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Lipska BK, Jaskiw GE, Arya A, Weinberger DR. Serotonin depletion causes long-term reduction of exploration in the rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1992; 43:1247-52. [PMID: 1475309 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(92)90510-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the effects of central serotonergic depletion on exploratory activity at baseline, as well as after administration of d-amphetamine or the anxiogenic beta-carboline FG-7142. Intraventricular 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) induced an almost complete depletion of serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] in the medial prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, medial corpus striatum, and hippocampus with no changes in norepinephrine, dopamine or dihydroxyphenylacetic acid concentrations. 5-HT-depleted rats demonstrated reduced spontaneous and d-amphetamine-augmented exploration 3-10 weeks postoperatively. An effect on FG-7142-induced inhibition of exploratory activity was not apparent. These data implicate 5-HT systems in the expression of different aspects of exploratory and amphetamine-augmented motor behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Lipska
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, St. Elizabeths, Washington, DC 20032
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2
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Abstract
To investigate the effect of bifemelane hydrochloride on learning achievements of serotonin-deficient rats, animals were fed with tryptophan-deficient diets and operant type discrimination learning tests were performed. In general, serotonin-deficient rats show hyperactivity. In this study, total number of responses in reverse learning experiments was lower in rats that received 50 mg/kg bifemelane compared to the other serotonin-deficient groups. The ratio of correct responses to the total number of responses revealed low learning achievements in the control and low-dose groups, whereas the ratio in the high-dose group was nearly the same as in normal rats in the final few sessions of both the primary and reverse learning experiments. Throughout this study, the high-dose group showed a better improvement in learning achievement than the low-dose group. Therefore, bifemelane has certain effects on learning achievement from a) the functional activation of the serotonergic nervous system and b) changes in neurotransmitter levels in the brain (e.g., acetylcholine, noradrenaline) and overall energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nomura
- Department of Physiology, Saitama Medical School, Japan
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Ricaurte GA, Finnegan KT, Irwin I, Langston JW. Aminergic metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid of humans previously exposed to MDMA: preliminary observations. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1990; 600:699-708; discussion 708-10. [PMID: 1701292 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1990.tb16919.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G A Ricaurte
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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Gill K, Amit Z. Serotonin uptake blockers and voluntary alcohol consumption. A review of recent studies. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN ALCOHOLISM : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL SOCIETY ON ALCOHOLISM, THE RESEARCH SOCIETY ON ALCOHOLISM, AND THE NATIONAL COUNCIL ON ALCOHOLISM 1989; 7:225-48. [PMID: 2648493 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-1678-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Previous research demonstrated that serotonin uptake blockers (e.g., zimeldine, sertraline, fluoxetine) reduce voluntary ethanol consumption in rats and humans. However, the mechanism of action of these compounds is not well understood. It has been suggested, for example, that serotonin uptake blockade interferes with the processes that mediate the reinforcement derived from ethanol ingestion. On the other hand, there is considerable experimental evidence that suggests that the effects on alcohol intake may be an expression of a more general inhibitory role that serotonin plays in consummatory behavior. This chapter presents evidence that suggests that serotonin uptake blockers may affect ethanol intake, in part via a reduction of food intake. Current issues concerning the central versus peripheral mediation of these effects, receptor specificity, as well as alternate mechanisms of action are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Gill
- Psychology Department, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Chamberlain B, Ervin FR, Pihl RO, Young SN. The effect of raising or lowering tryptophan levels on aggression in vervet monkeys. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1987; 28:503-10. [PMID: 3432316 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(87)90513-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Social groups of vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) were given amino acid mixtures that were tryptophan-free (T-), nutritionally balanced (B), or contained excess tryptophan (T+). The T- mixture caused a marked decrease in plasma tryptophan and the T+ mixture a large increase. Behavioral observations were made on the animals after administration of the amino acid mixtures both during spontaneous activity and while the (fasted) animals were competing for food newly placed in the feeder. The only effect of the biochemical manipulations on spontaneous aggression was an increase in aggression of the male animals with the T- mixture. During competition for the food the T- mixture increased and the T+ mixture decreased aggression in the males, while the T+ mixture decreased aggression in females. These data indicate that brain 5-hydroxytryptamine can influence aggression in a primate and suggest that altered tryptophan levels can influence aggression more reliably at higher levels of arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Chamberlain
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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Commins DL, Axt KJ, Vosmer G, Seiden LS. Endogenously produced 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine may mediate the neurotoxic effects of para-chloroamphetamine. Brain Res 1987; 419:253-61. [PMID: 2445423 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(87)90591-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Para-chloroamphetamine (PCA) has been used to deplete brain serotonin (5-HT) in numerous studies of serotonergic involvement in various behaviors and physiological functions. PCA is believed to cause long-lasting depletions of 5-HT by causing the selective degeneration of serotonergic nerve terminals, but the mechanism by which it exerts this neurotoxic effect is not understood. In this experiment, 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine (5,6-DHT), a serotonergic neurotoxin, was detected by high performance liquid chromatography in the rat hippocampus 0.5-4 h after a single 15 mg/kg i.p. injection of PCA. 5,6-DHT was also detected in the somatosensory cortex following PCA administration, but much less frequently than in the hippocampus. Degenerating nerve terminals were observed in the striatum and somatosensory cortex in silver-stained brain sections from rats injected with PCA 1 or 2 days prior to sacrifice. Laminae III and IV of the somatosensory cortex also contained degenerating neuronal perikarya. The neurochemical and histological effects of PCA are very similar to those produced by a large dose of methylamphetamine (MA) in that both drugs are toxic to serotonergic nerve terminals and neuronal perikarya in the somatosensory cortex. We hypothesize that the formation of 5,6-DHT, perhaps from endogenous 5-HT, may mediate the toxic effects of PCA, MA and other amphetamine-related drugs on serotonergic neurons and on a subpopulation of cortical neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Commins
- University of Chicago, Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Sciences, IL 60637
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Louis-Coindet J, Sarda N, Pacheco H, Jouvet M. Effect of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine upon sleep in p-chlorophenylalanine pretreated rats. Brain Res 1984; 294:239-45. [PMID: 6231081 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(84)91035-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine (7 mg/kg), administered to PCPA-pretreated rats, was able to restore normal SWS and PS quantities, as well as circadian rhythms. This effect was at its maximum when SAH was injected 48 h after PCPA (400 mg/kg). These results are discussed in terms of post-synaptic synergetic control by SAH of serotonergic and noradrenergic nerve terminals via the periventricular system and caudal medulla in relation to environmental input.
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Coen CW, Coombs MC, Wilson PM, Clement EM, MacKinnon PC. Possible resolution of a paradox concerning the use of p-chlorophenylalanine and 5-hydroxytryptophan: evidence for a mode of action involving adrenaline in manipulating the surge of luteinizing hormone in rats. Neuroscience 1983; 8:583-91. [PMID: 6222267 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(83)90200-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Various functions involving the central nervous system can be manipulated by the sequential administration of p-chlorophenylalanine and 5-hydroxytryptophan, compounds which respectively inhibit and restore the synthesis of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the brain. An involvement of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the control of a particular function has been considered established when the effect of p-chlorophenylalanine on that function can be overcome by treatment with 5-hydroxytryptophan. This assumption is not, however, invariably substantiated when the functional consequences of other methods of depleting 5-hydroxytryptamine are considered; studies on the control of the daily surge of luteinizing hormone in oestrogen-treated ovariectomized rats present such a paradox. The surge can be prevented by p-chlorophenylalanine and restored by 5-hydroxytryptophan. Nevertheless, neurotoxin-induced lesions of the 5-hydroxytryptamine projections from the raphe nuclei are compatible with a normal occurrence of the surge. We have therefore examined the effects of p-chlorophenylalanine and 5-hydroxytryptophan on hypothalamic monoamines in oestrogen-treated ovariectomized rats and find that the drugs respectively suppress and elevate the concentration of adrenaline in addition to that of 5-hydroxytryptamine. Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase, the enzyme responsible for converting noradrenaline to adrenaline, is shown to be inhibited in vivo by p-chlorophenylalanine and in vitro by its metabolite, p-chlorophenylethylamine. The reciprocal effects of p-chlorophenylalanine and 5-hydroxytryptophan on the concentration of adrenaline are of particular interest since drugs which inhibit adrenaline synthesis can block the luteinizing hormone surge. It is proposed that when the 5-hydroxytryptophan-reversible effects of treatment with p-chlorophenylalanine are not reproduced by other procedures which deplete 5-hydroxytryptamine, the significant action of these compounds may involve adrenaline.
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Gibbons JL, Barr GA, Bridger WH, Leibowitz SF. L-Tryptophan's effects on mouse killing, feeding, drinking, locomotion, and brain serotonin. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1981; 15:201-6. [PMID: 6171836 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(81)90178-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Injections of the serotonin precursor l-tryptophan (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg IP), inhibited mouse killing behavior in rats, as indicated by a dose dependent increase in latencies to attack and kill mice. Tests in 24 hr food deprived rats revealed that feeding behavior was also significantly decreased by about 30% by tryptophan injections (50--100 mg/kg IP). Concomitant with the behavioral changes were increased levels of brain serotonin and its metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. Drinking, latencies to sniff mice, and ability to locomote on a rotating rod were not affected by l-tryptophan injections, although spontaneous activity in an open field was reliably reduced by 33% with a dose of 100 mg/kg. Thus, while the degree of selectivity for tryptophan's effects on behavior remains open to question, these findings are consistent with hypotheses of an inhibitory role for central serotonergic systems, particularly in mouse killing and feeding behaviors.
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Geyer MA, Petersen LR, Rose GJ. Effects of serotonergic lesions on investigatory responding by rats in a holeboard. BEHAVIORAL AND NEURAL BIOLOGY 1980; 30:160-77. [PMID: 7447870 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-1047(80)91041-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Stern WC, Johnson A, Bronzino JD, Morgane PJ. Effects of electrical stimulation of the lateral habenula on single-unit activity of raphe neurons. Exp Neurol 1979; 65:326-42. [PMID: 477792 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4886(79)90102-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Stern WC, Johnson A, Bronzino JD, Morgane PJ. Influence of electrical stimulation of the substantia nigra on spontaneous activity of raphe neurons in the anesthetized rat. Brain Res Bull 1979; 4:561-5. [PMID: 487208 DOI: 10.1016/0361-9230(79)90042-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies of afferent connections of the anterior raphe using the horseradish peroxidase technique have demonstrated a major projection originating in the substantia nigra (SN). The present acute electrophysiological study examined the influence of stimulation of the afferent on the activity of individual neurons in the raphe of the posterior midbrain and anterior pons (n = 51), and of a control group of cells (n = 15) located 2 mm lateral to the raphe. The predominant effect of SN stimulation at 0.1-1.0 mA, 1 Hz or 10 Hz, was suppression of raphe activity, with 63% of the cells showing cessation of firing following SN pulses and only 8% showing excitation. The average duration of suppression was 200 msec at 1 Hz and 38 msec at 10 Hz. In contrast, 40% of the lateral cells were excited, with 27% of the cells showing suppression. The mean duration of total suppression of lateral cell firing was 61 and 17 msec at 1 and 10 Hz, respectively. The results from the raphe cells are consistent with recent reports of stimulation of other forebrain and brainstem afferents to the raphe in which suppression of raphe activity was the main effect.
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Yaksh TL. Direct evidence that spinal serotonin and noradrenaline terminals mediate the spinal antinociceptive effects of morphine in the periaqueductal gray. Brain Res 1979; 160:180-5. [PMID: 581478 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(79)90616-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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