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Riccardi D, Ward JPT, Yarova PL, Janssen LJ, Lee TH, Ying S, Corrigan CJ. Topical therapy with negative allosteric modulators of the calcium-sensing receptor (calcilytics) for the management of asthma: the beginning of a new era? Eur Respir J 2022; 60:13993003.02103-2021. [DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02103-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In this review article we present the evidence to date supporting the role of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) as a key, pluripotential molecular trigger for asthma and speculate on the likely benefits of topical therapy of asthma with negative allosteric modulators of the CaSR: calcilytics.
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2
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Maietta V, Reyes-García J, Yadav VR, Zheng YM, Peng X, Wang YX. Cellular and Molecular Processes in Pulmonary Hypertension. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1304:21-38. [PMID: 34019261 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-68748-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a progressive lung disease characterized by persistent pulmonary vasoconstriction. Another well-recognized characteristic of PH is the muscularization of peripheral pulmonary arteries. This pulmonary vasoremodeling manifests in medial hypertrophy/hyperplasia of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) with possible neointimal formation. The underlying molecular processes for these two major vascular responses remain not fully understood. On the other hand, a series of very recent studies have shown that the increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) seems to be an important player in mediating pulmonary vasoconstriction and vasoremodeling, thereby leading to PH. Mitochondria are a primary site for ROS production in pulmonary artery (PA) SMCs, which subsequently activate NADPH oxidase to induce further ROS generation, i.e., ROS-induced ROS generation. ROS control the activity of multiple ion channels to induce intracellular Ca2+ release and extracellular Ca2+ influx (ROS-induced Ca2+ release and influx) to cause PH. ROS and Ca2+ signaling may synergistically trigger an inflammatory cascade to implicate in PH. Accordingly, this paper explores the important roles of ROS, Ca2+, and inflammatory signaling in the development of PH, including their reciprocal interactions, key molecules, and possible therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vic Maietta
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Jorge Reyes-García
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA.,Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Vishal R Yadav
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Yun-Min Zheng
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA.
| | - Xu Peng
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Yong-Xiao Wang
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA.
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3
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Kaymak E, Akin AT, Tufan E, Başaran KE, Taheri S, Özdamar S, Yakan B. The effect of chloroquine on the TRPC1, TRPC6, and CaSR in the pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells in hypoxia-induced experimental pulmonary artery hypertension. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2020; 35:e22636. [PMID: 32956540 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a life-threatening disease characterized by a constant high pulmonary artery pressure and the remodeling of the vessel. Chloroquine (CLQ) has been observed to inhibit calcium influx. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of CLQ on transient receptor cationic proteins (TRPC1 and TRPC6) and extracellular calcium-sensitive receptor (CaSR) in a hypoxic PAH model. In this study, 8- to 12-week-old 32 male Wistar albino rats, weighing 200 to 300 g, were used. The rats were studied in four groups, including normoxy control, n = 8; normoxy CLQ (50 mg/kg/28 d), n = 8; hypoxia (HX; 10% oxygen/28 d) control, n = 8; and HX (10% oxygen/28 d) + CLQ (50 mg/kg), N = 8. Pulmonary arterial medial wall thickness, pulmonary arteriole wall, TRPC1, TRPC6, and CaSR expressions were evaluated by immunohistochemistry, polymerase chain reaction, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods. At the end of the experiment, a statistically significant increase in the medial wall thickness was observed in the hypoxic group as compared with the control group. However, in the HX + CLQ group, there was a statistically significant decrease in the vessel medial wall as compared with the HX group. In the TRPC1-, TRPC6-, and CaSR-immunopositive cell numbers, messenger RNA expressions and biochemical results showed an increase in the HX group, whereas they were decreased in the HX + CLQ group. The inhibitory effect of CLQ on calcium receptors in arterioles was observed in PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emin Kaymak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
| | | | - Esra Tufan
- Department of Physiology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | | | - Serpil Taheri
- Department of Medical Biology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Saim Özdamar
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Birkan Yakan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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4
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Liu JJ, Tang MM, Zhu ML, Xie CX, Kang PF, Ling X, Zhang H, Wang XJ, Tang B. Docosahexaenoic acid inhibits Ca 2+ influx and downregulates CaSR by upregulating microRNA-16 in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2020; 34:e22573. [PMID: 32659049 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is reported to have the potential to ameliorate pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), while the specific mechanism is still obscure. This study aims to investigate the function of DHA in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) and explore the underlying mechanism. In our study, DHA was used to incubate PASMCs. Cytosolic-free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+ ]cyt) was measured using Fluo-3 AM method. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to detect microRNA-16 (miR-16) and calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) messenger RNA expression levels. CCK-8 assay, BrdU assay, and Transwell assay were employed to detect the effects of DHA on proliferation and migration of PASMCs. CaSR was confirmed as a direct target of miR-16 using dual-luciferase assay, polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot analysis. It was found that DHA significantly inhibited PASMC proliferation and migration and decreased [Ca2+ ]cyt. After transfection of miR-16 mimics, proliferation and migration ability of PASMCs were significantly inhibited, whereas opposite effects were observed after miR-16 inhibition. [Ca2+ ]cyt was also inhibited by miR-16 transfection. DHA then promoted the expression of miR-16, and the effects of DHA on PASMCs were annulled when miR-16 was inhibited. CaSR was identified as a direct target of miR-16. CaSR was inhibited directly by miR-16 and indirectly by DHA. In conclusion, DHA inhibits the proliferation and migration of PASMCs, and probably ameliorates PAH via regulating miR-16/CaSR axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Jun Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Ming-Ming Tang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Ming-Li Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Cai-Xia Xie
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Pin-Fang Kang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xuan Ling
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Bi Tang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu City, Anhui Province, China
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5
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Kosiba AA, Wang Y, Chen D, Wong CKC, Gu J, Shi H. The roles of calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) in heavy metals-induced nephrotoxicity. Life Sci 2019; 242:117183. [PMID: 31874167 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.117183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The kidney is a vital organ responsible for regulating water, electrolyte and acid-base balance as well as eliminating toxic substances from the blood in the body. Exposure of humans to heavy metals in their natural and occupational environments, foods, water, and drugs has serious implications on the kidney's health. The accumulation of heavy metals in the kidney has been linked to acute or chronic renal injury, kidney stones or even renal cancer, at the expense of expensive treatment options. Therefore, unearthing novel biomarkers and potential therapeutic agents or targets against kidney injury for efficient treatment are imperative. The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) is typically expressed in the parathyroid glands and renal tubules. It modulates parathyroid hormone secretion according to the serum calcium (Ca2+) concentration. In the kidney, it modulates electrolyte and water excretion by regulating the function of diverse tubular segments. Notably, CaSR lowers passive and active Ca2+ reabsorption in distal tubules, which facilitates phosphate reabsorption in proximal tubules and stimulates proton and water excretion in collecting ducts. Moreover, at the cellular level, modulation of the CaSR regulates cytosolic Ca2+ levels, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascades as well as autophagy and the suppression of apoptosis, an effect predominantly triggered by heavy metals. In this regard, we present a review on the CaSR at the cellular level and its potential as a therapeutic target for the development of new and efficient drugs against heavy metals-induced nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony A Kosiba
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Yanwei Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Dongfeng Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China; Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Chris Kong Chu Wong
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Jie Gu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China.
| | - Haifeng Shi
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China.
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6
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A novel function of calcium sensing receptor in chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary venous smooth muscle cells proliferation. Hypertens Res 2019; 43:271-280. [PMID: 31853041 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-019-0373-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hypoxia (CH) causes remodeling not only in pulmonary arteries but also in pulmonary veins. Pulmonary vascular remodeling stems from increased pulmonary vascular myocyte proliferation. However, the pathogenesis of CH-induced proliferation of pulmonary venous smooth muscle cells (PVSMCs) remains unknown. The present study aimed to explore the mechanisms by which CH affects PVSMCs proliferation. PVSMCs were isolated from rat distal pulmonary veins and exposed to CH (4% O2 for 60 h). The expression of calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) was determined by immunofluorescence, real-time quantitative PCR and Western blotting. Cell proliferation was assessed by cell counting, CCK-8 assay, and BrdU incorporation. Apoptosis analysis was examined by flow cytometry. In rat distal PVSMCs, CH increased the cell number and cell viability and enhanced DNA synthesis, which is accompanied by upregulated mRNA and protein expression levels of CaSR. Two negative CaSR modulators (NPS2143, NPS2390) not only attenuated CH-induced CaSR upregulation but also inhibited CH-induced increases in cell number, cell viability and the proliferation index of PVSMCs, whereas two positive modulators (spermine, R568) not only amplified CH-induced CaSR upregulation but also intensified CH-induced increases in cell number, cell viability and the proliferation index of PVSMCs. Silencing CaSR with siRNA similarly attenuated the CH-induced enhancement of cell number, cell viability and DNA synthesis in PVSMCs. Neither CH nor downregulation of CaSR with siRNA had an effect on apoptosis in PVSMCs. These results suggest that CaSR mediating excessive proliferation is a new pathogenic mechanism involved in the initiation and progression of distal PVSMCs proliferation under CH conditions.
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Abstract
Calcification is a regulated physiological process occurring in bones and teeth. However, calcification is commonly found in soft tissues in association with aging and in a variety of diseases. Over the last two decades, it has emerged that calcification occurring in diseased arteries is not simply an inevitable build-up of insoluble precipitates of calcium phosphate. In some cases, it is an active process in which transcription factors drive conversion of vascular cells to an osteoblast or chondrocyte-like phenotype, with the subsequent production of mineralizing "matrix vesicles." Early studies of bone and cartilage calcification suggested roles for cellular calcium signaling in several of the processes involved in the regulation of bone calcification. Similarly, calcium signaling has recently been highlighted as an important component in the mechanisms regulating pathological calcification. The emerging hypothesis is that ectopic/pathological calcification occurs in tissues in which there is an imbalance in the regulatory mechanisms that actively prevent calcification. This review highlights the various ways that calcium signaling regulates tissue calcification, with a particular focus on pathological vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Proudfoot
- Signalling Division, Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
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8
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Luo L, Hong X, Diao B, Chen S, Hei M. Sulfur dioxide attenuates hypoxia-induced pulmonary arteriolar remodeling via Dkk1/Wnt signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 106:692-698. [PMID: 29990860 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the impact of SO2 on rats with hypoxic pulmonary vascular structural remodeling and its possible mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Pulmonary vascular morphological change was examined by HE staining. RNA-based high-throughput sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed to detect differential expression of mRNAs in Normal and Hypoxia-induced Pulmonary hypertension (HPH) rats. The Real-time quantitative RT-PCR (q RT-PCR) was used for validation of wnt7b, sfrp2, cacna1f, DKK1, CaSR and vimentin mRNA expression levels. Protein levels of CaSR, Vimentin, Caspase3, E-cadherin and P-Akt1/2/3 were detected by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS This study showed that SO2 significantly attenuated the interstitial thickening and prominent media hypertrophy of pulmonary arteries. SO2 downregulated p-Akt1/2/3 protein level and upregulated E-cadherin protein level in lung tissues, which inhibited the proliferation and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in HPH rats. RNA-seq and PCR validation results showed that levels of Wnt7b, Sfrp2 and Cacna1f mRNAs decreased and Dkk1 mRNA level increased obviously in HPH rats. Moreover, SO2 attenuated the mRNA and protein level of CaSR, which was activated in HPH rats and resulted in the proliferation of PASMCs. Besides, the mRNA and protein expression of vimentin in PASMCs significantly reduced after SO2 treatment. CONCLUSION Together, these findings indicate that SO2 could attenuate hypoxia-induced pulmonary arteriolar remodeling and may suppress the proliferation and migration of PASMCs at least in part through the Dkk1/Wnt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liman Luo
- Department of Paediatrics, The 306th Hospital of PLA, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiaoyang Hong
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, BaYi Children's Hospital of PLA Army General Hospital, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Bo Diao
- Department of Clinical Experiment, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Command & Hubei Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Tumor and Intervention, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Siyao Chen
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute and Guangdong Academy of Medical Science, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Mingyan Hei
- Neonatal Center, Beijing Children's Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100045, China.
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9
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Frees S, Breuksch I, Haber T, Bauer HK, Chavez-Munoz C, Raven P, Moskalev I, D Costa N, Tan Z, Daugaard M, Thüroff JW, Haferkamp A, Prawitt D, So A, Brenner W. Calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) promotes development of bone metastasis in renal cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 9:15766-15779. [PMID: 29644008 PMCID: PMC5884663 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone metastasis is an important prognostic factor in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) has been associated with bone metastasis in several different malignancies. We analyzed the impact of CaSR in bone metastasis in RCC in vitro and in vivo. The RCC cell line 786-O was stably transfected with the CaSR gene and treated with calcium alone or in combination with the CaSR antagonist NPS2143. Afterwards migration, adhesion, proliferation and prominent signaling molecules were analyzed. Calcium treated CaSR-transfected 768-O cells showed an increased adhesion to endothelial cells and the extracellular matrix components fibronectin and collagen I, but not to collagen IV. The chemotactic cell migration and proliferation was also induced by calcium. The activity of SHC, AKT, ERK, P90RSK and JNK were enhanced after calcium treatment of CaSR-transfected cells. These effects were abolished by NPS2143. Development of bone metastasis was evaluated in vivo in a mouse model. Intracardiac injection of CaSR-transfected 768-O cells showed an increased rate of bone metastasis. The results indicate CaSR as an important component in the mechanism of bone metastasis in RCC. Therefore, targeting CaSR might be beneficial in patients with bone metastatic RCC with a high CaSR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Frees
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver Prostate Centre, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Urology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ines Breuksch
- Department of Gynecology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias Haber
- Department of Urology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Heide-Katharina Bauer
- Department of Gynecology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Claudia Chavez-Munoz
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver Prostate Centre, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Peter Raven
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver Prostate Centre, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Igor Moskalev
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver Prostate Centre, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ninadh D Costa
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver Prostate Centre, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Zheng Tan
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver Prostate Centre, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mads Daugaard
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver Prostate Centre, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Joachim W Thüroff
- Department of Urology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.,Current address: Department of Urology, University Clinic Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Axel Haferkamp
- Department of Urology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dirk Prawitt
- Department of Pediatrics, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alan So
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver Prostate Centre, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Walburgis Brenner
- Department of Urology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Gynecology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
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10
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Liu JJ, Zhang H, Xing F, Tang B, Wu SL, Xuan L, Kang PF, Xu Q, Wang HJ, Zhang NR, Wang XJ. MicroRNA‑138 promotes proliferation and suppresses mitochondrial depolarization in human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells through targeting TASK‑1. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:3021-3027. [PMID: 29257242 PMCID: PMC5783522 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miR)‑138 serves an important role in the proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis of human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (HPASMCs), indi-cating the involvement of miR‑138 in the development and progression of pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH). Potassium channel subfamily K member 3 (TASK‑1), a two‑pore domain K+ channel, is expressed in HPASMCs and is associated with hypoxic PAH. However, whether miR‑138 mediates PAH through targeting TASK‑1 is not known. In the present study, HPASMCs were transfected with miR‑138 mimic to establish a PAH model in vitro, and the effects of a miR‑138 inhibitor and a TASK‑1 inhibitor (A293) were examined. Cell proliferation and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were measured by CCK‑8 assay and flow cytometry, respectively. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting were performed to examine the expression of miR‑138, TASK‑1, Bcl‑2, caspase‑3 and activation of extracellular signal‑regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). A dual‑luciferase reporter assay was also used to analyse the expression level of TASK‑1 in HPASMCs. The results of the present study demonstrated that the miR‑138 mimic promoted proliferation and MMP level, which was similar to the effect of A293 treatment on HPASMCs. However, the miR‑138 inhibitor inhibited the effects induced by miR‑138 mimic or A293 treatment, as demonstrated by a decrease in proliferation and MMP level in HPASMCs, accompanied by a decrease of Bcl‑2 and an increase of caspase‑3 expression levels, as well as ERK1/2 activation. The dual‑luciferase reporter assay indicated that TASK‑1 expression was negatively regulated by miR‑138. The results of the present study suggested that miR‑138 promoted proliferation and suppressed mitochondrial depolarization of HPASMCs by targeting TASK‑1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Jun Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, P.R. China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, P.R. China
| | - Fang Xing
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, P.R. China
| | - Bi Tang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Li Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, P.R. China
| | - Ling Xuan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, P.R. China
| | - Pin-Fang Kang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, P.R. China
| | - Qiong Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Ju Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, P.R. China
| | - Ning-Ru Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Jing Wang
- Clinical and Basic Provincial Laboratory of Respiratory System Diseases of Anhui, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, P.R. China
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11
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Zhou Y, Gu P, Li J, Li F, Zhu J, Gao P, Zang Y, Wang Y, Shan Y, Yang D. Suppression of STIM1 inhibits the migration and invasion of human prostate cancer cells and is associated with PI3K/Akt signaling inactivation. Oncol Rep 2017; 38:2629-2636. [PMID: 29048678 PMCID: PMC5780014 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) plays an important role in the invasion and migration of cancer cells. Stromal-interacting molecule 1 (STIM1) is a critical component in the SOCE. STIM1 has been attracting more and more attention due to its oncogenic potential. STIM1 inhibition suppresses cell proliferation, migration and invasion in a variety of cancer models both in vitro and in vivo. However, the role of STIM1 in prostate carcinogenesis, in particular, in tumor migration and invasion is unclear. Herein, we downregulated STIM1 in prostate cancer cells by lentivirus-mediated short hairpin (shRNA), and then studied its impacts on cell migration and invasion. We found that migration and invasion of prostate cancer cells were significantly inhibited after the suppression of STIM1. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway was inactivated by STIM1 knockdown. The PI3K inhibitor LY294002 synergized with STIM1 knockdown to inhibit cell motility. Our results revealed that STIM1 may act as a novel regulator to promote migration and invasion of prostate cancer cells and is associated with the activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Zhou
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China
| | - Peng Gu
- Department of Urology, Xishan People's Hospital of Wuxi, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214000, P.R. China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, P.R. China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Jin Zhu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China
| | - Yachen Zang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China
| | - Yongchang Wang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China
| | - Yuxi Shan
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China
| | - Dongrong Yang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China
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12
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Jiang R, Shi Y, Zeng C, Yu W, Zhang A, Du Y. Protein kinase Cα stimulates hypoxia‑induced pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation in rats through activating the extracellular signal‑regulated kinase 1/2 pathway. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:6814-6820. [PMID: 28901444 PMCID: PMC5865839 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (HPH) may contribute to vascular remodeling, and pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell (PASMC) proliferation has an important role in this process. However, no relevant information concerning the role and mechanism of protein kinase C (PKC)α in hypoxia-induced rat PASMC proliferation has been elucidated. The present study aimed to further investigate this by comparison of rat PASMC proliferation among normoxia for 72 h (21% O2), hypoxia for 72 h (3% O2), hypoxia + promoter 12-myristate 13-acetate control, hypoxia + safingol control, hypoxia + PD98059 control and hypoxia + U0126 control groups. The present study demonstrated that protein expression levels of PKCα in rat PASMCs were elevated. In conclusion, through activating the extracellular signal-regulated 1/2 signaling pathway, PKCα is involved in and initiates PASMC proliferation, thus bringing about pulmonary artery hypertension. These results add to the understanding of the mechanism PKCα in PH formation and lays a theoretical basis for prevention as well as treatment of HPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Jiang
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Yiwei Shi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanxi Medical University Affiliated First Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Chao Zeng
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Wenyan Yu
- Respiratory Department, Central Hospital of Zibo, Zibo, Shandong 255036, P.R. China
| | - Aizhen Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030012, P.R. China
| | - Yongcheng Du
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030012, P.R. China
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Calcilytics enhance sildenafil-induced antiproliferation in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 784:15-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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14
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Xia XD, Lee J, Khan S, Ye L, Li Y, Dong L. Suppression of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt Signaling Attenuates Hypoxia-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension Through the Downregulation of Lysyl Oxidase. DNA Cell Biol 2016; 35:599-606. [PMID: 27383273 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2016.3342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase (LOX) is a copper-dependent enzyme that catalyzes covalent cross-linking of collagen. In response to hypoxia, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway is activated and contributes to pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). However, potential role of LOX in hypoxia-induced PAH is poorly understood. In this study, we explored the mechanism responsible for the development of hypoxia-induced PAH. Potent inhibitors of PI3K/Akt and LOX, wortmannin and β-aminopropionitrile (β-APN), were administrated in rat model of hypoxia-induced PAH. The cross-linking of collagen was assessed by the determination of hydroxyproline. LOX, LOXL-1, LOXL-2, LOXL-3, LOXL-4, Akt, and phospho-Akt expression was detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. We observed that collagen cross-linking and LOX activity were elevated in hypoxia-exposed rat lung tissue, but these effects were reversed by β-APN and wortmannin. In addition, exposure to hypoxia enhanced mRNA and protein expression and activity of LOX and LOXL-1 in a PI3K/Akt-dependent manner and induced the development of PAH. After the administration of wortmannin, the upregulation of LOX and cross-linking of collagen were significantly reversed in hypoxia-exposed rat pulmonary artery tissue. Taken together, the present study demonstrated that the upregulation of LOX expression and collagen cross-linking is PI3K/Akt dependent in rat with hypoxia-induced PAH. Suppression of PI3K/Akt pathway may alleviate hypoxia-induced PAH through the downregulation of LOX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dong Xia
- 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University , Jinan, China .,2 Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, China
| | - Jasmine Lee
- 3 Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Free and Barnet Hospital , London NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sajid Khan
- 3 Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Free and Barnet Hospital , London NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Leping Ye
- 2 Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuan Li
- 2 Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, China
| | - Liang Dong
- 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University , Jinan, China
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Greenberg HZE, Shi J, Jahan KS, Martinucci MC, Gilbert SJ, Vanessa Ho WS, Albert AP. Stimulation of calcium-sensing receptors induces endothelium-dependent vasorelaxations via nitric oxide production and activation of IKCa channels. Vascul Pharmacol 2016; 80:75-84. [PMID: 26772767 PMCID: PMC4830458 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Stimulation of vascular calcium-sensing receptors (CaSRs) is reported to induce both constrictions and relaxations. However, cellular mechanisms involved in these responses remain unclear. The present study investigates the effect of stimulating CaSRs on vascular contractility and focuses on the role of the endothelium, nitric oxide (NO) and K(+) channels in these responses. In wire myography studies, increasing [Ca(2+)]o from 1mM to 6mM induced concentration-dependent relaxations of methoxamine pre-contracted rabbit mesenteric arteries. [Ca(2+)]o-induced relaxations were dependent on a functional endothelium, and were inhibited by the negative allosteric CaSR modulator Calhex-231. [Ca(2+)]o-induced relaxations were reduced by inhibitors of endothelial NO synthase, guanylate cyclase, and protein kinase G. CaSR activation also induced NO production in freshly isolated endothelial cells (ECs) in experiments using the fluorescent NO indicator DAF-FM. Pre-treatment with inhibitors of large (BKCa) and intermediate (IKCa) Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels (iberiotoxin and charybdotoxin), and Kv7 channels (linopirdine) also reduced [Ca(2+)]o-induced vasorelaxations. Increasing [Ca(2+)]o also activated IKCa currents in perforated-patch recordings of isolated mesenteric artery ECs. These findings indicate that stimulation of CaSRs induces endothelium-dependent vasorelaxations which are mediated by two separate pathways involving production of NO and activation of IKCa channels. NO stimulates PKG leading to BKCa activation in vascular smooth muscle cells, whereas IKCa activity contributes to endothelium-derived hyperpolarisations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Z E Greenberg
- Vascular Biology Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular & Cell Sciences, St. George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK.
| | - Jian Shi
- Vascular Biology Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular & Cell Sciences, St. George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Kazi S Jahan
- Vascular Biology Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular & Cell Sciences, St. George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Matthew C Martinucci
- Vascular Biology Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular & Cell Sciences, St. George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Steven J Gilbert
- Vascular Biology Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular & Cell Sciences, St. George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - W-S Vanessa Ho
- Vascular Biology Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular & Cell Sciences, St. George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Anthony P Albert
- Vascular Biology Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular & Cell Sciences, St. George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
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Li W, Guo A, Wang L, Kong Q, Wang R, Han L, Zhao C. Expression of peptide fragments from proADM and involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways in pulmonary remodeling induced by high pulmonary blood flow. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2016; 56:28-34. [PMID: 25990643 DOI: 10.1111/cga.12114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a life-threatening disease characterized by progressive pulmonary arterial remodeling and right ventricular failure. Despite recent advances in pathophysiological mechanism exploration and new therapeutic approaches, PAH remains a challenging condition. In this study, we investigated the roles of the peptide fragments from proadrenomedullin (proADM) such as adrenomedullin (ADM), adrenotensin (ADT), and proadrenomedullin N-terminal 20 peptide (PAMP) during pulmonary remodeling caused by high pulmonary blood flow, and probed the possible involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal transduction pathways. Sixteen rat models of PAH were artificially established by surgically connecting the left common carotid artery to the external jugular vein. We subcutaneously injected an extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK1/2) inhibitor, PD98059, in eight rats, treated another eight rats with an equal volume of saline. Eight rats without connections served as the control group. We observed that mRNA expression levels of ADM, stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK), and ERK1/2 were significantly elevated in the shunted rats; furthermore, ERK1/2 levels were significantly inhibited by PD98059. Protein levels of ADM, PAMP, p-SAPK, and p-ERK1/2 were significantly higher ADT was lower, and p-p38 remained unchanged in the rat models compared with the controls. However, the protein expression of both ADM and p-ERK1/2 was significantly inhibited by PD98059. Our results suggest that levels of ADM, ADT, and PAMP respond to pulmonary remodeling, and that activation of the SAPK and ERK1/2 signaling pathways is involved in pulmonary hypertension and artery remodeling caused by high pulmonary blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Biomedical Engineering Institute, School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Aili Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- Beijing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qingyu Kong
- Biomedical Engineering Institute, School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Li Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Qingzhou, China
| | - Cuifen Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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17
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Yamamura A, Ohara N, Tsukamoto K. Inhibition of Excessive Cell Proliferation by Calcilytics in Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138384. [PMID: 26375676 PMCID: PMC4574199 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) is a rare and progressive disease of unknown pathogenesis. Vascular remodeling due to excessive proliferation of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) is a critical pathogenic event that leads to early morbidity and mortality. The excessive cell proliferation is closely linked to the augmented Ca2+ signaling in PASMCs. More recently, we have shown by an siRNA knockdown method that the Ca2+-sensing receptor (CaSR) is upregulated in PASMCs from IPAH patients, involved in the enhanced Ca2+ response and subsequent excessive cell proliferation. In this study, we examined whether pharmacological blockade of CaSR attenuated the excessive proliferation of PASMCs from IPAH patients by MTT assay. The proliferation rate of PASMCs from IPAH patients was much higher (~1.5-fold) than that of PASMCs from normal subjects and patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). Treatment with NPS2143, an antagonist of CaSR or calcilytic, clearly suppressed the cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner (IC50 = 2.64 μM) in IPAH-PASMCs, but not in normal and CTEPH PASMCs. Another calcilytic, Calhex 231, which is structurally unrelated to NPS2143, also concentration-dependently inhibited the excessive proliferation of IPAH-PASMCs (IC50 = 1.89 μM). In contrast, R568, an activator of CaSR or calcimimetic, significantly facilitated the proliferation of IPAH-PASMCs (EC50 = 0.33 μM). Similar results were obtained by BrdU incorporation assay. These results reveal that the excessive PASMC proliferation was modulated by pharmacological tools of CaSR, showing us that calcilytics are useful for a novel therapeutic approach for pulmonary arterial hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Yamamura
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Naoki Ohara
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kikuo Tsukamoto
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
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18
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Rocha G, Villalobos E, Fuentes C, Villarroel P, Reyes M, Díaz X, Mattar P, Cifuentes M. Preadipocyte proliferation is elevated by calcium sensing receptor activation. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 412:251-6. [PMID: 25986659 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a major worldwide problem, despite considerable efforts against it. While excess body fat defines obesity, adipose tissue quality and functionality are key to whether cardiovascular and metabolic comorbidities develop. Adipose tissue cellular composition can vary considerably, and excess adipocyte progenitors (preadipocytes) is associated with obesity. We have proposed that calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) activation in adipose tissue leads to dysfunction. This study evaluated whether CaSR activation elevates preadipocyte proliferation. Human LS14 preadipocytes were exposed to CaSR activators cinacalcet (2 µM), GdCl3 (5 µM) and spermine (1 µM), and cell viability was evaluated after 72h. CaSR activators elevated proliferation by 19-24%, and CaSR silencing (siRNA) abolished the effect. Cinacalcet elevated phospho-ERK1/2 content, and upstream inhibition of ERK1/2 phosphorylation reverted cinacalcet-induced proliferation. Cinacalcet also elevated expression of the proinflammatory factors IL1β, IL6 and CCL2. The results suggest that CaSR induces preadipocyte proliferation, partly through ERK1/2 activation. Considering reported proinflammatory and adipogenic CaSR effects, excess preadipocyte proliferation further supports the dysfunctional effect of CaSR in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gladys Rocha
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), Universidad de Chile, El Líbano 5524, Macul, Casilla 138-11, Santiago, Chile
| | - Elisa Villalobos
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), Universidad de Chile, El Líbano 5524, Macul, Casilla 138-11, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cecilia Fuentes
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), Universidad de Chile, El Líbano 5524, Macul, Casilla 138-11, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pia Villarroel
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), Universidad de Chile, El Líbano 5524, Macul, Casilla 138-11, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcela Reyes
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), Universidad de Chile, El Líbano 5524, Macul, Casilla 138-11, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ximena Díaz
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), Universidad de Chile, El Líbano 5524, Macul, Casilla 138-11, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pamela Mattar
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), Universidad de Chile, El Líbano 5524, Macul, Casilla 138-11, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mariana Cifuentes
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), Universidad de Chile, El Líbano 5524, Macul, Casilla 138-11, Santiago, Chile.
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Noh JS, Pak HJ, Shin YJ, Riew TR, Park JH, Moon YW, Lee MY. Differential expression of the calcium-sensing receptor in the ischemic and border zones after transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats. J Chem Neuroanat 2015; 66-67:40-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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20
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Xie J, Jiang Y, Kan Y, Zhao J, Kuang H, Ge P. Calcium-sensing receptor is involved in the pathogenesis of fat emulsion-induced insulin resistance in rats. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:2043-8. [PMID: 25892159 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A high-fat diet not only leads to obesity, but also leads to a predisposition towards insulin resistance (IR), which is characterized by hyperinsulinemia and reduced glucose tolerance. However, the etiology of IR remains to be fully elucidated. The present study investigated whether calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is involved in the development of IR in rats fed a high-fat diet. IR was induced in the rats by feeding with a fat emulsion via gavage for 2, 4, 6 or 8 weeks. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-q-PCR) and western blot analysis were performed to investigate whether CaSR-associated proteins were affected. The gavage of fat emulsion for 8 weeks induced a notable decline in the insulin sensitivity index (ISI) between -4.98 and -5.60. With 6 weeks of gavage, a significant difference in the ISI was observed between the IR and control groups. The results of the RT-qPCR and western blot analysis demonstrated that phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway, which is a pathway closely associated with the CaSR signaling pathway, was significantly inhibited in the rats with IR. The results of the present study provided evidence that CaSR is associated with the development of IR in rats fed a high-fat diet and suggested that CaSR may be important in the pathogenesis of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Xie
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, P.R. China
| | - Yuna Kan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, P.R. China
| | - Haixue Kuang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, P.R. China
| | - Pengling Ge
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, P.R. China
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21
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Soares AS, Costa VM, Diniz C, Fresco P. Inosine strongly enhances proliferation of human C32 melanoma cells through PLC-PKC-MEK1/2-ERK1/2 and PI3K pathways. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2015; 116:25-36. [PMID: 24909096 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is the most deadly type of skin cancer. The lack of effective pharmacological approaches for this tumour can be related to the incomplete understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in melanoma cell proliferation. Adenosine has growth-promoting and growth inhibitory effects on tumour cells. We aimed to investigate effects of adenosine and its metabolic product, inosine, on human C32 melanoma cells and the signalling pathways involved. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) proliferation assays were used to evaluate adenosine, adenosine deaminase and inosine effects, in the absence or presence of adenosine receptor (AR), A3 AR and P2Y1 R antagonists and PLC, PKC, MEK1/2 and PI3K inhibitors. ERK1/2 levels were determined using an ELISA kit. Adenosine and inosine levels were quantified using an enzyme-coupled assay. Adenosine caused cell proliferation through AR activation. Adenosine deaminase increased inosine levels (nanomolar concentrations) on the extracellular space, in a time-dependent manner, inducing proliferation through A3 AR activation. Micromolar concentrations of inosine enhanced proliferation through A3 AR activation, causing an increase in ERK1/2 levels, and P2Y1 R activation via ENT-dependent mechanisms. We propose the simultaneous activation of PLC-PKC-MEK1/2-ERK1/2 and PI3K pathways as the main mechanism responsible for the proliferative effect elicited by inosine and its significant role in melanoma cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sofia Soares
- REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Farmacologia, Departamento de Ciências do Medicamento, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; MedInUP - Centro de Investigação Farmacológica e Inovação Medicamentosa, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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22
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Peng X, Li HX, Shao HJ, Li GW, Sun J, Xi YH, Li HZ, Wang XY, Wang LN, Bai SZ, Zhang WH, Zhang L, Yang GD, Wu LY, Wang R, Xu CQ. Involvement of calcium-sensing receptors in hypoxia-induced vascular remodeling and pulmonary hypertension by promoting phenotypic modulation of small pulmonary arteries. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 396:87-98. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2145-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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23
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Li W, Kong QY, Zhao CF, Zhao F, Li FH, Xia W, Wang R, Hu YM, Hua M. Adrenomedullin and adrenotensin regulate collagen synthesis and proliferation in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells. Braz J Med Biol Res 2013; 46:1047-1055. [PMID: 24345914 PMCID: PMC3935277 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20132882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the pathophysiological mechanisms of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cell (PASMC) proliferation and extracellular-matrix accumulation in the development of pulmonary hypertension and remodeling, this study determined the effects of different doses of adrenomedullin (ADM) and adrenotensin (ADT) on PASMC proliferation and collagen synthesis. The objective was to investigate whether extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) signaling was involved in ADM- and ADT-stimulated proliferation of PASMCs in 4-week-old male Wistar rats (body weight: 100-150 g, n=10). The proliferation of PASMCs was examined by 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine incorporation. A cell growth curve was generated by the Cell Counting Kit-8 method. Expression of collagen I, collagen III, and phosphorylated ERK1/2 (p-ERK1/2) was evaluated by immunofluorescence. The effects of different concentrations of ADM and ADT on collagen I, collagen III, and p-ERK1/2 protein expression were determined by immunoblotting. We also investigated the effect of PD98059 inhibition on the expression of p-ERK1/2 protein by immunoblotting. ADM dose-dependently decreased cell proliferation, whereas ADT dose-dependently increased it; and ADM and ADT inhibited each other with respect to their effects on the proliferation of PASMCs. Consistent with these results, the expression of collagen I, collagen III, and p-ERK1/2 in rat PASMCs decreased after exposure to ADM but was upregulated after exposure to ADT. PD98059 significantly inhibited the downregulation by ADM and the upregulation by ADT of p-ERK1/2 expression. We conclude that ADM inhibited, and ADT stimulated, ERK1/2 signaling in rat PASMCs to regulate cell proliferation and collagen expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Li
- Shandong University, Biomedical Engineering Institute, School of Control Science and Engineering, JinanShandong, China
| | - Q Y Kong
- Shandong University, Qilu Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, JinanShandong, China
| | - C F Zhao
- Shandong University, Qilu Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, JinanShandong, China
| | - F Zhao
- Weill Medical College of Cornell University, Department of Medicine, New YorkNY, USA
| | - F H Li
- Shandong University, Qilu Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, JinanShandong, China
| | - W Xia
- Shandong University, Qilu Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, JinanShandong, China
| | - R Wang
- Shandong University, Qilu Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, JinanShandong, China
| | - Y M Hu
- Shandong University, Biomedical Engineering Institute, School of Control Science and Engineering, JinanShandong, China
| | - M Hua
- Shandong Institute of Scientific and Technical Information, JinanShandong, China
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24
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Ca2+-sensing receptor cleavage by calpain partially accounts for altered vascular reactivity in mice fed a high-fat diet. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2013; 61:528-35. [PMID: 23429586 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e31828d0fa3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The Ca-sensing receptor (CaSR) is expressed in endothelial and smooth muscle cells, but its role in regulating vascular reactivity is unclear, as are the effects of disease on CaSR function and expression. We studied vascular reactivity in aortic segments from healthy and diabetic mice, combined with in vitro proteolysis studies and Western blot analyses of CaSR expression in tissue samples. In endothelium-intact aortic rings, extracellular Ca elicited a nitric oxide-dependent relaxation that was attenuated by the CaSR antagonist, NPS2390. The calcimimetic, calindol, induced the endothelium-independent relaxation of aortic segments that was also sensitive to NPS2390. The antagonist failed to affect responses to acetylcholine or U46619 but attenuated contractions to phenylephrine and potassium. In mice fed a Western-type diet, phenylephrine-induced contractions and calindol-induced relaxations were markedly attenuated, and CaSR expression was decreased. The latter phenomenon could be attributed to the activation of the Ca-dependent protease, µ-calpain, and the subsequent proteolytic cleavage of the CaSR. CaSR activation in smooth muscle cells modulates vascular responsiveness to Ca-elevating agonists. These effects are blunted during metabolic stress because of the limited proteolysis of the CaSR by calpain. The loss of the CaSR function may predispose to the macrovascular late complications associated with diabetes.
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Firth AL, Won JY, Park WS. Regulation of ca(2+) signaling in pulmonary hypertension. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 17:1-8. [PMID: 23439762 PMCID: PMC3579099 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2013.17.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the development and progression of pulmonary hypertension (PH) remains imperative if we are to successfully improve the quality of life and life span of patients with the disease. A whole plethora of mechanisms are associated with the development and progression of PH. Such complexity makes it difficult to isolate one particular pathway to target clinically. Changes in intracellular free calcium concentration, the most common intracellular second messenger, can have significant impact in defining the pathogenic mechanisms leading to its development and persistence. Signaling pathways leading to the elevation of [Ca(2+)](cyt) contribute to pulmonary vasoconstriction, excessive proliferation of smooth muscle cells and ultimately pulmonary vascular remodeling. This current review serves to summarize the some of the most recent advances in the regulation of calcium during pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Firth
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
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Yamamura A, Yamamura H, Guo Q, Zimnicka AM, Wan J, Ko EA, Smith KA, Pohl NM, Song S, Zeifman A, Makino A, Yuan JXJ. Dihydropyridine Ca(2+) channel blockers increase cytosolic [Ca(2+)] by activating Ca(2+)-sensing receptors in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells. Circ Res 2013; 112:640-50. [PMID: 23300272 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.113.300897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE An increase in cytosolic free Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](cyt)) in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMC) is a major trigger for pulmonary vasoconstriction and an important stimulus for PASMC proliferation and pulmonary vascular remodeling. The dihydropyridine Ca(2+) channel blockers, such as nifedipine, have been used for treatment of idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH). OBJECTIVE Our previous study demonstrated that the Ca(2+)-sensing receptor (CaSR) was upregulated and the extracellular Ca(2+)-induced increase in [Ca(2+)](cyt) was enhanced in PASMC from patients with IPAH and animals with experimental pulmonary hypertension. Here, we report that the dihydropyridines (eg, nifedipine) increase [Ca(2+)](cyt) by activating CaSR in PASMC from IPAH patients (in which CaSR is upregulated), but not in normal PASMC. METHODS AND RESULTS The nifedipine-mediated increase in [Ca(2+)](cyt) in IPAH-PASMC was concentration dependent with a half maximal effective concentration of 0.20 µmol/L. Knockdown of CaSR with siRNA in IPAH-PASMC significantly inhibited the nifedipine-induced increase in [Ca(2+)](cyt), whereas overexpression of CaSR in normal PASMC conferred the nifedipine-induced rise in [Ca(2+)](cyt). Other dihydropyridines, nicardipine and Bay K8644, had similar augmenting effects on the CaSR-mediated increase in [Ca(2+)](cyt) in IPAH-PASMC; however, the nondihydropyridine blockers, such as diltiazem and verapamil, had no effect on the CaSR-mediated rise in [Ca(2+)](cyt). CONCLUSIONS The dihydropyridine derivatives increase [Ca(2+)](cyt) by potentiating the activity of CaSR in PASMC independently of their blocking (or activating) effect on Ca(2+) channels; therefore, it is possible that the use of dihydropyridine Ca(2+) channel blockers (eg, nifedipine) to treat IPAH patients with upregulated CaSR in PASMC may exacerbate pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Yamamura
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Personalized Respiratory Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Zeng J, Yi B, Wang Z, Ning J, Wang X, Lu K. Effect of annexin A2 on hepatopulmonary syndrome rat serum-induced proliferation of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2013; 185:332-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2012.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2012] [Revised: 09/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Xu Z, Yan L, Ge Y, Zhang Q, Yang N, Zhang M, Zhao Y, Sun P, Gao J, Tao Z, Yang Z. Effect of the calcium sensing receptor on rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell proliferation through the ERK1/2 pathway. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:7271-9. [PMID: 22314915 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1557-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Migration and proliferation of bone marrowderived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) is critical to treatment of ischemic injury. The calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) has an important role in maintaining systemic calcium homeostasis, which is related to cell proliferation, apoptosis and paracrine signaling. We hypothesize that CaSR may enhance BMSC proliferation. Rat BMSCs were incubated with various calcium concentrations for 48 h in vitro to activate CaSR. To investigate potential mechanisms responsible for growth enhancement by calcium, the rat BMSC cell cycle progression was analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), and induction of apoptosis confirmed by cytofluorimetric analysis using propidium iodide and Annexin V-FITC double staining. Since the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway was one of the most significantly affected by CaSR, MAPK activation was measured by western blotting. Calcium exposure significantly enhanced rat BMSCs proliferation, as well as the proportion of the population in S phase, in a dose-dependent manner, effects which were abolished by NPS2390 (a CaSR antagonist) and U0126 (a MEK1/2 inhibitor). These results demonstrate that CaSR is involved in rat BMSC proliferation, as seen by an increased proliferation index, decreased apoptosis, and ERK1/2 activation, and provide important insight into the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which CaSR affects cell proliferation. A CaSR agonist may prove useful to enhance BMSC survival during transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, People’s Republic of China
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Yamamura A, Guo Q, Yamamura H, Zimnicka AM, Pohl NM, Smith KA, Fernandez RA, Zeifman A, Makino A, Dong H, Yuan JXJ. Enhanced Ca(2+)-sensing receptor function in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Circ Res 2012; 111:469-81. [PMID: 22730443 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.112.266361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE A rise in cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](cyt)) in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMC) is an important stimulus for pulmonary vasoconstriction and vascular remodeling. Increased resting [Ca(2+)](cyt) and enhanced Ca(2+) influx have been implicated in PASMC from patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH). OBJECTIVE We examined whether the extracellular Ca(2+)-sensing receptor (CaSR) is involved in the enhanced Ca(2+) influx and proliferation in IPAH-PASMC and whether blockade of CaSR inhibits experimental pulmonary hypertension. METHODS AND RESULTS In normal PASMC superfused with Ca(2+)-free solution, addition of 2.2 mmol/L Ca(2+) to the perfusate had little effect on [Ca(2+)](cyt). In IPAH-PASMC, however, restoration of extracellular Ca(2+) induced a significant increase in [Ca(2+)](cyt). Extracellular application of spermine also markedly raised [Ca(2+)](cyt) in IPAH-PASMC but not in normal PASMC. The calcimimetic R568 enhanced, whereas the calcilytic NPS 2143 attenuated, the extracellular Ca(2+)-induced [Ca(2+)](cyt) rise in IPAH-PASMC. Furthermore, the protein expression level of CaSR in IPAH-PASMC was greater than in normal PASMC; knockdown of CaSR in IPAH-PASMC with siRNA attenuated the extracellular Ca(2+)-mediated [Ca(2+)](cyt) increase and inhibited IPAH-PASMC proliferation. Using animal models of pulmonary hypertension, our data showed that CaSR expression and function were both enhanced in PASMC, whereas intraperitoneal injection of the calcilytic NPS 2143 prevented the development of pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular hypertrophy in rats injected with monocrotaline and mice exposed to hypoxia. CONCLUSIONS The extracellular Ca(2+)-induced increase in [Ca(2+)](cyt) due to upregulated CaSR is a novel pathogenic mechanism contributing to the augmented Ca(2+) influx and excessive PASMC proliferation in patients and animals with pulmonary arterial hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Yamamura
- Kinjo Gakuin University School of Pharmacy, Nagoya, Japan
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Shanahan CM, Crouthamel MH, Kapustin A, Giachelli CM. Arterial calcification in chronic kidney disease: key roles for calcium and phosphate. Circ Res 2011; 109:697-711. [PMID: 21885837 PMCID: PMC3249146 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.110.234914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 673] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Vascular calcification contributes to the high risk of cardiovascular mortality in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Dysregulation of calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) metabolism is common in CKD patients and drives vascular calcification. In this article, we review the physiological regulatory mechanisms for Ca and P homeostasis and the basis for their dysregulation in CKD. In addition, we highlight recent findings indicating that elevated Ca and P have direct effects on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) that promote vascular calcification, including stimulation of osteogenic/chondrogenic differentiation, vesicle release, apoptosis, loss of inhibitors, and extracellular matrix degradation. These studies suggest a major role for elevated P in promoting osteogenic/chondrogenic differentiation of VSMC, whereas elevated Ca has a predominant role in promoting VSMC apoptosis and vesicle release. Furthermore, the effects of elevated Ca and P are synergistic, providing a major stimulus for vascular calcification in CKD. Unraveling the complex regulatory pathways that mediate the effects of both Ca and P on VSMCs will ultimately provide novel targets and therapies to limit the destructive effects of vascular calcification in CKD patients.
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