstrated that LukS-PV treatment significantly reduced tumor growth in nude mice and suppressed Ki-67 and HDAC2 levels. Our data revealed a vital role of LukS-PV in suppressing HCC progression by downregulating HDAC2 and upregulating PTEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziran Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wenwei Yu
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yawen Qiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Liangfei Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Fan Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Pengsheng Ding
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lan Shi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wenjiao Chang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yide Mei
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaoling Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
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46
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Development of Glypican-3 Targeting Immunotoxins for the Treatment of Liver Cancer: An Update. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10060934. [PMID: 32575752 PMCID: PMC7356171 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for most liver cancers and represents one of the deadliest cancers in the world. Despite the global demand for liver cancer treatments, there remain few options available. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recently approved Lumoxiti, a CD22-targeting immunotoxin, as a treatment for patients with hairy cell leukemia. This approval helps to demonstrate the potential role that immunotoxins can play in the cancer therapeutics pipeline. However, concerns have been raised about the use of immunotoxins, including their high immunogenicity and short half-life, in particular for treating solid tumors such as liver cancer. This review provides an overview of recent efforts to develop a glypican-3 (GPC3) targeting immunotoxin for treating HCC, including strategies to deimmunize immunotoxins by removing B- or T-cell epitopes on the bacterial toxin and to improve the serum half-life of immunotoxins by incorporating an albumin binding domain.
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47
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Masuyer G. Crystal Structure of Exotoxin A from Aeromonas Pathogenic Species. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12060397. [PMID: 32549399 PMCID: PMC7354439 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12060397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas exotoxin A (AE) is a bacterial virulence factor recently discovered in a clinical case of necrotising fasciitis caused by the flesh-eating Aeromonas hydrophila. Here, database mining shows that AE is present in the genome of several emerging Aeromonas pathogenic species. The X-ray crystal structure of AE was solved at 2.3 Å and presents all the hallmarks common to diphthamide-specific mono-ADP-ribosylating toxins, suggesting AE is a fourth member of this family alongside the diphtheria toxin, Pseudomonas exotoxin A and cholix. Structural homology indicates AE may use a similar mechanism of cytotoxicity that targets eukaryotic elongation factor 2 and thus inhibition of protein synthesis. The structure of AE also highlights unique features including a metal binding site, and a negatively charged cleft that could play a role in interdomain interactions and may affect toxicity. This study raises new opportunities to engineer alternative toxin-based molecules with pharmaceutical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Masuyer
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Centre for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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48
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Wu J, Guo Q, Zhang G, Zhao L, Lv Y, Wang J, Liu J, Shi W. Study on the targeted therapy of oral squamous cell carcinoma with a plasmid expressing PE38KDEL toxin under control of the SERPINB3 promoter. Cancer Med 2020; 9:2213-2222. [PMID: 32017381 PMCID: PMC7064090 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has a poor prognosis and a high risk of recurrence. To improve the efficacy of OSCC therapy, it is of great significance to explore gene therapy for OSCC. The use of specific genes to regulate the targeted expression of suicide genes is a hot topic in gene therapy for cancer. The SERPINB3 gene is highly active in squamous cell carcinoma, but nearly undetectable or present at a low level in normal tissues. This specificity suggests that the SERPINB3 promoter can be used for targeted OSCC therapy. Pseudomonas aeruginosa secretes PE38KDEL, an exotoxin derivative, as a suicide gene used in gene therapy. A SERPINB3 promoter-mediated PE38KDEL expression vector was created. The SERPINB3 gene expression was tested in different cell lines by RT-qPCR and Western blotting, and the SERPINB3 promoter activity was detected by luciferase assay. The SERPINB3 promoter was more active in the TCA8113 cell line than in the other cell lines. The target therapeutic potential of the toxin vector pSERPINB3-PE38KDEL was tested in the SERPINB3-positive TCA8113 cell line, the SERPINB3-negative MG63 cell line, and normal L02 cell line. The SERPINB3 gene was expressed at a high level in TCA8113 cells but a low level in MG63 and L02 cells. Transfection of the pSERPINB3-PE38KDEL plasmid effectively inhibited the proliferation and invasion of TCA8113 cells and induced cell apoptosis, but no significant damage to MG63 and L02 cells was observed. The results of in vitro experiments indicated that the pSERPINB3-PE38KDEL plasmid could be a promising strategy for targeted OSCC gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Wu
- School of StomatologyJiamusi UniversityJiamusiP.R. China
| | - Qiong Guo
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology & Engineeringthe Ministry of EducationJilin UniversityChangchunP.R. China
| | - Guoliang Zhang
- School of StomatologyJiamusi UniversityJiamusiP.R. China
| | - Liying Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology & Engineeringthe Ministry of EducationJilin UniversityChangchunP.R. China
| | - Yvguang Lv
- College of PharmacyJiamusi UniversityJiamusiP.R. China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- School of StomatologyJiamusi UniversityJiamusiP.R. China
| | - Jiguang Liu
- School of StomatologyJiamusi UniversityJiamusiP.R. China
| | - Wei Shi
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology & Engineeringthe Ministry of EducationJilin UniversityChangchunP.R. China
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49
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Bacteria and cancer: Different sides of the same coin. Life Sci 2020; 246:117398. [PMID: 32032647 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Conventional cancer therapies such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and immunotherapy due to the complexity of cancer have been unsuccessful in the complete eradication of tumor cells. Thus, there is a need for new therapeutic strategies toward cancer. Recently, the therapeutic role of bacteria in different fields of medicine and pharmaceutical research has attracted attention in recent decades. Although several bacteria are notorious as cancer-causing agents, recent research revealed intriguing results suggesting the bacterial potential in cancer therapy. Thus, bacterial cancer therapy is an alternative anticancer approach that has promising results on tumor cells in-vivo. Moreover, with the aid of genetic engineering, some natural or genetically modified bacterial strains can directly target hypoxic regions of tumors and secrete therapeutic molecules leading to cancer cell death. Additionally, stimulation of immune cells by bacteria, bacterial cancer DNA vaccine and antitumor bacterial metabolites are other therapeutic applications of bacteria in cancer therapy. The present study is a comprehensive review of different aspects of bacterial cancer therapy alone and in combination with conventional methods, for improving cancer therapy.
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50
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Cao L, Li Q, Tong Z, Xing Y, Xu K, Yijia Wang J, Li W, Zhao J, Zhao L, Hong Z. HER2-specific immunotoxins constructed based on single-domain antibodies and the improved toxin PE24X7. Int J Pharm 2020; 574:118939. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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