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Kristjansson AL, Lilly CL, Mann MJ, Smith ML, Kogan SM, Layman HM, James JE. Adolescent caffeine use and problematic school behavior: A longitudinal analysis of student survey data and teacher observations. J Adolesc 2024. [PMID: 39051139 DOI: 10.1002/jad.12383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Caffeine is a psychostimulant possessing arousal, motor activation, and reinforcing properties, which is consumed daily by most adolescents aged 12-19 years. Although current understanding of the implications of adolescent caffeine consumption for school behaviors remains incomplete, studies have shown that in addition to acute effects of the drug, in common with other habit-forming psychoactive substances, regular use leads to physical dependence, evidenced by recurring negative withdrawal symptoms. METHODS Employing two waves of longitudinal data, we tested the prospective association between daily caffeine use and homeroom teacher-observed self-control and problem behavior in a sample of middle-school students in 20 schools in West Virginia in the United States. Caffeine was operationalized with two dichotomized variables, daily consumption of <100 mg, and daily consumption of >100 mg, versus no daily use. Gender, mother's education, family financial status, social support by primary caregiver and adults in school, and school climate, were applied as covariates in linear mixed models. RESULTS Daily caffeine use of >100 mg was robustly and inversely associated with self-control and positively associated with problem behavior. CONCLUSIONS Caffeine consumption and associated withdrawal symptoms may be an important factor in problematic school behavior among adolescents. Recent advent of highly concentrated caffeine products (e.g., caffeine "shots") commonly marketed directly at youth, should give rise to concerns including consideration about limiting caffeine consumption among children and youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfgeir L Kristjansson
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, West Virginia University School of Public Health, West Virginia Prevention Research Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Christa L Lilly
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, West Virginia University School of Public Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Michael J Mann
- Department of Community and Environmental Health, Boise State College of Health Sciences, Boise, Idaho, USA
| | - Megan L Smith
- Department of Community and Environmental Health, Boise State College of Health Sciences, Boise, Idaho, USA
| | - Steven M Kogan
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, University of Georgia College of Family and Consumer Sciences, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Hannah M Layman
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, West Virginia University School of Public Health, West Virginia Prevention Research Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Jack E James
- Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
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Makki NM, Alharbi ST, Alharbi AM, Alsharif AS, Aljabri AM. Caffeine Consumption and Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Levels Among University Students in Medina: A Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus 2023; 15:e48018. [PMID: 37916247 PMCID: PMC10616803 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.48018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Caffeine is a psychoactive stimulant frequently found in coffee, tea, energy drinks, and some medications. Various mental health challenges, including stress, anxiety, and depression, commonly affect college students. Moreover, an individual's mental and physical health can be significantly impacted by stress, anxiety, and depression. However, the impact of caffeine on mental health, particularly its association with depressive and anxiety symptoms, remains inconclusive. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the amount of caffeine consumed by university students and its association with depression, anxiety, and stress levels. Material and method This cross-sectional study was performed on Taibah University students in Medina from both health-related and non-health-related colleges. We used a self-administrated questionnaire composed of four sections: the informed consent section; sociodemographic information; the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21), which assessed the depression, anxiety, and stress levels; and a caffeine-measuring questionnaire, which reported daily caffeine intake in milligrams per day. Result This cross-sectional study examined a 520 convenience sample of Taibah University students with an age range from 17 to 29 years. The majority of the participants were single (95.2%), most of them were female (73.8%), and slightly more than half (51.5%) were recruited from health-related colleges. According to the study's DASS-21 score results, 45.8% of the students had extremely severe stress, 61% had extremely severe anxiety, and 51% had extremely severe depression. The most frequently reported sources of daily caffeine among the participants were Arabic coffee (69.6%), specialty coffee (57.5%), black tea (56.3%), cola (48.7%), and regular coffee (48.5%). The overall daily amount of consumed caffeine ranged from zero to 4276.7 mg/oz. However, no significant association was found between the severity of the DASS-21 score and the daily consumption of caffeine among Taibah University students. Conclusion Our study shows no significant association between the severity of depression, anxiety, and stress and daily caffeine consumption among university students. This proves the opposite of the theory that high levels of caffeine consumption can be correlated to high levels of depression, stress, and anxiety.
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Agritelley MS, Goldberger JJ. Caffeine supplementation in the hospital: Potential role for the treatment of caffeine withdrawal. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 153:112228. [PMID: 33932520 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Caffeine use in the population is widespread. Caffeine withdrawal in the hospital setting is an underappreciated syndrome with symptoms including drowsiness, difficulty concentrating, mood disturbances, low motivation, flu-like symptoms, and headache. Withdrawal may occur upon abstinence from chronic daily exposure at doses as low as 100 mg/day and following only 3-7 days of consumption at higher doses. There are limited data investigating how caffeine withdrawal contributes to hospital morbidity. Some studies suggest caffeine withdrawal may contribute to intensive care delirium and that caffeine may promote wakefulness post-anesthesia. Caffeine supplementation has also shown promise in patients at risk of caffeine withdrawal, such as those placed on nil per os (NPO) status, in preventing caffeine withdrawal headache. These data on caffeine supplementation are not entirely consistent, and routine caffeine administration has not been implemented into clinical practice for patients at risk of withdrawal. Notably, caffeine serves a therapeutic role in the hospital for other conditions. Our review demonstrates that caffeine is largely safe in the general population and may be an appropriate therapeutic option for future studies, if administered properly. There is a need for a randomized controlled trial investigating in-hospital caffeine supplementation and the population that this would best serve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Agritelley
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Jeffrey J Goldberger
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
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Torres-Ugalde YC, Romero-Palencia A, Román-Gutiérrez AD, Ojeda-Ramírez D, Guzmán-Saldaña RME. Caffeine Consumption in Children: Innocuous or Deleterious? A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17072489. [PMID: 32260589 PMCID: PMC7177467 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17072489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Caffeine is the most consumed psychostimulant worldwide. Its use among children is controversial. Although it produces an increase in brain activity, it could hamper growth and development in young consumers. Therefore, the aim of this review was to recognize changes produced by caffeine in children under 12 years of age and to identify the relevant alterations and the conditions of their occurrence. A systematic review of the literature was carried out using PRISMA. Initially, 5468 articles were found from the EBSCO, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Clarivate Analytics databases. In this review, were retained 24 published articles that met the inclusion criteria. The results obtained showed that caffeine consumption hampers children's growth and development. In contrast, it supports the activation of the central nervous system and brain energy management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeyetzi C. Torres-Ugalde
- Academic Area of Nutrition, Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo, San Agustín Tlaxiaca 42086, Mexico;
| | - Angélica Romero-Palencia
- Academic Area of Psychology, Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo, San Agustín Tlaxiaca 42086, Mexico
- Correspondence: (A.R.-P.); (A.D.R.-G.); Tel.: +(52)-771-71-72000 (ext. 4325) (A.R.-P.); +(52)-771-71-72000 (ext. 2231) (A.D.R.-G.)
| | - Alma D. Román-Gutiérrez
- Academic Area of Chemistry, Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo, Mineral de la Reforma 42184, Mexico
- Correspondence: (A.R.-P.); (A.D.R.-G.); Tel.: +(52)-771-71-72000 (ext. 4325) (A.R.-P.); +(52)-771-71-72000 (ext. 2231) (A.D.R.-G.)
| | - Deyanira Ojeda-Ramírez
- Academic Area of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo, Tulancingo de Bravo 43600, Mexico
| | - Rebeca M. E. Guzmán-Saldaña
- Academic Area of Psychology, Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo, San Agustín Tlaxiaca 42086, Mexico
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Academic Achievement, Stress, and Energy Drink Consumption Among Middle School Youth. J Caffeine Adenosine Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1089/caff.2018.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Temple JL. Review: Trends, Safety, and Recommendations for Caffeine Use in Children and Adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2019; 58:36-45. [PMID: 30577937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2018.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Caffeine use is common in children and adolescents, but the recommendations for safe consumption are based on decades-old data collected exclusively in adults. Increased availability of caffeine-containing products and a concerted marketing effort aimed at children and adolescents, has increased interest in understanding the physiological, behavioral, and psychological effects of caffeine within this population. This manuscript provides a review of the literature concerning trends and safety of ingested caffeine in children and adolescents. METHOD A search of the National Library of Medicine database was conducted using the terms caffeine, children, adolescents, and safety, in addition to tailored searches on specific topics using combinations of search terms such as energy drinks, cardiovascular, mood, cognitive, mental health, sleep, and regulations. RESULTS The majority of the literature reviewed here suggests that typical, moderate caffeine consumption in children and adolescents is relatively safe, but that higher doses of caffeine consumption (>400 mg) can cause physiological, psychological, and behavioral harm, in particular in subgroups of children, such as those with psychiatric or cardiac conditions. More attention is being paid to the potential adverse effects of both acute and chronic caffeine use, and additional regulations surrounding the sale and marketing of highly caffeinated beverages are now being considered. CONCLUSION More research is needed to fill in gaps in our knowledge, including understanding the relationship between caffeine use and initiation of other substances, such as cigarettes, alcohol, or marijuana, identifying individuals at risk for caffeine toxicity, and developing harm-reduction strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Temple
- School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, NY.
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Ali A, Wham C, Wolber F, Dickens M, O'Keeffe K, Thunders M, Thomas J, Starck C, Rutherfurd-Markwick K. The Highs and Lows of Caffeine Intake in New Zealand Children. J Caffeine Adenosine Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1089/caff.2017.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ajmol Ali
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Metabolic Health Research, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Carol Wham
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Metabolic Health Research, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Fran Wolber
- Centre for Metabolic Health Research, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Massey Institute of Food Science and Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North
| | - Martin Dickens
- Centre for Metabolic Health Research, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Karyn O'Keeffe
- Centre for Metabolic Health Research, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Sleep/Wake Research Centre, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Michelle Thunders
- Centre for Metabolic Health Research, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Judy Thomas
- Centre for Metabolic Health Research, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Carlene Starck
- Centre for Metabolic Health Research, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Kay Rutherfurd-Markwick
- Centre for Metabolic Health Research, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
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Kristjansson AL, Kogan SM, Mann MJ, Smith ML, Juliano LM, Lilly CL, James JE. Does early exposure to caffeine promote smoking and alcohol use behavior? A prospective analysis of middle school students. Addiction 2018; 113:10.1111/add.14261. [PMID: 29707859 PMCID: PMC6207478 DOI: 10.1111/add.14261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Despite the negative consequences associated with caffeine use among children and youth, its use is increasingly widespread among middle school students. Cross-sectional studies reveal links between caffeine and other substance use. The potential for caffeine use to confer increased vulnerability to substance use, however, has not been investigated using prospective designs. We hypothesized that caffeine use at baseline would be associated positively with increased alcohol use, drunkenness, smoking and e-cigarette use. DESIGN Prospective cohort study with 12 months separating baseline from follow-up. SETTING West Virginia, USA. PARTICIPANTS Middle school students (6th and 7th grades; n = 3932) in three West Virginia (WV) counties provided data at baseline and follow-up 12 months later. MEASUREMENTS Youth self-reported their use of caffeine from multiple sources (e.g. soda, energy drinks, coffee and tea), cigarette smoking, electronic cigarette use, alcohol use and drunkenness. FINDINGS Cross-lagged path models for individual substance use categories provided a good fit to the data. Controlling for demographic variables and other substance use at baseline, caffeine at time 1 (T1) was associated positively with T2 cigarette smoking (β = 0.27, P = 0.001), e-cigarette use (β = 0.21, P = 0.001), alcohol use (β = 0.17, P = 0.001) and drunkenness (β = 0.15, P = 0.001). Conversely, non-significant relations emerged between three of four substances at T1 and caffeine at T2. Positive relations were found between e-cigarette use at T1 and caffeine use at T2 (β = 0.07, P = 0.006). These findings were supported by an omnibus model with all substances included. Specifically, significant relations were observed between caffeine at T1 and all substance use outcomes at T2, whereas no significant relations were observed between substance use and caffeine over time. CONCLUSIONS Caffeine may promote early use of other types of substances among middle school-aged adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfgeir L. Kristjansson
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Icelandic Center for Social Research and Analysis, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Steven M. Kogan
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Michael J. Mann
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Megan L. Smith
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Laura M. Juliano
- Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Christa L. Lilly
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Jack E. James
- Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
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Effects of Caffeine Administration on Reaction Time, Attention, and Inhibitory Control in Children and Adolescents. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s41465-018-0074-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Babwah TJ, Ramcharan C, Ramgoolam C, Sookoo N, Creese W, Pamassar M, Kassie P, Ramdin R. Most Major Side Effects of Caffeine Experienced by Young Adults Are Acute Effects and Are Related to Their Weekly Dosage Ingested. J Caffeine Adenosine Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1089/caff.2017.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Terence J. Babwah
- Sports Medicine & Injury Rehabilitation Clinic, Centre of Excellence, Macoya, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Cimone Ramcharan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Celine Ramgoolam
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Nayasha Sookoo
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Whitney Creese
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Michelle Pamassar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Paula Kassie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Ryan Ramdin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
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Srivastava S, Mennemeier M, Pimple S. Effect of Alpinia galanga on Mental Alertness and Sustained Attention With or Without Caffeine: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study. J Am Coll Nutr 2017; 36:631-639. [DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2017.1342576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Mennemeier
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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Mann MJ, Smith ML, Kristjansson AL. Energy drink consumption and substance use risk in middle school students. Prev Med Rep 2016; 3:279-82. [PMID: 27419027 PMCID: PMC4929213 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Energy drink (ED) sales have increased greatly in recent years and ED is now a common topic in health behavior research. Most studies work with samples of college students and/or young adults and to a lesser degree with high school students. Research is lacking on ED consumption in younger users. The purpose of this study was to fill this gap and assess the prevalence of ED consumption in a sample of middle school students as well to analyze the relationships between ED use and illicit and licit drug use in girls and boys of this age. METHOD We use cross-sectional school-survey data from 6-8th grade students in three US mid-Atlantic schools conducted in September to November 2014 (N = 1152, response rate: 82.4%). RESULTS Approximately 20% of participants had consumed ED and 10% had smoked cigarettes. Almost 14% had used alcohol at least once in their lifetime and 5.5% marijuana. Boys were more likely than girls to have used ED but no gender difference was observed in the prevalence of illicit substances. However, ED use was positively related to smoking and alcohol use among both genders, but also to several forms of illicit drug use among girls. CONCLUSION ED consuming girls are particularly prone to also use illicit substances. This is the first survey-type study which reports a positive relationship between ED consumption with both licit and illicit drug use in middle school-aged girls and boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Mann
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Megan L. Smith
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Alfgeir L. Kristjansson
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Icelandic Center for Social Research and Analysis, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
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Marmorstein NR. Energy Drink and Coffee Consumption and Psychopathology Symptoms Among Early Adolescents: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Associations. JOURNAL OF CAFFEINE RESEARCH 2016; 6:64-72. [PMID: 27274416 PMCID: PMC4892225 DOI: 10.1089/jcr.2015.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background: Little is known about possible links between energy drink use and psychopathology among youth. This study examined cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between energy drink consumption and psychopathology among early adolescents. In addition, associations between psychopathology and coffee consumption were examined to assess whether findings were specific to energy drinks or also applied to another commonly used caffeinated beverage. Methods: One hundred forty-four youth who participated in the Camden Youth Development Study (72 males; mean age 11.9 at wave 1; 65% Hispanic, 30% African American) were assessed using self-report measures of frequency of energy drink and coffee consumption and depression, anxiety, conduct disorder (CD) symptoms, and teacher reports of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Youth (92%) were reassessed 16 months later. Results: Concurrently, energy drink and coffee consumption were associated with similar psychopathology symptoms; when the other beverage was adjusted for, energy drinks remained associated with CD and coffee remained associated with panic anxiety. Initial energy drink consumption predicted increasing ADHD and CD over time, though the association with CD dropped to a trend level of significance when coffee was adjusted for. Initial levels of hyperactive ADHD predicted increasing coffee consumption over time; this association remained when energy drinks were controlled. Social anxiety was associated with less increase in energy drink consumption over time, controlling for coffee. Conclusion: Energy drink and coffee consumption among early adolescents are concurrently associated with similar psychopathology symptoms. Longitudinally, the associations between these beverages and psychopathology differ, indicating that these substances have differing implications for development over time.
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Irons JG, Bassett DT, Prendergast CO, Landrum RE, Heinz AJ. Development and Initial Validation of the Caffeine Consumption Questionnaire-Revised. JOURNAL OF CAFFEINE RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1089/jcr.2015.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica G. Irons
- Department of Psychology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia
| | - Drew T. Bassett
- Department of Psychology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | | | - R. Eric Landrum
- Department of Psychology, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho
| | - Adrienne J. Heinz
- National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Palo Alto VA Healthcare System, Menlo Park, California
- Center for Innovation to Implementation, Palo Alto VA Healthcare System, Menlo Park, California
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McGregor TJ, Batis JC. A Novel Method for Assessing Caffeine Dependence. JOURNAL OF CAFFEINE RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1089/jcr.2015.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffery C. Batis
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University Kokomo, Kokomo, Indiana
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Abstract
Previous research suggests that effects of caffeine on behaviour are positive unless one is investigating sensitive groups or ingestion of large amounts. Children are a potentially sensitive subgroup, and especially so considering the high levels of caffeine currently found in energy drinks. The present study used data from the Cornish Academies Project to investigate associations between caffeine (both its total consumption, and that derived separately from energy drinks, cola, tea, and coffee) and single-item measures of stress, anxiety, and depression, in a large cohort of secondary school children from the South West of England. After adjusting for additional dietary, demographic, and lifestyle covariates, positive associations between total weekly caffeine intake and anxiety and depression remained significant, and the effects differed between males and females. Initially, effects were also observed in relation to caffeine consumed specifically from coffee. However, coffee was found to be the major contributor to high overall caffeine intake, providing explanation as to why effects relating to this source were also apparent. Findings from the current study increase our knowledge regarding associations between caffeine intake and stress, anxiety, and depression in secondary school children, though the cross-sectional nature of the research made it impossible to infer causality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Richards
- Centre for Occupational and Health Psychology, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Andrew Smith
- Centre for Occupational and Health Psychology, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Hine JF, Grimes LM, Labaton RS, Kennedy AE, Warzak WJ. Methodological Considerations in Caffeine Research and Depression: A Review of Recent Trends from the Psychological Literature. JOURNAL OF CAFFEINE RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1089/jcr.2014.0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey F. Hine
- Department of Psychology, Munroe Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - L. Michelle Grimes
- Department of Psychology, Munroe Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Rachel S. Labaton
- Department of Psychology, Munroe Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Abigail E. Kennedy
- Department of Psychology, Munroe Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - William J. Warzak
- Department of Psychology, Munroe Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
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Concentration- and age-dependent effects of chronic caffeine on contextual fear conditioning in C57BL/6J mice. Behav Brain Res 2015; 298:69-77. [PMID: 25827925 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Chronic caffeine exerts negligible effects on learning and memory in normal adults, but it is unknown whether this is also true for children and adolescents. The hippocampus, a brain region important for learning and memory, undergoes extensive structural and functional modifications during pre-adolescence and adolescence. As a result, chronic caffeine may have differential effects on hippocampus-dependent learning in pre-adolescents and adolescents compared with adults. Here, we characterized the effects of chronic caffeine and withdrawal from chronic caffeine on hippocampus-dependent (contextual) and hippocampus-independent (cued) fear conditioning in pre-adolescent, adolescent, and adult mice. The results indicate that chronic exposure to caffeine during pre-adolescence and adolescence enhances or impairs contextual conditioning depending on concentration, yet has no effect on cued conditioning. In contrast, withdrawal from chronic caffeine impairs contextual conditioning in pre-adolescent mice only. No changes in learning were seen for adult mice for either the chronic caffeine or withdrawal conditions. These findings support the hypothesis that chronic exposure to caffeine during pre-adolescence and adolescence can alter learning and memory and as changes were only seen in hippocampus-dependent learning, which suggests that the developing hippocampus may be sensitive to the effects of caffeine.
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Bull S, Brown T, Burnett K, Ashdown L, Rushton L. Extensive literature search as preparatory work for the safety assessment for caffeine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2015.en-561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Babwah TJ, Maharaj RG, Nunes P. Energy drinks and other dietary supplement use among adolescents attending secondary schools in Trinidad and Tobago. Public Health Nutr 2014; 17:2156-65. [PMID: 24477085 PMCID: PMC10282625 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980013003339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the present study was to determine the knowledge and practices among Trinidad and Tobago school-attending adolescents towards energy drinks (ED), alcohol combined with energy drinks (AwED), weight-altering supplements (WAS) and vitamin/mineral supplements (VMS) and their experience of adverse effects associated with such use. DESIGN A cross-sectional, proportionate, stratified sampling strategy was adopted using a self-administered, de novo questionnaire. SETTING Secondary schools throughout Trinidad and Tobago. SUBJECTS Students aged 15-19 years. RESULTS Five hundred and sixty-one students participated, an 84% response rate; 43·0% were male, 40·5% East Indian and 34·1% mixed race. VMS, ED, WAS and anabolic steroids were used by 52·4%, 44·0%, 8·9% and 1·4% of students, respectively, with 51·6% of ED users using AwED. Predictors of use of AwED were males and students who played sport for their school (OR = 1·9; 95% CI 1·2, 3·2 and OR = 2·6; 95% CI 1·4, 4·7, respectively). Predictors of ED use were males and attendees of government secondary schools (OR = 1·7; 95% CI 1·1, 2·4 and OR = 1·7; 95% CI 1·2, 2·4, respectively). Side-effects, mainly palpitations, headaches and sleep disturbances, were reported in 20·7% of dietary supplement users. CONCLUSIONS Many adolescent students in Trinidad and Tobago use dietary supplements, including ED and AwED, and about one-fifth of users experience side-effects. Identification of students at risk for ED, AwED and WAS use and education of students about the dangers of using dietary supplements need to be instituted to prevent potential adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence J Babwah
- Princes Town District Health Facility, Circular Street, Princes Town, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Rohan G Maharaj
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Paula Nunes
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
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Katz ES, Maski K, Jenkins AJ. Drug testing in children with excessive daytime sleepiness during multiple sleep latency testing. J Clin Sleep Med 2014; 10:897-901. [PMID: 25126037 PMCID: PMC4106945 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.3966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE To determine the incidence of positive drug screens in children undergoing a multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) for evaluation of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS). METHODS A retrospective analysis was performed in children evaluated at the Boston Children's Hospital Sleep Center between 1998 and 2013 who underwent MSLT for EDS with a concurrent urine and/or serum drug screen. RESULTS A total of 210 MSLTs were accompanied by drug testing. Children were 12.7 ± 3.7 years old (mean ± SD), 43% were female, and 24% had narcolepsy. Positive tests were obtained in 32% for caffeine, 5% for prescription medications, and 4% for over-the-counter drugs. No drugs of abuse were identified. Children testing positive for caffeine were older (13.8 ± 3.5 vs. 12.4 ± 3.7) and more likely female (59% vs. 36%), but did not differ in MSLT or overnight polysomnographic parameters compared to children without caffeine detected. Overall, only 14% had specific documentation regarding caffeine intake, though 90% were referred from a sleep clinic. Of the children testing positive for caffeine, 5% acknowledged use, 3% denied use, and 92% did not have a documented caffeine intake history during their sleep clinic visit. CONCLUSIONS Routine drug testing for drugs of abuse during an MSLT for EDS yielded no positive results over a 15-year period, indicating that this routine practice is unnecessary in our pediatric population without specific concerns. However, objective evidence for caffeine exposure was found in 32% of tested children undergoing an MSLT. Sleep physicians rarely documented the caffeine intake history during clinic visits for EDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliot S. Katz
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital
| | - Kiran Maski
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Amanda J. Jenkins
- Division of Clinical Pathology, UMASS Memorial Medical Center, Worcester, MA
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Thomson BM, Campbell DM, Cressey P, Egan U, Horn B. Energy drink consumption and impact on caffeine risk. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:1476-88. [PMID: 25010189 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.940608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The impact of caffeine from energy drinks occurs against a background exposure from naturally occurring caffeine (coffee, tea, cocoa and foods containing these ingredients) and caffeinated beverages (kola-type soft drinks). Background caffeine exposure, excluding energy drinks, was assessed for six New Zealand population groups aged 15 years and over (n = 4503) by combining concentration data for 53 caffeine-containing foods with consumption information from the 2008/09 New Zealand Adult Nutrition Survey (ANS). Caffeine exposure for those who consumed energy drinks (n = 138) was similarly assessed, with inclusion of energy drinks. Forty-seven energy drink products were identified on the New Zealand market in 2010. Product volumes ranged from 30 to 600 ml per unit, resulting in exposures of 10-300 mg caffeine per retail unit consumed. A small percentage, 3.1%, of New Zealanders reported consuming energy drinks, with most energy drink consumers (110/138) drinking one serving per 24 h. The maximum number of energy drinks consumed per 24 h was 14 (total caffeine of 390 mg). A high degree of brand loyalty was evident. Since only a minor proportion of New Zealanders reported consuming energy drinks, a greater number of New Zealanders exceeded a potentially adverse effect level (AEL) of 3 mg kg(-1) bw day(-1) for caffeine from caffeine-containing foods than from energy drinks. Energy drink consumption is not a risk at a population level because of the low prevalence of consumption. At an individual level, however, teenagers, adults (20-64 years) and females (16-44 years) were more likely to exceed the AEL by consuming energy drinks in combination with caffeine-containing foods.
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Irons JG, Heinz AJ, Bassett DT, Correia CJ, Babson KA, Boden MT, Feldner MT, Bonn-Miller MO. Development and Initial Validation of the Caffeine Motives Questionnaire. JOURNAL OF CAFFEINE RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.1089/jcr.2014.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica G. Irons
- Department of Psychology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia
| | - Adrienne J. Heinz
- Center for Innovation to Implementation, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Drew T. Bassett
- Department of Psychology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia
| | | | - Kimberly A. Babson
- Center for Innovation to Implementation, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Matthew T. Boden
- Center for Innovation to Implementation, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | - Matthew T. Feldner
- Department of Psychology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma
| | - Marcel O. Bonn-Miller
- Center for Innovation to Implementation, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
- National Center for PTSD, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
- Center of Excellence in Substance Abuse Treatment and Education, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Guo X, Park Y, Freedman ND, Sinha R, Hollenbeck AR, Blair A, Chen H. Sweetened beverages, coffee, and tea and depression risk among older US adults. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94715. [PMID: 24743309 PMCID: PMC3990543 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sweetened beverages, coffee, and tea are the most consumed non-alcoholic beverages and may have important health consequences. We prospectively evaluated the consumption of various types of beverages assessed in 1995-1996 in relation to self-reported depression diagnosis after 2000 among 263,923 participants of the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were derived from multivariate logistic regressions. The OR (95% CI) comparing ≥4 cans/cups per day with none were 1.30 (95%CI: 1.17-1.44) for soft drinks, 1.38 (1.15-1.65) for fruit drinks, and 0.91 (0.84-0.98) for coffee (all P for trend<0.0001). Null associations were observed for iced-tea and hot tea. In stratified analyses by drinkers of primarily diet versus regular beverages, the ORs were 1.31 (1.16-1.47) for diet versus 1.22 (1.03-1.45) for regular soft drinks, 1.51 (1.18-1.92) for diet versus 1.08 (0.79-1.46) for regular fruit drinks, and 1.25 (1.10-1.41) for diet versus 0.94 (0.83-1.08) for regular sweetened iced-tea. Finally, compared to nondrinkers, drinking coffee or tea without any sweetener was associated with a lower risk for depression, adding artificial sweeteners, but not sugar or honey, was associated with higher risks. Frequent consumption of sweetened beverages, especially diet drinks, may increase depression risk among older adults, whereas coffee consumption may lower the risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuguang Guo
- Department of Health Studies, Westat Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yikyung Park
- Nutritional Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Neal D. Freedman
- Nutritional Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rashmi Sinha
- Nutritional Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Aaron Blair
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Honglei Chen
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Tipton JA. Caregivers' psychosocial factors underlying sugar-sweetened beverage intake among non-Hispanic black preschoolers: an elicitation study. J Pediatr Nurs 2014; 29:47-57. [PMID: 23871263 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore caregivers' beliefs and perceptions regarding serving sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) to non-Hispanic black preschoolers. The Theory of Planned Behavior (TpB) was used as the framework for conducting elicitation interviews among a sample of (n = 19) caregivers. Thematic coding of interview transcripts revealed that the decision to serve SSBs to preschoolers is driven by numerous individual, familial, cultural, and environmental factors. Salient factors associated with serving SSBs included convenience, cost, taste, potential health consequences, availability, and pressure from other parents. Population-specific interventions aimed at reducing SSB intake among non-Hispanic preschoolers are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Tipton
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA.
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Adolescent caffeine consumption and self-reported violence and conduct disorder. J Youth Adolesc 2013; 42:1053-62. [PMID: 23358888 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-013-9917-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Caffeine is the most widely used psychoactive substance in the world and currently the only one legally available to children and adolescents. The sale and use of caffeinated beverages has increased markedly among adolescents during the last decade. However, research on caffeine use and behaviors among adolescents is scarce. We investigate the relationship between adolescent caffeine use and self-reported violent behaviors and conduct disorders in a population-based cross-sectional sample of 3,747 10th grade students (15-16 years of age, 50.2 % girls) who were enrolled in the Icelandic national education system during February 2012. Through a series of multiple regression models, while controlling for background factors, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder symptoms and current medication and peer delinquency, and including measures on substance use, our findings show robust additive explanatory power of caffeine for both violent behaviors and conduct disorders. In addition, the association of caffeine to the outcomes is significantly stronger for girls than boys for both violent behaviors and conduct disorders. Future studies are needed to examine to what extent, if at all, these relationships are causal. Indication of causal connections between caffeine consumption and negative outcomes such as those reported here would call into question the acceptability of current policies concerning the availability of caffeine to adolescents and the targeting of adolescence in the marketing of caffeine products.
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Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the adverse effects associated with energy drink consumption among adolescents and young adults. DATA SOURCES Review of literature utilizing Medscape, the Internet, MD Consult, and CINAHL. The following search terms were used: Energy drinks, caffeine, guarana, taurine, ginseng, sugar, and caffeine toxicity. Search was limited to English language sources from 2005 to 2010. CONCLUSIONS The popularity of energy drinks and the rapid growth of their excessive consumption among adolescents and young adults have brought about great concern in regards to overall health and well-being. Caffeine, which is readily available to minors, is the most commonly used psychoactive substance in the world and imposes a potentially harmful influence on health, academic performance, and personal adjustments. Teens and young adults account for nearly $2.3 billion of energy drink sales. Adolescents and young adults are often unaware that various products, such as energy drinks, herbal medications, and various other medications that promote alertness, contain caffeine. When these products are taken together, caffeine toxicity and severe adverse effects can occur. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Practitioners need to be aware of the consequences of energy drink consumption and be prepared to provide appropriate patient education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Rath
- University of Mary, Steele, North Dakota 58482, USA.
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28
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Benko CR, Farias AC, Farias LG, Pereira EF, Louzada FM, Cordeiro ML. Potential link between caffeine consumption and pediatric depression: A case-control study. BMC Pediatr 2011; 11:73. [PMID: 21867528 PMCID: PMC3180267 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2431-11-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early-onset depressive disorders can have severe consequences both from developmental and functional aspects. The etiology of depressive disorders is complex and multi-factorial, with an intricate interaction among environmental factors and genetic predisposition. While data from studies on adults suggest that caffeine is fairly safe, effects of caffeine in children, who are in period of rapid brain development, are currently unknown. Furthermore, systematic research addressing the relationship between depressive symptoms in children and caffeine consumption is lacking.The present study examined the effects of caffeine consumption on depressed mood in children with depression and non-depressed participants. METHODS Children and adolescents (n = 51) already enrolled in an ongoing longitudinal study, aged 9-12 years, were assessed for depressive symptoms with the Children Depressive Inventory (CDI). Psychopathological symptoms were assessed with the Child Behavioral Checklist (CBCL) and eating habits were assessed with the Nutrition-Behavior Inventory (NBI) 1. The children were compared to control children without psychopathology attending public schools in a Southern Brazilian city. RESULTS Participants with CDI scores ≥ 15 (mean = 19; S.D. = 4) also had high NBI scores (mean = 52; S.D. = 19, p < 0.001) suggestive of a relationship between depressive symptoms and environmental factors, in this case nutrition/behavior. Additional linear regression adjusted statistical analysis, considering the factors of consumption of sweets and caffeine individually, showed that caffeine, but not sweets, was associated with depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that depressed children consume more caffeinated drinks than non-depressed children. Nonetheless while a strong association between depressive symptoms and caffeine consumption among children was found, further research should investigate whether or not this association is due to a cause and effect relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cássia R Benko
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology - Pelé Pequeno Príncipe Research Institute, Av. Silva Jardim 1632, Curitiba, 80250-200 PR, Brazil
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Iguaçu, 333, Curitiba, 80230-020, PR, Brazil
- Department of Psychology, Children's Hospital Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Desembargador Motta 1070, Curitiba, 80250-060, PR, Brazil
| | - Antonio C Farias
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology - Pelé Pequeno Príncipe Research Institute, Av. Silva Jardim 1632, Curitiba, 80250-200 PR, Brazil
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Iguaçu, 333, Curitiba, 80230-020, PR, Brazil
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Children's Hospital Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Desembargador Motta 1070, Curitiba, 80250-060, PR, Brazil
| | - Lucilene G Farias
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology - Pelé Pequeno Príncipe Research Institute, Av. Silva Jardim 1632, Curitiba, 80250-200 PR, Brazil
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Iguaçu, 333, Curitiba, 80230-020, PR, Brazil
| | - Erico F Pereira
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, 81531-990, PR, Brazil
| | - Fernando M Louzada
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, 81531-990, PR, Brazil
| | - Mara L Cordeiro
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology - Pelé Pequeno Príncipe Research Institute, Av. Silva Jardim 1632, Curitiba, 80250-200 PR, Brazil
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Iguaçu, 333, Curitiba, 80230-020, PR, Brazil
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences of the David Geffen School of Medicine, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, 700 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, 90025, CA, USA
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Rana N, Moond M, Marthi A, Bapatla S, Sarvepalli T, Chatti K, Challa AK. Caffeine-Induced Effects on Heart Rate in Zebrafish Embryos and Possible Mechanisms of Action: An Effective System for Experiments in Chemical Biology. Zebrafish 2010; 7:69-81. [DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2009.0631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Neha Rana
- Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, India
- Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Mamta Moond
- Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, India
- Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Amarnath Marthi
- Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, India
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Swetha Bapatla
- Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Kiranam Chatti
- Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, India
| | - Anil Kumar Challa
- Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, India
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