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Li W, Pang Y, Wang Y, Mei F, Guo M, Wei Y, Li X, Qin W, Wang W, Jia L, Jia J. Aberrant palmitoylation caused by a ZDHHC21 mutation contributes to pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease. BMC Med 2023; 21:223. [PMID: 37365538 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-02930-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The identification of pathogenic mutations in Alzheimer's disease (AD) causal genes led to a better understanding of the pathobiology of AD. Familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) is known to be associated with mutations in the APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 genes involved in Aβ production; however, these genetic defects occur in only about 10-20% of FAD cases, and more genes and new mechanism causing FAD remain largely obscure. METHODS We performed exome sequencing on family members with a FAD pedigree and identified gene variant ZDHHC21 p.T209S. A ZDHHC21T209S/T209S knock-in mouse model was then generated using CRISPR/Cas9. The Morris water navigation task was then used to examine spatial learning and memory. The involvement of aberrant palmitoylation of FYN tyrosine kinase and APP in AD pathology was evaluated using biochemical methods and immunostaining. Aβ and tau pathophysiology was evaluated using ELISA, biochemical methods, and immunostaining. Field recordings of synaptic long-term potentiation were obtained to examine synaptic plasticity. The density of synapses and dendritic branches was quantified using electron microscopy and Golgi staining. RESULTS We identified a variant (c.999A > T, p.T209S) of ZDHHC21 gene in a Han Chinese family. The proband presented marked cognitive impairment at 55 years of age (Mini-Mental State Examination score = 5, Clinical Dementia Rating = 3). Considerable Aβ retention was observed in the bilateral frontal, parietal, and lateral temporal cortices. The novel heterozygous missense mutation (p.T209S) was detected in all family members with AD and was not present in those unaffected, indicating cosegregation. ZDHHC21T209S/T209S mice exhibited cognitive impairment and synaptic dysfunction, suggesting the strong pathogenicity of the mutation. The ZDHHC21 p.T209S mutation significantly enhanced FYN palmitoylation, causing overactivation of NMDAR2B, inducing increased neuronal sensitivity to excitotoxicity leading to further synaptic dysfunction and neuronal loss. The palmitoylation of APP was also increased in ZDHHC21T209S/T209S mice, possibly contributing to Aβ production. Palmitoyltransferase inhibitors reversed synaptic function impairment. CONCLUSIONS ZDHHC21 p.T209S is a novel, candidate causal gene mutation in a Chinese FAD pedigree. Our discoveries strongly suggest that aberrant protein palmitoylation mediated by ZDHHC21 mutations is a new pathogenic mechanism of AD, warranting further investigations for the development of therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Li
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yana Pang
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Mei
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Mengmeng Guo
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yiping Wei
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyue Li
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Qin
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Longfei Jia
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jianping Jia
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, Beijing, China.
- Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.
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Bader AS, Gnädig MU, Fricke M, Büschgens L, Berger LJ, Klafki HW, Meyer T, Jahn O, Weggen S, Wirths O. Brain Region-Specific Differences in Amyloid-β Plaque Composition in 5XFAD Mice. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13041053. [PMID: 37109582 PMCID: PMC10145597 DOI: 10.3390/life13041053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Senile plaques consisting of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides are a major pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Aβ peptides are heterogeneous regarding the exact length of their amino- and carboxy-termini. Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 are often considered to represent canonical "full-length" Aβ species. Using immunohistochemistry, we analyzed the distribution of Aβ1-x, Aβx-42 and Aβ4-x species in amyloid deposits in the subiculum, hippocampus and cortex in 5XFAD mice during aging. Overall plaque load increased in all three brain regions, with the subiculum being the area with the strongest relative plaque coverage. In the subiculum, but not in the other brain regions, the Aβ1-x load peaked at an age of five months and decreased thereafter. In contrast, the density of plaques positive for N-terminally truncated Aβ4-x species increased continuously over time. We hypothesize that ongoing plaque remodeling takes place, leading to a conversion of deposited Aβ1-x peptides into Aβ4-x peptides in brain regions with a high Aβ plaque burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Sabine Bader
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marius-Uwe Gnädig
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Merle Fricke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Luca Büschgens
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lena Josefine Berger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Wolfgang Klafki
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Meyer
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Olaf Jahn
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Neuroproteomics Group, Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sascha Weggen
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Oliver Wirths
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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Young KA, Mancera RL. Review: Investigating the aggregation of amyloid beta with surface plasmon resonance: Do different approaches yield different results? Anal Biochem 2022; 654:114828. [PMID: 35931183 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.114828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aggregation of amyloid beta into amyloid plaques in the brain is a hallmark characteristic of Alzheimer's disease. Therapeutics aimed at preventing or retarding amyloid formation often rely on detailed characterization of the underlying mechanism and kinetics of protein aggregation. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy is a robust technique used to determine binding affinity and kinetics of biomolecular interactions. This approach has been used to characterize the mechanism of aggregation of amyloid beta but there are multiple pitfalls that need to be addressed when working with this and other amyloidogenic proteins. The choice of method for analyte preparation and ligand immobilization to a sensor chip can lead to different theoretical and practical implications in terms of the mathematical modelling of binding data, different mechanisms of binding and the presence of different interacting species. This review examines preparation methods for SPR characterisation of the aggregation of amyloid beta and their influence on the findings derived from such studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Young
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
| | - Ricardo L Mancera
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia.
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Marengo L, Armbrust F, Schoenherr C, Storck SE, Schmitt U, Zampar S, Wirths O, Altmeppen H, Glatzel M, Kaether C, Weggen S, Becker-Pauly C, Pietrzik CU. Meprin β knockout reduces brain Aβ levels and rescues learning and memory impairments in the APP/lon mouse model for Alzheimer's disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:168. [PMID: 35235058 PMCID: PMC8891209 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04205-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
β-Site amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleaving enzyme-1 (BACE1) is the major described β-secretase to generate Aβ peptides in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, all therapeutic attempts to block BACE1 activity and to improve AD symptoms have so far failed. A potential candidate for alternative Aβ peptides generation is the metalloproteinase meprin β, which cleaves APP predominantly at alanine in p2 and in this study we can detect an increased meprin β expression in AD brain. Here, we report the generation of the transgenic APP/lon mouse model of AD lacking the functional Mep1b gene (APP/lon × Mep1b-/-). We examined levels of canonical and truncated Aβ species using urea-SDS-PAGE, ELISA and immunohistochemistry in brains of APP/lon mouse × Mep1b-/-. Additionally, we investigated the cognitive abilities of these mice during the Morris water maze task. Aβ1-40 and 1-42 levels are reduced in APP/lon mice when meprin β is absent. Immunohistochemical staining of mouse brain sections revealed that N-terminally truncated Aβ2-x peptide deposition is decreased in APP/lon × Mep1b-/- mice. Importantly, loss of meprin β improved cognitive abilities and rescued learning behavior impairments in APP/lon mice. These observations indicate an important role of meprin β within the amyloidogenic pathway and Aβ production in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana Marengo
- Institute for Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Fred Armbrust
- Institute of Biochemistry, Unit for Degradomics of the Protease Web, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Caroline Schoenherr
- Institute for Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Steffen E. Storck
- Institute for Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schmitt
- Leibniz-Institute for Resilience Research, Mainz, Germany
| | - Silvia Zampar
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Wirths
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hermann Altmeppen
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center HH-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center HH-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Sascha Weggen
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christoph Becker-Pauly
- Institute of Biochemistry, Unit for Degradomics of the Protease Web, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Claus U. Pietrzik
- Institute for Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Molecular Neurodegeneration, Institute for Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55099 Mainz, Germany
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Meinicke A, Härtig W, Winter K, Puchta J, Mages B, Michalski D, Emmer A, Otto M, Hoffmann KT, Reimann W, Krause M, Schob S. Surfactant Protein-G in Wildtype and 3xTg-AD Mice: Localization in the Forebrain, Age-Dependent Hippocampal Dot-like Deposits and Brain Content. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12010096. [PMID: 35053244 PMCID: PMC8773979 DOI: 10.3390/biom12010096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The classic surfactant proteins (SPs) A, B, C, and D were discovered in the lungs, where they contribute to host defense and regulate the alveolar surface tension during breathing. Their additional importance for brain physiology was discovered decades later. SP-G, a novel amphiphilic SP, was then identified in the lungs and is mostly linked to inflammation. In the brain, it is also present and significantly elevated after hemorrhage in premature infants and in distinct conditions affecting the cerebrospinal fluid circulation of adults. However, current knowledge on SP-G-expression is limited to ependymal cells and some neurons in the subventricular and superficial cortex. Therefore, we primarily focused on the distribution of SP-G-immunoreactivity (ir) and its spatial relationships with components of the neurovascular unit in murine forebrains. Triple fluorescence labeling elucidated SP-G-co-expressing neurons in the habenula, infundibulum, and hypothalamus. Exploring whether SP-G might play a role in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), 3xTg-AD mice were investigated and displayed age-dependent hippocampal deposits of β-amyloid and hyperphosphorylated tau separately from clustered, SP-G-containing dots with additional Reelin-ir—which was used as established marker for disease progression in this specific context. Semi-quantification of those dots, together with immunoassay-based quantification of intra- and extracellular SP-G, revealed a significant elevation in old 3xTg mice when compared to age-matched wildtype animals. This suggests a role of SP-G for the pathophysiology of AD, but a confirmation with human samples is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Meinicke
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 19, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (A.M.); (W.H.); (J.P.); (W.R.)
- Institute of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Wolfgang Härtig
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 19, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (A.M.); (W.H.); (J.P.); (W.R.)
| | - Karsten Winter
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 13, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (K.W.); (B.M.)
| | - Joana Puchta
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 19, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (A.M.); (W.H.); (J.P.); (W.R.)
- Institute of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Bianca Mages
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 13, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (K.W.); (B.M.)
| | - Dominik Michalski
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Alexander Emmer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Halle, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (A.E.); (M.O.)
| | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Halle, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (A.E.); (M.O.)
| | - Karl-Titus Hoffmann
- Institute of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Willi Reimann
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 19, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (A.M.); (W.H.); (J.P.); (W.R.)
- Institute of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Matthias Krause
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Stefan Schob
- Department of Neuroradiology, Clinic and Policlinic of Radiology, University Hospital Halle, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-345-557-2432
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Giesers NK, Wirths O. Loss of Hippocampal Calretinin and Parvalbumin Interneurons in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. ASN Neuro 2021; 12:1759091420925356. [PMID: 32423230 PMCID: PMC7238451 DOI: 10.1177/1759091420925356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The deposition of amyloid-β peptides in the form of extracellular plaques
and neuronal degeneration belong to the hallmark features of
Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In addition, impaired calcium homeostasis
and altered levels in calcium-binding proteins seem to be associated
with the disease process. In this study, calretinin- (CR) and
parvalbumin- (PV) positive gamma-aminobutyric acid-producing
(GABAergic) interneurons were quantified in different hippocampal
subfields of 12-month-old wild-type mice, as well as in the transgenic
AD mouse models 5XFAD and Tg4-42. While, in comparison with wild-type
mice, CR-positive interneurons were mainly reduced in the CA1 and
CA2/3 regions in plaque-bearing 5XFAD mice, PV-positive interneurons
were reduced in all analyzed subfields including the dentate gyrus. No
reduction in CR- and PV-positive interneuron numbers was detected in
the non-plaque-forming Tg4-42 mouse, although this model has been
previously demonstrated to harbor a massive loss of CA1 pyramidal
neurons. These results provide information about hippocampal
interneuron numbers in two relevant AD mouse models, suggesting that
interneuron loss in this brain region may be related to extracellular
amyloid burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi K Giesers
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Molecular Psychiatry, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Wirths
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Molecular Psychiatry, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
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Zampar S, Wirths O. Characterization of a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease Expressing Aβ4-42 and Human Mutant Tau. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105191. [PMID: 34069029 PMCID: PMC8156793 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between the two most prominent neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) deposits and intracellular accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau in neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), remains at present not fully understood. A large body of evidence places Aβ upstream in the cascade of pathological events, triggering NFTs formation and the subsequent neuron loss. Extracellular Aβ deposits were indeed causative of an increased tau phosphorylation and accumulation in several transgenic models but the contribution of soluble Aβ peptides is still controversial. Among the different Aβ variants, the N-terminally truncated peptide Aβ4–42 is among the most abundant. To understand whether soluble Aβ4–42 peptides impact the onset or extent of tau pathology, we have crossed the homozygous Tg4–42 mouse model of AD, exclusively expressing Aβ4–42 peptides, with the PS19 (P301S) tau transgenic model. Behavioral assessment showed that the resulting double-transgenic line presented a partial worsening of motor performance and spatial memory deficits in the aged group. While an increased loss of distal CA1 pyramidal neurons was detected in young mice, no significant alterations in hippocampal tau phosphorylation were observed in immunohistochemical analyses.
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Li Z, Bi H, Jiang H, Song J, Meng Q, Zhang Y, Fei X. Neuroprotective effect of emodin against Alzheimer's disease via Nrf2 signaling in U251 cells and APP/PS1 mice. Mol Med Rep 2020; 23:108. [PMID: 33300068 PMCID: PMC7723071 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Emodin is a naturally-occurring medicinal herbal ingredient that possesses numerous pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. In the present study, potential neuroprotective effects associated with the antioxidant activity of emodin were assessed in U251 cells that were subjected to β-amyloid peptide (Aβ)-induced apoptosis and in amyloid precursor protein (APP)/presenilin-1 (PS1) double-transgenic mice. U251 is a type of human astroglioma cell line (cat. no. BNCC337874; BeNa Culture Collection). In apoptotic U251 cells, 3-h emodin pre-treatment prior to 24-h Aβ co-exposure improved cell viability, suppressed lactate dehydrogenase leakage and caspase-3, −8 and −9 activation to inhibit apoptosis. Compared with those after Aβ exposure alone, emodin ameliorated the dissipation of the mitochondrial membrane potential, inhibited the over-accumulation of reactive oxygen species, enhanced the expression levels of nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), haemeoxygenase-1, superoxide dismutase 1, Bcl-2 and catalase in addition to decreasing the expression levels of Bax. In APP/PS1 mice, an 8-week course of emodin administration improved spatial memory and learning ability and decreased anxiety. Emodin was also found to regulate key components in the Nrf2 pathway and decreased the deposition of Aβ, phosphorylated-τ and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal in APP/PS1 mice. Taken together, the present data suggest that emodin may serve as a promising candidate for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Hui Bi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Hongbo Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Jingjing Song
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Qingfan Meng
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Yizhi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofang Fei
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
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9
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Neuron Loss in Alzheimer's Disease: Translation in Transgenic Mouse Models. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218144. [PMID: 33143374 PMCID: PMC7663280 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transgenic mouse models represent an essential tool for the exploration of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathological mechanisms and the development of novel treatments, which at present provide only symptomatic and transient effects. While a variety of mouse models successfully reflects the main neuropathological hallmarks of AD, such as extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) deposits, intracellular accumulation of Tau protein, the development of micro- and astrogliosis, as well as behavioral deficits, substantial neuron loss, as a key feature of the disease, seems to be more difficult to achieve. In this review, we summarize information on classic and more recent transgenic mouse models for AD, focusing in particular on loss of pyramidal, inter-, and cholinergic neurons. Although the cause of neuron loss in AD is still a matter of scientific debate, it seems to be linked to intraneuronal Aβ accumulation in several transgenic mouse models, especially in pyramidal neurons.
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10
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Vadukul DM, Maina M, Franklin H, Nardecchia A, Serpell LC, Marshall KE. Internalisation and toxicity of amyloid-β 1-42 are influenced by its conformation and assembly state rather than size. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:3490-3503. [PMID: 32871611 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid fibrils found in plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains are composed of amyloid-β peptides. Oligomeric amyloid-β 1-42 (Aβ42) is thought to play a critical role in neurodegeneration in AD. Here, we determine how size and conformation affect neurotoxicity and internalisation of Aβ42 assemblies using biophysical methods, immunoblotting, toxicity assays and live-cell imaging. We report significant cytotoxicity of Aβ42 oligomers and their internalisation into neurons. In contrast, Aβ42 fibrils show reduced internalisation and no toxicity. Sonicating Aβ42 fibrils generates species similar in size to oligomers but remains nontoxic. The results suggest that Aβ42 oligomers have unique properties that underlie their neurotoxic potential. Furthermore, we show that incubating cells with Aβ42 oligomers for 24 h is sufficient to trigger irreversible neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devkee M Vadukul
- Dementia Research group, Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, E Sussex, UK.,CEMO-Alzheimer Dementia group, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mahmoud Maina
- Dementia Research group, Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, E Sussex, UK.,College of Medical Sciences, Yobe State University, Nigeria
| | - Hannah Franklin
- Dementia Research group, Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, E Sussex, UK
| | - Astrid Nardecchia
- Dementia Research group, Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, E Sussex, UK
| | - Louise C Serpell
- Dementia Research group, Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, E Sussex, UK
| | - Karen E Marshall
- Dementia Research group, Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, E Sussex, UK
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11
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Development and Technical Validation of an Immunoassay for the Detection of APP 669-711 (Aβ -3-40) in Biological Samples. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186564. [PMID: 32911706 PMCID: PMC7555726 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The ratio of amyloid precursor protein (APP)669-711 (Aβ-3-40)/Aβ1-42 in blood plasma was reported to represent a novel Alzheimer's disease biomarker. Here, we describe the characterization of two antibodies against the N-terminus of Aβ-3-x and the development and "fit-for-purpose" technical validation of a sandwich immunoassay for the measurement of Aβ-3-40. Antibody selectivity was assessed by capillary isoelectric focusing immunoassay, Western blot analysis, and immunohistochemistry. The analytical validation addressed assay range, repeatability, specificity, between-run variability, impact of pre-analytical sample handling procedures, assay interference, and analytical spike recoveries. Blood plasma was analyzed after Aβ immunoprecipitation by a two-step immunoassay procedure. Both monoclonal antibodies detected Aβ-3-40 with no appreciable cross reactivity with Aβ1-40 or N-terminally truncated Aβ variants. However, the amyloid precursor protein was also recognized. The immunoassay showed high selectivity for Aβ-3-40 with a quantitative assay range of 22 pg/mL-7.5 ng/mL. Acceptable intermediate imprecision of the complete two-step immunoassay was reached after normalization. In a small clinical sample, the measured Aβ42/Aβ-3-40 and Aβ42/Aβ40 ratios were lower in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer's type than in other dementias. In summary, the methodological groundwork for further optimization and future studies addressing the Aβ42/Aβ-3-40 ratio as a novel biomarker candidate for Alzheimer's disease has been set.
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Zampar S, Klafki HW, Sritharen K, Bayer TA, Wiltfang J, Rostagno A, Ghiso J, Miles LA, Wirths O. N-terminal heterogeneity of parenchymal and vascular amyloid-β deposits in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2020; 46:673-685. [PMID: 32497293 PMCID: PMC8082844 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aims: The deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides in the form of extracellular plaques in the brain represents one of the classical hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In addition to ‘full-length’ Aβ starting with aspartic acid (Asp-1), considerable amounts of various shorter, N-terminally truncated Aβ peptides have been identified by mass spectrometry in autopsy samples from individuals with AD. Methods: Selectivity of several antibodies detecting full-length, total or N-terminally truncated Aβ species has been characterized with capillary isoelectric focusing assays using a set of synthetic Aβ peptides comprising different N-termini. We further assessed the N-terminal heterogeneity of extracellular and vascular Aβ peptide deposits in the human brain by performing immunohistochemical analyses using sporadic AD cases with antibodies targeting different N-terminal residues, including the biosimilar antibodies Bapineuzumab and Crenezumab. Results: While antibodies selectively recognizing Aβ1–x showed a much weaker staining of extracellular plaques and tended to accentuate cerebrovascular amyloid deposits, antibodies detecting Aβ starting with phenylalanine at position 4 of the Aβ sequence showed abundant amyloid plaque immunoreactivity in the brain parenchyma. The biosimilar antibody Bapineuzumab recognized Aβ starting at Asp-1 and demonstrated abundant immunoreactivity in AD brains. Discussion: In contrast to other studied Aβ1–x-specific antibodies, Bapineuzumab displayed stronger immunoreactivity on fixed tissue samples than with sodium dodecyl sulfate-denatured samples on Western blots. This suggests conformational preferences of this antibody. The diverse composition of plaques and vascular deposits stresses the importance of understanding the roles of various Aβ variants during disease development and progression in order to generate appropriate target-developed therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zampar
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - H W Klafki
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - K Sritharen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - T A Bayer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - J Wiltfang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany.,Neurosciences and Signaling Group, Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - A Rostagno
- Departments of, Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - J Ghiso
- Departments of, Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Department of, Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - L A Miles
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - O Wirths
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
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Hornung K, Zampar S, Engel N, Klafki H, Liepold T, Bayer TA, Wiltfang J, Jahn O, Wirths O. N-Terminal Truncated Aβ4-42 Is a Substrate for Neprilysin Degradation in vitro and in vivo. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 67:849-858. [PMID: 30664509 DOI: 10.3233/jad-181134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD), an imbalance between production and clearance of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides seems to account for enhanced Aβ accumulation. The metalloprotease neprilysin (NEP) is an important Aβ degrading enzyme as shown by a variety of in vitro and in vivo studies. While the degradation of full-length Aβ peptides such as Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 is well established, it is less clear whether NEP is also capable of degrading N-terminally truncated Aβ species such as the common variant Aβ4-42. In the present report, we confirmed the degradation of Aβ4-x species by neprilysin using in vitro digestion and subsequent analysis using gel-based assays and mass spectrometry. By crossing Tg4-42 mice expressing only Aβ4-42 peptides with homozygous NEP-knock-out mice (NEP-/-), we were able to demonstrate that NEP deficiency increased hippocampal intraneuronal Aβ levels and aggravated neuron loss in the Tg4-42 transgenic mouse model of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Hornung
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Silvia Zampar
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Nadine Engel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Hans Klafki
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Liepold
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Proteomics Group, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Thomas A Bayer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jens Wiltfang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Goettingen, Germany.,Department of iBiMED, Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Olaf Jahn
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Proteomics Group, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Wirths
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
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Davis SM, Collier LA, Goodwin S, Lukins DE, Powell DK, Pennypacker KR. Efficacy of leukemia inhibitory factor as a therapeutic for permanent large vessel stroke differs among aged male and female rats. Brain Res 2018; 1707:62-73. [PMID: 30445025 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical studies using rodent models of stroke have had difficulty in translating their results to human patients. One possible factor behind this inability is the lack of studies utilizing aged rodents of both sexes. Previously, this lab showed that leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) promoted recovery after stroke through antioxidant enzyme upregulation. This study examined whether LIF promotes neuroprotection in aged rats of both sexes. LIF did not reduce tissue damage in aged animals, but LIF-treated female rats showed partial motor skill recovery. The LIF receptor (LIFR) showed membrane localization in young male and aged rats of both sexes after stroke. Although LIF increased neuronal LIFR expression in vitro, it did not increase LIFR in the aged brain. Levels of LIFR protein in brain tissue were significantly downregulated between young males and aged males/females at 72 h after stroke. These results demonstrated that low LIFR expression reduces the neuroprotective efficacy of LIF in aged rodents of both sexes. Furthermore, the ability of LIF to promote motor improvement is dependent upon sex in aged rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Davis
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone, Lexington, KY 40536, United States.
| | - Lisa A Collier
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone, Lexington, KY 40536, United States.
| | - Sarah Goodwin
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone, Lexington, KY 40536, United States.
| | - Douglas E Lukins
- Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky, 800 Rose St., Lexington, KY 40536, United States.
| | - David K Powell
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, 741 S. Limestone, Lexington, KY 40536, United States.
| | - Keith R Pennypacker
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone, Lexington, KY 40536, United States; Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, 800 Rose St., Lexington, KY 40536, United States.
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15
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Reduction of amyloid beta by Aβ3-10-KLH vaccine also decreases tau pathology in 3×Tg-AD mice. Brain Res Bull 2018; 142:233-240. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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Huang C, Chu H, Ma Y, Zhou Z, Dai C, Huang X, Fang L, Ao Q, Huang D. The neuroprotective effect of deep brain stimulation at nucleus basalis of Meynert in transgenic mice with Alzheimer's disease. Brain Stimul 2018; 12:161-174. [PMID: 30181106 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia and mainly treated by drugs, while the therapeutic outcomes are very limited. This study aimed to determine the optimized parameters of deep brain stimulation (DBS) which was applied to the treatment of AD and propose the involved mechanisms. METHODS Amyloid-β precursor protein/Presenilin1 (APP/PS1) transgenic mice were used and received DBS at nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM). The optimized parameters of DBS were determined by using different stimulation frequencies, durations and ages of mice under Morris water maze test. The involved mechanisms and the possible signal pathways were also investigated. RESULTS The optimized parameters for DBS were high frequency (100 Hz) for 21 days starting from early age (4 months old). Under the above parameters, the soluble Aβ40 and Aβ42 in the hippocampus and cortex were down-regulated significantly. DBS increased survival neurons and reduced apoptotic cells in the hippocampus and cortex. Meanwhile, the apoptosis-related proteins caspase-3, caspase-8 and Bid were down-regulated. Moreover, DBS caused a significant increase of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and choline acetyltransferase activity as well as a decrease of methane dicarboxylic aldehyde content and acetylcholine esterase activity. Phosphorylation of Akt (p-Akt)/total Akt (t-Akt) was up-regulated while p-extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2)/t-ERK1/2 was down-regulated. The neuroprotective effect of DBS was attenuated by their inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS NBM-DBS starting from 4 months of age for 21 days at a high frequency (100 Hz) has therapeutic effects on AD through activating phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway and inhibiting ERK1/2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuyi Huang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Heling Chu
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No.12 Mid. Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yu Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tsinghua University Yuquan Hospital, No. 5 Shijingshan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zaiying Zhou
- Center for Statistical Science of Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chuanfu Dai
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, China
| | - Xiaowen Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Liang Fang
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qiang Ao
- Department of Tissue Engineering, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang Liaoning, 110122, China.
| | - Dongya Huang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, China.
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17
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Lopez-Noguerola JS, Giessen NME, Ueberück M, Meißner JN, Pelgrim CE, Adams J, Wirths O, Bouter Y, Bayer TA. Synergistic Effect on Neurodegeneration by N-Truncated Aβ 4-42 and Pyroglutamate Aβ 3-42 in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:64. [PMID: 29568268 PMCID: PMC5852075 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The N-terminally truncated pyroglutamate Aβ3-42 (AβpE3-42) and Aβ4-42 peptides are known to be highly abundant in the brain of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Both peptides show enhanced aggregation and neurotoxicity in comparison to full-length Aβ, suggesting that these amyloid peptides may play an important role in the pathogenesis of AD. The aim of the present work was to study the direct effect of the combination of AβpE3-42 and Aβ4-42 on ongoing AD-related neuron loss, pathology, and neurological deficits in transgenic mice. Bigenic mice were generated by crossing the established TBA42 and Tg4-42 mouse models expressing the N-truncated Aβ peptides AβpE3-42 and Aβ4-42, respectively. After generation of the bigenic mice, detailed phenotypical characterization was performed using either immunostainings to evaluate amyloid pathology or quantification of neuron numbers using design-based stereology. The elevated plus maze was used to study anxiety levels. In order to evaluate sensori-motor deficits, the inverted grid, the balance beam and the string suspension tasks were applied. We could demonstrate that co-expression of AβpE3-42 and Aβ4-42 accelerates neuron loss in the CA1 pyramidal layer of young bigenic mice as seen by reduced neuron numbers in comparison to single transgenic homozygous mice expressing either AβpE3-42 or Aβ4-42. This observation coincides with the robust intraneuronal Aβ accumulation observed in the bigenic mice. In addition, loss of anxiety and motor deficits were enhanced in an age-dependent manner. The sensori-motor deficits correlate with the abundant spinal cord pathology, as demonstrated by robust intracellular Aβ accumulation within motor neurons and extracellular Aβ deposition. Our observations demonstrate that a combination of AβpE3-42 and Aβ4-42 has a stronger effect on ongoing AD pathology than the peptides alone. Therefore, AβpE3-42 and Aβ4-42 might represent excellent potential therapeutic targets and diagnostic markers for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose S Lopez-Noguerola
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Nicolai M E Giessen
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Ueberück
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Julius N Meißner
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Charlotte E Pelgrim
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Johnathan Adams
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Wirths
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Yvonne Bouter
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Thomas A Bayer
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
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18
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Hoeijmakers L, Meerhoff GF, de Vries JW, Ruigrok SR, van Dam AM, van Leuven F, Korosi A, Lucassen PJ. The age-related slow increase in amyloid pathology in APP.V717I mice activates microglia, but does not alter hippocampal neurogenesis. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 61:112-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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19
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Um YH, Choi WH, Jung WS, Park YH, Lee CU, Lim HK. A Case Report of a 37-Year-Old Alzheimer's Disease Patient with Prominent Striatum Amyloid Retention. Psychiatry Investig 2017; 14:521-524. [PMID: 28845182 PMCID: PMC5561413 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2017.14.4.521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
With recent advancement in amyloid imaging, diagnostic application of this new modality has become a great interest among researchers. New ligands, such as 18F- florbetaben, florbetapir and flutemetamol, have been discovered to overcome limitations of preexisting ligand Pittsburgh compound B. We report here a case of a 37-year-old male patient whose initial complaints comprised of gradual cognitive decline, apraxia, disorientation and sleep disturbances. 18F-Florbetaben amyloid imaging of the patient showed diffuse amyloid retention with prominent striatal uptake. This finding supports the clinical utility of amyloid imaging in diagnostic process of early-onset AD. Moreover, striatal dominant uptake pattern demonstrated in this patient include some meaningful clinical implications that warrant special attention among clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Hyun Um
- Department of Psychiatry, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Hee Choi
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Sang Jung
- Department of Radiology, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ha Park
- Department of Radiology, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Uk Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Kook Lim
- Department of Psychiatry, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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20
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Schröder B, Saftig P. Intramembrane proteolysis within lysosomes. Ageing Res Rev 2016; 32:51-64. [PMID: 27143694 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Regulated intramembrane proteolysis is of pivotal importance in a diverse set of developmental and physiological processes. Altered intramembrane substrate turnover may be associated with neurodegeneration, cancer and impaired immune function. In this review we will focus on the intramembrane proteases which have been localized in the lysosomal membrane. Members of the γ-secretase complex and γ-secretase activity are found in the lysosomal membrane and are discussed to contribute to intracellular amyloid β production. Mutant or deficient γ-secretase may cause disturbed lysosomal function. The signal peptide peptidase-like (SPPL) protease 2a is a lysosomal membrane component and cleaves CD74, the invariant chain of the MHC II complex, as well as FasL, TNF, ITM2B and TMEM106, type II transmembrane proteins involved in the regulation of immunity and neurodegeneration. Therefore, it can be concluded, that not only proteolysis within the lysosomal lumen but also within lysosomal membranes regulates important cellular functions and contributes essentially to proteostasis of membrane proteins what may become increasingly compromised in the aged individual.
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21
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Hüttenrauch M, Walter S, Kaufmann M, Weggen S, Wirths O. Limited Effects of Prolonged Environmental Enrichment on the Pathology of 5XFAD Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:6542-6555. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0167-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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22
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Harwell CS, Coleman MP. Synaptophysin depletion and intraneuronal Aβ in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures from huAPP transgenic mice. Mol Neurodegener 2016; 11:44. [PMID: 27287430 PMCID: PMC4903008 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-016-0110-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To date, there are no effective disease-modifying treatments for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In order to develop new therapeutics for stages where they are most likely to be effective, it is important to identify the first pathological alterations in the disease cascade. Changes in Aβ concentration have long been reported as one of the first steps, but understanding the source, and earliest consequences, of pathology requires a model system that represents all major CNS cell types, is amenable to repeated observation and sampling, and can be readily manipulated. In this regard, long term organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSCs) from neonatal amyloid mice offer an excellent compromise between in vivo and primary culture studies, largely retaining the cellular composition and neuronal architecture of the in vivo hippocampus, but with the in vitro advantages of accessibility to live imaging, sampling and intervention. Results Here, we report the development and characterisation of progressive pathological changes in an organotypic model from TgCRND8 mice. Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 rise progressively in transgenic slice culture medium and stabilise when regular feeding balances continued production. In contrast, intraneuronal Aβ continues to accumulate in close correlation with a specific decline in presynaptic proteins and puncta. Plaque pathology is not evident even when Aβ1-42 is increased by pharmacological manipulation (using calpain inhibitor 1), indicating that soluble Aβ species, or other APP processing products, are sufficient to cause the initial synaptic changes. Conclusions Organotypic brain slices from TgCRND8 mice represent an important new system for understanding mechanisms of Aβ generation, release and progressive toxicity. The pathology observed in these cultures will allow for rapid assessment of disease modifying compounds in a system amenable to manipulation and observation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13024-016-0110-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire S Harwell
- The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Michael P Coleman
- The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK. .,Present Address: John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK.
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Reinert J, Richard BC, Klafki HW, Friedrich B, Bayer TA, Wiltfang J, Kovacs GG, Ingelsson M, Lannfelt L, Paetau A, Bergquist J, Wirths O. Deposition of C-terminally truncated Aβ species Aβ37 and Aβ39 in Alzheimer's disease and transgenic mouse models. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2016; 4:24. [PMID: 26955942 PMCID: PMC4784385 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-016-0294-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD) a variety of amyloid β-peptides (Aβ) are deposited in the form of extracellular diffuse and neuritic plaques (NP), as well as within the vasculature. The generation of Aβ from its precursor, the amyloid precursor protein (APP), is a highly complex procedure that involves subsequent proteolysis of APP by β- and γ-secretases. Brain accumulation of Aβ due to impaired Aβ degradation and/or altered ratios between the different Aβ species produced is believed to play a pivotal role in AD pathogenesis. While the presence of Aβ40 and Aβ42 in vascular and parenchymal amyloid have been subject of extensive studies, the deposition of carboxyterminal truncated Aβ peptides in AD has not received comparable attention. In the current study, we for the first time demonstrate the immunohistochemical localization of Aβ37 and Aβ39 in human sporadic AD (SAD). Our study further included the analysis of familial AD (FAD) cases carrying the APP mutations KM670/671NL, E693G and I716F, as well as a case of the PSEN1 ΔExon9 mutation. Aβ37 and Aβ39 were found to be widely distributed within the vasculature in the brains of the majority of studied SAD and FAD cases, the latter also presenting considerable amounts of Aβ37 containing NPs. In addition, both peptides were found to be present in extracellular plaques but only scarce within the vasculature in brains of a variety of transgenic AD mouse models. Taken together, our study indicates the importance of C-terminally truncated Aβ in sporadic and familial AD and raises questions about how these species are generated and regulated.
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Das AK, Pandit R, Maiti S. Effect of amyloids on the vesicular machinery: implications for somatic neurotransmission. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 370:rstb.2014.0187. [PMID: 26009766 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain neurodegenerative diseases are thought to be initiated by the aggregation of amyloidogenic proteins. However, the mechanism underlying toxicity remains obscure. Most of the suggested mechanisms are generic in nature and do not directly explain the neuron-type specific lesions observed in many of these diseases. Some recent reports suggest that the toxic aggregates impair the synaptic vesicular machinery. This may lead to an understanding of the neuron-type specificity observed in these diseases. A disruption of the vesicular machinery can also be deleterious for extra-synaptic, especially somatic, neurotransmission (common in serotonergic and dopaminergic systems which are specifically affected in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), respectively), though this relationship has remained unexplored. In this review, we discuss amyloid-induced damage to the neurotransmitter vesicular machinery, with an eye on the possible implications for somatic exocytosis. We argue that the larger size of the system, and the availability of multi-photon microscopy techniques for directly visualizing monoamines, make the somatic exocytosis machinery a more tractable model for understanding the effect of amyloids on all types of vesicular neurotransmission. Indeed, exploring this neglected connection may not just be important, it may be a more fruitful route for understanding AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Kant Das
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400005, India
| | - Rucha Pandit
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400005, India
| | - Sudipta Maiti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400005, India
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Aβ42-oligomer Interacting Peptide (AIP) neutralizes toxic amyloid-β42 species and protects synaptic structure and function. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15410. [PMID: 26510576 PMCID: PMC4625140 DOI: 10.1038/srep15410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The amyloid-β42 (Aβ42) peptide is believed to be the main culprit in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD), impairing synaptic function and initiating neuronal degeneration. Soluble Aβ42 oligomers are highly toxic and contribute to progressive neuronal dysfunction, loss of synaptic spine density, and affect long-term potentiation (LTP). We have characterized a short, L-amino acid Aβ-oligomer Interacting Peptide (AIP) that targets a relatively well-defined population of low-n Aβ42 oligomers, rather than simply inhibiting the aggregation of Aβ monomers into oligomers. Our data show that AIP diminishes the loss of Aβ42-induced synaptic spine density and rescues LTP in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. Notably, the AIP enantiomer (comprised of D-amino acids) attenuated the rough-eye phenotype in a transgenic Aβ42 fly model and significantly improved the function of photoreceptors of these flies in electroretinography tests. Overall, our results indicate that specifically “trapping” low-n oligomers provides a novel strategy for toxic Aβ42-oligomer recognition and removal.
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D'Avanzo C, Aronson J, Kim YH, Choi SH, Tanzi RE, Kim DY. Alzheimer's in 3D culture: challenges and perspectives. Bioessays 2015; 37:1139-48. [PMID: 26252541 PMCID: PMC4674791 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201500063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, and there is currently no cure. The "β-amyloid cascade hypothesis" of AD is the basis of current understanding of AD pathogenesis and drug discovery. However, no AD models have fully validated this hypothesis. We recently developed a human stem cell culture model of AD by cultivating genetically modified human neural stem cells in a three-dimensional (3D) cell culture system. These cells were able to recapitulate key events of AD pathology including β-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. In this review, we will discuss the progress and current limitations of AD mouse models and human stem cell models as well as explore the breakthroughs of 3D cell culture systems. We will also share our perspective on the potential of dish models of neurodegenerative diseases for studying pathogenic cascades and therapeutic drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla D'Avanzo
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Mass General Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Jenna Aronson
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Mass General Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Young Hye Kim
- Biomedical Omics Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Hoon Choi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Mass General Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Rudolph E. Tanzi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Mass General Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Doo Yeon Kim
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Mass General Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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Multhaup G, Huber O, Buée L, Galas MC. Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) Metabolites APP Intracellular Fragment (AICD), Aβ42, and Tau in Nuclear Roles. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:23515-22. [PMID: 26296890 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r115.677211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) metabolites (amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides) and Tau are the main components of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, the two histopathological hallmarks of Alzheimer disease. Consequently, intense research has focused upon deciphering their physiological roles to understand their altered state in Alzheimer disease pathophysiology. Recently, the impact of APP metabolites (APP intracellular fragment (AICD) and Aβ) and Tau on the nucleus has emerged as an important, new topic. Here we discuss (i) how AICD, Aβ, and Tau reach the nucleus and how AICD and Aβ control protein expression at the transcriptional level, (ii) post-translational modifications of AICD, Aβ, and Tau, and (iii) what these three molecules have in common.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Multhaup
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada,
| | - Otmar Huber
- the Institute of Biochemistry II, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, D-07743 Jena, Germany, and
| | - Luc Buée
- the Jean Pierre Aubert Research Centre, Alzheimer & Tauopathies, INSERM, CHU-Lille, UMR-S 1172, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Marie-Christine Galas
- the Jean Pierre Aubert Research Centre, Alzheimer & Tauopathies, INSERM, CHU-Lille, UMR-S 1172, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
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Christensen DZ, Huettenrauch M, Mitkovski M, Pradier L, Wirths O. Axonal degeneration in an Alzheimer mouse model is PS1 gene dose dependent and linked to intraneuronal Aβ accumulation. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:139. [PMID: 25018730 PMCID: PMC4073286 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormalities and impairments in axonal transport are suggested to strongly contribute to the pathological alterations underlying AD. The exact mechanisms leading to axonopathy are currently unclear, but it was recently suggested that APP expression itself triggers axonal degeneration. We used APP transgenic mice and crossed them on a hemi- or homozygous PS1 knock-in background (APP/PS1KI). Depending on the mutant PS1 dosage, we demonstrate a clear aggravation in both plaque-associated and plaque-distant axonal degeneration, despite of an unchanged APP expression level. Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides were found to accumulate in axonal swellings as well as in axons and apical dendrites proximate to neurons accumulating intraneuronal Aβ in their cell bodies. This suggests that Aβ can be transported within neurites thereby contributing to axonal deficits. In addition, diffuse extracellular Aβ deposits were observed in the close vicinity of axonal spheroids accumulating intracellular Aβ, which might be indicative of a local Aβ release from sites of axonal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ditte Z Christensen
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University Goettingen, Germany
| | - Melanie Huettenrauch
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University Goettingen, Germany
| | - Miso Mitkovski
- Light Microscopy Facility, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine Goettingen, Germany
| | - Laurent Pradier
- Central Nervous System Department, Centre de Recherche Vitry-Alfortville, Sanofi-Aventis Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Oliver Wirths
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University Goettingen, Germany
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Iulita MF, Allard S, Richter L, Munter LM, Ducatenzeiler A, Weise C, Do Carmo S, Klein WL, Multhaup G, Cuello AC. Intracellular Aβ pathology and early cognitive impairments in a transgenic rat overexpressing human amyloid precursor protein: a multidimensional study. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2014; 2:61. [PMID: 24903713 PMCID: PMC4229908 DOI: 10.1186/2051-5960-2-61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have implicated the abnormal accumulation of intraneuronal amyloid-β (Aβ) as an important contributor to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology, capable of triggering neuroinflammation, tau hyperphosphorylation and cognitive deficits. However, the occurrence and pathological relevance of intracellular Aβ remain a matter of controversial debate. In this study, we have used a multidimensional approach including high-magnification and super-resolution microscopy, cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF) mass spectrometry analysis and ELISA to investigate the Aβ pathology and its associated cognitive impairments, in a novel transgenic rat model overexpressing human APP. Our microscopy studies with quantitative co-localization analysis revealed the presence of intraneuronal Aβ in transgenic rats, with an immunological signal that was clearly distinguished from that of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and its C-terminal fragments (CTFs). The early intraneuronal pathology was accompanied by a significant elevation of soluble Aβ42 peptides that paralleled the presence and progression of early cognitive deficits, several months prior to amyloid plaque deposition. Aβ38, Aβ39, Aβ40 and Aβ42 peptides were detected in the rat CSF by MALDI-MS analysis even at the plaque-free stages; suggesting that a combination of intracellular and soluble extracellular Aβ may be responsible for impairing cognition at early time points. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the intraneuronal development of AD-like amyloid pathology includes a mixture of molecular species (Aβ, APP and CTFs) of which a considerable component is Aβ; and that the early presence of these species within neurons has deleterious effects in the CNS, even before the development of full-blown AD-like pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Florencia Iulita
- />Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Sir-William-Osler Promenade, Room 1210, Montreal, Quebec Canada
| | - Simon Allard
- />Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Sir-William-Osler Promenade, Room 1210, Montreal, Quebec Canada
| | - Luise Richter
- />Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Sir-William-Osler Promenade, Room 1210, Montreal, Quebec Canada
| | - Lisa-Marie Munter
- />Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Sir-William-Osler Promenade, Room 1210, Montreal, Quebec Canada
| | - Adriana Ducatenzeiler
- />Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Sir-William-Osler Promenade, Room 1210, Montreal, Quebec Canada
| | - Christoph Weise
- />Intitutes of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sonia Do Carmo
- />Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Sir-William-Osler Promenade, Room 1210, Montreal, Quebec Canada
| | - William L Klein
- />Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Northwestern University Institute for Neuroscience, Chicago, USA
| | - Gerhard Multhaup
- />Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Sir-William-Osler Promenade, Room 1210, Montreal, Quebec Canada
| | - A Claudio Cuello
- />Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Sir-William-Osler Promenade, Room 1210, Montreal, Quebec Canada
- />Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- />Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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30
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Age-related brain expression and regulation of the chemokine CCL4/MIP-1β in APP/PS1 double-transgenic mice. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2014; 73:362-74. [PMID: 24607962 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0000000000000060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The detrimental effect of activation of the chemokine CCL4/MIP-1β on neuronal integrity in patients with HIV-associated dementia has directed attention to the potential role of CCL4 expression and regulation in Alzheimer disease. Here, we show that CCL4 mRNA and protein are overexpressed in the brains of APPswe/PS1ΔE9 (APP/PS1) double-transgenic mice, a model of cerebral amyloid deposition; expression was minimal in brains from nontransgenic littermates or single-mutant controls. Increased levels of CCL4 mRNA and protein directly correlated with the age-related progression of cerebral amyloid-β (Aβ) levels in APP/PS1 mice. We also found significantly increased expression of activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), which was positively correlated with age-related Aβ deposition and CCL4 in the brains of APP/PS1 mice. Results from chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative polymerase chain reaction confirmed that ATF3 binds to the promoter region of the CCL4 gene, consistent with a potential role in regulating CCL4 transcription. Finally, elevated ATF3 mRNA expression in APP/PS1 brains was associated with hypomethylation of the ATF3 gene promoter region. These observations prompt the testable hypothesis for future study that CCL4 overexpression, regulated in part by hypomethylation of the ATF3 gene, may contribute to neuropathologic progression associated with amyloid deposition in Alzheimer disease.
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31
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Abundance of Aβ₅-x like immunoreactivity in transgenic 5XFAD, APP/PS1KI and 3xTG mice, sporadic and familial Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2014; 9:13. [PMID: 24694184 PMCID: PMC3975588 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-9-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background According to the modified amyloid hypothesis the main event in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the deposition of neurotoxic amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) within neurons. Additionally to full-length peptides, a great diversity of N-truncated Aβ variants is derived from the larger amyloid precursor protein (APP). Vast evidence suggests that Aβx-42 isoforms play an important role triggering neurodegeneration due to its high abundance, amyloidogenic propensity and toxicity. Although N-truncated and Aβx-42 species have been pointed as crucial players in AD etiology, the Aβ5-x isoforms have not received much attention. Results The present study is the first to show immunohistochemical evidence of Aβ5-x in familial cases of AD (FAD) and its distribution in APP/PS1KI, 5XFAD and 3xTG transgenic mouse models. In order to probe Aβ5-x peptides we generated the AB5-3 antibody. Positive plaques and congophilic amyloid angiopathy (CAA) were observed among all the FAD cases tested carrying either APP or presenilin 1 (PS1) mutations and most of the sporadic cases of AD (SAD). Different patterns of Aβ5-x distribution were found in the mouse models carrying different combinations of autosomal mutations in the APP, PS1 and Tau genes. All of them showed extracellular Aβ deposits but none CAA. Additionally, they were all affected by a severe amyloid pathology in the hippocampus among other areas. Interestingly, neither 5XFAD nor APP/PS1KI showed any evidence for intraneuronal Aβ5-x. Conclusions Different degrees of Aβ5-x accumulations can be found in the transgenic AD mouse models and human cases expressing the sporadic or the familial form of the disease. Due to the lack of intracellular Aβ5-x, these isoforms might not be contributing to early mechanisms in the cascade of events triggering AD pathology. Brain sections obtained from SAD cases showed higher Aβ5-x–immunoreactivity in vascular deposits than in extracellular plaques, while both are equally important in the FAD cases. The difference may rely on alternative mechanisms involving Aβ5-x peptides and operating in a divergent way in the late and early onset forms of the disease.
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Saul A, Sprenger F, Bayer TA, Wirths O. Accelerated tau pathology with synaptic and neuronal loss in a novel triple transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 34:2564-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Kenche VB, Hung LW, Perez K, Volitakes I, Ciccotosto G, Kwok J, Critch N, Sherratt N, Cortes M, Lal V, Masters CL, Murakami K, Cappai R, Adlard PA, Barnham KJ. Development of a Platinum Complex as an anti-Amyloid Agent for the Therapy of Alzheimer’s Disease. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:3374-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201209885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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34
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Kenche VB, Hung LW, Perez K, Volitakes I, Ciccotosto G, Kwok J, Critch N, Sherratt N, Cortes M, Lal V, Masters CL, Murakami K, Cappai R, Adlard PA, Barnham KJ. Development of a Platinum Complex as an anti-Amyloid Agent for the Therapy of Alzheimer’s Disease. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201209885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Castro-Fuentes R, Socas-Pérez R. Octodon degus: a strong attractor for Alzheimer research. Basic Clin Neurosci 2013; 4:91-6. [PMID: 25337333 PMCID: PMC4202560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The most popular animal models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are transgenic mice expressing human genes with known mutations which do not represent the most abundant sporadic form of the disease. An increasing number of genetic, vascular and psychosocial data strongly support that the Octodon degus, a moderate-sized and diurnal precocial rodent, provides a naturalistic model for the study of the early neurodegenerative process associated with sporadic AD. In this minireview we describe and analyze the risk factors that contribute to Alzheimer-like characteristics in the degus, following recent publications, and establish some guidelines for future studies in this model of natural aging associated with the disease. Given the heterogeneity of current data derived from the diverse transgenic animal models of AD, now may be the time for the degus to become a strong attractor for academic research labs and companies involved with AD. This may help to understand the mechanisms responsible for the early neurodegenerative process associated with this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Castro-Fuentes
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of La Laguna, 38320 Tenerife, Spain,Corresponding Author: Rafael Castro-Fuentes, PhD, Laboratory of Neurobiology and Gene Therapy,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of La Laguna, 38320 Tenerife,Canary Islands, Spain. Tel: +34922-319360/ Fax: +34922-319397. E-mail:
| | - Rosario Socas-Pérez
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, School of Psychology, University of La Laguna. 38205 Tenerife, Spain
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Saul A, Lashley T, Revesz T, Holton J, Ghiso JA, Coomaraswamy J, Wirths O. Abundant pyroglutamate-modified ABri and ADan peptides in extracellular and vascular amyloid deposits in familial British and Danish dementias. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 34:1416-25. [PMID: 23261769 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Familial British and familial Danish dementia (FDD) are progressive neurodegenerative disorders characterized by cerebral deposition of the amyloidogenic peptides ABri and ADan, respectively. These amyloid peptides start with an N-terminal glutamate residue, which can be posttranslationally converted into a pyroglutamate (pGlu) modified form, a mechanism which has been extensively described to be relevant for amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides in Alzheimer's disease. Like pGlu-Aβ peptides, pGlu-ABri peptides have an increased aggregation propensity and show higher toxicity on human neuroblastoma cells as their nonmodified counterparts. We have generated novel N-terminal specific antibodies detecting the pGlu-modified forms of ABri and ADan peptides. With these antibodies we were able to identify abundant extracellular amyloid plaques, vascular, and parenchymal deposits in human familial British dementia and FDD brain tissue, and in a mouse model for FDD. Double-stainings using C-terminal specific antibodies in human samples revealed that highly aggregated pGlu-ABri and pGlu-ADan peptides are mainly present in plaque cores and central vascular deposits, leading to the assumption that these peptides have seeding properties. Furthermore, in an FDD-mouse model ADan peptides were detected in presynaptic terminals of the hippocampus where they might contribute to impaired synaptic transmission. These similarities of ABri and ADan to Aβ in Alzheimer's disease suggest that the posttranslational pGlu-modification of amyloid peptides might represent a general pathological mechanism leading to increased aggregation and toxicity in these forms of degenerative dementias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Saul
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Georg-August-University Goettingen, University Medicine Goettingen, Germany
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β-amyloid inhibits protein prenylation and induces cholesterol sequestration by impairing SREBP-2 cleavage. J Neurosci 2012; 32:6490-500. [PMID: 22573671 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0630-12.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) inside brain neurons is an early and crucial event in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Studies in brains of AD patients and mice models of AD suggested that cholesterol homeostasis is altered in neurons that accumulate Aβ. Here we directly investigated the role of intracellular oligomeric Aβ(42) (oAβ(42)) in neuronal cholesterol homeostasis. We report that oAβ(42) induces cholesterol sequestration without increasing cellular cholesterol mass. Several features of AD, such as endosomal abnormalities, brain accumulation of Aβ and neurofibrillary tangles, and influence of apolipoprotein E genotype, are also present in Niemann-Pick type C, a disease characterized by impairment of intracellular cholesterol trafficking. These common features and data presented here suggest that a pathological mechanism involving abnormal cholesterol trafficking could take place in AD. Cholesterol sequestration in Aβ-treated neurons results from impairment of intracellular cholesterol trafficking secondary to inhibition of protein prenylation. oAβ(42) reduces sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2 (SREBP-2) cleavage, causing decrease of protein prenylation. Inhibition of protein prenylation represents a mechanism of oAβ(42)-induced neuronal death. Supply of the isoprenoid geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate to oAβ(42)-treated neurons recovers normal protein prenylation, reduces cholesterol sequestration, and prevents Aβ-induced neurotoxicity. Significant to AD, reduced levels of protein prenylation are present in the cerebral cortex of the TgCRND8 mouse model. In conclusion, we demonstrate a significant inhibitory effect of Aβ on protein prenylation and identify SREBP-2 as a target of oAβ(42), directly linking Aβ to cholesterol homeostasis impairment.
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Cuello AC, Allard S, Ferretti MT. Evidence for the accumulation of Abeta immunoreactive material in the human brain and in transgenic animal models. Life Sci 2012; 91:1141-7. [PMID: 22705309 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this review we highlight the evidence for an intracellular origin of Abeta (Aβ) amyloid peptides as well as the observations for a pathological accumulation of these peptides in Alzheimer's disease and Down syndrome, as well as in transgenic animal models. We deliberate on the controversy as to whether the intracellular Aβ immunoreactive material is simply an accumulation of unprocessed full length amyloid precursor protein (APP) or a mix of processed APP fragments including Aβ. Finally, we discuss the possible pathological significance of these intracellular APP fragments and the expected future research directions regarding this thought-provoking problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Claudio Cuello
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Sir William Osler Promenade, Room 1210, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Ferretti MT, Allard S, Partridge V, Ducatenzeiler A, Cuello AC. Minocycline corrects early, pre-plaque neuroinflammation and inhibits BACE-1 in a transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease-like amyloid pathology. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:62. [PMID: 22472085 PMCID: PMC3352127 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A growing body of evidence indicates that inflammation is one of the earliest neuropathological events in Alzheimer's disease. Accordingly, we have recently shown the occurrence of an early, pro-inflammatory reaction in the hippocampus of young, three-month-old transgenic McGill-Thy1-APP mice in the absence of amyloid plaques but associated with intracellular accumulation of amyloid beta petide oligomers. The role of such a pro-inflammatory process in the progression of the pathology remained to be elucidated. Methods and results To clarify this we administered minocycline, a tetracyclic derivative with anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties, to young, pre-plaque McGill-Thy1-APP mice for one month. The treatment ended at the age of three months, when the mice were still devoid of plaques. Minocycline treatment corrected the up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 observed in young transgenic placebo mice. Furthermore, the down-regulation of inflammatory markers correlated with a reduction in amyloid precursor protein levels and amyloid precursor protein-related products. Beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 activity and levels were found to be up-regulated in transgenic placebo mice, while minocycline treatment restored these levels to normality. The anti-inflammatory and beta-secretase 1 effects could be partly explained by the inhibition of the nuclear factor kappa B pathway. Conclusions Our study suggests that the pharmacological modulation of neuroinflammation might represent a promising approach for preventing or delaying the development of Alzheimer's disease neuropathology at its initial, pre-clinical stages. The results open new vistas to the interplay between inflammation and amyloid pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Ferretti
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
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Youmans KL, Tai LM, Kanekiyo T, Stine WB, Michon SC, Nwabuisi-Heath E, Manelli AM, Fu Y, Riordan S, Eimer WA, Binder L, Bu G, Yu C, Hartley DM, LaDu MJ. Intraneuronal Aβ detection in 5xFAD mice by a new Aβ-specific antibody. Mol Neurodegener 2012; 7:8. [PMID: 22423893 PMCID: PMC3355009 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-7-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The form(s) of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) associated with the pathology characteristic of Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains unclear. In particular, the neurotoxicity of intraneuronal Aβ accumulation is an issue of considerable controversy; even the existence of Aβ deposits within neurons has recently been challenged by Winton and co-workers. These authors purport that it is actually intraneuronal APP that is being detected by antibodies thought to be specific for Aβ. To further address this issue, an anti-Aβ antibody was developed (MOAB-2) that specifically detects Aβ, but not APP. This antibody allows for the further evaluation of the early accumulation of intraneuronal Aβ in transgenic mice with increased levels of human Aβ in 5xFAD and 3xTg mice. Results MOAB-2 (mouse IgG2b) is a pan-specific, high-titer antibody to Aβ residues 1-4 as demonstrated by biochemical and immunohistochemical analyses (IHC), particularly compared to 6E10 (a commonly used commercial antibody to Aβ residues 3-8). MOAB-2 did not detect APP or APP-CTFs in cell culture media/lysates (HEK-APPSwe or HEK-APPSwe/BACE1) or in brain homogenates from transgenic mice expressing 5 familial AD (FAD) mutation (5xFAD mice). Using IHC on 5xFAD brain tissue, MOAB-2 immunoreactivity co-localized with C-terminal antibodies specific for Aβ40 and Aβ42. MOAB-2 did not co-localize with either N- or C-terminal antibodies to APP. In addition, no MOAB-2-immunreactivity was observed in the brains of 5xFAD/BACE-/- mice, although significant amounts of APP were detected by N- and C-terminal antibodies to APP, as well as by 6E10. In both 5xFAD and 3xTg mouse brain tissue, MOAB-2 co-localized with cathepsin-D, a marker for acidic organelles, further evidence for intraneuronal Aβ, distinct from Aβ associated with the cell membrane. MOAB-2 demonstrated strong intraneuronal and extra-cellular immunoreactivity in 5xFAD and 3xTg mouse brain tissues. Conclusions Both intraneuronal Aβ accumulation and extracellular Aβ deposition was demonstrated in 5xFAD mice and 3xTg mice with MOAB-2, an antibody that will help differentiate intracellular Aβ from APP. However, further investigation is required to determine whether a molecular mechanism links the presence of intraneuronal Aβ with neurotoxicity. As well, understanding the relevance of these observations to human AD patients is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Youmans
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Intraneuronal Aβ accumulation and neurodegeneration: lessons from transgenic models. Life Sci 2012; 91:1148-52. [PMID: 22401905 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS In the present review we summarize current knowledge on the concept of intraneuronal Aβ as a determinant for neuron loss and other pathological alterations in transgenic models for Alzheimer disease. MAIN METHODS We discuss the use of transgenic mouse and non-vertebrate transgenic models accumulating intracellular Aβ peptides and their impact on the ongoing discussion. KEY FINDINGS Intraneuronal Aβ accumulation in transgenic models is intimately linked to pathological alterations including neuron loss. One of the technical caveats for visualizing intraneuronal Aβ is the antibody used to unequivocally demonstrate its presence. Very often antibodies were used that recognize both Aβ and APP, leading to false positive results due to misinterpretation. SIGNIFICANCE Whereas a clear relationship between intraneuronal Aβ accumulation and neuron loss is evident in transgenic mouse models it remains an unresolved issue whether the concept of intraneuronal Aβ can be integrated into the human pathology as well.
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Rajendran L, Annaert W. Membrane Trafficking Pathways in Alzheimer's Disease. Traffic 2012; 13:759-70. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2012.01332.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Rajendran
- Systems and Cell Biology of Neurodegeneration; Division of Psychiatry Research; University of Zurich; August-Forel Str. 1; Zurich; 8008; Switzerland
| | - Wim Annaert
- Laboratory for Membrane Trafficking; Center for Human Genetics (KULeuven) & VIB-Center for the Biology of Disease; Gasthuisberg O&N4, Herestraat 49; Leuven; B-3000; Belgium
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Tian L, Guo R, Yue X, Lv Q, Ye X, Wang Z, Chen Z, Wu B, Xu G, Liu X. Intranasal administration of nerve growth factor ameliorate β-amyloid deposition after traumatic brain injury in rats. Brain Res 2012; 1440:47-55. [PMID: 22284619 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The marked increase of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide after traumatic brain injury (TBI), confers a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD) in patients' later life. Nerve growth factor (NGF) is great potential to repair brain injury. But its clinical application is limited because of lacking feasible methods for delivering NGF into brain. This study investigated the effects of NGF, delivered intranasally, on the Aβ burden in the injured ipsilateral cortex and hippocampus of rats with TBI. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to the modified Feeney's weight-drop model and treated without or with NGF by intranasal route. Motor and cognitive functional outcome, immunostaining, ELISA assay and western blot were performed. Compared to sham operated rats, TBI rats exhibited significantly increased APP and Aβ₄₂ expression as well as decreased functional outcome after TBI. Intranasal administration of NGF significantly attenuated Aβ₄₂ deposits, and improved functional outcome after TBI. Thus, intranasal delivery of NGF provides a potential strategy for reducing the risk of developing AD in the later life of TBI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Tian
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
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Liu L, Xia N, Wang J. Potential applications of SPR in early diagnosis and progression of Alzheimer's disease. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra00667g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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45
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Cellular model of Alzheimer's disease--relevance to therapeutic testing. Exp Neurol 2011; 233:733-9. [PMID: 22119424 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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46
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Immersion autometallographic demonstration of pathological zinc accumulation in human acute neural diseases. Neurol Sci 2011; 33:855-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-011-0847-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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47
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Intraneuronal APP, not free Aβ peptides in 3xTg-AD mice: implications for tau versus Aβ-mediated Alzheimer neurodegeneration. J Neurosci 2011; 31:7691-9. [PMID: 21613482 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.6637-10.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of intraneuronal tau and extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide. A triple transgenic (Tg) mouse (3xTg-AD) was reported to develop Aβ plaques and tau inclusions as well as remarkable accumulations of intracellular Aβ that were suggested to be the initiators of AD pathogenesis. However, it was unclear whether the anti-Aβ antibodies were able to distinguish Aβ peptide from the same Aβ epitopes within the amyloid precursor protein (APP). To further elucidate the identity of the immunoreactive intraneuronal material in 3xTg-AD mice, we conducted immunohistochemical, biochemical, and ultrastructural studies using a well characterized panel of antibodies that distinguish Aβ within APP from cleaved Aβ peptides. We found that the intraneuronal material shared epitopes with full-length APP but not free Aβ. To demonstrate unequivocally that this intraneuronal material was not free Aβ peptide, we generated 3xTg-AD mice deficient for β-secretase (BACE), the protease required for Aβ generation from APP. In the absence of Aβ production, robust intraneuronal APP immunostaining was detected in the 3xTg-AD/BACE(-/-) mice. Finally, we found that the formation of tau lesions was not different between 3xTg-AD versus 3xTg-AD/BACE(-/-) mice, thereby demonstrating that tau pathology forms independently from Aβ peptide generation in this mouse model. Although we cannot corroborate the presence of intraneuronal Aβ peptide in 3xTg-AD mice, our findings warrant further study as to the role of aberrant APP accumulation in this unique model of AD.
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48
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Mohamed A, Posse de Chaves E. Aβ internalization by neurons and glia. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2011; 2011:127984. [PMID: 21350608 PMCID: PMC3042623 DOI: 10.4061/2011/127984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the brain, the amyloid β peptide (Aβ) exists extracellularly and inside neurons. The intracellular accumulation of Aβ in Alzheimer's disease brain has been questioned for a long time. However, there is now sufficient strong evidence indicating that accumulation of Aβ inside neurons plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Intraneuronal Aβ originates from intracellular cleavage of APP and from Aβ internalization from the extracellular milieu. We discuss here the different molecular mechanisms that are responsible for Aβ internalization in neurons and the links between Aβ internalization and neuronal dysfunction and death. A brief description of Aβ uptake by glia is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2H7
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49
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Schaeffer EL, Figueiro M, Gattaz WF. Insights into Alzheimer disease pathogenesis from studies in transgenic animal models. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2011; 66 Suppl 1:45-54. [PMID: 21779722 PMCID: PMC3118437 DOI: 10.1590/s1807-59322011001300006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease is the most common cause of dementia among the elderly, accounting for ~60-70% of all cases of dementia. The neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer disease are senile plaques (mainly containing p-amyloid peptide derived from amyloid precursor protein) and neurofibrillary tangles (containing hyperphosphorylated Tau protein), along with neuronal loss. At present there is no effective treatment for Alzheimer disease. Given the prevalence and poor prognosis of the disease, the development of animal models has been a research priority to understand pathogenic mechanisms and to test therapeutic strategies. Most cases of Alzheimer disease occur sporadically in people over 65 years old, and are not genetically inherited. Roughly 5% of patients with Alzheimer disease have familial Alzheimer disease--that is, related to a genetic predisposition, including mutations in the amyloid precursor protein, presenilin 1, and presenilin 2 genes. The discovery of genes for familial Alzheimer disease has allowed transgenic models to be generated through the overexpression of the amyloid precursor protein and/or presenilins harboring one or several mutations found in familial Alzheimer disease. Although none of these models fully replicates the human disease, they have provided valuable insights into disease mechanisms as well as opportunities to test therapeutic approaches. This review describes the main transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer disease which have been adopted in Alzheimer disease research, and discusses the insights into Alzheimer disease pathogenesis from studies in such models. In summary, the Alzheimer disease mouse models have been the key to understanding the roles of soluble b-amyloid oligomers in disease pathogenesis, as well as of the relationship between p-amyloid and Tau pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelin L Schaeffer
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
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50
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Lai AY, McLaurin J. Mechanisms of amyloid-Beta Peptide uptake by neurons: the role of lipid rafts and lipid raft-associated proteins. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2010; 2011:548380. [PMID: 21197446 PMCID: PMC3010653 DOI: 10.4061/2011/548380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark pathological feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the accumulation of extracellular plaques composed of the amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide. Thus, classically experiments were designed to examine Aβ toxicities within the central nervous system (CNS) from the extracellular space. However, a significant amount of evidence now suggests that intraneuronal accumulation of Aβ is neurotoxic and may play an important role in the disease progression of AD. One of the means by which neurons accumulate intracellular Aβ is through uptake of extracellular Aβ peptides, and this process may be a potential link between Aβ generation, synaptic dysfunction, and AD pathology. Recent studies have found that neuronal internalization of Aβ involves lipid rafts and various lipid raft-associated receptor proteins. Uptake mechanisms independent of lipid rafts have also been implicated. The aim of this paper is to summarize these findings and discuss their significance in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Y Lai
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, 6 Queen's Park Crescent West, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3H2
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