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Wilson R, Barrs VR. Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serotype Typhimurium induced pyelonephritis and suspected multifocal myositis in a cat. JFMS Open Rep 2024; 10:20551169231221951. [PMID: 38304754 PMCID: PMC10832421 DOI: 10.1177/20551169231221951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Case summary A 2-year-old male neutered domestic shorthair cat presented with an acute onset of muscular pain, ataxia and fever. Serological tests for Toxoplasma gondii IgM and IgG, cryptococcal antigen, feline immune deficiency virus antibody and feline leukaemia virus antigen were all negative. Brain and spinal MRI showed evidence of myositis and bilateral renal parenchymal abnormalities and pyelectasis. Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serotype Typhimurium 1,4, [5],12:i:1,2 was isolated from urine and was susceptible to amoxycillin, amoxycillin-clavulanic acid, enrofloxacin and trimethoprim-sulfonamide. All clinical signs resolved after a 2-week treatment course with oral amoxycillin-clavulanate. A repeat urine culture 7 days after completing the antimicrobial course was negative. Relevance and novel information Infection with Salmonella species is uncommon in cats and has not previously been reported in association with pyelonephritis or generalised myositis. The importance of performing urine culture in the initial diagnostic investigation of cats with pyrexia is highlighted in this case report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remon Wilson
- Queensland Veterinary Specialists, North Lakes, QLD, Australia
| | - Vanessa R Barrs
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, and Centre for Animal Health and Welfare, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR China
- Centre for Animal Health and Welfare, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR China
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Adhikari RB, Dhakal MA, Ale PB, Regmi GR, Ghimire TR. Survey on the prevalence of intestinal parasites in domestic cats (Felis catus Linnaeus, 1758) in central Nepal. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:559-571. [PMID: 36346533 PMCID: PMC10029910 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cats (Felis catus) are the only felines that live in close contact with humans. Since cats can act as vectors, carriers, reservoirs and definitive hosts of many gastrointestinal (GI) parasites, parasitic assessment could contribute to their survival and well-being. AIMS The current study aimed to assess the diversity and prevalence of GI parasites in domestic and feral cats from Ratnanagar in Chitwan in Central Nepal. METHODS A total of 107 fresh faecal samples of cats (90 household cats and 17 feral cats) of varied ages and sex were collected and transported to the laboratory. The copromicroscopic examination was carried out following direct wet mount, formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation, saturated salt flotation, acid-fast staining and sporulation techniques. Furthermore, associated risk factors were evaluated to ascertain the predictor of risks for parasitic acquisition. RESULTS The current study revealed an overall 95.3% prevalence rate with a 100% rate in feral cats and 94.4% in household cats. Altogether, 18 (17 known and one unknown) different species of GI parasites were reported with the helminths (95.3%; 11 species) and the protozoa (55.1%; seven species). Besides age and sex, outdoor lifestyle, absence or unknown history of medication and hunting behaviour of the felines are the predictors of risk. Furthermore, mixed infection was comparatively higher than single infection in the faecal samples. CONCLUSIONS Cats harbour a higher prevalence and greater diversity of GI parasites, and parasitism varies with age and sex. This finding can be essential for veterinarians and public health authorities for strategic treatment and for assessing the zoonotic transmission of the parasites from these felines. Importantly, an effective medication strategy for cats and owners is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Babu Adhikari
- Third Pole Conservancy, Bhaktapur, Nepal
- Nepalese Army Institute of Health Sciences (NAIHS), Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | | | | | - Tirth Raj Ghimire
- Department of Zoology, Tri-Chandra Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
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Suspected Primary Spontaneous Asymptomatic Pneumothorax in a Cat. Case Rep Vet Med 2022; 2022:2827118. [PMID: 35198260 PMCID: PMC8860558 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2827118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous pneumothorax (SPT) is a documented emergency of the respiratory tract condition classified as either primary or secondary based on the presence of underlying pulmonary conditions. All reported SPT in the feline literature are evaluated for respiratory clinical signs. Primary SPT without underlying pathology or without clinical signs is not reported in cats. This case report describes a 10-year-old domestic longhair cat that was referred for evaluation of chronic lethargy with severe azotemia and placement of a subcutaneous ureteral bypass (SUB) system. Prior to presentation, the cat was diagnosed with renal insufficiency and treated medically with no resolution. Clinical examination under sedation revealed right-sided renomegaly. Thoracic radiographs revealed gas in the caudodorsal pleural space and concurrent pulmonary atelectasis. No respiratory clinical signs were present. Thoracic CT showed two pulmonary bullae, one located in the right caudal lung lobe and one in the cranial segment of the left cranial lung lobe. Abdominal ultrasound showed a right-sided ureteral obstruction. Medical management was elected for the spontaneous pneumothorax. A SUB was placed to address the ureteral obstruction; no complications were noted during recovery. The cat was free of clinical signs of respiratory disease after a follow-up time of nine months. This is the first reported case of a cat diagnosed with a nonclinical suspected primary spontaneous pneumothorax with no concurrent predisposing pulmonary pathology.
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Spontaneous Pneumothorax: Pathophysiology, Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis. Top Companion Anim Med 2021; 45:100563. [PMID: 34303864 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2021.100563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous pneumothorax, which may have an acute or insidious onset in dogs and cats, results in respiratory difficulty and has the potential to be life threatening.1-3 Dogs commonly develop spontaneous pneumothorax due to bullae or blebs, while cats typically have underlying inflammatory disease, like feline allergic airway disease. Urgent therapeutic intervention is essential in animals with respiratory distress. The recommended therapeutic strategies are typically different in each of these species due to underlying etiology. The first part of this review article will focus on physiology, clinical presentation, and diagnosis of spontaneous pneumothorax in dogs and cats. Advances in diagnostics, especially the recent utility of point of care ultrasound, will be discussed. The second part of the series will provide an overview of therapeutic options and management of patients with spontaneous pneumothorax, as well as information on prognosis.
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Morelli S, Diakou A, Colombo M, Di Cesare A, Barlaam A, Dimzas D, Traversa D. Cat Respiratory Nematodes: Current Knowledge, Novel Data and Warranted Studies on Clinical Features, Treatment and Control. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10040454. [PMID: 33920104 PMCID: PMC8069686 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10040454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The nematodes Aelurostrongylus abstrusus, Troglostrongylus brevior and Capillaria aerophila are the most important parasites inhabiting the airways of cats. They are receiving growing attention from academia, pharmaceutical companies and veterinarians, and are now considered a primary cause of respiratory diseases in feline clinical practice and parasitology. In the past few years, several studies have been conducted in both natural and experimental settings to increase knowledge, provide new insights and fill gaps on respiratory parasitoses of cats. Awareness and knowledge of clinical scenarios towards appropriate and timely diagnosis and prompt and efficacious treatment options have become a priority to investigate. At the same time, chemopreventative approaches have been evaluated to assess the geographical spreading of these parasites and the rise in the number of clinical cases in cat populations of different countries. Given the intense accumulation of novel data, this review presents and discusses the state of the art and the latest updates on the clinical features, treatment, and control of major respiratory parasitoses of cats. Moreover, food for thought is also provided with the aim of spurring on new studies in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Morelli
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (S.M.); (M.C.); (A.D.C.)
| | - Anastasia Diakou
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.D.); (D.D.)
| | - Mariasole Colombo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (S.M.); (M.C.); (A.D.C.)
| | - Angela Di Cesare
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (S.M.); (M.C.); (A.D.C.)
| | - Alessandra Barlaam
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering (DAFNE), University of Foggia, Via Napoli 25, 71121 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Dimitris Dimzas
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.D.); (D.D.)
| | - Donato Traversa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (S.M.); (M.C.); (A.D.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Dimzas D, Morelli S, Traversa D, Di Cesare A, Van Bourgonie YR, Breugelmans K, Backeljau T, di Regalbono AF, Diakou A. Intermediate gastropod hosts of major feline cardiopulmonary nematodes in an area of wildcat and domestic cat sympatry in Greece. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:345. [PMID: 32650821 PMCID: PMC7350685 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04213-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The metastrongyloid nematodes Aelurostrongylus abstrusus, Troglostrongylus brevior and Angiostrongylus chabaudi are cardiopulmonary parasites affecting domestic cats (Felis catus) and wildcats (Felis silvestris). Although knowledge on these nematodes has been improved in the past years, gaps in our knowledge of their distribution and role of gastropods as intermediate hosts in Europe still exist. This study reports on the presence of these nematodes and their intermediate hosts in an area in Greece where domestic cats and wildcats occur in sympatry. Methods Terrestrial gastropods were collected in the field and identified morphologically and by mitochondrial DNA-sequence analysis. Metastrongyloid larvae were detected by artificial digestion, morphologically identified to the species and stage level and their identity was molecularly confirmed. Results Aelurostrongylus abstrusus was found in the snails Massylaea vermiculata and Helix lucorum, T. brevior in the slug Tandonia sp., and A. chabaudi in the slug Limax sp. and the snails H. lucorum and M. vermiculata. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge this study provides the first reports of (i) terrestrial gastropods being naturally infected with A. chabaudi, (ii) T. brevior naturally infecting terrestrial gastropods in Europe, and (iii) A. abstrusus naturally infecting terrestrial gastropods in Greece. Furthermore, the present study describes for the first time developmental stages of A. chabaudi and T. brevior in naturally infected gastropods. The biological characteristics of various intermediate gastropod hosts that could influence the distribution and expansion of feline cardiopulmonary nematodes are discussed, along with epizootiological implications and perspectives.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Dimzas
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Simone Morelli
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Teaching Veterinary Hospital, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Donato Traversa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Teaching Veterinary Hospital, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Angela Di Cesare
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Teaching Veterinary Hospital, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Yoo Ree Van Bourgonie
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (BopCo - LifeWatch Belgium), 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Karin Breugelmans
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (BopCo - LifeWatch Belgium), 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thierry Backeljau
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (BopCo - LifeWatch Belgium), 1000, Brussels, Belgium.,Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Anastasia Diakou
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Crisi PE, Johnson LR, Di Cesare A, De Santis F, Di Tommaso M, Morelli S, Pantaleo S, Luciani A, Schaper R, Pampurini F, Boari A. Evaluation of Bronchoscopy and Bronchoalveolar Lavage Findings in Cats With Aelurostrongylus abstrusus in Comparison to Cats With Feline Bronchial Disease. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:337. [PMID: 31632989 PMCID: PMC6783500 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cat lungworm Aelurostrongylus abstrusus is a cause of lower respiratory tract disease worldwide. Bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) are important tools for diagnosing respiratory diseases in cats. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate the usefulness of bronchoscopy and BAL in the diagnosis of A. abstrusus. Findings from bronchoscopic examination and BAL of 24 naturally infected cats were evaluated and compared with those of 12 cats with idiopathic Feline Bronchial Diseases (FBDs). Data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney or Fisher's exact tests. No significant bronchoscopic differences were detected between cats with aelurostrongylosis and FBDs in bronchial mucus, nodular lesions, and airway collapse. On the other hand, airway hyperemia, epithelial irregularities, and bronchial stenosis were observed more frequently in cats affected by FBDs than aelurostrongylosis, while bronchiectasis was found only in cats infected by A. abstrusus. Neutrophilic, eosinophilic, lymphocytic, and mixed inflammation were recorded in both groups. Bacteria or bacterial DNA was identified regardless of the presence or absence of A. abstrusus with no significant differences between groups. Larvae of A. abstrusus were cytologically detected in 5 of the 24 cats (20.8%) with aelurostrongylosis. These results indicate that, although some findings on bronchoscopic examination (i.e., bronchiectasis) can be described more frequently in cats infected by A. abstrusus, bronchial alterations and cytological findings in aelurostrongylosis are not specific unless larvae are observed and overlap with those of other feline airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo E Crisi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Teaching Veterinary Hospital, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Lynelle R Johnson
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Angela Di Cesare
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Teaching Veterinary Hospital, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Francesca De Santis
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Teaching Veterinary Hospital, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Morena Di Tommaso
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Teaching Veterinary Hospital, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Simone Morelli
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Teaching Veterinary Hospital, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Stefania Pantaleo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Teaching Veterinary Hospital, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Alessia Luciani
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Teaching Veterinary Hospital, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | | | | | - Andrea Boari
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Teaching Veterinary Hospital, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
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Manchi G, Jarolmasjed S, Brunnberg M, Shahid M, Rehbein S, Stein S, Gruber AD, Brunnberg L. [Spontaneous pneumothorax in cats: two case reports and literature review]. TIERAERZTLICHE PRAXIS AUSGABE KLEINTIERE HEIMTIERE 2017; 45:273-279. [PMID: 28765863 DOI: 10.15654/tpk-150466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous pneumothorax (SP) is a non-traumatic accumulation of air in the pleural cavity. This case report describes a cat with SP as a result of primary pulmonary adenocarcinoma. A second cat was diagnosed with primary pulmonary adenocarcinoma and asthma. A thoracostomy tube was inserted in the first cat while in the second cat a thoracostomy tube was placed and lobectomy of the right cranial and middle lung lobes was performed. Both cats died following treatment. The current literature reviewed here covers the comparative etiologies of SP as well as clinical presentation, diagnostic work-up, therapy and prognosis in cats. A total of 64 cases of cats with secondary spontaneous pneumothorax reported in nine articles are discussed. To our knowledge, there has been no previous description in the literature regarding primary SP in cats. Based on prior case reports, surgery was performed in 16% (10 cats) of SP cases. The current review demonstrates that depending on the underlying lung disease, cats with SP have a careful short-term prognosis because 39 of 64 cats (60%) were discharged.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Manchi
- Dr. George Manchi, Klinik für kleine Haustiere, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, E-Mail:
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Soares C, Cardoso M, Mestre A, Crisi PE. Case report: Severe and progressive bronchopneumonia by Aelurostrongylus abstrusus in an adopted stray cat from Portugal. J Parasit Dis 2017; 41:976-980. [PMID: 29114129 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-017-0921-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The cat lungworm Aelurostrongylus abstrusus is the most common respiratory parasite of cats. This nematode has a worldwide distribution and is considered an emerging pathogen. Respiratory signs overlap with those of other pathologies, and some agents which co-exist in the same animal may concur in the clinical scenario. Nonetheless, feline verminous bronchopneumonia is underestimated by practitioners and is not commonly included in differential diagnosis in routine practice. The present report describes the clinical presentation of a 6-month old stray cat from central Portugal, which developed respiratory distress. A clinical improvement of lower respiratory signs was achieved after a course of doxycycline and prednisolone course. However, a relapse with a progressive decline in the respiratory functions occurred two weeks later. A further investigation led to the identification of an A. abstrusus infection that was treated with fenbendazole. Ten days after the treatment the cat became negative for A. abstrusus and further analyses performed in the followings 2 months showed improvement of the animal's pulmonary condition and negative results at the faecal examinations. These findings indicate that veterinarians should include aelurostrongylosis in the differential diagnosis of feline respiratory distress even in non-endemic regions and should perform appropriate diagnostics procedures in the presence of compatible signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Soares
- Vetlamaçães, Small Animal Clinic, A. D. João II, no.139 r/c Nogueiró, 4715-303 Braga, Portugal.,Small Animal Clinic de Pereira, Pereira do Campo, 3140-314 Montemor-o-Velho, Portugal
| | - Manuela Cardoso
- Small Animal Clinic de Pereira, Pereira do Campo, 3140-314 Montemor-o-Velho, Portugal
| | - Ana Mestre
- Small Animal Clinic de Pereira, Pereira do Campo, 3140-314 Montemor-o-Velho, Portugal
| | - Paolo Emidio Crisi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
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Elsheikha HM, Schnyder M, Traversa D, Di Cesare A, Wright I, Lacher DW. Updates on feline aelurostrongylosis and research priorities for the next decade. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:389. [PMID: 27387914 PMCID: PMC4936016 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1671-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline aelurostrongylosis, caused by the metastrongyloid nematode Aelurostrongylus abstrusus, is an important gastropod-borne parasitic lung disease in cats. Infection with A. abstrusus is widespread globally, but the increasing awareness of this parasite and the advent of more sensitive diagnostics have contributed to the apparent increase in its prevalence and geographic expansion. Clinical features may range in severity from subclinical to life-threatening respiratory disease. Parasitological standard techniques, such as visualization of the nematode first larval stage in faecal and respiratory (bronchial mucus or pleural fluid) samples, remain the mainstays of diagnosis. However, diagnosis is evolving with recent advances in serological and molecular testing, which can improve the time to initiation of effective anthelmintic therapy. Despite numerous anthelmintics that are now available as treatment options, the role of host immunity and lifestyle factors in selecting cats that may benefit from more targeted anthelmintic prophylaxis or treatment practice remains unclear and is likely to guide therapeutic choices as newer data become available. This review summarizes the biology, epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment options currently available for feline aelurostrongylosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany M. Elsheikha
- />School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD UK
| | - Manuela Schnyder
- />Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, Zürich, 8057 Switzerland
| | - Donato Traversa
- />Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Angela Di Cesare
- />Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Ian Wright
- />Withy Grove Veterinary Surgery, 39 Station Rd, Bamber Bridge, Preston, PR5 6QR UK
| | - David W. Lacher
- />Division of Molecular Biology, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD USA
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Böhm C, Wolken S, Schnyder M, Basso W, Deplazes P, Di Cesare A, Deuster K, Schaper R. Efficacy of Emodepside/Praziquantel Spot-on (Profender®) against adult Aelurostrongylus abstrusus Nematodes in Experimentally Infected Cats. Parasitol Res 2016; 114 Suppl 1:S155-64. [PMID: 26152416 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4521-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The adulticidal efficacy of a topical combination of emodepside 2.1 % (w/v) plus praziquantel 8.6 % (w/v) (Profender® spot-on for cats, Bayer) against adult Aelurostrongylus abstrusus nematodes was evaluated in two randomised, placebo-controlled laboratory efficacy studies. Each study involved 16 cats experimentally inoculated with L3 (800 and 600 each in studies no. 1 and 2, respectively) and randomised into two study groups of 8 cats each after onset of patency. While cats in the treatment group in study no. 1 received a single spot-on application at the minimum therapeutic dose (3 mg/kg emodepside and 12 mg/kg praziquantel), cats in study no. 2 were treated twice with an interval of 14 days. The faecal output of first stage larvae was monitored throughout the study. Necropsy was conducted 4 or 5 weeks after the (first) treatment and the worm counts were used for efficacy calculations. The control groups showed a geometric mean of the total worm count (live and dead worms) of 28.8 (study no. 1) and 17.6 (study no. 2), respectively. All control animals were infected. While the single treatment in study no. 1 resulted in a reduction of the total worm burden by 73.0 % (p = 0.0070), the treatment protocol in study no. 2 was 99.2 % effective (p = 0.0035). Based on live worm counts, the efficacy in study no. 2 was 100 % (p = 0.0030). It is concluded that two applications of Profender® spot-on given two weeks apart represent a safe and highly efficacious treatment regime against feline aelurostrongylosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Böhm
- Bayer Animal Health GmbH, 51381, Leverkusen, Germany,
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Pennisi MG, Hartmann K, Addie DD, Boucraut-Baralon C, Egberink H, Frymus T, Gruffydd-Jones T, Horzinek MC, Hosie MJ, Lloret A, Lutz H, Marsilio F, Radford AD, Thiry E, Truyen U, Möstl K. Lungworm disease in cats: ABCD guidelines on prevention and management. J Feline Med Surg 2015; 17:626-36. [PMID: 26101316 PMCID: PMC11148929 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15588455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OVERVIEW Cardiopulmonary nematodes are emerging parasites of cats in Europe. A number of helminth parasites may be involved. The most prevalent lungworm in domestic cats is Aelurostrongylus abstrusus. Oslerus rostratus and Troglostrongylus species are found mainly in wild cats. The trichurid Capillaria aerophila has a low host specificity and is not uncommon in cats. Additionally the lung flukes Paragonimus species are reported in many species outside of Europe, including cats. CLINICAL SIGNS Lungworm infections may be asymptomatic, or cause mild to severe respiratory signs, dependent on the worm species and burden; mixed infections are observed. Kittens can be vertically infected and may develop a more severe disease. Affected cats show a productive cough, mucopurulent nasal discharge, tachypnoea, dyspnoea and, in severe cases, respiratory failure and death. MANAGEMENT Early diagnosis and treatment greatly improves the prognosis. First-stage larvae can be easily detected in fresh faecal samples; the Baermann migration method is the enrichment technique of choice, but takes 24 h. Lungworm larvae can be found in tracheal swabs and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, but with less sensitivity than in faeces. Molecular methods have been developed that exhibit high specificity and sensitivity, and allow diagnosis in the prepatent phase. Treatment options include fenbendazole paste, milbemycin oxime/praziquantel and various spot-on formulations. Severe cases should receive prompt medical care in an intensive care unit. PREVENTION Avoiding predation is at present the only preventive measure for pulmonary worms with indirect life cycles. ZOONOTIC RISK C aerophila has zoonotic potential, causing severe pulmonary disease in humans. Some Paragonimus species are also of zoonotic concern.
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Stillion JR, Letendre JA. A clinical review of the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of pyothorax in dogs and cats. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2015; 25:113-29. [PMID: 25582193 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the current literature in reference to the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of pyothorax in dogs and cats. ETIOLOGY Pyothorax, also known as thoracic empyema, is characterized by the accumulation of septic purulent fluid within the pleural space. While the actual route of pleural infection often remains unknown, the oral cavity and upper respiratory tract appear to be the most common source of microorganisms causing pyothorax in dogs and cats. In human medicine, pyothorax is a common clinical entity associated with bacterial pneumonia and progressive parapneumonic effusion. DIAGNOSIS Thoracic imaging can be used to support a diagnosis of pleural effusion, but cytologic examination or bacterial culture of pleural fluid are necessary for a definitive diagnosis of pyothorax. THERAPY The approach to treatment for pyothorax varies greatly in both human and veterinary medicine and remains controversial. Treatment of pyothorax has classically been divided into medical or surgical therapy and may include administration of antimicrobials, intermittent or continuous thoracic drainage, thoracic lavage, intrapleural fibrinolytic therapy, video-assisted thoracic surgery, and traditional thoracostomy. Despite all of the available options, the optimal treatment to ensure successful short- and long-term outcome, including the avoidance of recurrence, remains unknown. PROGNOSIS The prognosis for canine and feline pyothorax is variable but can be good with appropriate treatment. A review of the current veterinary literature revealed an overall reported survival rate of 83% in dogs and 62% in cats. As the clinical presentation of pyothorax in small animals is often delayed and nonspecific, rapid diagnosis and treatment are required to ensure successful outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenefer R Stillion
- Western Veterinary Specialist and Emergency Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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14
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Liu DT, Silverstein DC. Feline secondary spontaneous pneumothorax: a retrospective study of 16 cases (2000-2012). J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2014; 24:316-25. [PMID: 24697868 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the demographics, clinical characteristics, diagnostic findings, underlying etiologies, treatment, and outcome associated with secondary spontaneous pneumothorax (SSP) in cats; and to identify clinical feature differences among cats with asthma associated secondary spontaneous pneumothorax (AASSP) versus nonasthma-associated secondary spontaneous pneumothorax (NAASSP). DESIGN Retrospective case series. SETTING University teaching hospital. ANIMALS Sixteen client-owned cats with secondary spontaneous pneumothorax. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Domestic short hair was the predominant breed in this study (n = 15). The median age was 8 years old (range: 7 weeks to 17 years) with no sex predilection. Fourteen cats were affected by multi-lobar pulmonary pathology of infectious, inflammatory, or neoplastic causes. Asthma was the most common cause of spontaneous pneumothorax (25%). Ten of 12 treated cats survived the initial episode of spontaneous pneumothorax to discharge with medical management, including all 4 cats with AASSP. Reoccurrence was documented in 4 cats. Pulmonary lobectomy was curative for 1 cat with congenital accessory lung lobe emphysema. No difference in clinical presentation was identified between cats with AASSP and cats with NAASSP. CONCLUSIONS Feline SSP is frequently associated with extensive pulmonary pathology. Supportive medical management is most appropriate, except in rare cases with focal congenital abnormalities that may benefit from surgical intervention. AASSP appears to carry a good prognosis for short-term outcome (survival to discharge). Clinical assessment, imaging, and invasive diagnostics were required to differentiate between AASSP and NAASSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra T Liu
- Matthew J. Ryan Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancey St, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
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15
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Barutzki D, Schaper R. Occurrence and regional distribution of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus in cats in Germany. Parasitol Res 2013; 112:855-61. [PMID: 23239090 PMCID: PMC3556471 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-3207-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Infections with the metastrongyloid nematode Aelurostrongylus abstrusus in cats have been reported sporadically from Germany. To assess the occurrence and regional geographical distribution of A. abstrusus in Germany, faecal samples from 391 cats with symptoms of respiratory disease were collected from December 2009 to November 2011. The zinc chloride/sodium chloride flotation and Baermann funnel technique were used to examine the samples for the presence of lungworm larvae. The collected data were analyzed using a geographic information system (GIS). Infections with lungworms were diagnosed in 26 (6.6 %) of the examined cats. The infection rates did not show significant differences in the age groups up to 7 years. Only cats older than 7 were significantly less infected with lungworms than young cats. Sixteen of the 192 female cats examined and 7 of the 186 males were positive for A. abstrusus, but there were no significant differences for the variable 'gender infection rate'. Most of the A. abstrusus-positive cats were located in Baden-Wuerttemberg, followed by Lower Saxony, Bremen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Bavaria, Hesse, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Saarland, Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein. The majority of infected cats showed severe clinical symptoms characterised by coughing and dyspnoea, increased breathing rate, weight loss, bronchopneumonia, generally poor condition, sneezing and nasal discharge. The high number of lungworm-positive cats and the severe clinical symptoms should encourage veterinarians in Germany to consider infections with A. abstrusus as a differential diagnosis in cats with symptoms of respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Barutzki
- Veterinary Laboratory Freiburg, 79111 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.
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16
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Mooney ET, Rozanski EA, King RGP, Sharp CR. Spontaneous pneumothorax in 35 cats (2001-2010). J Feline Med Surg 2012; 14:384-91. [PMID: 22344603 PMCID: PMC10822593 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x12439947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Thirty-five cases of spontaneous pneumothorax were reviewed. In contrast to dogs, cats with an established etiology all had spontaneous pneumothorax associated with lung disease. Underlying diseases identified in affected cats included inflammatory airway disease, neoplasia, heartworm infection, pulmonary abscess and lungworm infection. Many cats were managed successfully with observation alone or needle thoracocentesis and specific therapy for their primary lung disease. Cats who present with spontaneous pneumothorax may be treated successfully with non-surgical therapies and appear to have a better prognosis than previously extrapolated from canine studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin T Mooney
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 02081, USA
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17
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Lunn JA, Lee R, Smaller J, MacKay BM, King T, Hunt GB, Martin P, Krockenberger MB, Spielman D, Malik R. Twenty two cases of canine neural angiostrongylosis in eastern Australia (2002-2005) and a review of the literature. Parasit Vectors 2012; 5:70. [PMID: 22480148 PMCID: PMC3361490 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cases of canine neural angiostrongylosis (NA) with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) evaluations in the peer-reviewed literature were tabulated. All cases were from Australia. A retrospective cohort of 59 dogs was contrasted with a series of 22 new cases where NA was diagnosed by the presence of both eosinophilic pleocytosis and anti-Angiostrongylus cantonensis immunloglobulins (IgG) in CSF, determined by ELISA or Western blot. Both cohorts were drawn from south east Queensland and Sydney. The retrospective cohort comprised mostly pups presented for hind limb weakness with hyperaesthesia, a mixture of upper motor neurone (UMN) and lower motor neurone (LMN) signs in the hind limbs and urinary incontinence. Signs were attributed to larval migration through peripheral nerves, nerve roots, spinal cord and brain associated with an ascending eosinophilic meningo-encephomyelitis. The contemporary cohort consisted of a mixture of pups, young adult and mature dogs, with a wider range of signs including (i) paraparesis/proprioceptive ataxia (ii) lumbar and tail base hyperaesthesia, (iii) multi-focal central nervous system dysfunction, or (iv) focal disease with neck pain, cranial neuropathy and altered mentation. Cases were seen throughout the year, most between April and July (inclusive). There was a preponderance of large breeds. Often littermates, or multiple animals from the same kennel, were affected simultaneously or sequentially. A presumptive diagnosis was based on consistent signs, proximity to rats, ingestion/chewing of slugs or snails and eosinophilic pleocytosis. NA was diagnosed by demonstrating anti-A. cantonensis IgG in CSF. Detecting anti-A. cantonensis IgG in serum was unhelpful because many normal dogs (20/21 pound dogs; 8/22 of a hospital population) had such antibodies, often at substantial titres. Most NA cases in the contemporary series (19/22) and many pups (16/38) in the retrospective cohort were managed successfully using high doses of prednisolone and opioids. Treatment often included antibiotics administered in case protozoan encephalomyelitis or translocated bacterial meningitis was present. Supportive measures included bladder care and physiotherapy. Several dogs were left with permanent neural deficits. Dogs are an important sentinel species for NA. Human cases and numerous cases in tawny frogmouths were reported from the same regions as affected dogs over the study period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian A Lunn
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
- Veterinary Specialist Services, Corner Lexington & Logan Roads, Underwod, QLD 4119 Australia
| | - Rogan Lee
- ICMPR, Westmead Clinical School, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2065 Australia
| | - Joanna Smaller
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Bruce M MacKay
- Veterinary Specialist Services, Corner Lexington & Logan Roads, Underwod, QLD 4119 Australia
| | - Terry King
- Veterinary Specialist Services, Corner Lexington & Logan Roads, Underwod, QLD 4119 Australia
| | - Geraldine B Hunt
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Patricia Martin
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Mark B Krockenberger
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Derek Spielman
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Richard Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education, The University of Sydney, B22, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
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Respiratory and Thoracic Medicine. THE CAT 2012. [PMCID: PMC7158197 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-0660-4.00030-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) in cats can be due to bacteria, parasites, fungi and viruses. This review details the practical investigation of these infections and highlights specific therapy where possible. The aim is to avoid the all-too-frequent temptation in practice to treat cats with lower respiratory tract signs empirically for feline bronchial disease (FBD)/asthma. This is potentially hazardous as immunosuppressive therapy for FBD/asthma could exacerbate disease due to a LRTI. Empirical treatment of suspected LRTI is also difficult to recommend given the wide range of potential pathogens. CLINICAL CHALLENGES Making a clinical ante-mortem diagnosis of LRTI in a cat can be challenging. Consistent historical, clinical, haematological and radiographic abnormalities are often lacking and findings may be non-specific. Astute clinical acumen, thorough investigation and high quality laboratory analysis are usually required for a diagnosis. Bronchoalveolar lavage, if feasible, and tests for lungworm should be routine in cats with lower respiratory tract signs. Lung fine needle aspiration may be useful in cases of diffuse or nodular pulmonary disease. Histopathology is rarely employed in ante-mortem investigations. EVIDENCE BASE The authors have reviewed a substantial body of literature to provide information on many of the reported bacterial, parasitic, fungal and viral pathogens, including some that occur in Asia. Attention has been given to specific therapy for each pathogen, with evidence-based comments when there is a deviation from routine recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan F Foster
- Vetnostics, 60 Waterloo Rd, North Ryde, NSW 2060, Australia.
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20
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Ellis AE, Brown CA, Yabsley MJ. Aelurostrongylus abstrusus larvae in the colon of two cats. J Vet Diagn Invest 2010; 22:652-5. [PMID: 20622245 DOI: 10.1177/104063871002200429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A 12-year-old male domestic shorthair cat with a history of depression, aggression, and fever was presented for necropsy, and formalin-fixed tissues from a second male domestic shorthair cat of unknown age were submitted for histopathologic examination to the Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory. Both cats had granulomatous pneumonia associated with large numbers of parasite eggs and larvae, consistent with Aelurostrongylus abstrusus. Both cats also had larvae within glands in the colon that were identified morphologically as A. abstrusus first-stage larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela E Ellis
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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21
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Traversa D, Di Cesare A, Conboy G. Canine and feline cardiopulmonary parasitic nematodes in Europe: emerging and underestimated. Parasit Vectors 2010; 3:62. [PMID: 20653938 PMCID: PMC2923136 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-3-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiopulmonary nematodes of dogs and cats cause parasitic diseases of central relevance in current veterinary practice. In the recent past the distribution of canine and feline heartworms and lungworms has increased in various geographical areas, including Europe. This is true especially for the metastrongyloids Aelurostrongylus abstrusus, Angiostrongylus vasorum and Crenosoma vulpis, the filarioid Dirofilaria immitis and the trichuroid Eucoleus aerophilus (syn. Capillaria aerophila). The reasons of this emergence are little known but many drivers such as global warming, changes in vector epidemiology and movements in animal populations, may be taken into account. The purpose of this article is to review the knowledge of the most important heartworm and lungworm infections of dogs and cats in Europe. In particular recent advances in epidemiology, clinical and control are described and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato Traversa
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy.
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22
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Milne ME, McCowan C, Landon BP. Spontaneous Feline Pneumothorax Caused by Ruptured Pulmonary Bullae Associated With Possible Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2010; 46:138-42. [DOI: 10.5326/0460138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous pneumothorax is rarely reported in the cat. This case report describes the use of computed tomography (CT) to diagnose pulmonary bullae in an adult cat with recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax. A large bulla in the right middle lung lobe and several blebs in other lobes were identified by CT. Partial lobectomy of the right middle and right and left cranial lung lobes was successfully performed to remove the affected portions of lung. Histopathological examination suggested bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) as the underlying cause for development of the pulmonary bulla. This is the first case report in the veterinary literature describing the use of CT to identify pulmonary bullae in the cat with BPD as a possible underlying cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie E. Milne
- Veterinary Clinic and Hospital, University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria 3030 Australia
- From the
| | - Christina McCowan
- Veterinary Clinic and Hospital, University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria 3030 Australia
- From the
| | - Ben P. Landon
- Veterinary Clinic and Hospital, University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria 3030 Australia
- From the
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23
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Conboy G. Helminth Parasites of the Canine and Feline Respiratory Tract. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2009; 39:1109-26, vii. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2009.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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24
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Efficacy and safety of emodepside 2.1%/praziquantel 8.6% spot-on formulation in the treatment of feline aelurostrongylosis. Parasitol Res 2009; 105 Suppl 1:S83-9. [PMID: 19575229 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-009-1499-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the antiparasitic spot-on formulation containing emodepside 2.1%/praziquantel 8.6% (Profender, Bayer) in the treatment of natural feline infection with the lungworm Aelurostrongylus abstrusus (Nematoda, Strongylida). Efficacy of Profender given once at the licensed dose was tested in comparison to a control oral formulation containing fenbendazole 18.75% (Panacur, Intervet) given over three consecutive days at the licensed dose. Efficacy assessment was based on larvae per gramme of faeces (LPG) counts, measured on days 28 +/- 2 following treatment and compared to counts on days -6 to -2. In total 24 cats treated either with Profender (n = 12) or with Panacur (n = 12) were included in the assessment of efficacy and safety. Mean LPG post-baseline counts (days 28 +/- 2) were 1.3 LPG for both Profender and Panacur, demonstrating similar efficacy of 99.38% for Profender and 99.29% for the control product. No treated animals showed adverse events. This trial demonstrated that both Profender spot-on formulation and oral paste Panacur are safe and effective in the treatment of aelurotrongylosis in cats. Future practical perspectives in feline medicine and the major advantages of the spot-on product compared to the oral paste are discussed.
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Traversa D, Di Cesare A, Milillo P, Lohr B, Iorio R, Pampurini F, Schaper R, Paoletti B, Heine J. Efficacy and safety of imidacloprid 10%/moxidectin 1% spot-on formulation in the treatment of feline aelurostrongylosis. Parasitol Res 2009; 105 Suppl 1:S55-62. [PMID: 19575226 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-009-1496-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the antiparasitic spot-on formulation containing imidacloprid 10%/moxidectin 1% (Advocate, Bayer) in the treatment of natural feline infection with the lungworm Aelurostrongylus abstrusus (Nematoda, Strongylida). The efficacy of Advocate administered once was tested in comparison to a control oral formulation containing fenbendazole 18.75% (Panacur Intervet) administered over three consecutive days based on larvae per gramme of faeces (LPG), measured on days 28 +/- 2 following treatment and compared to counts on days -6 to -2. In total 24 cats treated either with Advocate (n = 12) or with Panacur (n = 12) were included. Mean LPG postbaseline (days 28 +/- 2) were low in both treatment groups, i.e., 0 LPG for Advocate and 1.3 LPG for Panacur. Reduction of post-baseline larval counts showed Advocate (100% reduction) to be superior in efficacy compared to the control product (99.29% reduction). No treated animals showed adverse events. This trial demonstrated that both Advocate spot-on formulation and Panacur oral paste are safe and effective in the treatment of aelurostrongylosis in cats. Future practical perspectives in feline medicine and the major advantages of the spot-on product compared to the oral paste are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato Traversa
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Teramo, Italy.
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26
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Lacorcia L, Gasser RB, Anderson GA, Beveridge I. Comparison of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid examination and other diagnostic techniques with the Baermann technique for detection of naturally occurringAelurostrongylus abstrususinfection in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2009; 235:43-9. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.235.1.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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27
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Barrs VR, Beatty JA. Feline pyothorax – New insights into an old problem: Part 1. Aetiopathogenesis and diagnostic investigation. Vet J 2009; 179:163-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2007] [Revised: 03/10/2008] [Accepted: 03/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Lungworm infections (Angiostrongylus vasorum, Crenosoma vulpis, Aelurostrongylus abstrusus) in dogs and cats in Germany and Denmark in 2003-2007. Vet Parasitol 2008; 159:175-80. [PMID: 19019555 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2008] [Revised: 09/23/2008] [Accepted: 10/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Faecal samples of 4151 dogs from Denmark, 958 dogs from Germany and 231 cats from Germany with clinical signs were examined for lungworm larvae using the Baermann funnel technique between 2003 and 2007. In total, 3.6% of Danish and German dogs shed lungworm larvae. In Denmark, patent infections of dogs with Angiostrongylus vasorum were more prevalent (2.2%) than those with Crenosoma vulpis (1.4%). In Denmark, the majority of A. vasorum- (98%) and C. vulpis-infected (80%) dogs originated from Northern Zealand. The frequency of A. vasorum and C. vulpis infections in Danish dogs obviously decreased from 2003 to 2006. In Germany, canine faecal samples were found more frequently positive for C. vulpis than for A. vasorum larvae (2.4% and 1.2%, respectively). Lungworm-infected dogs originated mainly from southern and western Germany. Larvae of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus were detected in 5.6% of cats from Germany. Overall, a distinct seasonal pattern in the detection of infected dogs was apparent for A. vasorum in Denmark and C. vulpis in Germany. The relatively high number of lungworm-infected dogs and cats indicate that these parasitic diseases should be considered in differential diagnosis of cases of treatment-resistant respiratory/cardiopulmonary distress.
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Brain PH, Barrs VR, Martin P, Baral R, White JD, Beatty JA. Feline cholecystitis and acute neutrophilic cholangitis: clinical findings, bacterial isolates and response to treatment in six cases. J Feline Med Surg 2006; 8:91-103. [PMID: 16278090 PMCID: PMC10832675 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2005.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Clinicopathological findings from six cats with confirmed cholecystitis or acute neutrophilic cholangitis are presented. Historical findings included lethargy and anorexia or inappetence of up to five days duration. On physical examination all cats were pyrexic and four out of six were jaundiced and had cranial abdominal pain. Bile samples were obtained by cholecystocentesis at exploratory coeliotomy (two cases) or by percutaneous, ultrasound-guided cholecystocentesis (four cases). Gall bladder rupture and bile peritonitis occurred subsequent to ultrasound-guided cholecystocentesis in one case. The most common bacterial isolate was Escherichia coli (four cases); E coli was isolated alone in two cases, in combination with a Streptococcus species (one case) and in combination with a Clostridium species (one case). Streptococcus species alone was isolated from one case, as was Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. The latter is the first reported case of Salmonella-associated cholecystitis in a cat. Concurrent pancreatic or intestinal disease was detected histologically in three cases. All cases were treated with antimicrobials based on in vitro susceptibility results. Treatment was successful in five cases. One cat with concurrent diffuse epitheliotropic intestinal lymphoma was euthanased. Percutaneous ultrasound-guided cholecystocentesis is an effective, minimally-invasive technique enabling identification of bacterial isolates in cats with inflammatory hepatobiliary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip H. Brain
- Allambie Veterinary Clinic, 92 Allambie Road, Allambie Heights, NSW 2100, Australia
| | - Vanessa R. Barrs
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Patricia Martin
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Randolph Baral
- Paddington Cat Hospital, 183 Glenmore Road, Paddington, NSW 2021, Australia
| | - Joanna D. White
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Julia A. Beatty
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Grandi G, Calvi LE, Venco L, Paratici C, Genchi C, Memmi D, Kramer LH. Aelurostrongylus abstrusus (cat lungworm) infection in five cats from Italy. Vet Parasitol 2005; 134:177-82. [PMID: 16076529 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2005] [Revised: 04/19/2005] [Accepted: 06/24/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Infection by the cat lungworm Aelurostrongylus abstrusus is considered uncommon. Here, the authors report the clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic features of five infections recently observed in Italy. All cats were under 12 months of age. All except one cat had symptomatic infections, with cough, dyspnea, and weight loss with radiographic signs of broncopneumonia. All cats were eosinophilic. Larvae were present in fresh fecal smears and on flotation exam in all cats. Baermann larval recovery permitted definitive identification and, in one case, larvae per gram of feces (lpg) counts. One dose of ivermectin (400 microg/kg) was not effective in one cat, while one dose of selamectin (6 mg/kg) was effective in one of three cases and fenbendazole at 50 mg/kg given daily for 15 days was effective in four of four cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Grandi
- Dipartimento di Produzioni Animali, Biotecnologie Veterinarie, Qualità e Sicurezza degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Parma, Italy
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Barrs VR, Allan GS, Martin P, Beatty JA, Malik R. Feline pyothorax: a retrospective study of 27 cases in Australia. J Feline Med Surg 2005; 7:211-22. [PMID: 16055006 PMCID: PMC10822330 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2004.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pyothorax was diagnosed in 27 cats between 1983 and 2002. In 21 (78%) of the cases, pleural fluid culture and/or cytology was consistent with a mixed anaerobic bacterial infection of oropharyngeal origin. In six cases (22%), infection was caused by unusual pathogens or pathogens of non-oropharyngeal origin, including a Mycoplasma species, Cryptococcus gattii, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus. The overall mortality rate was 22%. Treatment was successful in 18 of 19 cases (95%) where closed thoracostomy tubes were inserted. One case resolved only after thoracotomy. Actinomyces species were isolated in three cases and in contrast to dogs where thoracotomy is recommended, they were resolved with tube thoracostomy. Mechanical complications occurred in 58% of the cats with indwelling chest tubes. Probable mechanisms of pleural space infection were identified in 18 cats (67%) including haematogenous infection (n=1), direct inoculation of bacteria into the pleural space (n=1), intrathoracic oesophageal rupture (n=1) and parapneumonic extension of infection (n=15; 56%). Of the latter, perioperative aspiration was suspected in two cats, parasitic migration in two and antecedent upper respiratory tract infection was implicated in seven. Parapneumonic spread of infection after colonisation and invasion of lung tissue by oropharyngeal flora appears to be the most frequent cause of feline anaerobic polymicrobial pyothorax and contests the widespread belief that direct inoculation of pleural cavity by bite wounds is more common.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa R Barrs
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
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Foster SF, Martin P, Allan GS, Barrs VR, Malik R. Lower respiratory tract infections in cats: 21 cases (1995-2000). J Feline Med Surg 2004; 6:167-80. [PMID: 15135354 PMCID: PMC10822348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2003.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 11/11/2003] [Accepted: 11/14/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-one lower respiratory tract infections diagnosed in cats at University of Sydney Veterinary Centre between 1995 and 2000 were identified retrospectively. Patient records were analysed to determine historical, clinical, clinicopathologic and radiographic features of lower respiratory tract infections. Response to therapy was also assessed. Infectious agents identified were Mycoplasma spp., Pasteurella spp., Bordetella bronchiseptica, Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas sp., Mycobacterium thermoresistible, Cryptococcus neoformans, Toxoplasma gondii, Aelurostrongylus abstrusus and Eucoleus aerophilus. The study provides a detailed retrospective analysis of infectious lower respiratory tract disease in this population of cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Foster
- Division of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6012, Australia.
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Foster SF, Martin P, Braddock JA, Malik R. A retrospective analysis of feline bronchoalveolar lavage cytology and microbiology (1995-2000). J Feline Med Surg 2004; 6:189-98. [PMID: 15135356 PMCID: PMC10822342 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2003.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A retrospective study of 88 bronchoalveolar lavage specimens from 80 cats presenting to the University of Sydney Veterinary Centre between 1995 and 2000 was performed. Bronchoalveolar lavage cytology and microbiology in conjunction with other diagnostic aids and patient records were used to classify cases as lower respiratory tract infections (LTRIs), LRTI revisits, feline bronchial disease, cardiac disease, neoplastic disease and multisystemic disease. Cases for which a definitive diagnosis could not be made were classified as inconclusive. Infectious agents identified were Mycoplasma spp., Pasteurella spp., Bordetella bronchiseptica, Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas sp., Cryptococcus neoformans, Aelurostrongylus abstrusus and Eucoleus aerophilus. The study highlights the importance of bronchoalveolar lavage cytology and microbiology in the evaluation of feline lower respiratory tract disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Foster
- Division of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6012, Australia.
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Stiver SL, Frazier KS, Mauel MJ, Styer EL. Septicemic Salmonellosis in Two Cats Fed a Raw-Meat Diet. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2003; 39:538-42. [PMID: 14736718 DOI: 10.5326/0390538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella gastroenteritis and septicemia were diagnosed in two cats presented for necropsy. Both cats resided in the same household and were fed a home-prepared, raw meat-based diet. Salmonella was isolated from multiple organs in both cats and from samples of raw beef incorporated into the diet fed to one of the cats. Subtyping of the bacterial isolates yielded Salmonella newport from one cat and from the diet it had been fed. This report provides evidence that the practice of feeding raw meat-based diets to domestic cats may result in clinical salmonellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane L Stiver
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Investigational Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Tifton, Georgia 31794, USA
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White HL, Rozanski EA, Tidwell AS, Chan DL, Rush JE. Spontaneous pneumothorax in two cats with small airway disease. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003; 222:1573-5, 1547. [PMID: 12784965 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2003.222.1573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Two adult domestic shorthair cats were examined because of pneumothorax. Neither had a history of trauma, and spontaneous pneumothorax secondary to small airway disease was diagnosed. In both cats, treatment consisted of thoracocentesis for evacuation of air and administration of anti-inflammatory agents. One cat had multiple episodes of pneumothorax and eventually died; the other had only a single episode of pneumothorax. Small airway disease should be considered as a potential underlying cause in cats that develop spontaneous pneumothorax. Additionally, the potential for pneumothorax should be considered in cats with small airway disease, particularly when clinical signs suddenly become much worse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi L White
- Section of Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
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Abstract
A 5-month-old female Kelpie developed paraparesis, hind limb ataxia and spinal hyperaesthesia 4 days after ovariohysterectomy. Neurological examination demonstrated upper motor neuron signs in the pelvic limbs with lower motor neuron signs in the tail. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis demonstrated an increased protein concentration and marked eosinophilic pleocytosis. The dog was known to have eaten rats, snails and slugs. A tentative diagnosis of neural angiostrongylosis was made and later confirmed using an ELISA based on soluble antigens obtained from larval 4 Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Antibody titres from the patient's serum and CSF were 800 and 6400, respectively. The dog was treated successfully with prednisolone. ELISA testing of serum may provide a non-invasive means for diagnosing neural angiostrongylosis in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lunn
- University Veterinary Centre Sydney, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006
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