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Kim MJ, Kim CR, Park CS, Kang H, Cho YS, Yeom DH, Kim MJ, Han JH, Ji HB, Cho YC, Min CH, Kim DY, Lee JW, Lee C, Lee SP, Choy YB. Batteryless implantable device with built-in mechanical clock for automated and precisely timed drug administration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2315824120. [PMID: 38096418 PMCID: PMC10741381 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2315824120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Adherence to medication plays a crucial role in the effective management of chronic diseases. However, patients often miss their scheduled drug administrations, resulting in suboptimal disease control. Therefore, we propose an implantable device enabled with automated and precisely timed drug administration. Our device incorporates a built-in mechanical clock movement to utilize a clockwork mechanism, i.e., a periodic turn of the hour axis, enabling automatic drug infusion at precise 12-h intervals. The actuation principle relies on the sophisticated design of the device, where the rotational movement of the hour axis is converted into potential mechanical energy and is abruptly released at the exact moment for drug administration. The clock movement can be charged either automatically by mechanical agitations or manually by winding the crown, while the device remains implanted, thereby enabling the device to be used permanently without the need for batteries. When tested using metoprolol, an antihypertensive drug, in a spontaneously hypertensive animal model, the implanted device can deliver drug automatically at precise 12-h intervals without the need for further attention, leading to similarly effective blood pressure control and ultimately, prevention of ventricular hypertrophy as compared with scheduled drug administrations. These findings suggest that our device is a promising alternative to conventional methods for complex drug administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ji Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Cho Rim Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Soon Park
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejeong Kang
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Seul Cho
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Hae Yeom
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Ju Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Han
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Bi Ji
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Chan Cho
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hee Min
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Yeon Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Won Lee
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Pyo Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul03080, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Bin Choy
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul03080, Republic of Korea
- Innovative Medical Technology Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul08826, Republic of Korea
- ToBIOs Inc., Seongbuk-gu, Seoul02880, Republic of Korea
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2
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Gunata M, Parlakpinar H. Experimental heart failure models in small animals. Heart Fail Rev 2023; 28:533-554. [PMID: 36504404 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-022-10286-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is one of the most critical health and economic burdens worldwide, and its prevalence is continuously increasing. HF is a disease that occurs due to a pathological change arising from the function or structure of the heart tissue and usually progresses. Numerous experimental HF models have been created to elucidate the pathophysiological mechanisms that cause HF. An understanding of the pathophysiology of HF is essential for the development of novel efficient therapies. During the past few decades, animal models have provided new insights into the complex pathogenesis of HF. Success in the pathophysiology and treatment of HF has been achieved by using animal models of HF. The development of new in vivo models is critical for evaluating treatments such as gene therapy, mechanical devices, and new surgical approaches. However, each animal model has advantages and limitations, and none of these models is suitable for studying all aspects of HF. Therefore, the researchers have to choose an appropriate experimental model that will fully reflect HF. Despite some limitations, these animal models provided a significant advance in the etiology and pathogenesis of HF. Also, experimental HF models have led to the development of new treatments. In this review, we discussed widely used experimental HF models that continue to provide critical information for HF patients and facilitate the development of new treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Gunata
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, 44280, Türkiye
| | - Hakan Parlakpinar
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, 44280, Türkiye.
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3
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Frangogiannis NG, Kovacic JC. Extracellular Matrix in Ischemic Heart Disease, Part 4/4: JACC Focus Seminar. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020; 75:2219-2235. [PMID: 32354387 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia and infarction, both in the acute and chronic phases, are associated with cardiomyocyte loss and dramatic changes in the cardiac extracellular matrix (ECM). It has long been appreciated that these changes in the cardiac ECM result in altered mechanical properties of ischemic or infarcted myocardial segments. However, a growing body of evidence now clearly demonstrates that these alterations of the ECM not only affect the structural properties of the ischemic and post-infarct heart, but they also play a crucial and sometimes direct role in mediating a range of biological pathways, including the orchestration of inflammatory and reparative processes, as well as the pathogenesis of adverse remodeling. This final part of a 4-part JACC Focus Seminar reviews the evidence on the role of the ECM in relation to the ischemic and infarcted heart, as well as its contribution to cardiac dysfunction and adverse clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
| | - Jason C Kovacic
- The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute and St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.
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4
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Noll NA, Lal H, Merryman WD. Mouse Models of Heart Failure with Preserved or Reduced Ejection Fraction. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 190:1596-1608. [PMID: 32343958 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a chronic, complex condition with increasing incidence worldwide, necessitating the development of novel therapeutic strategies. This has led to the current clinical strategies, which only treat symptoms of HF without addressing the underlying causes. Multiple animal models have been developed in an attempt to recreate the chronic HF phenotype that arises following a variety of myocardial injuries. Although significant strides have been made in HF research, an understanding of more specific mechanisms will require distinguishing models that resemble HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) from those with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Therefore, current mouse models of HF need to be re-assessed to determine which of them most closely recapitulate the specific etiology of HF being studied. This will allow for the development of therapies targeted specifically at HFpEF or HFrEF. This review will summarize the commonly used mouse models of HF and discuss which aspect of human HF each model replicates, focusing on whether HFpEF or HFrEF is induced, to allow better investigation into pathophysiological mechanisms and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Noll
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Hind Lal
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - W David Merryman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee.
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5
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Thrombospondins: A Role in Cardiovascular Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071540. [PMID: 28714932 PMCID: PMC5536028 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombospondins (TSPs) represent extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins belonging to the TSP family that comprises five members. All TSPs have a complex multidomain structure that permits the interaction with various partners including other ECM proteins, cytokines, receptors, growth factors, etc. Among TSPs, TSP1, TSP2, and TSP4 are the most studied and functionally tested. TSP1 possesses anti-angiogenic activity and is able to activate transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, a potent profibrotic and anti-inflammatory factor. Both TSP2 and TSP4 are implicated in the control of ECM composition in hypertrophic hearts. TSP1, TSP2, and TSP4 also influence cardiac remodeling by affecting collagen production, activity of matrix metalloproteinases and TGF-β signaling, myofibroblast differentiation, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and stretch-mediated enhancement of myocardial contraction. The development and evaluation of TSP-deficient animal models provided an option to assess the contribution of TSPs to cardiovascular pathology such as (myocardial infarction) MI, cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, atherosclerosis, and aortic valve stenosis. Targeting of TSPs has a significant therapeutic value for treatment of cardiovascular disease. The activation of cardiac TSP signaling in stress and pressure overload may be therefore beneficial.
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Sure VN, Katakam PVG. Janus face of thrombospondin-4: impairs small artery vasodilation but protects against cardiac hypertrophy and aortic aneurysm formation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 310:H1383-4. [PMID: 27106043 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00273.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Venkata N Sure
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Prasad V G Katakam
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
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7
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Palao T, Rippe C, van Veen H, VanBavel E, Swärd K, Bakker ENTP. Thrombospondin-4 knockout in hypertension protects small-artery endothelial function but induces aortic aneurysms. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 310:H1486-93. [PMID: 26968543 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00046.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Thrombospondin-4 (TSP-4) is a multidomain calcium-binding protein that has both intracellular and extracellular functions. As an extracellular matrix protein, it is involved in remodeling processes. Previous work showed that, in the cardiovascular system, TSP-4 expression is induced in the heart in response to experimental pressure overload and infarction injury. Intracellularly, it mediates the endoplasmic reticulum stress response in the heart. In this study, we explored the role of TSP-4 in hypertension. For this purpose, wild-type and TSP-4 knockout (Thbs4(-/-)) mice were treated with angiotensin II (ANG II). Hearts from ANG II-treated Thbs4(-/-) mice showed an exaggerated hypertrophic response. Interestingly, aortas from Thbs4(-/-) mice treated with ANG II showed a high incidence of aneurysms. In resistance arteries, ANG II-treated wild-type mice showed impaired endothelial-dependent relaxation. This was not observed in ANG II-treated Thbs4(-/-) mice or in untreated controls. No differences were found in the passive pressure-diameter curves or stress-strain relationships, although ANG II-treated Thbs4(-/-) mice showed a tendency to be less stiff, associated with thicker diameters of the collagen fibers as revealed by electron microscopy. We conclude that TSP-4 plays a role in hypertension, affecting cardiac hypertrophy, aortic aneurysm formation, as well as endothelial-dependent relaxation in resistance arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Palao
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Catarina Rippe
- Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; and
| | - Henk van Veen
- Cell Biology and Histology, Core Facility Cellular Imaging, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ed VanBavel
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Karl Swärd
- Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; and
| | - Erik N T P Bakker
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands;
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Kirk JA, Cingolani OH. Thrombospondins in the transition from myocardial infarction to heart failure. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 90:102-10. [PMID: 26686988 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The heart's reaction to ischemic injury from a myocardial infarction involves complex cross-talk between the extra-cellular matrix (ECM) and different cell types within the myocardium. The ECM functions not only as a scaffold where myocytes beat synchronously, but an active signaling environment that regulates the important post-MI responses. The thrombospondins are matricellular proteins that modulate cell--ECM interactions, functioning as "sensors" that mediate outside-in and inside-out signaling. Thrombospondins are highly expressed during embryonic stages, and although their levels decrease during adult life, can be re-expressed in high quantities in response to cardiac stress including myocardial infarction and heart failure. Like a Swiss-army knife, the thrombospondins possess many tools: numerous binding domains that allow them to interact with other elements of the ECM, cell surface receptors, and signaling molecules. It is through these that the thrombospondins function. In the present review, we provide basic as well as clinical evidence linking the thrombospondin proteins with the post myocardial infarction response, including inflammation, fibrotic matrix remodeling, angiogenesis, as well as myocyte hypertrophy, apoptosis, and contractile dysfunction in heart failure. We will describe what is known regarding the intracellular signaling pathways that are involved with these responses, paving the road for future studies identifying these proteins as therapeutic targets for cardiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Kirk
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Health Sciences Division, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, United States.
| | - Oscar H Cingolani
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
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9
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Kelloniemi A, Aro J, Näpänkangas J, Koivisto E, Mustonen E, Ruskoaho H, Rysä J. TSC-22 up-regulates collagen 3a1 gene expression in the rat heart. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2015; 15:122. [PMID: 26464165 PMCID: PMC4604760 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-015-0121-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is one of the key mediators in cardiac remodelling occurring after myocardial infarction (MI) and in hypertensive heart disease. The TGF-β-stimulated clone 22 (TSC-22) is a leucine zipper protein expressed in many tissues and possessing various transcription-modulating activities. However, its function in the heart remains unknown. METHODS The aim of the present study was to characterize cardiac TSC-22 expression in vivo in cardiac remodelling and in myocytes in vitro. In addition, we used TSC-22 gene transfer in order to examine the effects of TSC-22 on cardiac gene expression and function. RESULTS We found that TSC-22 is rapidly up-regulated by multiple hypertrophic stimuli, and in post-MI remodelling both TSC-22 mRNA and protein levels were up-regulated (4.1-fold, P <0.001 and 3.0-fold, P <0.05, respectively) already on day 1. We observed that both losartan and metoprolol treatments reduced left ventricular TSC-22 gene expression. Finally, TSC-22 overexpression by local intramyocardial adenovirus-mediated gene delivery showed that TSC-22 appears to have a role in regulating collagen type IIIα1 gene expression in the heart. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that TSC-22 expression is induced in response to cardiac overload. Moreover, our data suggests that, by regulating collagen expression in the heart in vivo, TSC-22 could be a potential target for fibrosis-preventing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annina Kelloniemi
- Research Unit of Biomedicine (Pharmacology & Toxicology), University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jani Aro
- Research Unit of Biomedicine (Pharmacology & Toxicology), University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Juha Näpänkangas
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Diagnostics, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Elina Koivisto
- Research Unit of Biomedicine (Pharmacology & Toxicology), University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Erja Mustonen
- Research Unit of Biomedicine (Pharmacology & Toxicology), University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Heikki Ruskoaho
- Research Unit of Biomedicine (Pharmacology & Toxicology), University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaana Rysä
- Research Unit of Biomedicine (Pharmacology & Toxicology), University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland. .,School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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Weinheimer CJ, Lai L, Kelly DP, Kovacs A. Novel mouse model of left ventricular pressure overload and infarction causing predictable ventricular remodelling and progression to heart failure. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2015; 42:33-40. [PMID: 25311547 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mouse surgical models are important tools for evaluating mechanisms of human cardiac disease. The clinically relevant comorbidities of hypertension and ischaemia have not been explored in mice. We have developed a surgical approach that combines transverse aortic constriction and distal left anterior coronary ligation (MI) to produce a gradual and predictable progression of adverse left ventricular (LV) remodelling that leads to heart failure (HF). Mice received either sham, MI alone, transverse aortic constriction alone or HF surgery. Infarct size and LV remodelling were evaluated by serial 2-D echocardiograms. Transverse aortic constriction gradients were measured by the Doppler velocity-time integral ratio between constricted and proximal aortic velocities. At 4 weeks, hearts were weighed and analysed for histology and brain natriuretic peptide, a molecular marker of HF. Echocardiographic analysis of segmental wall motion scores showed similarly small apical infarct sizes in the MI and HF groups at day 1 postsurgery. MI alone showed little change in infarct size over 4 weeks (0.26 ± 0.02 to 0.27 ± 0.04, P = 0.77); however, HF mice showed infarct expansion (0.25 ± 0.06 to 0.39 ± 0.09, P < 0.05). HF mice also showed LV remodelling with increases in LV volumes (1 day = 36.5 ± 5.2 mL, 28 days = 89.1 ± 16.0 mL) versus no significant changes in the other groups. Furthermore, systolic function progressively deteriorated in the HF group only (ejection fraction, 1 day = 55.6 ± 3.6%, 28 days = 17.6 ± 4.1%, P < 0.05) with an increase of brain natriuretic peptide by 3.5-fold. This surgical model of pressure overload in the setting of a small infarction causes progressive deterioration of cardiac structural and functional properties, and provides a clinically relevant tool to study adverse LV remodelling and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla J Weinheimer
- Cardiovascular Division, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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11
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Li AH, Liu PP, Villarreal FJ, Garcia RA. Dynamic changes in myocardial matrix and relevance to disease: translational perspectives. Circ Res 2014; 114:916-27. [PMID: 24577970 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.114.302819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The cardiac extracellular matrix (ECM) provides the architectural scaffold to support efficient contraction and relaxation of cardiomyocytes. The elegant design of the ECM facilitates optimal force transduction, electric transmission, intercellular communication, and metabolic exchange within the myocardial microenvironment. In the setting of increased wall stress, injury, or disease, the ECM can undergo a series of dynamic changes that lead to favorable chamber remodeling and functional adaptation. Over time, sustained matrix remodeling can impair diastolic and systolic function caused by excess deposition of interstitial fibrous tissue. These pathological alterations in ECM structure/function are considered central to the evolution of adverse cardiac remodeling and the development of heart failure. This review discusses the complex dynamics of the cardiac ECM in the setting of myocardial infarction, pressure overload, and volume overload. We also summarize the current status of ECM biomarkers that may have clinical value in prognosticating cardiac disease progression in patients. Finally, we discuss the most current status of drugs under evaluation for use in cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Hsien Li
- From the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (A.-H.L., P.P.L.); University of Toronto, Heart & Stroke/Lewar Centre of Excellence, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (P.P.L.); University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine (F.J.V., R.A.G.); and Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Pennington, NJ (R.A.G.)
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12
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Stenina-Adognravi O. Invoking the power of thrombospondins: regulation of thrombospondins expression. Matrix Biol 2014; 37:69-82. [PMID: 24582666 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests critical functions of thrombospondins (TSPs) in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. With the growing understanding of the importance of these matricellular proteins, the need to understand the mechanisms of regulation of their expression and potential approaches to modulate their levels is also increasing. The regulation of TSP expression is multi-leveled, cell- and tissue-specific, and very precise. However, the knowledge of mechanisms modulating the levels of TSPs is fragmented and incomplete. This review discusses the known mechanisms of regulation of TSP levels and the gaps in our knowledge that prevent us from developing strategies to modulate the expression of these physiologically important proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Stenina-Adognravi
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave NB50, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States.
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13
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Thrombospondins (TSPs) are secreted extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins from TSP family, which consists of five homologous members. They share a complex domain structure and have numerous binding partners in ECM and multiple cell surface receptors. Information that has emerged over the past decade identifies TSPs as important mediators of cellular homeostasis, assigning new important roles in cardiovascular pathology to these proteins. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies of the functions of TSP in the cardiovascular system, diabetes and aging, which placed several TSPs in a position of critical regulators, demonstrated the involvement of these proteins in practically every aspect of cardiovascular pathophysiology related to atherosclerosis: inflammation, immunity, leukocyte recruitment and function, function of vascular cells, angiogenesis, and responses to hypoxia, ischemia and hyperglycemia. TSPs are also critically important in the development and ultimate outcome of the complications associated with atherosclerosis--myocardial infarction, and heart hypertrophy and failure. Their expression and significance increase with age and with the progression of diabetes, two major contributors to the development of atherosclerosis and its complications. SUMMARY This overview of recent literature examines the latest information on the newfound functions of TSPs that emphasize the importance of ECM in cardiovascular homeostasis and pathology. The functions of TSPs in myocardium, vasculature, vascular complications of diabetes, aging and immunity are discussed.
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14
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Mustonen E, Ruskoaho H, Rysä J. Thrombospondins, potential drug targets for cardiovascular diseases. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2013; 112:4-12. [PMID: 23074998 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The thrombospondin (TSP) family consists of five multimeric, multidomain calcium-binding glycoproteins that act as regulators of cell-cell and cell-matrix associations as well as interact with other extracellular matrix molecules affecting their function. Increasing interest on cardiac TSP-1, TSP-2 and TSP-4 has emerged, and they have been studied in cardiac hypertrophy, myocardial infarction, heart failure, atherosclerosis and aortic valve stenosis. The aim of this MiniReview is to summarize the current knowledge on each TSP in various cardiovascular pathologies. We specifically emphasize the role of TSPs in cardiac remodelling and evaluate TSPs as potential cardiovascular drug targets. Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) is the most studied TSP, being antiangiogenic and able to activate transforming growth factor-β. The functions of TSP-2 and TSP-4 are linked in maintaining the composition of the matrix of the hypertrophied heart, whereas there is very little knowledge on cardiac TSP-3 and TSP-5. TSP-1, TSP-2 and TSP-4 have been shown to affect cardiac remodelling in vivo, for example, by modulating matrix metalloproteinase and transforming growth factor-β activity, collagen synthesis, myofibroblast differentiation, cell death and stretch-mediated augmentation of cardiac contractility. The detrimental role for TSPs in cardiovascular pathophysiology has been clearly demonstrated in knockout mouse models, and augmentation of TSP signalling in the heart during stress and haemodynamic overload might be beneficial. In conclusion, the role of TSP-1, TSP-2 and TSP-4 in cardiac hypertrophy, remodelling after myocardial infarction, heart failure, atherosclerosis and aortic valve stenosis encourages further investigation to validate them as potential drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erja Mustonen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Biomedicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland
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15
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Mustonen E, Ruskoaho H, Rysä J. Thrombospondin-4, tumour necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) and its receptor Fn14: novel extracellular matrix modulating factors in cardiac remodelling. Ann Med 2012; 44:793-804. [PMID: 22380695 DOI: 10.3109/07853890.2011.614635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac remodelling is defined as changes in the size, shape, and function of the heart, which are most commonly caused by hypertension-induced left ventricular hypertrophy and myocardial infarction. Both neurohumoral and inflammatory factors have critical roles in the regulation of cardiac remodelling. A characteristic feature of cardiac remodelling is modification of the extracellular matrix (ECM), often manifested by fibrosis, a process that has vital consequences for the structure and function of the myocardium. In addition to established modulators of the ECM, the matricellular protein thrombospondin-4 (TSP-4) as well as the tumour necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) and its receptor Fn14 has been recently shown to modulate cardiac ECM. TSP-4 null mice develop pronounced cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis with defects in collagen maturation in response to pressure overload. TWEAK and Fn14 belong to the tumour necrosis factor superfamily of proinflammatory cytokines. Recently it was shown that elevated levels of circulating TWEAK via Fn14 critically affect the cardiac ECM, characterized by increasing fibrosis and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in mice. Here we review the literature concerning the role of matricellular proteins and inflammation in cardiac ECM remodelling, with a special focus on TSP-4, TWEAK, and its receptor Fn14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erja Mustonen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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16
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Increased thrombospondin-2 in human fibrosclerotic and stenotic aortic valves. Atherosclerosis 2012; 220:66-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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