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Puri S, Kenyon BM, Hamrah P. Immunomodulatory Role of Neuropeptides in the Cornea. Biomedicines 2022; 10:1985. [PMID: 36009532 PMCID: PMC9406019 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The transparency of the cornea along with its dense sensory innervation and resident leukocyte populations make it an ideal tissue to study interactions between the nervous and immune systems. The cornea is the most densely innervated tissue of the body and possesses both immune and vascular privilege, in part due to its unique repertoire of resident immune cells. Corneal nerves produce various neuropeptides that have a wide range of functions on immune cells. As research in this area expands, further insights are made into the role of neuropeptides and their immunomodulatory functions in the healthy and diseased cornea. Much remains to be known regarding the details of neuropeptide signaling and how it contributes to pathophysiology, which is likely due to complex interactions among neuropeptides, receptor isoform-specific signaling events, and the inflammatory microenvironment in disease. However, progress in this area has led to an increase in studies that have begun modulating neuropeptide activity for the treatment of corneal diseases with promising results, necessitating the need for a comprehensive review of the literature. This review focuses on the role of neuropeptides in maintaining the homeostasis of the ocular surface, alterations in disease settings, and the possible therapeutic potential of targeting these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudan Puri
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Brendan M. Kenyon
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Pedram Hamrah
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Departments of Immunology and Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Cornea Service, Tufts New England Eye Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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2
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Azizian A, König A, Ghadimi M. Treatment options of metastatic and nonmetastatic VIPoma: a review. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2022; 407:2629-2636. [PMID: 35931878 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-022-02620-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE VIPoma belongs to the group of neuroendocrine neoplasms. These tumours are located mostly in the pancreas and produce high levels of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). In most cases, a metastatic state has already been reached at the initial diagnosis, with high levels of VIP leading to a wide spectrum of presenting symptoms. These symptoms include intense diarrhoea and subsequent hypopotassaemia but also cardiac complications, with life-threatening consequences. Treatment options include symptomatic therapy, systemic chemotherapy and targeted therapy, as well as radiation and surgery. Due to the low incidence of VIPoma, there are no prospective studies or evidence-based therapeutic standards to date. METHODS To evaluate the possible impact of different therapy strategies, we performed literature research using PubMed. RESULTS All possible treatment modalities for VIPoma have at least one of two therapy goals: antisecretory effects (symptom control) and antitumoural effects (tumour burden reduction). Symptomatic therapy is the most important in the emergency setting to rehydrate, balance electrolytes and stabilise the patient. Symptomatic therapy is also of great importance perioperatively. Somatostatin analogues play a major role in symptom control, although their efficiency is often limited. Chemotherapy may be effective in reaching stable disease for a certain time period, although its impact on symptom control is limited and often delayed. Among targeted therapy options, the usage of sunitinib appears to be the most effective in terms of symptom control and showing antitumoural effects at the same time. Experience with radiation is still limited; however, local ablative procedures seem to be promising options. Peptide receptor radiotherapy (PRRT) with radiolabelled somatostatin analogues (SSAs, 177Lu-DOTATATE) offers a targeted approach, especially in patients with high somatostatin receptor density. Surgery is the first-line therapy for nonmetastatic VIPoma. Additionally, if the resection of all visible tumour lesions is possible, the surgical approach seems preferable to other strategies in highly symptomatic patients. The role of surgery in very advanced stages where only tumour debulking is possible remains debatable. However, a high rate of immediate symptom control can be achieved by tumour debulking followed by somatostatin therapy, although the impact on survival remains unclear. CONCLUSION Surgery is the only curative option for nonmetastatic VIPoma. Additionally, surgery should be a first-line therapy option for highly symptomatic patients, especially if the resection of all tumour lesions (primary tumour and metastasis) is achievable. In frail patients, other modalities can be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Azizian
- Department of General, Visceral, and Paediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, Goettingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Alexander König
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gastrointestinal Oncology, and Endocrinology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Michael Ghadimi
- Department of General, Visceral, and Paediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, Goettingen, 37077, Germany.
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Tang B, Wu J, Zhu MX, Sun X, Liu J, Xie R, Dong TX, Xiao Y, Carethers JM, Yang S, Dong H. VPAC1 couples with TRPV4 channel to promote calcium-dependent gastric cancer progression via a novel autocrine mechanism. Oncogene 2019; 38:3946-3961. [PMID: 30692637 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0709-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Although VPAC1 and its ligand vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) are important in gastrointestinal physiology, their involvements in progression of gastrointestinal tumor have not been explored. Here, we found that higher expression of VIP/VPAC1 was observed in gastric cancer compared to the adjacent normal tissues. The increased expression of VIP/VPAC1 in gastric cancer correlated positively with invasion, tumor stage, lymph node, distant metastases, and poor survival. Moreover, high expression of VIP and VPAC1, advanced tumor stage and distant metastasis were independent prognostic factors. VPAC1 activation by VIP markedly induced TRPV4-mediated Ca2+ entry, and eventually promoted gastric cancer progression in a Ca2+ signaling-dependent manner. Inhibition of VPAC1 and its signaling pathway could block the progressive responses. VPAC1/TRPV4/Ca2+ signaling in turn enhanced the expression and secretion of VIP in gastric cancer cells, enforcing a positive feedback regulation mechanism. Taken together, our study demonstrate that VPAC1 is significantly overexpressed in gastric cancer and VPAC1/TRPV4/Ca2+ signaling axis could enforce a positive feedback regulation in gastric cancer progression. VIP/VPAC1 may serve as potential prognostic markers and therapeutic targets for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jilin Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Michael X Zhu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xuemei Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rui Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital to Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, China
| | - Tobias Xiao Dong
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Yufeng Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - John M Carethers
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Shiming Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Hui Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China. .,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
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Zha JS, Zhu BL, Liu L, Lai YJ, Long Y, Hu XT, Deng XJ, Wang XF, Yan Z, Chen GJ. Phorbol esters dPPA/dPA promote furin expression involving transcription factor CEBPβ in neuronal cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:60159-60172. [PMID: 28947961 PMCID: PMC5601129 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Using high-throughput small molecule screening targeting furin gene, we identified that phorbol esters dPPA (12-Deoxyphorbol 13-phenylacetate 20-acetate) and dPA (12-Deoxyphorbol 13-acetate) significantly increased furin protein and mRNA expression in SH-SY5Y cells. This effect was prevented by PKC (protein kinase C) inhibitor calphostin C but not Ro318220, suggesting that the C1 domain, rather than the catalytic domain of PKC plays an important role. Luciferase assay revealed that nucleotides -7925 to -7426 were sufficient to mediate dPPA/dPA enhancement of furin P1 promoter activity. RNA interference of transcriptional factors CEBPβ (CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β) and GATA1 revealed that knockdown of CEBPβ significantly attenuated the effect of dPPA on furin expression. Pharmacological inhibition of ERK and PI3K but not TGFβ receptor diminished the up-regulation of furin by dPPA. These results suggested that in neuronal cells, transcriptional activation of furin by dPPA/dPA may be initiated by C1 domain containing proteins including PKC; the intracellular signaling involves ERK and PI3K and transcription factor CEBPβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Si Zha
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Bing-Lin Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yu-Jie Lai
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yan Long
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xiao-Tong Hu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Deng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xue-Feng Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Zhen Yan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Guo-Jun Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing 400016, China
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Luo Y. The function and mechanisms of Nurr1 action in midbrain dopaminergic neurons, from development and maintenance to survival. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2012; 102:1-22. [PMID: 22748824 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386986-9.00001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Nurr1 is critical for the development and maintenance of midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons in mouse. Loss of Nurr1 function early during development in mice leads to the absence of midbrain DA neurons. Reduction of Nurr1 function in adulthood leads to a slowly progressive loss of striatal DA and markers for DAergic neurons, supporting its selective roles in the maintenance of DAergic neuronal survival and function. To understand the molecular mechanisms of Nurr1 action, our group has identified VIP as a potential target gene of Nurr1. Nurr1 regulates VIP mRNA and protein levels, and transactivates the VIP promoter through Nurr1-responsive cis elements. Nurr1 loss of function leads to the decrease of VIP mRNA level in developing midbrain, suggesting that Nurr1 is involved in the in vivo regulation of VIP expression in midbrain. Our group has also cloned a novel protein interactor for Nurr1. We identified a family of gene products that interact and regulate the activity of Nurr1 by screening yeast two-hybrid library and termed the longest splicing form, NuIP. In vivo NuIP protein is largely colocalized with Nurr1 in adult midbrain dopaminergic neurons. NuIP interacts and positively regulates the activity of Nurr1 protein and could also possibly mediate cross talk between Nurr1 and GTPase mediated signaling pathways. Other recently identified potential target genes and interacting proteins of Nurr1 are also summarized and discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Luo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Falktoft B, Georg B, Fahrenkrug J. Signaling pathways in PACAP regulation of VIP gene expression in human neuroblastoma cells. Neuropeptides 2009; 43:387-96. [PMID: 19712974 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2009.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2009] [Revised: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 08/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ganglia expressing the neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) innervate vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) containing neurons suggesting a role of PACAP in regulating VIP expression. Human NB-1 neuroblastoma cells were applied to study PACAP regulated VIP gene expression aiming to identify the receptor and the signaling proteins involved. The PACAP receptor subtype PAC1 induced VIP gene expression as (i) PACAP and the PAC1 receptor agonist maxadilan were equally efficient and approximately 200-fold more potent than VIP, and (ii) PACAP6-38 and PG99-465, antagonists of PAC1 and VPAC2 receptors, respectively, abolished and did not affect the PACAP-induced VIP mRNA expression, respectively. A pivotal role of PKA was implicated in addition to partial involvement of PKC and ERK1/2 in PACAP-induced VIP gene expression as H-89, Bisindolylmaleimide I (BIS), Gö6976 and U0126 attenuated the VIP mRNA expression by 93%, 58%, 58% and 40%, respectively. PACAP modulated the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 (pERK1/2) and CREB/ATF-1 (pCREB/ATF-1) concomitant with a translocation of PKA to the nucleus. Inhibition of conventional PKC isoforms and MEK1/2 completely abolished pERK1/2 without affecting PACAP induced pCREB/ATF-1. In contrast, inhibiting PKA attenuated PACAP induced pCREB/ATF-1. PACAP also enhanced the FOS gene expression and individual presence of H-89, BIS, Gö6976 and U0126 partially attenuated the PACAP induced FOS mRNA expression. Combining the kinase inhibitors completely suppressed the PACAP induced FOS mRNA expression. Immunoblotting confirmed expression of FOS protein upon addition of PACAP, which was diminished by impairment of PKC, ERK1/2 and PKA activities. The resemblance of the signaling pathways involving concomitant activities of PKC, ERK1/2 and PKA in PACAP regulation of the FOS and VIP gene expressions suggest for the first time a role of FOS in PACAP-induced VIP gene expression in human NB-1 neuroblastoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitte Falktoft
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Bispebjerg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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7
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Zhang Z, Winborn CS, Marquez de Prado B, Russo AF. Sensitization of calcitonin gene-related peptide receptors by receptor activity-modifying protein-1 in the trigeminal ganglion. J Neurosci 2007; 27:2693-703. [PMID: 17344407 PMCID: PMC6672495 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4542-06.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) from the trigeminal ganglion has been established as a key player in the pathogenesis of migraine. In this study, we provide evidence that the responsiveness of neuronal CGRP receptors is strongly enhanced in vitro and in vivo by expression of human receptor activity-modifying protein-1 (hRAMP1), an obligatory subunit of the CGRP receptor. We first demonstrated that activation of CGRP receptors on cultured trigeminal ganglion neurons increased endogenous CGRP mRNA levels and promoter activity. The promoter activation was cAMP dependent and blocked by the antagonist BIBN4096BS [1-piperidinecarboxamide, N-[2-[[5-amino-l-[[4-(4-pyridinyl)-l-piperazinyl]carbonyl]pentyl]amino]-1-[(3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-2-oxoethyl]-4-(1,4-dihydro-2-oxo-3(2H)-quinazolinyl)], a new antimigraine drug. Gene transfer using an adenoviral hRAMP1 expression vector increased the maximal production of cAMP by 1.8 +/- 0.2-fold and decreased the EC50 to 2.3 +/- 0.8 nM from 9.0 +/- 5.9 nM and 15.6 +/- 5.2 nM in uninfected and control-infected cultures, respectively. To establish whether RAMP1 is limiting in vivo as indicated from the culture studies, a transgenic mouse expressing hRAMP1 in the nervous system was generated. After CGRP injection into the whiskerpad, the hRAMP1 transgenic mice displayed 2.2 +/- 0.2-fold greater plasma extravasation, which is a measure of neurogenic inflammation. These results demonstrate that RAMP1 is functionally rate limiting for CGRP receptor activity in the trigeminal ganglion, which raises the possibility that elevated RAMP1 might sensitize some individuals to CGRP actions in migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andrew F. Russo
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, and
- Genetics Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
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Luo Y, Henricksen LA, Giuliano RE, Prifti L, Callahan LM, Federoff HJ. VIP is a transcriptional target of Nurr1 in dopaminergic cells. Exp Neurol 2006; 203:221-32. [PMID: 16999955 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2006.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2006] [Revised: 08/02/2006] [Accepted: 08/08/2006] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The orphan nuclear receptor Nurr1 is required for the development of the ventral mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons. These are the same neurons that are invariantly lost in patients with Parkinson's disease. Nurr1 mRNA expression is not confined to the developing midbrain, and yet Nurr1 appears to be essential for either the maturation of progenitors into fully post-mitotic dopaminergic neurons and/or once formed, their survival. The function of Nurr1 in the transactivation of gene(s) important for neuronal development and/or maintenance is uncharacterized. To characterize potential downstream target genes of Nurr1, we sought to identify mRNAs that are differentially affected by Nurr1 expression. Using a dopaminergic cell line in which Nurr1 content was tightly regulated, differential display analysis identified transcripts altered by Nurr1 expression, including the mRNA encoding vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). Herein, we demonstrate that Nurr1 regulates VIP mRNA and protein levels, and transactivates the VIP promoter through Nurr1-responsive cis elements. In addition, dopaminergic cells release and utilize VIP to mediate survival when challenged with paraquat. Nurr1 regulation of VIP is also demonstrated in vivo as loss of Nurr1 function results in diminished VIP mRNA levels within the developing midbrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Luo
- Dept. of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14624, USA
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Collado B, Sánchez-Chapado M, Prieto JC, Carmena MJ. Hypoxia regulation of expression and angiogenic effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and VIP receptors in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2006; 249:116-22. [PMID: 16563610 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2006.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2005] [Revised: 02/01/2006] [Accepted: 02/07/2006] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a main factor promoting neovascularization (angiogenesis) of solid tumours as prostate carcinoma. Hypoxia stimulates VEGF gene expression by activating the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1alpha). In the present study, the hypoxia-mimicking agent Ni(2+) induced vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) expression at both mRNA and peptide levels but it did not modify the expression of VIP receptors (VPAC(1), VPAC(2) and PAC(1) receptors) in androgen-dependent human LNCaP prostate cancer cells. VIP increased the mRNA levels of VPAC(1) and PAC(1) receptors whereas it decreased VPAC(2) receptor mRNA level. These features support that hypoxia up-regulation of VIP gene expression in prostatic carcinoma may lead to VIP regulation of the expression of its receptors by means of autocrine/paracrine mechanisms. Either VIP or hypoxia mimetics with Ni(2+) increased VEGF expression whereas both conditions together resulted in an additive response. It suggests two independent mechanisms for the observed pro-angiogenic activities of VIP and hypoxia. VIP did not stimulate HIF-1alpha mRNA expression but increased the translocation of HIF-1alpha from the cytosolic compartment to the cell nucleus. Moreover, VIP was unable to modify the expression of the HIF-1alpha inhibitor FIH-1 discarding the possibility of an indirect effect of VIP on HIF-1 transactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Collado
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Príncipe de Asturias Hospital, Alcalá de Henares 28871, Spain
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Hamelink C, Hahm SH, Huang H, Eiden LE. A restrictive element 1 (RE-1) in the VIP gene modulates transcription in neuronal and non-neuronal cells in collaboration with an upstream tissue specifier element. J Neurochem 2004; 88:1091-101. [PMID: 15009665 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.02241.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) gene has been studied extensively as a prototype neuronal gene containing multiple cis-active elements that confer responsiveness to cell lineage, neurotrophic, and activity-dependent intrinsic and extrinsic cues. However, reporter genes containing the presumptive complete regulatory region 5' to the start of transcription do not confer tissue-specific gene expression in vivo. We therefore sought cis-regulatory elements downstream of the transcriptional start that might confer additional tissue-specific and tissue-restrictive properties to the VIP transcriptional unit. We report here a repressor element, similar to the canonical restrictive element-1 (RE-1), located within the first non-coding exon of the human VIP gene. The ability of this element to regulate VIP reporter gene expression in neuroblastoma and fibroblastic cells was examined. Endogenous VIP expression is high in SH-EP neuroblastoma cells, low but inducible in SH-SY5Y cells, and absent in HeLa cells. Endogenous RE-1 silencer factor (REST) expression was highest in SH-EP and HeLa cells, and significantly lower in SH-SY5Y cells. Transient transfection of a VIP reporter gene containing a mutated RE-1 sequence revealed an RE-1-dependent regulation of VIP gene expression in all three cell types, with regulation greatest in cells (SH-EP, HeLa) with highest levels of REST expression. Serial truncation of the VIP reporter gene further revealed a specific interaction between the RE-1 and a tissue-specifier element located 5 kb upstream in the VIP gene. Thus, REST can regulate VIP gene expression in both neuroblastic and non-neuronal cells, but requires coupling to the upstream tissue specifier element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Hamelink
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Regulation, NIMH, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Fukuchi M, Sakuragawa S, Tabuchi A, Tsuda M. Calcium signal-mediated expression of the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide gene and its small contribution to activity-dependent survival of mouse cerebellar granule cells. J Neurosci Res 2004; 77:26-34. [PMID: 15197736 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We have demonstrated previously in primary cultures of mouse cerebellar granule cells (CGCs) that endogenously synthesized pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) contributes at least in part to the activity-dependent survival of CGCs (Tabuchi et al. [2001] Neurosci. Res. 39:85-93). In this study, we have demonstrated that expression of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), a member of the same VIP/secretin/glucagon family as PACAP, was activated markedly by Ca(2+) influx through L-type voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channels (L-VDCCs), which could be induced under the depolarizing condition induced by high concentration of potassium (K(+)) in the medium. The activation of VIP mRNA expression, different from that of PACAP, was dependent partly on de novo protein synthesis. On the other hand, mRNA expression of secretin and PACAP/VIP receptors (PAC(1), VPAC(1), and VPAC(2)) was not activated by the Ca(2+) influx; rather, PAC(1) mRNA expression was reduced. Exogenously added VIP prevented apoptosis of CGCs under nondepolarizing conditions, the effect of which was mediated specifically through the VPAC(1) receptor. Furthermore, the survival of CGCs under depolarizing conditions could be mediated partly through VPAC(1), the contribution of which was much less than that of PAC(1). These findings indicate that PACAP and VIP genes are coordinately activated by the Ca(2+) signals in CGCs, but the contribution of VIP to the activity-dependent survival of CGCs is quite small.
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MESH Headings
- Action Potentials/drug effects
- Action Potentials/genetics
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Calcium Channels, L-Type/drug effects
- Calcium Channels, L-Type/genetics
- Calcium Channels, L-Type/metabolism
- Calcium Signaling/genetics
- Cell Membrane/drug effects
- Cell Membrane/genetics
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cell Survival/genetics
- Cells, Cultured
- Cerebellar Cortex/cytology
- Cerebellar Cortex/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred ICR
- Neurons/cytology
- Neurons/metabolism
- Potassium/metabolism
- Potassium/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled
- Receptors, Gastrointestinal Hormone/genetics
- Receptors, Gastrointestinal Hormone/metabolism
- Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide
- Receptors, Pituitary Hormone/genetics
- Receptors, Pituitary Hormone/metabolism
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/genetics
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/metabolism
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide, Type I
- Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/metabolism
- Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamoru Fukuchi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Toyama, Japan
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